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Sadeghi H, Lynch CF, Field WR, Snetselaar LG, Jones MP, Sinha R, Torner JC. Dietary omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer; Is there any potential interaction by organophosphate insecticides among the agricultural health study population. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 85:102410. [PMID: 37413804 PMCID: PMC10528409 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States (US), the average annual increase in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) has been 0.5% between 2013 and 2017. Although some modifiable factors have been identified as the risk factors for PCa, the effect of lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids intake (N-6/N-3) remains unknown. Previous studies of the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) reported a significant positive association between PCa and selected organophosphate pesticides (OPs) including terbufos and fonofos. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between N-6/N-3 and PCa and any interaction between N-6/N-3 and 2 selected OPs (i.e., terbufos and fonofos) exposure. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study, nested within a prospective cohort study, was conducted on a subgroup of the AHS population (1193 PCa cases and 14,872 controls) who returned their dietary questionnaire between 1999 and 2003 MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PCa was coded based on the International Classification of Diseases of Oncology (ICD-O-3) definitions and obtained from the statewide cancer registries of Iowa (2003-2017) and North Carolina (2003-2014). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to obtain the odds ratios adjusted (aORs) for age at dietary assessment (years), race/ethnicity (white, African American, other), physical activity (hours/week), smoking (yes/no), terbufos (yes/no), fonofos (yes/no), diabetes, lycopene intake (milligrams/day), family history of PCa, and the interaction of N-6/N-3 with age, terbufos and fonofos. Pesticide exposure was assessed by self-administrated questionnaires collecting data on ever/never use of mentioned pesticides during lifetime as a yes/no variable. Assessing the P value for the interaction between pesticides and N-6/N-3, we used the continuous variable of "intensity adjusted cumulative exposure" to terbufos and fonofos. This exposure score was based on duration, intensity and frequency of exposure. We also conducted a stratified regression analysis by quartiles of age. RESULTS Relative to the highest N-6/N-3 quartile, the lowest quartile was significantly associated with a decreased risk of PCa (aOR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.90), and quartile-specific aORs decreased toward the lowest quartile (Ptrend=<0.01). Based on the age-stratified analysis, the protective effect was only significant for the lowest quartile of N-6/N-3 among those aged between 48 and 55 years old (aORs=0.97, 95% CI, 0.45-0.55). Among those who were exposed to terbufos (ever exposure reported as yes in the self-report questionnaires), lower quartiles of N-6/N-3 were protective albeit nonsignificant (aORs: 0.86, 0.92, 0.91 in quartiles 1,2, and 3, respectively). No meaningful findings were observed for fonofos and N-6/N-3 interaction. CONCLUSION Findings showed that lower N-6/N-3 may decrease risk of PCa among farmers. However, no significant interaction was found between selected organophosphate pesticides and N-6/N-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Sadeghi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William R Field
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael P Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James C Torner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Wei C, Zhou Z, Wang L, Huang Z, Liang Y, Zhang J. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) disturbs fatty acid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans: Evidence from chemical analysis and molecular mechanism exploration. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130359. [PMID: 34384190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant that might induce disorders in fatty acid (FA) metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism can synthesize polyunsaturated FAs de novo via the polyunsaturated FA synthesis pathway. In this study, synchronized L1 C. elegans were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μM PFOS for 72 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to establish a sensitive and reliable analysis method for PFASs in exposed nematode, the instrument detection limits of nine fatty acid methyl esters examined ranged between 1.11 and 27.6 ng/mL, with satisfactory reproducibility (RSD < 10%) observed. Methyl pentadecanoate (C15:0) was used as an internal standard, the linearity of the calibration (0.1-10 μg/mL) nine FAs from the nematode were quantitatively analyzed. Comparing with the control group, PFOS exposure caused significantly decreased levels of C18:0 while significantly increased levels of C18:3n6. A decrease in the C18:3n6: C18:2n6 ratio was observed. Consistently, expression of the FA desaturation gene fat-3 was significantly down-regulated. These findings suggest that the FA disorder is associated with decrease in mRNA expression of Δ6-desaturase genes in C. elegans. Simultaneously, the disorders in FA metabolism were found to disrupt mitochondrial function with a reduction in ATP synthesis, as determined by the luciferase method. In summary, the results of the study provide insights into the adverse effects of PFOS on FA metabolism in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Zichun Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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You W, Li M, Qi Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Li L, Ouyang H, Pang D. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Specific Integration of Fat-1 and IGF-1 at the p Rosa26 Locus. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071027. [PMID: 34356043 PMCID: PMC8305104 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have focused on knock-in pigs for site-specific integration, but little attention has been given to genetically modified pigs with the targeted integration of multiple recombinant genes. To establish a multigene targeted knock-in editing system, we used the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and self-cleaving 2A peptide technology to construct a plasmid coexpressing the fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) and porcine insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes at equal levels. In this study, pigs were genetically modified with multiple genes that were precisely inserted into the pRosa26 locus by using the clustered regularly spaced short palindrome repeat sequence (CRISPR)/CRISPR-related 9 (Cas9) system and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (SCNT) in combination. Single copies of the Fat-1 and IGF-1 genes were expressed satisfactorily in various tissues of F0-generation pigs. Importantly, gas chromatography analysis revealed a significantly increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level in these genetically modified pigs, which led to a significant decrease of the n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio from 6.982 to 3.122 (*** p < 0.001). In conclusion, the establishment of an editing system for targeted double-gene knock-in in this study provides a reference for the precise integration of multiple foreign genes and lays a foundation for the development of new transgenic pig breeds with multiple excellent phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenni You
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Mengjing Li
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Yilin Qi
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Li Li
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-131-9437-3800
