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Rastogi S, Joshi A, Sato N, Lee S, Lee MJ, Trepel JB, Neckers L. An update on the status of HSP90 inhibitors in cancer clinical trials. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:519-539. [PMID: 38878853 PMCID: PMC11260857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays an indispensable role in tumorigenesis by stabilizing client oncoproteins. Although the functionality of HSP90 is tightly regulated, cancer cells exhibit a unique dependence on this chaperone, leading to its overexpression, which has been associated with poor prognosis in certain malignancies. While various strategies targeting heat shock proteins (HSPs) involved in carcinogenesis have been explored, only inhibition of HSP90 has consistently and effectively resulted in proteasomal degradation of its client proteins. To date, a total of 22 HSP90 inhibitors (HSP90i) have been tested in 186 cancer clinical trials, as reported by clinicaltrials.gov. Among these trials, 60 % have been completed, 10 % are currently active, and 30 % have been suspended, terminated, or withdrawn. HSP90 inhibitors (HSP90i) have been used as single agents or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various cancer types in clinical trials. Notably, improved clinical outcomes have been observed when HSP90i are used in combination therapies, as they exhibit a synergistic antitumor effect. However, as single agents, HSP90i have shown limited clinical activity due to drug-related toxicity or therapy resistance. Recently, active trials conducted in Japan evaluating TAS-116 (pimitespib) have demonstrated promising results with low toxicity as monotherapy and in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. Exploratory biomarker analyses performed in various trials have demonstrated target engagement that suggests the potential for identifying patient populations that may respond favorably to the therapy. In this review, we discuss the advances made in the past 5 years regarding HSP90i and their implications in anticancer therapeutics. Our focus lies in evaluating drug efficacy, prognosis forecast, pharmacodynamic biomarkers, and clinical outcomes reported in published trials. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to shed light on the progress and potential of HSP90i as promising therapeutic agents in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Rastogi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abhinav Joshi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahoko Sato
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Len Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yang X, Feng C, Wang P, Xie S, Wang Y, Zhang H, He Z, Zhang S, Luo C. Precisely Self-Cooperative Nanoassembly Enables Photothermal/Ferroptosis Synergistic Tumor Eradication. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304485. [PMID: 38567748 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is identified as a potential target for anticancer therapy. However, most conventional ferroptosis inducers not only fail to trigger intracellular lipid peroxidation storm, but are also prone to cause ferroptosis-related toxicity through off-target destruction of intracellular antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, a potent and highly tumor-specific ferroptosis induction modality is desired. Herein, a self-cooperative nanomedicine for imaging-guided photothermal ferrotherapy, which is fabricated based on molecular nanoassembly (NA) of DiR (a photothermal probe) and ferrocene (Fc, a reactant of the Fenton reaction), is elaborately exploited. DiR-elicited hyperthermia induces both photothermal therapy (PTT) and a significant acceleration of the kinetics of the Fc-involved Fenton reaction, collaboratively causing a lipid peroxidation storm in tumor cells. In turn, plenty of lipid peroxides boost PTT through the downregulation of heat shock protein 90. As expected, such a self-cooperative NA demonstrates synergetic tumor eradication in the 4T1 breast tumor-bearing mice xenograft model. This study offers a novel nanotherapeutic paradigm for precise multimodal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Shishi Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yuequan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Shenwu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Li C, Liu H, Tan S. Combination therapy involving HSP90 inhibitors for combating cancer: an overview of clinical and preclinical progress. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:442-464. [PMID: 38632167 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates multiple crucial signalling pathways in cancer by driving the maturation of key signalling components, thereby playing a crucial role in tumorigenesis and drug resistance in cancer. Inhibition of HSP90 results in metastable conformational collapse of its client proteins and their proteasomal degradation. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting HSP90, and more than 20 inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, owing to disadvantages such as organ toxicity and drug resistance, only one HSP90 inhibitor has been approved for use in clinical settings. In recent years, HSP90 inhibitors used in combination with other anti-cancer therapies have shown remarkable potential in the treatment of cancer. HSP90 inhibitors work synergistically with various anti-cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. HSP90 inhibitors can improve the pharmacological effects of the above-mentioned therapies and reduce treatment resistance. This review provides an overview of the use of combination therapy with HSP90 inhibitors and other anti-cancer therapies in clinical and preclinical studies reported in the past decade and summarises design strategies and prospects for these combination therapies. Altogether, this review provides a theoretical basis for further research and application of these combination therapies in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Chenyao Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dagong Road 2, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, China.
| | - Shutao Tan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Mattoo S, Gupta A, Chauhan M, Agrawal A, Pore SK. Prospects and challenges of noncoding-RNA-mediated inhibition of heat shock protein 90 for cancer therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195006. [PMID: 38218528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) is a potential drug target for cancer therapy as it is often dysregulated in several cancers, including lung, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. In cancer, HSP90 fails to maintain the structural and functional integrity of its several client proteins which are involved in the hallmarks of cancer such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Several small molecule inhibitors of HSP90 have been shown to exhibit anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo animal models. However, a few of them are currently under clinical studies. The status and potential limitations of these inhibitors are discussed here. Studies demonstrate that several noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate HSP90 and its client proteins to modulate cellular processes to exhibit oncogenic or tumor suppressing properties. Over the last decade, miRNAs and lncRNAs have drawn significant interest from the scientific community as therapeutic agents or targets for clinical applications. Here, we discuss the detailed mechanistic regulation of HSP90 and its client proteins by ncRNAs. Moreover, we highlight the significance of these ncRNAs as potential therapeutic agents/targets, and the challenges associated with ncRNA-based therapies. This article aims to provide a holistic view on HSP90-regulating ncRNAs for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shria Mattoo
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201311, India
| | - Abha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201311, India
| | - Manvee Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201311, India
| | - Akshi Agrawal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201311, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Pore
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201311, India.
