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Mishra N, Pal S, Sharma M, Nisha R, Raj Pal R, Singh P, Singh S, Maurya P, Singh N, Ranjan Mishra P, Saraf SA. Crosslinked and PEGylated Pectin Chitosan Nanoparticles for Delivery of Phytic Acid to Colon. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122937. [PMID: 37068717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (NPs) such as pectin/ chitosan (PN/CN) had always been of greatest interest because of their excellent solubility, biocompatibility, and higher suitability for oral drug delivery. This study employed blending-crosslinking of polymers (PN&CN) followed by emulsification-solvent evaporation to prepare and compare two sets of PEGylated NPs to deliver phytic acid (IP6) to colon orally as it has potential to manage colon cancer but fails to reach colon when ingested in pure form. The first set was crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde (GE) (GE*PN-CN-NPs) while the second set was crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) (TPP*PN-CN-NPs). IP6-loaded-GE/TPP*PN-CN-NPs were optimized using a central composite design. Developed TPP*PN-CN-NPs had a smaller size (210.6±7.93nm) than GE*PN-CN-NPs (557.2±5.027nm). Prepared NPs showed <12% IP6 release at pH 1.2 whereas >80% release was observed at pH 7.4. Further, NPs were explored for cytocompatibility in J774.2 cell lines, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake in HT-29 and DLD-1 cell lines. While exhibiting substantial cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in HT-29 and DLD-1, the NPs were deemedsafe in J774.2. The PEGylated-TPP*PN-CN-NPs showed time-dependent uptake in J774.2 cell lines. Conclusively, the employed NP development method successfully delivered IP6 to colon and may also open avenues for the oral delivery of other drugs to colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Surbhi Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raquibun Nisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Raj Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samipta Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Maurya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Bhaskaran NA, Kumar L. Treating colon cancers with a non-conventional yet strategic approach: An overview of various nanoparticulate systems. J Control Release 2021; 336:16-39. [PMID: 34118336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of progress in therapy management which are developed for colon cancer (CC), it remains the third most common cause of mortality due to cancers around the world. Conventional medicines pose side effects due to untoward action on non-target cells. Their inability to deliver drugs to the affected regions of the colon locally, in a reproducible manner raises a concern towards the efficacy of therapy. In this regard, nanoparticles emerged as a promising drug delivery system due to their flexibility in designing, drug release modulation and cancer cell targeting. Not only are nanoparticles making their way into colon cancer research in the revolution of conventional onco-therapeutics, but they also offer promising scope in the development of colon cancer vaccines and theranostic tools. However, there are challenges with respect to drug delivery using nanoparticles, which may hamper the delivery of these novel carriers to the colon. The present review addresses recent advents in nanotechnology for colon-specific drug delivery (CDDS) which may help to overcome the existing challenges and intends to recognize futuristic potentials in the treatment of CC with CDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bhaskaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - L Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
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3
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Serrati S, Martinelli C, Palazzo A, Iacobazzi RM, Perrone M, Ong QK, Luo Z, Bekdemir A, Pinto G, Cavalleri O, Cutrignelli A, Laquintana V, Denora N, Stellacci F, Krol S. Reproducibility warning: The curious case of polyethylene glycol 6000 and spheroid cell culture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224002. [PMID: 32191706 PMCID: PMC7082040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility of results is essential for a well-designed and conducted experiment. Several reasons may originate failure in reproducing data, such as selective reporting, low statistical power, or poor analysis. In this study, we used PEG6000 samples from different distributors and tested their capability inducing spheroid formation upon surface coating. MALDI-MS, NMR, FTIR, and Triple SEC analysis of the different PEG60000s showed nearly identical physicochemical properties different, with only minor differences in mass and hydrodynamic radius, and AFM analysis showed no significant differences in the surface coatings obtained with the available PEG6000s. Despite these similarities, just one showed a highly reproducible formation of spheroids with different cell lines, such as HT-29, HeLa, Caco2, and PANC-1. Using the peculiar PEG6000 sample and a reference PEG6000 chosen amongst the others as control, we tested the effect of the cell/PEG interaction by incubating cells in the PEG solution prior to cell plating. These experiments indicate that the spheroid formation is due to direct interaction of the polymer with the cells rather than by interaction of cells with the coated surfaces. The experiments point out that for biological entities, such as cells or tissues, even very small differences in impurities or minimal variations in the starting product can have a very strong impact on the reproducibility of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serrati