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Story MJ. Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D: An essential combination for prevention and treatment of cancers. Biochimie 2020; 181:100-122. [PMID: 33307154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D are essential nutrients for health, maturation and general wellbeing. Extensive literature searches have revealed the widespread similarity in molecular biological properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D, and their similar anti-cancer properties, even though they have different modes of action. These three nutrients are separately essential for good health, especially in the aged. Zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D are inexpensive and safe as they are fundamentally natural and have the properties of correcting and inhibiting undesirable actions without disturbing the normal functions of cells or their extracellular environment. This review of the anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is made in the context of the hallmarks of cancer. The anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D can therefore be used beneficially through combined treatment or supplementation. It is proposed that sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is a necessary requirement during chemotherapy treatment and that clinical trials can have questionable integrity if this sufficiency is not checked and maintained during efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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Li J, Liao P, Wang K, Miao Z, Xiao R, Zhu L, Hu Q. Calcium Sensing Receptor Inhibits Growth of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Possibly via the GSK3β/Cyclin D1 Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:446. [PMID: 32671062 PMCID: PMC7330125 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) on tumor cell proliferation has been studied in several human cancers, and great discrepancies were found in different tumors. However, the role of CaSR in lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) is not clear. Therefore, we investigated the function of CaSR on regulating the growth of human LUAD and its possible mechanism. The expression of CaSR protein and its relationship with pathological parameters were examined in paraffin sections from 51 LUAD patients, by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that CasR expression was negatively correlated with the Ki-67 index as well as the grade of malignancy in LUAD. Further, CaSR demonstrated an in vitro inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human LUAD A549 cells by regulating CaSR activity with agonist cinacalcet, antagonist NPS2143, or shRNA-CaSR transfection. Tumor xenograft models also verified the in vivo proliferation-inhibiting role of CaSR by subcutaneous injecting A549 cells into nude mice with or without changes of CaSR activity. Molecularly, Western blotting showed that CaSR positively regulated the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), followed by the downregulation of Cyclin D1. We used the dominant negative mutant and the constitutively active mutant plasmid of GSK3β to alter GSK3β activity. Our functional experiments showed that the proliferation-inhibition of CaSR was suppressed by the inactivation of GSK3β and enhanced by the activation of GSK3β. These results suggested that CaSR played a proliferation-inhibiting role in LUAD, at least partially by regulating the GSK3β/Cyclin D1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansha Li
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health of China, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Guo H, Wang F, Diao Y, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Qian CN, Keller ET, Zhang J, Lu Y. Knockdown of Notch1 inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth and metastasis via downregulation of CCL2, CXCL16, and uPA. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1886-1896. [PMID: 31270884 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system that plays very important roles in controlling multiple cell differentiation processes during embryonic and adult life. Multiple lines of evidence support the oncogenic role of Notch signaling in several human solid cancers; however, the pleiotropic effects and molecular mechanisms of Notch signaling inhibition on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated Notch1 expression in NPC cell lines (CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1, HONE1, and HK1) by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, and we found that CNE1 and CNE2 cells expressed a higher level of Notch1 compared with HONE1, SUNE1, and HK1 cells. Then Notch1 expression was specifically knocked down in CNE1 and CNE2 cells by Notch1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). In Notch1 knockdown cells, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly inhibited. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells was reversed in Notch1-shRNA-transfected cells, accompanied by epithelioid-like morphology changes, increased protein levels of E-cadherin, and decreased expression of vimentin. In addition, knockdown of Notch1 markedly inhibited the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR, and chemokines C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16, indicating that these factors are downstream targets of Notch1. Furthermore, deleting uPA expression had similar effects as Notch1. Finally, knockdown of Notch1 significantly diminished CNE1 cell growth in a murine model concomitant with inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. These results suggest that Notch1 may become a novel therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajiao Guo
- Department of Oncology, Beihai People's Hospital, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Minimizing Membrane Arachidonic Acid Content as a Strategy for Controlling Cancer: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:840-850. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. DiNicolantonio
- Preventive Cardiology Department, St. Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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8
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Zhang J, Cui ML, Nie YW, Dai B, Li FR, Liu DJ, Liang H, Cang M. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated specific integration of fat-1 at the goat MSTN locus. FEBS J 2018; 285:2828-2839. [PMID: 29802684 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the CRISPR/Cas9 system have provided a precise and versatile approach for genome editing in various species. However, no study has reported simultaneous knockout of endogenous genes and site-specific knockin of exogenous genes in large animal models. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, this study specifically inserted the fat-1 gene into the goat MSTN locus, thereby achieving simultaneous fat-1 insertion and MSTN mutation. We introduced the Cas9, MSTN knockout small guide RNA and fat-1 knockin vectors into goat fetal fibroblasts by electroporation, and obtained a total of 156 positive clonal cell lines. PCR and sequencing were performed for identification. Of the 156 clonal strains, 40 (25.6%) had simultaneous MSTN knockout and fat-1 insertion at the MSTN locus without drug selection, and 55 (35.25%) and 101 (67.3%) had MSTN mutations and fat-1 insertions, respectively. We generated a site-specific knockin Arbas cashmere goat model using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic cell nuclear transfer for the first time. For biosafety, we mainly focused on unmarked and non-resistant gene screening, and point-specific gene editing. The results showed that simultaneous editing of the two genes (simultaneous knockout and knockin) was achieved in large animals, demonstrating that the CRISPR/Cas9 system has the potential to become an important and applicable gene engineering tool in safe animal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Meng-Lan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong-Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fei-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Dong-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ming Cang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
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9
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Site-Specific Fat-1 Knock-In Enables Significant Decrease of n-6PUFAs/n-3PUFAs Ratio in Pigs. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:1747-1754. [PMID: 29563188 PMCID: PMC5940165 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a fatty acid desaturase which was widely studied due to its beneficial function of converting n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFAs) to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs). To date, many fat-1 transgenic animals have been generated to study disease pathogenesis or improve meat quality. However, all of them were generated using a random integration method with variable transgene expression levels and the introduction of selectable marker genes often raise biosafety concern. To this end, we aimed to generate marker-free fat-1 transgenic pigs in a site-specific manner. The Rosa26 locus, first found in mouse embryonic stem cells, has become one of the most common sites for inserting transgenes due to its safe and ubiquitous expression. In our study, the fat-1 gene was inserted into porcine Rosa 26 (pRosa26) locus via Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system. The Southern blot analysis of our knock-in pigs indicated a single copy of the fat-1 gene at the pRosa26 locus. Furthermore, this single-copy fat-1 gene supported satisfactory expression in a variety of tissues in F1 generation pigs. Importantly, the gas chromatography analysis indicated that these fat-1 knock-in pigs exhibited a significant increase in the level of n-3PUFAs, leading to an obvious decrease in the n-6PUFAs/n-3PUFAs ratio from 9.36 to 2.12 (***P < 0.0001). Altogether, our fat-1 knock-in pigs hold great promise for improving the nutritional value of pork and serving as an animal model to investigate therapeutic effects of n-3PUFAs on various diseases.