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Zhao S, Zhu Y, Liu H, He X, Xie J. System analysis based on the pyroptosis-related genes identifes GSDMD as a novel therapy target for skin cutaneous melanoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:801. [PMID: 37950289 PMCID: PMC10636830 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the most aggressive skin cancer, accounting for more than 75% mortality rate of skin-related cancers. As a newly identified programmed cell death, pyroptosis has been found to be closely associated with tumor progression. Nevertheless, the prognostic significance of pyroptosis in SKCM remains elusive. METHODS A total of 469 SKCM samples and 812 normal samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. Firstly, differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) between normal samples and SKCM samples were identified. Secondly, we established a prognostic model based on univariate Cox and LASSO Cox regression analyses, which was validated in the test cohort from GSE65904. Thirdly, a nomogram was used to predict the survival probability of SKCM patients. The R package "pRRophetic" was utilized to identify the drug sensitivity between the low- and high-risk groups. Tumor immune infiltration was evaluated using "immuneeconv" R package. Finally, the function of GSDMD and SB525334 was explored in A375 and A2058 cells. RESULTS Based on univariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses, we established a prognostic model with identified eight PRGs (AIM2, CASP3, GSDMA, GSDMC, GSDMD, IL18, NLRP3, and NOD2), which was validated in the test cohort. SKCM patients were divided into low- and high-risk groups based on the median of risk score. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high-risk patients had shorter overall survival than low-risk patients. Additionally, time-dependent ROC curves validated the accuracy of the risk model in predicting the prognosis of SKCM. More importantly, 4 small molecular compounds (SB525334, SR8278, Gemcitabine, AT13387) were identified, which might be potential drugs for patients in different risk groups. Finally, overexpression of GSDMD and SB525334 treatment inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SKCM cells. CONCLUSION In this study, we constructed a prognostic model based on PRGs and identified GSDMD as a potential therapeutic target, which provide new insights into SKCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Zhao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongkang Zhu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengdeng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng He
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Ko JC, Chen JC, Hsieh JM, Tseng PY, Chiang CS, Liu LL, Chien CC, Huang IH, Chang QZ, Mu BC, Lin YW. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor 17-AAG down-regulates thymidine phosphorylase expression and potentiates the cytotoxic effect of tamoxifen and erlotinib in human lung squamous carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115207. [PMID: 35961402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevated thymidine phosphorylase (TP) levels, a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway, in cancer cells, are related to a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that is involved in the stabilization and maturation of many oncogenic proteins. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG could enhance tamoxifen- and erlotinib-induced cytotoxicity in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells via modulating TP expression in two squamous NSCLC cell lines, H520 and H1703. We found that 17-AAG reduced TP expression via inactivating the MKK1/2-ERK1/2-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. TP knockdown with siRNA or ERK1/2 MAPK inactivation with the pharmacological inhibitor U0126 could enhance the cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of 17-AAG. In contrast, MKK1-CA or MKK2-CA (a constitutively active form of MKK1/2) vector-enforced expression could reduce the cytotoxic and cell growth inhibitory effects of 17-AAG. Furthermore, 17-AAG enhanced the cytotoxic and cell growth inhibitory effects of tamoxifen and erlotinib in NSCLC cells, which were associated with TP expression downregulation and MKK1/2-ERK1/2 signal inactivation. Taken together, Hsp90 inhibition downregulates TP, enhancing the tamoxifen- and erlotinib-induced cytotoxicity in H520 and H1703 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cheng Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Min Hsieh
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Tseng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shan Chiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Liu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Qiao-Zhen Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Mu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Abstract
B-Raf is a protein kinase participating to the regulation of many biological processes in cells. Several studies have demonstrated that this protein is frequently upregulated in human cancers, especially when it bears activating mutations. In the last years, few ATP-competitive inhibitors of B-Raf have been marketed for the treatment of melanoma and are currently under clinical evaluation on a variety of other types of cancer. Although the introduction of drugs targeting B-Raf has provided significant advances in cancer treatment, responses to ATP-competitive inhibitors remain limited, mainly due to selectivity issues, side effects, narrow therapeutic windows, and the insurgence of drug resistance. Impressive research efforts have been made so far towards the identification of novel ATP-competitive modulators with improved efficacy against cancers driven by mutant Raf monomers and dimers, some of them showing good promises. However, several limitations could still be envisioned for these compounds, according to literature data. Besides, increased attentions have arisen around approaches based on the design of allosteric modulators, polypharmacology, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and drug repurposing for the targeting of B-Raf proteins. The design of compounds acting through such innovative mechanisms is rather challenging. However, valuable therapeutic opportunities can be envisioned on these drugs, as they act through innovative mechanisms in which limitations typically observed for approved ATP-competitive B-Raf inhibitors are less prone to emerge. In this article, current approaches adopted for the design of non-ATP competitive inhibitors targeting B-Raf are described, discussing also on the possibilities, ligands acting through such innovative mechanisms could provide for the obtainment of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
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Sasame J, Ikegaya N, Kawazu M, Natsumeda M, Hayashi T, Isoda M, Satomi K, Tomiyama A, Oshima A, Honma H, Miyake Y, Takabayashi K, Nakamura T, Ueno T, Matsushita Y, Iwashita H, Kanemaru Y, Murata H, Ryo A, Terashima K, Yamanaka S, Fujii Y, Mano H, Komori T, Ichimura K, Cahill DP, Wakimoto H, Yamamoto T, Tateishi K. HSP90 inhibition overcomes resistance to molecular targeted therapy in BRAFV600E mutant high-grade glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2425-2439. [PMID: 35344043 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular targeted therapy using BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors has been applied to BRAFV600E mutant high-grade gliomas (HGGs); however, the therapeutic effect is limited by the emergence of drug resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We established multiple paired BRAFV600E mutant HGG patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models based on tissues collected prior to and at relapse after molecular targeted therapy. Using these models, we dissected treatment resistant mechanisms for molecular targeted therapy and explored therapeutic targets to overcome resistance in BRAFV600E HGG models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that, despite causing no major genetic and epigenetic changes, BRAF and/or MEK inhibitor treatment deregulated multiple negative feedback mechanisms, which led to the re-activation of the MAPK pathway through c-Raf and AKT signaling. This altered oncogenic signaling primarily mediated resistance to molecular targeted therapy in BRAFV600E mutant HGG. To overcome this resistance mechanism, we performed a high-throughput drug screening to identify therapeutic agents that potently induce additive cytotoxicity with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. We discovered that HSP90 inhibition combined with BRAF/MEK inhibition coordinately deactivated the MAPK and AKT/mTOR pathways, and subsequently induced apoptosis via dephosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser9) and inhibition of Bcl-2 family proteins. This mediated potent cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in refractory models with acquired resistance to molecular-targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of an HSP90 inhibitor with BRAF or MEK inhibitors can overcome the limitations of the current therapeutic strategies for BRAFV600E mutant HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Sasame
- Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshihide Ueno
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Keita Terashima
- National Center For Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiko Fujii
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Daniel P Cahill
- Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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Abstract
More than half of metastatic melanoma patients receiving standard therapy fail to achieve a long-term survival due to primary and/or acquired resistance. Tumor cell ability to switch from epithelial to a more aggressive mesenchymal phenotype, attributed with AXLhigh molecular profile in melanoma, has been recently linked to such event, limiting treatment efficacy. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the AXL inhibitor (AXLi) BGB324 alone or in combination with the clinically relevant BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) vemurafenib. Firstly, AXL was shown to be expressed in majority of melanoma lymph node metastases. When treated ex vivo, the largest reduction in cell viability was observed when the two drugs were combined. In addition, a therapeutic benefit of adding AXLi to the BRAF-targeted therapy was observed in pre-clinical AXLhigh melanoma models in vitro and in vivo. When searching for mechanistic insights, AXLi was found to potentiate BRAFi-induced apoptosis, stimulate ferroptosis and inhibit autophagy. Altogether, our findings propose AXLi as a promising treatment in combination with standard therapy to improve therapeutic outcome in metastatic melanoma.