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palazzo
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Mara Perrone
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Quy K. Ong
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Bekdemir
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Pinto
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interfaculty Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silke Krol
- Laboratory for personalized medicine, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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4
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Postic I, Sheardown H. Poly(ethylene glycol) induces cell toxicity in melanoma cells by producing a hyperosmotic extracellular medium. J Biomater Appl 2018; 33:693-706. [PMID: 30360676 DOI: 10.1177/0885328218807675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) is a polymer that is widely used as a biomaterial and has been approved in a host of applications. While generally viewed as inert, recent studies with poly(ethylene glycol) suggest that it may have some effects on cells and tissues, making it potentially attractive as a therapeutic agent. In this study, the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the cell viability, membrane transport and apoptotic markers of metastatic melanoma cells was examined. The data were combined with observed effects of the polymer on the cell media, including osmolality and viscosity, in order to elucidate any structure-function relationship between the polymer and cells. It was observed that poly(ethylene glycol) reduced the cellular viability of A375 cells, and that the effect was dependent on poly(ethylene glycol) molecular weight and concentration. The mechanism was highly correlated with changes in the osmolality of the cell medium, which is determined by the inherent structure of poly(ethylene glycol), and in particular the ethylene oxide units. This mechanism was specific to poly(ethylene glycol) and was not observed with the similar linear, hydrophilic polymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Overall, the data suggest that poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene glycol)-like compounds have a distinct effect on cellular activity, presumably mediated in part by their osmotic effects, supporting the further investigation of these polymers as pharmaceutically active compounds.
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Wali RK, Bianchi L, Kupfer S, De La Cruz M, Jovanovic B, Weber C, Goldberg MJ, Rodriguez LM, Bergan R, Rubin D, Tull MB, Richmond E, Parker B, Khan S, Roy HK. Prevention of colonic neoplasia with polyethylene glycol: A short term randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193544. [PMID: 29617381 PMCID: PMC5884487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention represents an attractive modality against colorectal cancer (CRC) although widespread clinical implementation of promising agents (e.g. aspirin/NSAIDS) have been stymied by both suboptimal efficacy and concerns over toxicity. This highlights the need for better agents. Several groups, including our own, have reported that the over-the-counter laxative polyethylene glycol (PEG) has remarkable efficacy in rodent models of colon carcinogenesis. In this study, we undertook the first randomized human trial to address the role of PEG in prevention of human colonic neoplasia. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm trial where eligible subjects were randomized to 8g PEG-3350 (n = 27) or 17g PEG-3350 (n = 24), or placebo (n = 24; maltodextrin) orally for a duration of six months. Our initial primary endpoint was rectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF) but this was changed during protocol period to rectal mucosal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Of the 87 patients randomized, 48 completed study primary endpoints and rectal EGFR unchanged PEG treatment. Rectal ACF had a trend suggesting potentially reduction with PEG treatment (pre-post change 1.7 in placebo versus -0.3 in PEG 8+ 17g doses, p = 0.108). Other endpoints (proliferation, apoptosis, expression of SNAIL and E-cadherin), previously noted to be modulated in rodent models, appeared unchanged with PEG treatment in this clinical trial. We conclude that PEG was generally well tolerated with the trial failing to meet primary efficacy endpoints. However, rectal ACFs demonstrated a trend (albeit statistically insignificant) for suppression with PEG. Moreover, all molecular assays including EGFR were unaltered with PEG underscoring issues with lack of translatability of biomarkers from preclinical to clinical trials. This data may provide the impetus for future clinical trials on PEG using more robust biomarkers of chemoprevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00828984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K. Wali