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Han YM, Jeong M, Park JM, Kim MY, Go EJ, Cha JY, Kim KJ, Hahm KB. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevented colitis-associated carcinogenesis through blocking dissociation of β-catenin complex, inhibiting COX-2 through repressing NF-κB, and inducing 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63583-63595. [PMID: 27566583 PMCID: PMC5325387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that diets containing an increased ratio of ω-6 : ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a risk factor for colon cancer and might affect tumorigenesis. Therefore, dietary ω-3 PUFA administration may be a preventive strategy against colon cancer. Until now, the exact molecular mechanisms and required dietary doses of ω-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention were unknown. In this study, we explored the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs against a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) model. Through in vitro cell models involving docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) administration, down-regulation of survivin and Bcl-2, and up-regulation of Bax, accompanied by blockage of β-catenin complex dissociation, the main mechanisms responsible for DHA-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells were determined. Results included significant reduction in azoxymethane-initiated, dextran sodium sulfate-promoted CACs, as well as significant preservation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and significant inhibition of Cyclooxyganase-2 (COX-2) and Prostaglandin E2(P < 0.01). Additional mechanisms and significant induction of apoptosis in both tumor and non-tumor tissues were also noted in fat-1 transgenic (TG) mice. The lipid profiles of colon tissues measured in all specimens revealed that intake greater than 3 g ω-3 PUFA/60 kg of body weight showed tissue levels similar to those seen in fat-1 TG mice, preventing cancer. Our study concluded that COX-2 inhibition, 15-PGDH preservation, apoptosis induction, and blockage of β-catenin complex dissociation contributed to the anti-tumorigenesis effect of ω-3 PUFAs, and an intake higher than 3g ω-3 PUFAs/60 kg of body weight can assist in CAC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Migyeung Jeong
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Cha
- Gachon University Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Jo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan, Seoul Asan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
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11
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Zhou H, Wang C. Purification and function analysis of the Δ-17 fatty acid desaturase with or without transmembrane domain. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2117-2125. [PMID: 28962132 PMCID: PMC5609165 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturation enzymes perform dehydrogenation reactions leading to the insertion of double bonds in fatty acids. ω-3 desaturase has an important role in converting ω-6 fatty acids into ω-3 fatty acids. Although genes for this desaturase have been identified, the enzymatic activity of Δ-17 with or without transmembrane domain, and the function of the Δ-17 desaturase is poorly understood. In the present study, a transgenic microorganism was used to clone the Δ-17 full length (Δ-17FL) and Δ-17 without transmembrane domain (Δ-17NT), the expression efficiency was improved and western blotting was used to detect the protein expression level. The purification of Δ-17 was precipitated using saturated ammonium sulfate solution, dissolved in phosphate buffered saline buffer, and then filtered using a 10 kDa ultrafiltration cube. Gas chromatography analysis was used to measure the effect of Δ-17NT or Δ-17FL expression on Pichia pastoris fatty acid composition. Furthermore, the function of Δ-17NT in HepG2 cells was measured and the mechanism was explored. It was demonstrated that Δ-17NT decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in vitro. In conclusion, successful expression of high levels of recombinant Δ-17NT represents a critical step towards the elucidation of the function of membrane fatty acid desaturases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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12
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Liu XF, Wei ZY, Bai CL, Ding XB, Li X, Su GH, Cheng L, Zhang L, Guo H, Li GP. Insights into the function of n-3 PUFAs in fat-1 transgenic cattle. J Lipid Res 2017. [PMID: 28626062 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-3 PUFAs have many beneficial effects on human health, including roles in immunity, neurodevelopment, and preventing cardiovascular disease. In this study, we established reliable model fat-1 transgenic cattle using transgenic technology and performed a systematic investigation to examine the function of n-3 PUFAs. Our results showed that expression of the fat-1 gene improved several biochemical parameters related to liver function and to plasma glucose and plasma lipid metabolism. Results of global gene and plasma protein expression analysis showed that 310 genes and 13 plasma proteins differed significantly in the blood of fat-1 transgenic cattle compared with WT cattle, reflecting their regulatory roles in the immune and cardiovascular systems. Finally, changes in the gut microflora were also noted in the fat-1 transgenic cattle, suggesting novel roles for n-3 PUFAs in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, as well as anti-stress properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using multiple parallel analyses to investigate the role of n-3 PUFAs using models such as fat-1 transgenic cattle. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of fat-1 in the immune and cardiovascular systems, as well as its anti-stress role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chun-Ling Bai
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Ding
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Guang-Hua Su
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Hong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
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13
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Ivanova D, Zhelev Z, Aoki I, Bakalova R, Higashi T. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species - obligatory or not for induction of apoptosis by anticancer drugs. Chin J Cancer Res 2016; 28:383-96. [PMID: 27647966 PMCID: PMC5018533 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2016.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies demonstrate that conventional anticancer drugs elevate intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alter redox-homeostasis of cancer cells. It is widely accepted that anticancer effect of these chemotherapeutics is due to induction of oxidative stress and ROS-mediated apoptosis in cancer. On the other hand, the harmful side effects of conventional anticancer chemotherapy are also due to increased production of ROS and disruption of redox-homeostasis of normal cells and tissues. This article describes the mechanisms for triggering and modulation of apoptosis through ROS-dependent and ROS-independent pathways. We try to answer the question: "Is it possible to induce highly specific apoptosis only in cancer cells, without overproduction of ROS, as well as without harmful effects on normal cells and tissues?" The review also suggests a new therapeutic strategy for selective killing of cancer cells, without significant impact on viability of normal cells and tissues, by combining anticancer drugs with redox-modulators, affecting specific signaling pathways and avoiding oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Ivanova
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria; Institute of Biophysics & Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Medical Faculty, Sofia University, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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14