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The Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor, AT13387, Protects the Alveolo-Capillary Barrier and Prevents HCl-Induced Chronic Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061046. [PMID: 35326496 PMCID: PMC8946990 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) exposure causes asthma-like conditions, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, and pulmonary fibrosis. Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that regulates multiple cellular processes. HSP90 inhibitors are undergoing clinical trials for cancer and are also being studied in various pre-clinical settings for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Here we investigated the ability of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor AT13387 to prevent chronic lung injury induced by exposure to HCl in vivo and its protective role in the endothelial barrier in vitro. We instilled C57Bl/6J mice with 0.1N HCl (2 µL/g body weight, intratracheally) and after 24 h began treatment with vehicle or AT13387 (10 or 15 mg/kg, SC), administered 3×/week; we analyzed histological, functional, and molecular markers 30 days after HCl. In addition, we monitored transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and protein expression in a monolayer of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) exposed to HCl (0.02 N) and treated with vehicle or AT13387 (2 µM). HCl provoked persistent alveolar inflammation; activation of profibrotic pathways (MAPK/ERK, HSP90); increased deposition of collagen, fibronectin and elastin; histological evidence of fibrosis; and a decline in lung function reflected in a downward shift in pressure–volume curves, increased respiratory system resistance (Rrs), elastance (Ers), tissue damping (G), and hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Treatment with 15 mg/kg AT13387reduced alveolar inflammation, fibrosis, and NLRP3 staining; blocked activation of ERK and HSP90; and attenuated the deposition of collagen and the development of chronic lung injury and airway hyperreactivity. In vitro, AT13387 prevented HCl-induced loss of barrier function and AKT, ERK, and ROCK1 activation, and restored HSP70 and cofilin expression. The HSP90 inhibitor, AT13387, represents a promising drug candidate for chronic lung injury that can be administered subcutaneously in the field, and at low, non-toxic doses.
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Wang D, Fu Z, Gao L, Zeng J, Xiang Y, Zhou L, Tong X, Wang XQ, Lu J. Increased IRF9-STAT2 signaling leads to adaptive resistance toward targeted therapy in melanoma by restraining GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2476-2487.e9. [PMID: 35148998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of cutaneous malignancy death. BRAF inhibitors (BRAFis) have been developed as target therapies because nearly half of melanoma patients have activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene. However, the fast-developed resistance of BRAFis limits its treatment efficacy. Understanding the molecular mechanism of resistance is vital to increase the success of clinical treatment. We searched three datasets (GSE42872, GSE52882, and GSE106321) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which analyzed the mRNA expression profile in melanoma cells under BRAFis treatment, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among all the DEGs, increased expression of IRF9 and STAT2 was distinguished and verified to be upregulated in BRAFis-treated melanoma cells. Furthermore, IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression led to less sensitivity, while IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown increased sensitivity to BRAFis treatment. In a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model, we demonstrated that IRF9 or STAT2 overexpression slowed BRAFis-induced tumor shrank, but IRF9 or STAT2 knockdown led to BRAFis-induced tumor shrank more quickly. More interestingly, we discovered that IRF9-STAT2 signaling controlled GSDME-dependent pyroptosis by restoring GSDME transcription. These results suggest that targeting IRF9/STAT2 may lead to more promising effective treatments to prevent melanoma resistance to BRAFis by inducing pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Fu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Yaping Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013 P. R. China.
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Munck JM, Berdini V, Bevan L, Brothwood JL, Castro J, Courtin A, East C, Ferraldeschi R, Heightman TD, Hindley CJ, Kucia-Tran J, Lyons JF, Martins V, Muench S, Murray CW, Norton D, O'Reilly M, Reader M, Rees DC, Rich SJ, Richardson CJ, Shah AD, Stanczuk L, Thompson NT, Wilsher NE, Woolford AJA, Wallis NG. ASTX029, a Novel Dual-mechanism ERK Inhibitor, Modulates Both the Phosphorylation and Catalytic Activity of ERK. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1757-1768. [PMID: 34330842 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MAPK signaling pathway is commonly upregulated in human cancers. As the primary downstream effector of the MAPK pathway, ERK is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of MAPK-activated cancers and for overcoming resistance to upstream inhibition. ASTX029 is a highly potent and selective dual-mechanism ERK inhibitor, discovered using fragment-based drug design. Because of its distinctive ERK-binding mode, ASTX029 inhibits both ERK catalytic activity and the phosphorylation of ERK itself by MEK, despite not directly inhibiting MEK activity. This dual mechanism was demonstrated in cell-free systems, as well as cell lines and xenograft tumor tissue, where the phosphorylation of both ERK and its substrate, ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), were modulated on treatment with ASTX029. Markers of sensitivity were highlighted in a large cell panel, where ASTX029 preferentially inhibited the proliferation of MAPK-activated cell lines, including those with BRAF or RAS mutations. In vivo, significant antitumor activity was observed in MAPK-activated tumor xenograft models following oral treatment. ASTX029 also demonstrated activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of acquired resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of a dual-mechanism ERK inhibitor such as ASTX029 for the treatment of MAPK-activated cancers, including those which have acquired resistance to inhibitors of upstream components of the MAPK pathway. ASTX029 is currently being evaluated in a first in human phase I-II clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT03520075).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Bevan
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juan Castro
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John F Lyons
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David Norton
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David C Rees
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sanchez JN, Subramanian C, Chanda M, Gary S, Zhang N, Wang T, Timmermann BN, Blagg BS, Cohen MS. A novel C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor KU758 synergizes efficacy in combination with BRAF or MEK inhibitors and targets drug-resistant pathways in BRAF-mutant melanomas. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:197-207. [PMID: 33904516 PMCID: PMC10565508 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma remains the most aggressive and fatal form of skin cancer, despite several FDA-approved targeted chemotherapies and immunotherapies for use in advanced disease. Of the 100 350 new patients diagnosed with melanoma in 2020 in the US, more than half will develop metastatic disease leading to a 5-year survival rate <30%, with a majority of these developing drug-resistance within the first year of treatment. These statistics underscore the critical need in the field to develop more durable therapeutics as well as those that can overcome chemotherapy-induced drug resistance from currently approved agents. Fortunately, several of the drug-resistance pathways in melanoma, including the proteins in those pathways, rely in part on Hsp90 chaperone function. This presents a unique and novel opportunity to simultaneously target multiple proteins and drug-resistant pathways in this disease via molecular chaperone inhibition. Taken together, we hypothesize that our novel C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor, KU758, in combination with the current standard of care targeted therapies (e.g. vemurafenib and cobimetinib) can both synergize melanoma treatment efficacy in BRAF-mutant tumors, as well as target and overcome several major resistance pathways in this disease. Using in vitro proliferation and protein-based Western Blot analyses, our novel inhibitor, KU758, potently inhibited melanoma cell proliferation (without induction of the heat shock response) in vitro and synergized with both BRAF and MEK inhibitors in inhibition of cell migration and protein expression from resistance pathways. Overall, our work provides early support for further translation of C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor combinations as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackee N. Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Monica Chanda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shanguan Gary
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nina Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ton Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Brian S.J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Riess JW, Reckamp KL, Frankel P, Longmate J, Kelly KA, Gandara DR, Weipert CM, Raymond VM, Keer HN, Mack PC, Newman EM, Lara PN. Erlotinib and Onalespib Lactate Focused on EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A California Cancer Consortium Phase I/II Trial (NCI 9878). Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 22:541-548. [PMID: 34140248 PMCID: PMC9239707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the safety and tolerability of erlotinib and the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor onalespib in EGFR-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The phase II component examined preliminary efficacy in epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 insertion (EGFRex20ins) NSCLC. Overlapping toxicities, mainly diarrhea, limited the tolerability of the combination. EGFRex20ins circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was detected in the majority of patients; failure to clear ctDNA was consistent with lack of tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Riess
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul Frankel
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Karen A Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - David R Gandara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | | | - Philip C Mack
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA; Tisch Cancer Institute-Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Primo N Lara
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Abstract
About half of all cutaneous melanomas harbor activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene. Dependence on this pathway makes the tumors vulnerable to BRAF (and downstream MEK) inhibition, and three drug combinations are approved to target this vulnerability in advanced melanomas with BRAFV600 mutations. Responses to BRAF/MEK inhibitors are usually fast, but durability of response can be limited. Five-year data from BRAF/MEK inhibitors show long-term survival benefit for a third of the patients. There is a wide variety of known mechanisms of resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibition, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase reactivation, activation of parallel pathways, alterations in cell-cycle regulation, and non-genetic resistance mechanisms. Strategies that have been explored to overcome these mechanisms include alternative dosing regimens, addition of another kinase inhibitor, and use of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy either in combination or post-relapse on BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapies.