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Sonia Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mart De La Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Borko Jovanovic
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Christopher Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - L. M. Rodriguez
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - David Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Tull
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ellen Richmond
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Beth Parker
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Seema Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Wali RK, Momi N, Dela Cruz M, Calderwood AH, Stypula-Cyrus Y, Almassalha L, Chhaparia A, Weber CR, Radosevich A, Tiwari AK, Latif B, Backman V, Roy HK. Higher Order Chromatin Modulator Cohesin SA1 Is an Early Biomarker for Colon Carcinogenesis: Race-Specific Implications. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:844-854. [PMID: 27549371 PMCID: PMC5093027 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in high order chromatin, with concomitant modulation in gene expression, are one of the earliest events in the development of colorectal cancer. Cohesins are a family of proteins that modulate high-order chromatin, although the role in colorectal cancer remains incompletely understood. We, therefore, assessed the role of cohesin SA1 in colorectal cancer biology and as a biomarker focusing in particular on the increased incidence/mortality of colorectal cancer among African-Americans. Immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays revealed dramatically decreased SA1 expression in both adenomas (62%; P = 0.001) and adenocarcinomas (75%; P = 0.0001). RT-PCR performed in endoscopically normal rectal biopsies (n = 78) revealed a profound decrease in SA1 expression in adenoma-harboring patients (field carcinogenesis) compared with those who were neoplasia-free (47%; P = 0.03). From a racial perspective, colorectal cancer tissues from Caucasians had 56% higher SA1 expression than in African-Americans. This was mirrored in field carcinogenesis where healthy Caucasians expressed more SA1 at baseline compared with matched African-American subjects (73%; P = 0.003). However, as a biomarker for colorectal cancer risk, the diagnostic performance as assessed by area under ROC curve was greater in African-Americans (AUROC = 0.724) than in Caucasians (AUROC = 0.585). From a biologic perspective, SA1 modulation of high-order chromatin was demonstrated with both biophotonic (nanocytology) and chromatin accessibility [micrococcal nuclease (MNase)] assays in SA1-knockdown HT29 colorectal cancer cells. The functional consequences were underscored by increased proliferation (WST-1; P = 0.0002, colony formation; P = 0.001) in the SA1-knockdown HT29 cells. These results provide the first evidence indicating a tumor suppressor role of SA1 in early colon carcinogenesis and as a risk stratification biomarker giving potential insights into biologic basis of racial disparities in colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 844-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Wali
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navneet Momi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mart Dela Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Audrey H Calderwood
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Luay Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Anuj Chhaparia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew Radosevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Ashish K Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bilal Latif
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Park EJ, Sang-Ngern M, Chang LC, Pezzuto JM. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with downregulation of Hsp90 client proteins and histone modification by 4β-hydroxywithanolide E isolated from Physalis peruviana. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1482-500. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Long Island University; Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Mayuramas Sang-Ngern
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
| | - Leng Chee Chang
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
| | - John M. Pezzuto
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy; University of Hawai‘i at Hilo; Hilo HI USA
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; Long Island University; Brooklyn NY USA
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Femia AP, Becherucci C, Crucitta S, Caderni G. Apc-driven colon carcinogenesis in pirc rat is strongly reduced by polyethylene glycol. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2270-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Caterina Becherucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
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9