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Yin X, Yu XW, Zhu P, Zhang YM, Zhang XH, Wang F, Zhang JJ, Yan W, Xi Y, Wan JB, Kang JX, Zou ZQ, Bu SZ. Endogenously synthesized n-3 fatty acids in fat-1 transgenic mice prevent melanoma progression by increasing E-cadherin expression and inhibiting β-catenin signaling. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3476-84. [PMID: 27573698 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Although preclinical studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are beneficial for prevention of melanoma, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n‑3 PUFAs on melanoma remain largely unknown. In the present study, endogenously increased levels of n-3 PUFAs in the tumor tissues of omega‑3 fatty acid desaturase (fat‑1) transgenic mice was associated with a reduction in the growth rate of melanoma xenografts. This reduction in tumor growth in fat‑1 mice compared with wild‑type controls may have been associated, in part, to the: i) Increased expression of E‑cadherin and the reduced expression of its transcriptional repressors, the zinc finger E‑box binding homeobox 1 and snail family transcriptional repressor 1; ii) significant repression of the epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt/β‑catenin signaling pathway; and iii) formation of significant levels of n‑3 PUFA‑derived lipid mediators, particularly resolvin D2 and E1, maresin 1 and 15‑hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid. In addition, vitamin E administration counteracted n‑3 PUFA‑induced lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antitumor effect of n‑3 PUFAs, which suggests that the protective role of n‑3 PUFAs against melanoma is not mediated by n‑3 PUFAs‑induced lipid peroxidation. These results highlight a potential role of n‑3 PUFAs supplementation for the chemoprevention of melanoma in high‑risk individuals, and as a putative adjuvant agent in the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiong-Wei Yu
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhu
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Jie Zhang
- Maritime Faculty, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Wang Yan
- Neurosurgery Department, Second Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xi
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 519000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xuan Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zu-Quan Zou
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Zhong Bu
- Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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15
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16
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Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010023. [PMID: 26742061 PMCID: PMC4728637 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - SeokBeom Kang
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
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17
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Nie D, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Pang D, Ouyang H, Li LI. Fat-1 gene inhibits human oral squamous carcinoma cell proliferation through downregulation of β-catenin signaling pathways. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:191-196. [PMID: 26889238 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (fat-1) gene encodes the enzyme that converts ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to ω-3 PUFAs. Numerous studies have suggested that the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs has an impact on tumorigenesis. To investigate the biological function of the fat-1 gene in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the fat-1 gene was introduced into OSCC cells by transfection. The uptake of the gene was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and analyzed using gas chromatography. The antitumor effects and mechanisms of the fat-1 gene were evaluated by studying cell survival and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Gas chromatography results revealed that the cells transfected with the fat-1 gene had a higher ω-3/ω-6 PUFA ratio than cells transfected with the control vector. An MTT and DNA fragmentation assay indicated that the presence of the fat-1 gene in vitro significantly decreased OSCC cell proliferation and significantly increased the rate of apoptosis. Similar antitumor effects of the fat-1 gene were also observed in vivo. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that Tca8113 cell tumors displayed a significant reduction in cell growth and cell survival following the introduction of the fat-1 gene. The current study suggests that the inhibitory effect of the fat-1 gene on tumor growth may be a result of a reduction in the expression of the tumor survival protein β-catenin. The results also support the theory that the ratio of ω-3/ω-6 PUFAs has an impact on OSCC tumor growth. The findings of the study provide notable molecular insight into the theory suggesting that ω-3 PUFAs are an intermediate for the chemoprevention and treatment of human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daibang Nie
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Zuozhao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China; College of Quartermaster Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
| | - L I Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, P.R. China
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18
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Pan J, Cheng L, Bi X, Zhang X, Liu S, Bai X, Li F, Zhao AZ. Elevation of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuates PTEN-deficiency Induced Endometrial Cancer Development through Regulation of COX-2 and PGE2 Production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14958. [PMID: 26468779 PMCID: PMC4606560 DOI: 10.1038/srep14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-mutation is frequently identified in endometrial cancer patients. Although high dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reduced risk of endometrial cancer, the underlying mechanisms is still unknown. To this end, we evaluated the impact of ω-3 PUFAs using several endometrial cancer cellular and animal models. While ~27% and 40% of heterozygotic PTEN mutant mice developed endometrial cancer and atypical complex hyperplasia, respectively, none of the PTEN(+/-) mice developed cancer when we overexpressed an mfat-1 transgene, which allowed endogenous production of ω-3 PUFAs. Fish oil-enriched diet or expression of mfat-1 transgene significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor derived from RL95-2 cells bearing a PTEN null mutation. At cellular level, ω-3 PUFAs treatment decreased the viability of RL95-2 cells, AKT phosphorylation, and cyclin D1 expression. These molecular events are primarily mediated through reduction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Exogenous PGE2 treatment completely blunted the impact of ω-3 PUFAs on endometrial cancer. Thus, we revealed the direct inhibitory effects of ω-3 PUFAs on endometrial cancer development and the underlying mechanisms involving reduction of COX-2 and PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshun Pan
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Lixian Cheng
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xinyun Bi
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Allan Z. Zhao
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
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19
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Felgueiras J, Fardilha M. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1-interacting proteins as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:120-139. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major public health concern worldwide, being one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Great improvements have been made both in terms of early diagnosis and therapeutics. However, there is still an urgent need for reliable biomarkers that could overcome the lack of cancer-specificity of prostate-specific antigen, as well as alternative therapeutic targets for advanced metastatic cases. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a post-translational modification critical to the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase, whose specificity is determined by its interacting proteins. These interactors can be PPP1 substrates, regulators, or even both. Deregulation of this protein-protein interaction network alters cell dynamics and underlies the development of several cancer hallmarks. Therefore, the identification of PPP1 interactome in specific cellular context is of crucial importance. The knowledge on PPP1 complexes in prostate cancer remains scarce, with only 4 holoenzymes characterized in human prostate cancer models. However, an increasing number of PPP1 interactors have been identified as expressed in human prostate tissue, including the tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1. Efforts should be made in order to identify the role of such proteins in prostate carcinogenesis, since only 26 have yet well-recognized roles. Here, we revise literature and human protein databases to provide an in-depth knowledge on the biological significance of PPP1 complexes in human prostate carcinogenesis and their potential use as therapeutic targets for the development of new therapies for prostate cancer.