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Chen XL, Liu P, Zhu WL, Lou LG. DCZ5248, a novel dual inhibitor of Hsp90 and autophagy, exerts antitumor activity against colon cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:132-141. [PMID: 32404982 PMCID: PMC7921121 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a potential therapeutic target for tumor, as it maintains the stability of a variety of proteins related to tumor development and progression. Autophagy is a self-degradation process to maintain cellular homeostasis and autophagy inhibitors can suppress tumor growth. In this study, we identified DCZ5248, a triazine derivative, was a dual inhibitor of both Hsp90 and late-autophagy with potent antitumor activity against colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that DCZ5248 (0.1-10 μM) induced dose-dependent degradation of Hsp90 client proteins (AKT, CDK4, CDK6 and RAF-1) in HCT 116 colon cancer cells through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Meanwhile, DCZ5248 (0.3 μM) induced cytoplasmic vacuole formation, LC3 II conversion, p62 protein upregulation, and inhibited autophagy at the late stage in the colon cancer cell lines tested. We further revealed that the inhibition of autophagy was achieved by impairing lysosomal functions through induction of lysosomal acidification and attenuation of lysosomal cathepsin activity. The modulation of autophagy by DCZ5248 was independent of Hsp90 inhibition as the autophagy inhibition was not blocked by Hsp90 knockdown. Importantly, inhibition of both Hsp90 function and autophagy by DCZ5248 induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and exerted potent antitumor activity against colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrate that DCZ5248 is a novel dual inhibitor of Hsp90 and autophagy with potential for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ling Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Liang Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Guang Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Abstract
HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone involved in a proper folding and maturation of hundreds of proteins. HSP90 is abundantly expressed in cancer, including melanoma. HSP90 client proteins are the key oncoproteins of several signaling pathways controlling melanoma development, progression and response to therapy. A number of natural and synthetic compounds of different chemical structures and binding sites within HSP90 have been identified as selective HSP90 inhibitors. The majority of HSP90-targeting agents affect N-terminal ATPase activity of HSP90. In contrast to N-terminal inhibitors, agents interacting with the middle and C-terminal domains of HSP90 do not induce HSP70-dependent cytoprotective response. Several inhibitors of HSP90 were tested against melanoma in pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, providing evidence that these agents can be considered either as single or complementary therapeutic strategy. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of HSP90 protein in cancer with focus on melanoma, and provides an overview of structurally different HSP90 inhibitors that are considered as potential therapeutics for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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19
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Chen JC, Ko JC, Taso YC, Cheng HH, Chen TY, Yen TC, Lin YW. Downregulation of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group C Expression by 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin Enhances Bevacizumab-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmacology 2020; 106:154-168. [PMID: 33202406 DOI: 10.1159/000509052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein is an important DNA damage recognition factor involved in nucleotide excision repair and regulation of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation and viability. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) blocks ATP binding to heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), resulting in destabilization of Hsp90-client protein complexes. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic growth factor expressed by many types of tumors. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against human VEGF used as an antiangiogenesis agent in the therapy of many cancers, proving successful in increasing objective tumor response rate and prolonging overall survival in NSCLC patients. METHODS After the bevacizumab and/or 17-AAG treatment, the expressions of XPC mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Protein levels of XPC and phospho-AKT were determined by Western blot analysis. We used specific XPC small interfering RNA and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) to examine the role of the AKT-XPC signal in regulating the chemosensitivity of bevacizumab and 17-AAG. Cell viability was assessed by the MTS assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. RESULTS In this study, bevacizumab decreased XPC expression in human lung squamous cell carcinoma H520 and H1703 cells via AKT inactivation. Enhancement of AKT activity by transfection with constitutively active AKT vectors increased XPC expression and cell survival after treatment with bevacizumab. In addition, 17-AAG synergistically enhanced bevacizumab-induced cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition in H520 and H1703 cells, associated with downregulation of XPC expression and inactivation of AKT. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Together, these results may provide a rationale to combine bevacizumab with Hsp90 inhibitors in future to enhance therapeutic effects for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Cheng Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Cing Taso
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hung Cheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chuan Yen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan,
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20
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Mortensen ACL, Mohajershojai T, Hariri M, Pettersson M, Spiegelberg D. Overcoming Limitations of Cisplatin Therapy by Additional Treatment With the HSP90 Inhibitor Onalespib. Front Oncol 2020; 10:532285. [PMID: 33102211 PMCID: PMC7554556 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.532285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational Cisplatin based cancer therapy is an affordable and effective standard therapy for several solid cancers, including lung, ovarian and head and neck cancers. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is routinely limited by the development of drug resistance and subsequent therapeutic failure. Therefore, methods of circumventing cisplatin resistance have the potential to increase therapeutic efficiency and dramatically increase overall survival. Cisplatin resistance can be mediated by alterations to the DNA damage response, where multiple components of the repair machinery have been described to be client proteins of HSP90. In the present study, we have investigated whether therapy with the novel HSP90 inhibitor onalespib can potentiate the efficacy of cisplatin and potentially reverse cisplatin resistance in ovarian and head and neck cancer cells. Methods Cell viability, cancer cell proliferation and migration capacity were evaluated in vitro on models of ovarian and head and neck cancer cells. Western blotting was used to assess the downregulation of HSP90 client proteins and alterations in downstream signaling proteins after exposure to cisplatin and/or onalespib. Induction of apoptosis and DNA damage response were evaluated in both monotherapy and combination therapy groups. Results Results demonstrate that onalespib enhances the efficiency of cisplatin in a dose-dependent manner. Tumor cells treated with both drugs displayed lower viability and a decreased migration rate compared to vehicle-control cells and cells treated with individual compounds. An increase of DNA double strand breaks was observed in both cisplatin and onalespib treated cells. The damage was highest and most persistent in the combination group, delaying the DNA repair machinery. Further, the cisplatin and onalespib co-treated cells had greater apoptotic activity compared to controls. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that the reduced therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin due to drug-resistance could be overcome by combination treatment with onalespib. We speculate that the increased apoptotic signaling, DNA damage as well as the downregulation of HSP90 client proteins are important mechanisms promoting increased sensitivity to cisplatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehran Hariri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Pettersson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Spiegelberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Proietti I, Skroza N, Bernardini N, Tolino E, Balduzzi V, Marchesiello A, Michelini S, Volpe S, Mambrin A, Mangino G, Romeo G, Maddalena P, Rees C, Potenza C. Mechanisms of Acquired BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2801. [PMID: 33003483 PMCID: PMC7600801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the literature on acquired v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor resistance in patients with melanoma. We searched MEDLINE for articles on BRAF inhibitor resistance in patients with melanoma published since January 2010 in the following areas: (1) genetic basis of resistance; (2) epigenetic and transcriptomic mechanisms; (3) influence of the immune system on resistance development; and (4) combination therapy to overcome resistance. Common resistance mutations in melanoma are BRAF splice variants, BRAF amplification, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) mutations and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) mutations. Genetic and epigenetic changes reactivate previously blocked mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, activate alternative signaling pathways, and cause epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Once BRAF inhibitor resistance develops, the tumor microenvironment reverts to a low immunogenic state secondary to the induction of programmed cell death ligand-1. Combining a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor delays resistance development and increases duration of response. Multiple other combinations based on known mechanisms of resistance are being investigated. BRAF inhibitor-resistant cells develop a range of 'escape routes', so multiple different treatment targets will probably be required to overcome resistance. In the future, it may be possible to personalize combination therapy towards the specific resistance pathway in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Proietti
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Nevena Skroza
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Nicoletta Bernardini
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Ersilia Tolino
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Veronica Balduzzi
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Anna Marchesiello
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Michelini
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Salvatore Volpe
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Alessandra Mambrin
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Maddalena
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Concetta Potenza
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
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22
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Tangella LP, Clark ME, Gray ES. Resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy in BRAF-mutant melanoma - A mini review. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129736. [PMID: 32956754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of targeted therapies for the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanomas have improved survival rates in a significant proportion of patients. Nonetheless, the emergence of resistance to treatment remains inevitable in most patients. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review known and emerging molecular mechanisms that underlay the development of resistance to MAPK inhibition in melanoma cells and the potential strategies to overcome these mechanisms. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Multiple genetic and non-genetic mechanisms contribute to treatment failure, commonly leading to the reactivation of the MAPK pathway. A variety of resistance mechanisms are enabled by the underlying heterogeneity and plasticity of melanoma cells. Moreover, it has become apparent that resistance to targeted therapy is underpinned by early functional adaptations involving the rewiring of cell states and metabolic pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The evidence presented suggest that the use of a combinatorial treatment approach would delay the emergence of resistance and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeswari P Tangella
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael E Clark
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elin S Gray
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Western Australia, Australia.