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Sadiq F, Almoghrabi A, Mustafi D, Kreisheh M, Sundaramurthy S, Liu W, Konda VJ, Pekow J, Khare S, Hart J, Joseph L, Wyrwicz A, Karczmar GS, Li YC, Bissonnette M. The renin-angiotensin system mediates EGF receptor-vitamin d receptor cross-talk in colitis-associated colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5848-5859. [PMID: 25212605 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously showed that EGF receptor (EGFR) promotes tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) model, whereas vitamin D suppresses tumorigenesis. EGFR-vitamin D receptor (VDR) interactions, however, are incompletely understood. Vitamin D inhibits the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), whereas RAS can activate EGFR. We aimed to elucidate EGFR-VDR cross-talk in colorectal carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To examine VDR-RAS interactions, we treated Vdr(+/+) and Vdr(-/-) mice with AOM/DSS. Effects of VDR on RAS and EGFR were examined by Western blotting, immunostaining, and real-time PCR. We also examined the effect of vitamin D3 on colonic RAS in Vdr(+/+) mice. EGFR regulation of VDR was examined in hypomorphic Egfr(Waved2) (Wa2) and Egfr(wild-type) mice. Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced EGFR activation was studied in cell culture. RESULTS Vdr deletion significantly increased tumorigenesis, activated EGFR and β-catenin signaling, and increased colonic RAS components, including renin and angiotensin II. Dietary VD3 supplementation suppressed colonic renin. Renin was increased in human colon cancers. In studies in vitro, Ang II activated EGFR and stimulated colon cancer cell proliferation by an EGFR-mediated mechanism. Ang II also activated macrophages and colonic fibroblasts. Compared with tumors from Egfr(Waved2) mice, tumors from Egfr(wild-type) mice showed upregulated Snail1, a suppressor of VDR, and downregulated VDR. CONCLUSIONS VDR suppresses the colonic RAS cascade, limits EGFR signals, and inhibits colitis-associated tumorigenesis, whereas EGFR increases Snail1 and downregulates VDR in colonic tumors. Taken together, these results uncover a RAS-dependent mechanism mediating EGFR and VDR cross-talk in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Farhana Sadiq
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Anas Almoghrabi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Maggi Kreisheh
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | | | - Weicheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Loren Joseph
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Alice Wyrwicz
- Center for Basic MR Research, Department of Radiology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201
| | | | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
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10
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Scarpignato C, Blandizzi C. Editorial: adequate management may reduce the colorectal cancer risk associated with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:562-4. [PMID: 25103347 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Scarpignato
- Clinical Pharmacology & Digestive Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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11
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Colorectal cancer risk reduction following macrogol exposure: a cohort and nested case control study in the UK. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83203. [PMID: 24376663 PMCID: PMC3869778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Animal studies have demonstrated macrogol laxatives may reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between macrogol prescribing and CRC risk. Methods A case-control study nested within a cohort of laxative users was conducted using data from the UK General Practice Research Database. Six controls per case were identified and to account for the lead time of CRC, additional control sets were selected on the index date backdated by 1 to 5 years. Exposure to macrogols and covariate status before each of the backdated index dates was established. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the risk of CRC following macrogol prescribing adjusted for potential confounders. Results 4734 incident CRC cases were identified; 2722, 2195, 1789, 1481 and 1214 had received a laxative prescription before the index dates backdated by 1 to 5 years. A suggestion of a non-significant reduction in CRC risk associated with ‘macrogol after other laxative’ prescribing was observed when the index date was backdated by 1 and 2 years, ORadj = 0.87 (CI950.74–1.03) and ORadj = 0.80 (CI950.65–1.00) compared to non-macrogol laxative exposure. The odds ratios reduced further and were significant when backdated by 3, 4 and 5 years, ORadj = 0.68 (CI950.50–0.92), ORadj = 0.60 (CI950.40–0.90) and ORadj = 0.30 (CI950.14–0.64) respectively. This reduction in risk was not observed, however, for ‘macrogol only’ and ‘macrogol before other laxative’ exposure categories. Conclusions In this study we observed a reduced CRC risk associated with macrogol prescribing after accounting for the lead time for CRC. Further studies are required to determine whether the association is causal and whether it can partly be explained by selective prescribing.