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20
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Liu Z, Hopkins MM, Zhang Z, Quisenberry CB, Fix LC, Galvan BM, Meier KE. Omega-3 fatty acids and other FFA4 agonists inhibit growth factor signaling in human prostate cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:380-94. [PMID: 25491146 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) are proposed to have many beneficial effects on human health. However, the mechanisms underlying their potential cancer preventative effects are unclear. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) family, FFA1/GPR40 and FFA4/GPR120, specifically bind n-3 FAs as agonist ligands. In this study, we examined the effects of n-3 FAs in human prostate cancer cell lines. Initial studies established that the long-chain n-3 FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, inhibit proliferation of DU145 cells in response to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mitogenic lipid mediator. When added alone to serum-starved DU145 cells, EPA transiently activates signaling events, including p70S6K phosphorylation. However, when added 15 minutes prior to LPA, EPA suppresses LPA-induced activating phosphorylations of ERK, FAK, and p70S6K, and expression of the matricellular protein CCN1. The rapid onset of the inhibitory action of EPA suggested involvement of a GPCR. Further studies showed that DU145 and PC-3 cells express mRNA and protein for both FFA4 and FFA1. TUG-891 (4-[(4-fluoro-4'-methyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methoxy]-benzenepropanoic acid), a selective agonist for FFA4, exerts inhibitory effects on LPA- and epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and migration, similar to EPA, in DU145 and PC-3 cells. The effects of TUG-891 and EPA are readily reversible. The FFA1/FFA4 agonist GW9508 (4-[[(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]amino]-benzenepropranoic acid) likewise inhibits proliferation at doses that block FFA4. Knockdown of FFA4 expression prevents EPA- and TUG-891-induced inhibition of growth and migration. Together, these results indicate that activation of FFA4 initiates signaling events that can inhibit growth factor-induced signaling, providing a novel mechanism for suppression of cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Mandi M Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Chrystal B Quisenberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Louise C Fix
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Brianna M Galvan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Li J, Li FR, Wei D, Jia W, Kang JX, Stefanovic-Racic M, Dai Y, Zhao AZ. Endogenous ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid production confers resistance to obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1316-28. [PMID: 24978197 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-documented health benefits of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), their use in clinical management of hyperglycemia and obesity has shown little success. To better define the mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs in regulating energy balance and insulin sensitivity, we deployed a transgenic mouse model capable of endogenously producing ω-3 PUFAs while reducing ω-6 PUFAs owing to the expression of a Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene encoding an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase. When challenged with high-fat diets, fat-1 mice strongly resisted obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis. Endogenous elevation of ω-3 PUFAs and reduction of ω-6 PUFAs did not alter the amount of food intake but led to increased energy expenditure in the fat-1 mice. The requirements for the levels of ω-3 PUFAs as well as the ω-6/ω-3 ratios in controlling blood glucose and obesity are much more stringent than those in lipid metabolism. These metabolic phenotypes were accompanied by attenuation of the inflammatory state because tissue levels of prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNF-α were significantly decreased. TNF-α-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling was almost completely abolished. Consistent with the reduction in chronic inflammation and a significant increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activity in the fat-1 liver tissue, hepatic insulin signaling was sharply elevated. The activities of prolipogenic regulators, such as liver X receptor, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 were sharply decreased, whereas the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, a nuclear receptor that facilitates lipid β-oxidation, was markedly increased. Thus, endogenous conversion of ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs via fat-1 strongly protects against obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and dyslipidemia and may represent a novel therapeutic modality to treat these prevalent disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (J.L.) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.S.-R.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; Department of Pathology (F.R.L), The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Endocrinology (D.W.), The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610017, China; Surgery (W.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Medicine (J.X.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (F.R.L., Y.D., A.Z.Z.), The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
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Kang JX, Liu A. The role of the tissue omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in regulating tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:201-10. [PMID: 23090260 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a necessary step in tumor growth and metastasis. It is well established that the metabolites of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which must be obtained through the diet and cannot be synthesized de novo in mammals, have differential effects on cellular processes. Omega-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA)-derived metabolites promote angiogenesis by increasing growth factor expression whereas omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) have anti-angiogenic and antitumor properties. However, most studies thus far have failed to account for the role of the n-6 FA/n-3 FA ratio in angiogenesis and instead examined the absolute levels of n-6 and n-3 FA. This review highlights the biochemical interactions between n-6 and n-3 FA and focuses on how the n-6/n-3 FA ratio in tissues modulates tumor angiogenesis. We suggest that future work should consider the n-6/n-3 FA ratio to be a key element in experimental design and analysis. Furthermore, we recommend that clinical interventions should aim to both reduce n-6 metabolites and simultaneously increase n-3 FA intake.
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Wang M, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. ω3 fatty acid desaturases from microorganisms: structure, function, evolution, and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10255-62. [PMID: 24177732 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids involves an alternating process of fatty acid desaturation and elongation catalyzed by complex series of enzymes. ω3 desaturase plays an important role in converting ω6 fatty acids into ω3 fatty acids. Genes for this desaturase have been identified and characterized in a wide range of microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, yeasts, molds, and microalgae. Like all fatty acid desaturases, ω3 desaturase is structurally characterized by the presence of three highly conserved histidine-rich motifs; however, unlike some desaturases, it lacks a cytochrome b5-like domain. Understanding the structure, function, and evolution of ω3 desaturases, particularly their substrate specificities in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lays the foundation for potential production of various ω3 fatty acids in transgenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Nikolakopoulou Z, Nteliopoulos G, Michael-Titus AT, Parkinson EK. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively inhibit growth in neoplastic oral keratinocytes by differentially activating ERK1/2. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2716-25. [PMID: 23892603 PMCID: PMC3845892 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs)—eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and its metabolite docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—inhibit cancer formation
in vivo, but their mechanism of action is unclear. Extracellular
signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and inhibition have both been associated
with the induction of tumour cell apoptosis by n-3 PUFAs. We show here that low doses of
EPA, in particular, inhibited the growth of premalignant and malignant keratinocytes more
than the growth of normal counterparts by a combination of cell cycle arrest and
apoptosis. The growth inhibition of the oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lines, but not
normal keratinocytes, by both n-3 PUFAs was associated with epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) autophosphorylation, a sustained phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and its
downstream target p90RSK but not with phosphorylation of the PI3 kinase target Akt.