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23
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Kumar P, Devaki B, Jonnala UK, Amere Subbarao S. Hsp90 facilitates acquired drug resistance of tumor cells through cholesterol modulation however independent of tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118728. [PMID: 32343987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acquired multidrug resistance of cancer cells challenges the chemotherapeutic interventions. To understand the role of molecular chaperone, Hsp90 in drug adapted tumor cells, we have used in vitro drug adapted epidermoid tumor cells as a model system. We found that chemotherapeutic drug adaptation of tumor cells is mediated by induced activities of both Hsp90 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Although the high-affinity conformation of Hsp90 has correlated with the enhanced drug efflux activity, we did not observe a direct interaction between P-gp and Hsp90. The enrichment of P-gp and Hsp90 at the cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains is found obligatory for enhanced drug efflux activity. Since inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is not interfering with the drug efflux activity, it is presumed that the net cholesterol redistribution mediated by Hsp90 regulates the enhanced drug efflux activity. Our in vitro cholesterol and Hsp90 interaction studies have furthered our presumption that Hsp90 facilitates cholesterol redistribution. The drug adapted cells though exhibited anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects in response to 17AAG treatment, drug treatment has also enhanced the drug efflux activity. Our findings suggest that drug efflux activity and metastatic potential of tumor cells are independently regulated by Hsp90 by distinct mechanisms. We expose the limitations imposed by Hsp90 inhibitors against multidrug resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
| | - Bharath Devaki
- Presently at Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Texas, Dallas, USA
| | - Ujwal Kumar Jonnala
- Presently at SYNGENE International Ltd., Biocon BMS R & D Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreedhar Amere Subbarao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India.
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24
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Shao H, Zhu Q, Lu H, Chang A, Gao C, Zhou Q, Luo K. HEXIM1 controls P-TEFb processing and regulates drug sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1867-1878. [PMID: 32520633 PMCID: PMC7525814 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), composed of CDK9 and cyclin T, stimulates transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II and regulates cell growth and differentiation. Recently, we demonstrated that P-TEFb also controls the expression of EMT regulators to promote breast cancer progression. In the nucleus, more than half of P-TEFb are sequestered in the inactive-state 7SK snRNP complex. Here, we show that the assembly of the 7SK snRNP is preceded by an intermediate complex between HEXIM1 and P-TEFb that allows transfer of the kinase active P-TEFb from Hsp90 to 7SK snRNP for its suppression. Down-regulation of HEXIM1 locks P-TEFb in the Hsp90 complex, keeping it in the active state to enhance breast cancer progression, but also rendering the cells highly sensitive to Hsp90 inhibition. Because HEXIM1 is often down-regulated in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), these cells are particularly sensitive to Hsp90 inhibition. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation for the increased sensitivity of TNBC to Hsp90 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Shao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Huasong Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Amanda Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carol Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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25
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17-Aminogeldanamycin selectively diminishes IRE1α-XBP1s pathway activity and cooperatively induces apoptosis with MEK1/2 and BRAF V600E inhibitors in melanoma cells of different genetic subtypes. Apoptosis 2020; 24:596-611. [PMID: 30989459 PMCID: PMC6598962 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes of melanoma patient treatment remain unsatisfactory despite accessibility of oncoprotein-targeting drugs and immunotherapy. Here, we reported that 17-aminogeldanamycin more potently activated caspase-3/7 in BRAFV600E melanoma cells than geldanamycin, another inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). 17-aminogeldanamycin alleviated self-triggered compensatory increase in HSP70 mRNA level and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was followed by selective diminution of cytoprotective IRE1α-XBP1s pathway activity of unfolded protein response (UPR), inhibition of ERK1/2 activity and induction of apoptosis. Concomitantly, ATF6/p50 level and expression of PERK-dependent genes, CHOP and BIM, remained unaltered. This might result from an inframe deletion in EIF2AK3 leading to a PERKL21del variant revealed by whole-exome sequencing in melanoma cell lines. 17-aminogeldanamycin exhibited similar activity in NRASQ61R melanoma cells that harbored a heterozygous inactivating variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1P187S). In addition, 17-aminogeldanamycin acted cooperatively with trametinib (an inhibitor of MEK1/2) and vemurafenib (an inhibitor of BRAFV600E) in induction of apoptosis in melanoma cell lines as evidenced by in-cell caspase-3/7 activation and PARP cleavage that occurred earlier compared with either drug used alone. As trametinib and vemurafenib did not significantly affect HSP70 and GRP78 transcript levels, cooperation of MEK/BRAFV600E inhibitors and 17-aminogeldanamycin might result from a concurrent inhibition of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK cascade and IRE1α-dependent signaling, and cell-intrinsic ER homeostasis can determine the extent of the drug cooperation. Our study indicates that 17-aminogeldanamycin takes several advantages compared with other HSP90-targeting compounds, and can complement activity of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in melanoma cells of different genetic subtypes.