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12
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Topical polyethylene glycol as a novel chemopreventive agent for oral cancer via targeting of epidermal growth factor response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38047. [PMID: 22675506 PMCID: PMC3366973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality underscoring the need for safe and effective chemopreventive strategies. Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is attractive in that it is an early critical event in HNSCC pathogenesis. However, current agents lack efficacy or have unacceptable toxicity. Several groups have demonstrated that the over-the-counter medication, polyethylene glycol (PEG) has remarkable chemopreventive efficacy against colon carcinogenesis. Importantly, we reported that this effect is mediated through EGFR internalization/degradation. In the current study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of this agent against HNSCC, using both the well validated animal model 4-NQO (4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide) rat model and cell culture with the human HNSCC cell line SCC-25. We demonstrated that daily topical application of 10% PEG-8000 in the oral cavity (tongue and cavity wall) post 4NQO initiation resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden (both, tumor size and tumors/tumor bearing rat) without any evidence of toxicity. Immunohistochemical studies depicted decreased proliferation (number of Ki67-positive cells) and reduced expression of EGFR and its downstream effectors cyclin D1 in the tongue mucosa of 4NQO-rats treated with PEG. We showed that EGFR was also markedly downregulated in SCC-25 cells by PEG-8000 with a concomitant induction of G1-S phase cell-cycle arrest, which was potentially mediated through upregulated p21(cip1/waf1). In conclusion, we demonstrate, for the first time, that PEG has promising efficacy and safety as a chemopreventive efficacy against oral carcinogenesis.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a critical step in tumorgenesis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:281-94. [PMID: 24213240 PMCID: PMC3712679 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors Snail, Slug and Twist repress E-cadherin and induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process exploited by invasive cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the role of EMT in the tumorgenesis of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (PNETs) in vitro, in vivo and human tumor specimen. Expression of EMT markers was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. For in vitro studies, BON-1 cells were analyzed regarding expression of EMT markers before and after transfection with siRNA against Slug or Snail, and cell aggregation assays were performed. To asses in vivo effects, Rip1Tag2 mice were treated with vehicle or the snail-inhibitor polythlylenglykol from week 5-10 of age. The resected pancreata were evaluated by weight, tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. Snail and Twist was expressed in 61 % and 64% of PNETs. This was associated with loss of E-cadherin. RT-PCR revealed conservation of the EMT markers Slug and Snail in BON-1 cells. Transfection with siRNA against Slug was associated with upregulation of E-cadherin, enhanced cell-cell adhesion and inhibition of cell proliferation. Snail-inhibition in vivo by PEG was associated with increased apoptosis, decreased tumor cell proliferation and dramatic reduced tumor volume in Rip1Tag2 mice. The presented data show that EMT plays a key role in tumorgenesis of PNETs. The activation of Snail in a considerable subset of human PNETs and the successful effect of Snail inhibition by PEG in islet cell tumors of transgenic mice provides first evidence of Snail as a drug target in PNETs.
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Cheng TL, Chuang KH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Analytical Measurement of PEGylated Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:881-99. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Buda A, Pignatelli M. E-cadherin and the cytoskeletal network in colorectal cancer development and metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:133-43. [PMID: 22176698 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.636465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the expression and functional activity of cell adhesion molecules are implicated in the development and progression of the majority of colorectal cancers (CRC). Cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin regulates cell polarity, differentiation, proliferation and migration through its intimate association to the actin cytoskeletal network. During colorectal carcinogenesis changes in intercellular adhesion and dynamic rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton result in altered signalling and migration with loss of contact inhibition. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, besides its established role in the β catenin/Wnt signalling pathway, can coordinate microtubule and actin organization during cell migration. The actin-bundling protein Fascin promotes cell motility and is overexpressed in CRC. Based on recent molecular and pathological studies, this review focusses on the role of these molecules sharing the common feature of being associated with the cytoskeletal network during colorectal carcinogenesis and metastasis. The potential use of these molecules as prognostic markers and/or therapeutic targets will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Buda