Inhibition of EGFR with either the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478 or an EGFR-blocking
antibody inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the blocking antibody partially antagonized
growth inhibition by EPA but not by DHA. DHA generated more reactive oxygen species and
activated more c-jun N-terminal kinase than EPA, potentially explaining its increased
toxicity to normal keratinocytes. Our results show that, in part, EPA specifically
inhibits SCC growth and development by creating a sustained signalling imbalance to
amplify the EGFR/ERK/p90RSK pathway in neoplastic keratinocytes to a supraoptimal level,
supporting the chemopreventive potential of EPA, whose toxicity to normal cells might be
reduced further by blocking its metabolism to DHA. Furthermore, ERK1/2 phosphorylation may
have potential as a biomarker of n-3 PUFA function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College,
Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN,
UK and
| | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute for Cell and Molecular
Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of
London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT,
UK
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 2078
827185; Fax: +44 207 8827137;
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Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Brewer M, Duff A, Lightfoot S, Brush RS, Anderson RE, Rao CV. Endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids delay progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in Fat-1-p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice. Neoplasia 2012; 14:1249-59. [PMID: 23308056 PMCID: PMC3540949 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that diets rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may be beneficial for prevention of pancreatic cancer. Nutritional intervention studies are often complex, and there is no clear evidence, without potential confounding factors, on whether conversion of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in pancreatic tissues would provide protection. Experiments were designed using n-3 fatty acid desaturase (Fat-1) transgenic mice, which can convert n-6 PUFA to n-3 FAs endogenously, to determine the impact of n-3 PUFAs on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and their progression to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Six-week-old female p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) and compound Fat-1-p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice were fed (AIN-76A) diets containing 10% safflower oil for 35 weeks. Pancreata were evaluated histopathologically for PanINs and PDAC. Results showed a dramatic reduction in incidence of PDAC (84%; P < .02) in Fat-1-p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice compared to p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice. Importantly, significant reductions of pancreatic ducts with carcinoma (90%; P < .0001) and PanIN 3 (~50%; P < .001) lesions were observed in the compound transgenic mice. The levels of n-3 PUFA were much higher (>85%; P < .05-0.01) in pancreas of compound transgenic mice than in those of p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice. Molecular analysis of the pancreas showed a significant down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 5-LOX-activating protein, Bcl-2, and cyclin D1 expression levels in Fat-1-p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice compared to p48(Cre/+)-LSL-Kras(G12D/+) mice. These data highlight the promise of dietary n-3 FAs for chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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26
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An L, Pang YW, Gao HM, Tao L, Miao K, Wu ZH, Tian JH. Heterologous expression of C. elegans fat-1 decreases the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:405-10. [PMID: 23103373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In general, a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibits the development of obesity and decreases adipose tissue. The specific impacts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on adipogenesis, however, have not been definitively determined. Traditional in vivo and in vitro supplementation studies have yielded inconsistent or even contradictory results, which likely reflect insufficiently controlled experimental systems. Caenorhabditiselegans fat-1 gene encodes an n-3 fatty acid desaturase, and its heterologous expression represents an effective method both for altering the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and for evaluating the biological effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. We sought to determine whether a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio could influence adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Lentivirus-mediated introduction of the fat-1 gene into 3T3-L1 preadipocytes significantly reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio and inhibited preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In mature adipocytes, fat-1 expression reduced lipid deposition, as measured by Oil Red O staining, and induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio inhibits adipogenesis through several mechanisms and that n-3 PUFAs more effectively inhibit adipogenesis (but not lipogenesis) than do n-6 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei An
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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27
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He C, Qu X, Wan J, Rong R, Huang L, Cai C, Zhou K, Gu Y, Qian SY, Kang JX. Inhibiting delta-6 desaturase activity suppresses tumor growth in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47567. [PMID: 23112819 PMCID: PMC3480421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a tumor-supportive microenvironment is characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic eicosanoids derived from omega-6 (n−6) arachidonic acid (AA). Although the metabolic pathways (COX, LOX, and P450) that generate these n−6 AA eicosanoids have been targeted, the role of endogenous AA production in tumorigenesis remains unexplored. Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for the synthesis of n−6 AA and increased D6D activity can lead to enhanced n−6 AA production. Here, we show that D6D activity is upregulated during melanoma and lung tumor growth and that suppressing D6D activity, either by RNAi knockdown or a specific D6D inhibitor, dramatically reduces tumor growth. Accordingly, the content of AA and AA-derived tumor-promoting metabolites is significantly decreased. Angiogenesis and inflammatory status are also reduced. These results identify D6D as a key factor for tumor growth and as a potential target for cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei He
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (UM), Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiying Qu
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianbo Wan
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rong Rong
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lili Huang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chun Cai
- Laboratory for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Keyuan Zhou
- Laboratory for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S228-39. [PMID: 22591896 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models showed consistently a modulation of carcinogenesis by omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA). Fish intake is often described as part of a beneficial dietary pattern. However, observational epidemiological studies on the relationship between ω3 PUFA reported conflicting results. The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether there exists any progress in the evaluation of the causal relationship between dietary ω3 PUFA and cancers since the previous FAO/OMS expert consultation and whether it is possible to propose preventive and/or adjuvant therapeutic recommendations. Prospective and case-control observational studies published since 2007 and meeting validity criteria were considered together with RCT. Experimental studies are mentioned to provide for biological plausibility. When evaluating the level of evidence, a portfolio approach was used, weighted by a hierarchy giving higher importance to prospective studies followed by RCT if any. There is a probable level of evidence that ALA per se is neither a risk factor nor a beneficial factor with regards to cancers. Observational studies on colorectal, prostate and breast cancers only provided limited evidence suggesting a possible role of LC-ω3PUFA in cancer prevention because insufficient homogeneity of the observations. Explanation for heterogeneity might be the inherent difficulties associated with epidemiology (confounding and dietary pattern context, measurement error, level of intake, genetic polymorphism). The role of LC-ω3PUFA as adjuvant, might be considered of possible use, in view of the latest RCT on lung cancers even if RCT on other cancers still need to be undertaken.