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26
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Gao C, Peng YN, Wang HZ, Fang SL, Zhang M, Zhao Q, Liu J. Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90 as a Novel Platform for the Treatment of Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:849-855. [PMID: 31244417 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190503145944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an essential role in various physiological and pathological processes. It activates client proteins to participate in tumor progression. Blocking Hsp90 could enable effective antitumor effects in many tumor types, such as multiple myeloma and colon cancer. Recently, it has motivated an interest in Hsp90 inhibitors that bind to the N-terminal or C-terminal ATP pocket as antitumor drugs. We reviewed the data from experimental and clinical trials on Hsp90 inhibitors in the treatment of different malignancies to explore and summarize their antitumor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Lin Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
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27
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Degirmenci U, Wang M, Hu J. Targeting Aberrant RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E198. [PMID: 31941155 PMCID: PMC7017232 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter- and intra-cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival, and differentiation. The MAPK pathway also integrates signals from complex intracellular networks in performing cellular functions. Despite the initial discovery of the core elements of the MAPK pathways nearly four decades ago, additional findings continue to make a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of this pathway challenging. Considerable effort has been focused on the regulation of RAF, especially after the discovery of drug resistance and paradoxical activation upon inhibitor binding to the kinase. RAF activity is regulated by phosphorylation and conformation-dependent regulation, including auto-inhibition and dimerization. In this review, we summarize the recent major findings in the study of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, particularly with respect to the impact on clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Degirmenci
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Mei Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jiancheng Hu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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28
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Workman P. Reflections and Outlook on Targeting HSP90, HSP70 and HSF1 in Cancer: A Personal Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:163-179. [PMID: 32297218 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This personal perspective focuses on small-molecule inhibitors of proteostasis networks in cancer-specifically the discovery and development of chemical probes and drugs acting on the molecular chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, and on the HSF1 stress pathway. Emphasis is on progress made and lessons learned and a future outlook is provided. Highly potent, selective HSP90 inhibitors have proved invaluable in exploring the role of this molecular chaperone family in biology and disease pathology. Clinical activity was observed, especially in non small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive breast cancer. Optimal use of HSP90 inhibitors in oncology will likely require development of creative combination strategies. HSP70 family members have proved technically harder to drug. However, recent progress has been made towards useful chemical tool compounds and these may signpost future clinical drug candidates. The HSF1 stress pathway is strongly validated as a target for cancer therapy. HSF1 itself is a ligandless transcription factor that is extremely challenging to drug directly. HSF1 pathway inhibitors have been identified mostly by phenotypic screening, including a series of bisamides from which a clinical candidate has been identified for treatment of ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Workman
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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29
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Jego G, Hermetet F, Girodon F, Garrido C. Chaperoning STAT3/5 by Heat Shock Proteins: Interest of Their Targeting in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010021. [PMID: 31861612 PMCID: PMC7017265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
While cells from multicellular organisms are dependent upon exogenous signals for their survival, growth, and proliferation, commitment to a specific cell fate requires the correct folding and maturation of proteins, as well as the degradation of misfolded or aggregated proteins within the cell. This general control of protein quality involves the expression and the activity of molecular chaperones such as heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs, through their interaction with the STAT3/STAT5 transcription factor pathway, can be crucial both for the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells (cell proliferation, survival) and for the microenvironmental immune cell compartment (differentiation, activation, cytokine secretion) that contributes to immunosuppression, which, in turn, potentially promotes tumor progression. Understanding the contribution of chaperones such as HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110 to the STAT3/5 signaling pathway has raised the possibility of targeting such HSPs to specifically restrain STAT3/5 oncogenic functions. In this review, we present how HSPs control STAT3 and STAT5 activation, and vice versa, how the STAT signaling pathways modulate HSP expression. We also discuss whether targeting HSPs is a valid therapeutic option and which HSP would be the best candidate for such a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Jego
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, team HSP-Pathies, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.H.); (F.G.)
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, University of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (G.J.); Tel.: +33-3-8039-3345 (G.J.); Fax: +33-3-8039-3434 (C.G. & G.J.)
| | - François Hermetet
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, team HSP-Pathies, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.H.); (F.G.)
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, University of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Girodon
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, team HSP-Pathies, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.H.); (F.G.)
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, University of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Haematology laboratory, Dijon University Hospital, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, team HSP-Pathies, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.H.); (F.G.)
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, University of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (G.J.); Tel.: +33-3-8039-3345 (G.J.); Fax: +33-3-8039-3434 (C.G. & G.J.)
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30
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Smalley I, Kim E, Li J, Spence P, Wyatt CJ, Eroglu Z, Sondak VK, Messina JL, Babacan NA, Maria-Engler SS, De Armas L, Williams SL, Gatenby RA, Chen YA, Anderson ARA, Smalley KSM. Leveraging transcriptional dynamics to improve BRAF inhibitor responses in melanoma. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:178-190. [PMID: 31594749 PMCID: PMC6838387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumour, but the impact of this heterogeneity upon therapeutic response is not well understood. METHODS Single cell mRNA analysis was used to define the transcriptional heterogeneity of melanoma and its dynamic response to BRAF inhibitor therapy and treatment holidays. Discrete transcriptional states were defined in cell lines and melanoma patient specimens that predicted initial sensitivity to BRAF inhibition and the potential for effective re-challenge following resistance. A mathematical model was developed to maintain competition between the drug-sensitive and resistant states, which was validated in vivo. FINDINGS Our analyses showed melanoma cell lines and patient specimens to be composed of >3 transcriptionally distinct states. The cell state composition was dynamically regulated in response to BRAF inhibitor therapy and drug holidays. Transcriptional state composition predicted for therapy response. The differences in fitness between the different transcriptional states were leveraged to develop a mathematical model that optimized therapy schedules to retain the drug sensitive population. In vivo validation demonstrated that the personalized adaptive dosing schedules outperformed continuous or fixed intermittent BRAF inhibitor schedules. INTERPRETATION Our study provides the first evidence that transcriptional heterogeneity at the single cell level predicts for initial BRAF inhibitor sensitivity. We further demonstrate that manipulating transcriptional heterogeneity through personalized adaptive therapy schedules can delay the time to resistance. FUNDING This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health. The funder played no role in assembly of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jiannong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paige Spence
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Clayton J Wyatt
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zeynep Eroglu
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nalan Akgul Babacan
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lesley De Armas
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sion L Williams
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Y Ann Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, USA.