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Wichitnithad W, Nimmannit U, Callery PS, Rojsitthisak P. Effects of Different Carboxylic Ester Spacers on Chemical Stability, Release Characteristics, and Anticancer Activity of Mono-PEGylated Curcumin Conjugates. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5206-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Qi W, Weber CR, Wasland K, Roy H, Wali R, Joshi S, Savkovic SD. Tumor suppressor FOXO3 mediates signals from the EGF receptor to regulate proliferation of colonic cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G264-72. [PMID: 21109589 PMCID: PMC3043652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00416.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial proliferation, critical for homeostasis, healing, and colon cancer progression, is in part controlled by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Proliferation of colonic epithelia can be induced by Citrobacter rodentium infection, and we have demonstrated that activity of tumor suppressor FOXO3 was attenuated after this infection. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of FOXO3 in EGFR-dependent proliferation of intestinal epithelia and colon cancer cell lines. In this study we show that, during infection with C. rodentium, EGFR was significantly phosphorylated in colonic mucosa and Foxo3 deficiency in this model lead to an increased number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells. In vitro, in human colon cancer cells, increased expression and activation of EGFR was associated with proliferation that leads to FOXO3 phosphorylation (inactivation). Following EGFR activation, FOXO3 was phosphorylated (via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt) and translocated to the cytosol where it was degraded. Moreover, inhibition of proliferation by overexpressing FOXO3 was not reversed by the EGFR signaling, implicating FOXO3 as one of the regulators downstream of EGFR. FOXO3 binding to the promoter of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 was decreased by EGFR signaling, suggesting its role in EGFR-dependent proliferation. In conclusion, we show that proliferation in colonic epithelia and colon cancer cells, stimulated by EGFR, is mediated via loss of FOXO3 activity and speculate that FOXO3 may serve as a target in the development of new pharmacological treatments of proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Qi
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
| | | | - Kaarin Wasland
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
| | - Hemant Roy
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
| | - Ramesh Wali
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
| | - Suzana D. Savkovic
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute, Evanston; and
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18
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Qi W, Joshi S, Weber CR, Wali RK, Roy HK, Savkovic SD. Polyethylene glycol diminishes pathological effects of Citrobacter rodentium infection by blocking bacterial attachment to the colonic epithelia. Gut Microbes 2011; 2:267-73. [PMID: 22067938 PMCID: PMC3242793 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.2.5.18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections from enteric bacteria such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are a public health threat worldwide. EPEC and EHEC are extracellular pathogens, and their interaction with host surface receptors is critical to the infection process. We previously demonstrated that polyethylene glycol (PEG) downregulates surface receptors in intestinal cells. Here we show that PEG decreases β1-integrin, the surface receptor in intestinal cells that is critical for EPEC and EHEC attachment. We hypothesized that PEG would inhibit the attachment of these enteric pathogens to host cells and improve clinical signs of infection. We found that attachment of the mouse enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which belongs to the same group of pathogens as EPEC and EHEC, was attenuated by the concurrent presence of PEG. Pretreatment with PEG, without concurrent presence during infection, also reduced bacterial attachment. This finding was further supported in vivo such as that PEG administered by gavage daily during infection as well as prior to infection significantly decreased C. rodentium in the colon and improved the appearance of the infected colon in mice. In addition, PEG decreased the β1-integrin in colonic mucosa and reduced the C. rodentium-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptors. PEG also significantly reduced infection-induced colonic inflammation. Finally, PEG efficiently reduced C. rodentium shedding from the colon during infection. In conclusion, PEG can be an efficient and safe preventive agent against EPEC and EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Qi
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute; Evanston; IL USA
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute; Evanston; IL USA
| | | | - Ramesh K Wali
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute; Evanston; IL USA
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute; Evanston; IL USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Medicine; Division of Gastroenterology; NorthShore University Research Institute; Evanston; IL USA
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19
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Prevention of tumor cell reimplantation during transurethral resection: the in-vitro antiadhesive and cytotoxic properties of an irrigant containing polyethylene glycol 400. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:645-50. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32833a148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Chuang KH, Tzou SC, Cheng TC, Kao CH, Tseng WL, Shiea J, Liao KW, Wang YM, Chang YC, Huang BJ, Wu CJ, Chu PY, Roffler SR, Cheng TL. Measurement of Poly(ethylene glycol) by Cell-Based Anti-poly(ethylene glycol) ELISA. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2355-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902548m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Ya-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Bo-Jyun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
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