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29
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Liu B, Yang R, Li J, Zhang L, Liu J, Lu C, Lian C, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhao Z. Construction of fat1 Gene Expression Vector and Its Catalysis Efficiency in Bovine Fetal Fibroblast Cells. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:621-8. [PMID: 25049605 PMCID: PMC4093122 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The FAT-1 protein is an n-3 fatty acid desaturase, which can recognize a range of 18- and 20-carbon n-6 substrates and transform n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into n-3 PUFAs while n-3 PUFAs have beneficial effect on human health. Fat1 gene is the coding sequence from Caenorhabditis elegans which might play an important role on lipometabolism. To reveal the function of fat1 gene in bovine fetal fibroblast cells and gain the best cell nuclear donor for transgenic bovines, the codon of fat1 sequence was optimized based on the codon usage frequency preference of bovine muscle protein, and directionally cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pEF-GFP. After identifying by restrictive enzyme digests with AatII/XbaI and sequencing, the fusion plasmid pEF-GFP-fat1 was identified successfully. The pEF-GFP-fat1 vector was transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells mediated by Lipofectamine2000(TM). The positive bovine fetal fibroblast cells were selected by G418 and detected by RT-PCR. The results showed that a 1,234 bp transcription was amplified by reverse transcription PCR and the positive transgenic fat1 cell line was successfully established. Then the expression level of fat1 gene in positive cells was detected using quantitative PCR, and the catalysis efficiency was detected by gas chromatography. The results demonstrated that the catalysis efficiency of fat1 was significantly high, which can improve the total PUFAs rich in EPA, DHA and DPA. Construction and expression of pEF-GFP-fat1 vector should be helpful for further understanding the mechanism of regulation of fat1 in vitro. It could also be the first step in the production of fat1 transgenic cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Runjun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Junya Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Beijing, 100193,
China
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Beijing, 100193,
China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Chunyan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Chuanjiang Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Zezhong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062,
China
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30
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Wu X, Ouyang H, Duan B, Pang D, Zhang L, Yuan T, Xue L, Ni D, Cheng L, Dong S, Wei Z, Li L, Yu M, Sun QY, Chen DY, Lai L, Dai Y, Li GP. Production of cloned transgenic cow expressing omega-3 fatty acids. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:537-43. [PMID: 21918821 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are important for human health. Alternative resources of n-3 PUAFs created by transgenic domestic animals would be an economic approach. In this study, we generated a mfat-1 transgenic cattle expressed a Caenorhabditis elegans gene, mfat-1, encoding an n-3 fatty acid desaturase. Fatty acids analysis of tissue and milk showed that all of the examined n-3 PUAFs were greatly increased and simultaneously the n-6 PUAFs decreased in the transgenic cow. A significantly reduction of n-6/n-3 ratios (P<0.05) in both tissue and milk were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- The Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People's Republic of China
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31
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Sun H, Hu Y, Gu Z, Wilson MD, Chen YQ, Rudel LL, Willingham MC, Edwards IJ. Endogenous synthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Fat-1 mice is associated with increased mammary gland and liver syndecan-1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20502. [PMID: 21655218 PMCID: PMC3105073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long chain n-3 PUFA have been shown to have chemopreventive properties against breast cancer through various mechanisms. One pathway, studied in human breast cancer cell lines, involves upregulation of the proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (SDC-1) by n-3 PUFA-enriched LDL. Using Fat-1 mice that are able to convert n-6 to n-3 PUFA, we tested whether SDC-1 level in vivo is elevated in mammary glands due to endogenously synthesized rather than LDL-derived n-3 PUFA. Female Fat-1 and wild type (wt) mice were fed an n-6 PUFA- enriched diet for 7 weeks. Fatty acid analysis of plasma lipoproteins showed that total n-6 PUFA reflected dietary intake similarly in both genotypes (VLDL, 36.2±2.2 and 40.9±3.9; LDL, 49.0±3.3 and 48.1±2.0; HDL, 54.6±1.2 and 58.2±1.3, mean ± SEM percent of total fatty acids for Fat-1 and wt animals respectively). Lipoprotein percent n-3 PUFA was also similar between groups. However, phospholipids and triglycerides extracted from mammary and liver tissues demonstrated significantly higher n-3 PUFA and a corresponding decrease in the ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA in Fat-1 compared to wt mice. This was accompanied by higher SDC-1 in mammary glands and livers of Fat-1 mice, thus demonstrating that endogenously synthesized n-3 PUFA may upregulate SDC-1 in the presence of high dietary n-6 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhennan Gu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha D. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence L. Rudel
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Willingham
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Iris J. Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: E-mail:
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Activation of urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor axis is essential for macrophage infiltration in a prostate cancer mouse model. Neoplasia 2011; 13:23-30. [PMID: 21245937 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages within the tumor microenvironment promote angiogenesis, extracellular matrix breakdown, and tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) axis promotes prostate cancer tumorigenicity, invasion, metastasis, and survival within the tumor microenvironment. The link between macrophage infiltration and the uPA/uPAR axis in prostate cancer development has not been established, although it has been reported that uPA plays a critical role inmonocyte and macrophage chemotaxis. In this study, murine prostate cancer RM-1 cells were subcutaneously inoculated into wild-type (WT), uPA(-/-), and uPAR(-/-) mice. Tumor volume was significantly diminished in both uPA(-/-) and uPAR(-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Greater inhibition of tumor volume was also observed in uPA(-/-) mice compared with uPAR(-/-) mice, suggesting the important contribution of stromal-derived uPA to sustain the tumor growth. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that tumors in uPA(-/-) and uPAR(-/-) mice displayed significantly lower proliferative indices, higher apoptotic indices, and less neovascularity compared with the tumors in WT mice. Tumors in uPA(-/-) and uPAR(-/-) mice displayed significantly less macrophage infiltration as demonstrated by F4/80 staining and MAC3(+) cell numbers by flow cytometry compared with the tumors from WT mice. These findings suggest that the uPA/uPAR axis acts in both autocrine and paracrine manners in the tumor microenvironment, and activation of uPA/uPAR axis is essential for macrophage infiltration into prostate tumors.