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31
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Luebker SA, Koepsell SA. Diverse Mechanisms of BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma Identified in Clinical and Preclinical Studies. Front Oncol 2019; 9:268. [PMID: 31058079 PMCID: PMC6478763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF inhibitor therapy may provide profound initial tumor regression in metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations, but treatment resistance often leads to disease progression. A multi-center analysis of BRAF inhibitor resistant patient tissue samples detected genomic changes after disease progression including multiple secondary mutations in the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway, mutant BRAF copy number gains, and BRAF alternative splicing as the predominant putative mechanisms of resistance, but 41.7% of samples had no known resistance drivers. In vitro models of BRAF inhibitor resistance have been developed under a wide variety of experimental conditions to investigate unknown drivers of resistance. Several in vitro models developed genetic alterations observed in patient tissue, but others modulate the response to BRAF inhibitors through increased expression of receptor tyrosine kinases. Both secondary genetic alterations and expression changes in receptor tyrosine kinases may increase activation of MAPK/Erk signaling in the presence of BRAF inhibitors as well as activate PI3K/Akt signaling to support continued growth. Melanoma cells that develop resistance in vitro may have increased dependence on serine or glutamine metabolism and have increased cell motility and metastatic capacity. Future studies of BRAF inhibitor resistance in vitro would benefit from adhering to experimental parameters that reflect development of BRAF inhibitor resistance in patients through using multiple cell lines, fully characterizing the dosing strategy, and reporting the fold change in drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Luebker
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Scott A Koepsell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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32
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Emmons MF, Faião-Flores F, Sharma R, Thapa R, Messina JL, Becker JC, Schadendorf D, Seto E, Sondak VK, Koomen JM, Chen YA, Lau EK, Wan L, Licht JD, Smalley KSM. HDAC8 Regulates a Stress Response Pathway in Melanoma to Mediate Escape from BRAF Inhibitor Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2947-2961. [PMID: 30987999 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells have the ability to switch to a dedifferentiated, invasive phenotype in response to multiple stimuli. Here, we show that exposure of melanomas to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK inhibitor therapy, hypoxia, and UV irradiation leads to an increase in histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) activity and the adoption of a drug-resistant phenotype. Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics implicated HDAC8 in the regulation of MAPK and AP-1 signaling. Introduction of HDAC8 into drug-naïve melanoma cells conveyed resistance both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC8-mediated BRAF inhibitor resistance was mediated via receptor tyrosine kinase activation, leading to MAPK signaling. Although HDACs function at the histone level, they also regulate nonhistone substrates, and introduction of HDAC8 decreased the acetylation of c-Jun, increasing its transcriptional activity and enriching for an AP-1 gene signature. Mutation of the putative c-Jun acetylation site at lysine 273 increased transcriptional activation of c-Jun in melanoma cells and conveyed resistance to BRAF inhibition. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed the key role of HDAC8 in therapeutic adaptation, with both nonselective and HDAC8-specific inhibitors enhancing the durability of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Our studies demonstrate that HDAC8-specific inhibitors limit the adaptation of melanoma cells to multiple stresses including BRAF-MEK inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides evidence that HDAC8 drives transcriptional plasticity in melanoma cells in response to a range of stresses through direct deacetylation of c-Jun.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/11/2947/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ritin Sharma
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ram Thapa
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jane L Messina
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jurgen C Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Edward Seto
- George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yian A Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric K Lau
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.,The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lixin Wan
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- The University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. .,The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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33
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Ko JC, Chen JC, Chen TY, Yen TC, Ma PF, Lin YC, Wu CH, Peng YS, Zheng HY, Lin YW. Inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase expression by Hsp90 inhibitor potentiates the cytotoxic effect of salinomycin in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Toxicology 2019; 417:54-63. [PMID: 30796972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic having anti-tumorigenic property in various types of cancer. Elevated thymidine phosphorylase (TP) levels, a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway, are associated with an aggressive disease phenotype and poor prognoses. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that is responsible for the stabilization and maturation of many oncogenic proteins. In this study, we report whether Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG could enhance salinomycin-induced cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells through modulating TP expression in two non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, A549 and H1975. We found that salinomycin increased TP expression in a MKK3/6-p38 MAPK activation manner. Knockdown of TP using siRNA or inactivation of p38 MAPK by pharmacological inhibitor SB203580 enhanced the cytotoxic and growth inhibition effects of salinomycin. In contrast, enforced expression of MKK6E (a constitutively active form of MKK6) reduced the cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition of salinomycin. Moreover, Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG enhanced cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition of salinomycin in NSCLC cells, which were associated with down-regulation of TP expression and inactivation of p38 MAPK. Together, the Hsp90 inhibition induced TP down-regulation involved in enhancing the salinomycin-induced cytotoxicity in A549 and H1975 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Cheng Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chuan Yen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Fang Ma
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuan Peng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Suppression of Natural Killer cell NKG2D and CD226 anti-tumour cascades by platelet cloaked cancer cells: Implications for the metastatic cascade. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211538. [PMID: 30908480 PMCID: PMC6433214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cell immune evasion is a principal hallmark of successful metastasis. Tumour cells in the vasculature adopt a platelet cloak that efficiently suppresses the innate immune system by directly inhibiting Natural Killer (NK) cells, which normally function to neutralise spreading cancers. Here we describe two novel mechanisms of tumour cell evasion of NK cell anti-tumour functions. The first, an ‘immune decoy’ mechanism in which platelets induce the release of soluble NKG2D ligands from the tumour cell to mask detection and actively suppress NK cell degranulation and inflammatory cytokine (IFNγ) production, concomitantly. This represents a double-hit to immune clearance of malignant cells during metastasis. The second mechanism, a platelet-derived TGFβ-mediated suppression of the CD226/CD96-CD112/CD155 axis, is a novel pathway with poorly understood anti-cancer functions. We have demonstrated that platelets robustly suppress surface expression of CD226 and CD96 on the NK cell surface and their associated ligands on the tumour cell to further enhance NK cell suppression. These highly evolved mechanisms promote successful tumour immune evasion during metastasis and provide a unique opportunity for studying the complexity of cellular interactions in the metastatic cascade and thus novel targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Abstract
Introduction Breakthroughs in targeted therapy have significantly improved outcomes for many patients with advanced melanoma, including those with BRAFV600 mutant disease. Targeted therapy for BRAFV600-mutant metastatic melanoma includes combinations of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors, which improve response rates and prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in these patients. However, while durable responses have been observed, many patients develop acquired resistance to these drugs. Areas covered Recent clinical trial updates and ongoing studies with targeted therapy for BRAF-V600 mutant melanoma are reviewed. Expert opinion Although BRAF targeted therapy remains an effective treatment for BRAF-mutant for melanoma, ongoing trials are exploring combinations with other targeted therapeutics and immunotherapeutics to determine whether tumor responses can be prolonged, and these drugs are increasingly utilized in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Eroglu
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 10920 McKinley Dr, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alpaslan Ozgun
- The Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 10920 McKinley Dr, Tampa, FL, USA
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Sullivan RJ. Forestalling BRAF-Inhibitor Resistance in a Shocking Way. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5496-5498. [PMID: 29980533 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting BRAF in BRAF-mutant melanoma is highly effective, but most patients develop resistance. HSP90 has been implicated and identified as a therapeutic target. Ultimately, early-stage clinical investigation will be necessary to provide proof of principle of this approach and if appropriate randomized trials to confirm promising findings. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5496-8. ©2018 AACR See related article by Eroglu et al., p. 5516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Pinzi L, Anighoro A, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Identification of 4-aryl-1 H-pyrrole[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives for the development of new B-Raf inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1382-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Andrew Anighoro