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Gleissman H, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Omega-3 fatty acids in cancer, the protectors of good and the killers of evil? Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1365-73. [PMID: 20211172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have been implicated in cancer prevention and treatment. Conventional chemotherapeutics are considered "double-edged swords", as they kill the cancer cells but also strike the healthy cells causing severe morbidity and sometimes also mortality. Could omega-3 fatty acids in this setting work as a "sword and shield" instead, by being cytotoxic to cancer cells, but at the same time protect healthy cells from these deleterious effects? In addition, may our current diet with decreased omega-3/omega-6 ratio contribute to the increased cancer incidence, and could an omega-3 enriched diet be used as a preventive measure against cancer? Here, we seek answers to these questions by reviewing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, on various cancers with emphasis on a cancer of neural origin, neuroblastoma. Results from preventive and therapeutic animal as well as human studies together with mechanisms behind the observed toxicity are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gleissman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Wei D, Li J, Shen M, Jia W, Chen N, Chen T, Su D, Tian H, Zheng S, Dai Y, Zhao A. Cellular production of n-3 PUFAs and reduction of n-6-to-n-3 ratios in the pancreatic beta-cells and islets enhance insulin secretion and confer protection against cytokine-induced cell death. Diabetes 2010; 59:471-8. [PMID: 19933995 PMCID: PMC2809969 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the direct impact of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on the functions and viability of pancreatic beta-cells. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed an mfat-1 transgenic mouse model in which endogenous production of n-3 PUFAs was achieved through overexpressing a C. elegans n-3 fatty acid desaturase gene, mfat-1. The islets and INS-1 cells expressing mfat-1 were analyzed for insulin secretion and viability in response to cytokine treatment. RESULTS The transgenic islets contained much higher levels of n-3 PUFAs and lower levels of n-6 PUFAs than the wild type. Insulin secretion stimulated by glucose, amino acids, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was significantly elevated in the transgenic islets. When challenged with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), the transgenic islets completely resisted cytokine-induced cell death. Adenoviral transduction of mfat-1 gene in wild-type islets and in INS-1 cells led to acute changes in the cellular levels of n-3- and n-6 PUFAs and recapitulated the results in the transgenic islets. The expression of mfat-1 led to decreased production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), which in turn contributed to the elevation of insulin secretion. We further found that cytokine-induced activation of NF-kappaB and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK(1/2)) was significantly attenuated and that the expression of pancreatic duodenal hemeobox-1 (PDX-1), glucokinase, and insulin-1 was increased as a result of n-3 PUFA production. CONCLUSIONS Stable cellular production of n-3 PUFAs via mfat-1 can enhance insulin secretion and confers strong resistance to cytokine-induced beta-cell destruction. The utility of mfat-1 gene in deterring type 1 diabetes should be further explored in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Miaoda Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nuoqi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifan Dai
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Allan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- The Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Corresponding author: Allan Zhao,
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35
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Gleissman H, Yang R, Martinod K, Lindskog M, Serhan CN, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Docosahexaenoic acid metabolome in neural tumors: identification of cytotoxic intermediates. FASEB J 2009; 24:906-15. [PMID: 19890019 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-137919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protects neural cells from stress-induced apoptosis. On the contrary, DHA exerts anticancer effects, and we have shown that DHA induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. We now investigate the DHA metabolome in neuroblastoma using a targeted lipidomic approach in order to elucidate the mechanisms behind the DHA-induced cytotoxicity. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to identify DHA-derived lipid mediators in neuroblastoma cells. Presence of the 15-lipoxygenase enzyme was investigated using immunoblotting, and cytotoxic potency of DHA and DHA-derived compounds was compared using the MTT cell viability assay. Neuroblastoma cells metabolized DHA to 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) via 17-hydroperoxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HpDHA) through 15-lipoxygenase and autoxidation. In contrast to normal neural cells, neuroblastoma cells did not produce the anti-inflammatory and protective lipid mediators, resolvins and protectins. 17-HpDHA had significant cytotoxic potency, with an IC(50) of 3-6 microM at 72 h, compared to 12-15 microM for DHA. alpha-Tocopherol protected cells from 17-HpDHA-induced cytotoxicity. DHA inhibited secretion of prostaglandin-E(2) and augmented the cytotoxic potency of the cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitor celecoxib. The cytotoxic effect of DHA in neuroblastoma is mediated through production of hydroperoxy fatty acids that accumulate to toxic intracellular levels with restricted production of its products, resolvins and protectins.-Gleissman, H., Yang, R., Martinod, K., Lindskog, M., Serhan, C. N., Johnsen, J. I., Kogner, P. Docosahexaenoic acid metabolome in neural tumors: identification of cytotoxic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gleissman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Q6:05, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Prostate tumor growth can be modulated by dietarily targeting the 15-lipoxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes. Neoplasia 2009; 11:692-9. [PMID: 19568414 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objectives of our study were to determine the bioavailability of omega-3 (omega-3) to the tumor, to understand its mechanisms, and to determine the feasibility of targeting the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolizing 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways. Nude mice injected subcutaneously with LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells were randomly divided into three different isocaloric (and same percent [%] of total fat) diet groups: high omega-6 linoleic acid (LA), high omega-3 stearidonic acid (SDA) PUFAs, and normal (control) diets. Tumor growth and apoptosis were examined as end points after administration of short-term (5 weeks) omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid diets. Tumor tissue membranes were examined for growth, lipids, enzyme activities, apoptosis, and proliferation. Tumors from the LA diet-fed mice exhibited the most rapid growth compared with tumors from the control and SDA diet-fed mice. Moreover, a diet switch from LA to SDA caused a dramatic decrease in the growth of tumors in 5 weeks, whereas tumors grew more aggressively when mice were switched from an SDA to an LA diet. Evaluating tumor proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (caspase-3) in mice fed the LA and SDA diets suggested increased percentage proliferation index from the omega-6 diet-fed mice compared with the tumors from the omega-3 SDA-fed mice. Further, increased apoptosis was observed in tumors from omega-3 SDA diet-fed mice versus tumors from omega-6 diet-fed mice. Levels of membrane phospholipids of red blood cells reflected dietary changes and correlated with the levels observed in tumors. Linoleic or arachidonic acid and metabolites (eicosanoid/prostaglandins) were analyzed for 15-LO-1 and COX-2 activities by high-performance liquid chromatography. We also examined the percent unsaturated or saturated fatty acids in the total phospholipids, PUFA omega-6/omega-3 ratios, and other major enzymes (elongase, Delta [Delta]-5-desaturase, and Delta-6-desaturase) of omega-6 catabolic pathways from the tumors. We observed a 2.7-fold increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in tumors from LA diet-fed mice and a 4.2-fold decrease in the ratio in tumors from the SDA diet-fed mice. There was an increased Delta-6-desaturase and Delta-9 desaturase enzyme activities and reduced estimated Delta-5-desaturase activity in tumors from mice fed the SDA diet. Opposite effects were observed in tumors from mice fed the LA diet. Together, these observations provide mechanistic roles of omega-3 fatty acids in slowing prostate cancer growth by altering omega-6/omega-3 ratios through diet and by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in tumors by directly competing with omega-6 fatty acids for 15-LO-1 and COX-2 activities.
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