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT; LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Bonn Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT; LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität; Bonn Germany
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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Eroglu Z, Chen YA, Gibney GT, Weber JS, Kudchadkar RR, Khushalani NI, Markowitz J, Brohl AS, Tetteh LF, Ramadan H, Arnone G, Li J, Zhao X, Sharma R, Darville LNF, Fang B, Smalley I, Messina JL, Koomen JM, Sondak VK, Smalley KSM. Combined BRAF and HSP90 Inhibition in Patients with Unresectable BRAF V600E-Mutant Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5516-5524. [PMID: 29674508 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: BRAF inhibitors are clinically active in patients with advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma, although acquired resistance remains common. Preclinical studies demonstrated that resistance could be overcome using concurrent treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor XL888.Patients and Methods: Vemurafenib (960 mg p.o. b.i.d.) combined with escalating doses of XL888 (30, 45, 90, or 135 mg p.o. twice weekly) was investigated in 21 patients with advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. Primary endpoints were safety and determination of a maximum tolerated dose. Correlative proteomic studies were performed to confirm HSP inhibitor activity.Results: Objective responses were observed in 15 of 20 evaluable patients [75%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 51%-91%], with 3 complete and 12 partial responses. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 9.2 months (95% CI, 3.8-not reached) and 34.6 months (6.2-not reached), respectively. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were skin toxicities, such as rash (n = 4, 19%) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (n = 3, 14%), along with diarrhea (n = 3, 14%). Pharmacodynamic analysis of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed increased day 8 HSP70 expression compared with baseline in the three cohorts with XL888 doses ≥45 mg. Diverse effects of vemurafenib-XL888 upon intratumoral HSP client protein expression were noted, with the expression of multiple proteins (including ERBB3 and BAD) modulated on therapy.Conclusions: XL888 in combination with vemurafenib has clinical activity in patients with advanced BRAFV600-mutant melanoma, with a tolerable side-effect profile. HSP90 inhibitors warrant further evaluation in combination with current standard-of-care BRAF plus MEK inhibitors in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5516-24. ©2018 AACR See related commentary by Sullivan, p. 5496.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Eroglu
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Y Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Geoffrey T Gibney
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Andrew S Brohl
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Leticia F Tetteh
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Howida Ramadan
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Gina Arnone
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jiannong Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Bin Fang
- Department of Proteomics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Inna Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida. .,Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Li Z, Zhou L, Prodromou C, Savic V, Pearl LH. HECTD3 Mediates an HSP90-Dependent Degradation Pathway for Protein Kinase Clients. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 28636940 PMCID: PMC5489699 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the ATPase cycle of the HSP90 chaperone promotes ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of its client proteins, which include many oncogenic protein kinases. This provides the rationale for HSP90 inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. However, the mechanism by which HSP90 ATPase inhibition triggers ubiquitylation is not understood, and the E3 ubiquitin ligases involved are largely unknown. Using a siRNA screen, we have identified components of two independent degradation pathways for the HSP90 client kinase CRAF. The first requires CUL5, Elongin B, and Elongin C, while the second requires the E3 ligase HECTD3, which is also involved in the degradation of MASTL and LKB1. HECTD3 associates with HSP90 and CRAF in cells via its N-terminal DOC domain, which is mutationally disrupted in tumor cells with activated MAP kinase signaling. Our data implicate HECTD3 as a tumor suppressor modulating the activity of this important oncogenic signaling pathway. siRNA screen identifies factors regulating HSP90-directed client degradation HECTD3 promotes CRAF degradation after HSP90 ATPase inhibition HECTD3 interacts with HSP90-CDC37-CRAF via its DOC domain CRAF-dependent tumor cells downregulate HECTD3 E3 ligase activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Li
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QR, UK
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QR, UK
| | - Chrisostomos Prodromou
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QR, UK
| | - Velibor Savic
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QR, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QR, UK.
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40
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Stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 mediates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis after insufficient radiofrequency ablation. Oncogene 2018; 37:3514-3527. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Azimi A, Caramuta S, Seashore-Ludlow B, Boström J, Robinson JL, Edfors F, Tuominen R, Kemper K, Krijgsman O, Peeper DS, Nielsen J, Hansson J, Egyhazi Brage S, Altun M, Uhlen M, Maddalo G. Targeting CDK2 overcomes melanoma resistance against BRAF and Hsp90 inhibitors. Mol Syst Biol 2018; 14:e7858. [PMID: 29507054 PMCID: PMC5836539 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are undergoing clinical trials, for example, the Hsp90 inhibitor, XL888, in combination with BRAF inhibitors for the treatment of therapy-resistant melanomas. Unfortunately, our data show that this combination elicits a heterogeneous response in a panel of melanoma cell lines including PDX-derived models. We sought to understand the mechanisms underlying the differential responses and suggest a patient stratification strategy. Thermal proteome profiling (TPP) identified the protein targets of XL888 in a pair of sensitive and unresponsive cell lines. Unbiased proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses identified CDK2 as a driver of resistance to both BRAF and Hsp90 inhibitors and its expression is regulated by the transcription factor MITF upon XL888 treatment. The CDK2 inhibitor, dinaciclib, attenuated resistance to both classes of inhibitors and combinations thereof. Notably, we found that MITF expression correlates with CDK2 upregulation in patients; thus, dinaciclib would warrant consideration for treatment of patients unresponsive to BRAF-MEK and/or Hsp90 inhibitors and/or harboring MITF amplification/overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azimi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Caramuta
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Boström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan L Robinson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Egyhazi Brage
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Altun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianluca Maddalo
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Joshi SS, Jiang S, Unni E, Goding SR, Fan T, Antony PA, Hornyak TJ. 17-AAG inhibits vemurafenib-associated MAP kinase activation and is synergistic with cellular immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191264. [PMID: 29481571 PMCID: PMC5826531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone which stabilizes client proteins with important roles in tumor growth. 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), an inhibitor of HSP90 ATPase activity, occupies the ATP binding site of HSP90 causing a conformational change which destabilizes client proteins and directs them towards proteosomal degradation. Malignant melanomas have active RAF-MEK-ERK signaling which can occur either through an activating mutation in BRAF (BRAFV600E) or through activation of signal transduction upstream of BRAF. Prior work showed that 17-AAG inhibits cell growth in BRAFV600E and BRAF wildtype (BRAFWT) melanomas, although there were conflicting reports about the dependence of BRAFV600E and BRAFWT upon HSP90 activity for stability. Here, we demonstrate that BRAFWT and CRAF are bound by HSP90 in BRAFWT, NRAS mutant melanoma cells. HSP90 inhibition by 17-AAG inhibits ERK signaling and cell growth by destabilizing CRAF but not BRAFWT in the majority of NRAS mutant melanoma cells. The highly-selective BRAFV600E inhibitor, PLX4032 (vemurafenib), inhibits ERK signaling and cell growth in mutant BRAF melanoma cells, but paradoxically enhances signaling in cells with wild-type BRAF. In our study, we examined whether 17-AAG could inhibit PLX4032-enhanced ERK signaling in BRAFWT melanoma cells. As expected, PLX4032 alone enhanced ERK signaling in the BRAFWT melanoma cell lines Mel-Juso, SK-Mel-2, and SK-Mel-30, and inhibited signaling and cell growth in BRAFV600E A375 cells. However, HSP90 inhibition by 17-AAG inhibited PLX4032-enhanced ERK signaling and inhibited cell growth by destabilizing CRAF. Surprisingly, 17-AAG also stimulated melanin production in SK-Mel-30 cells and enhanced TYRP1 and DCT expression without stimulating TYR production in all three BRAFWT cell lines studied as well as in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. In vivo, the combination of 17-AAG and cellular immunotherapy directed against Tyrp1 enhanced the inhibition of tumor growth compared to either therapy alone. Our studies support a role for 17-AAG and HSP90 inhibition in enhancing cellular immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shunlin Jiang
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emmanual Unni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Goding
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Fan
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Antony
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dietrich P, Kuphal S, Spruss T, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK. Wild-type KRAS is a novel therapeutic target for melanoma contributing to primary and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition. Oncogene 2018; 37:897-911. [PMID: 29059159 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma reveals rapidly increasing incidence and mortality rates worldwide. By now, BRAF inhibition is the standard therapy for advanced melanoma in patients carrying BRAF mutations. However, only approximately 50% of melanoma patients harbor therapeutically attackable BRAF mutations, and overall survival after treatment with BRAF inhibitors is modest. KRAS (Kirsten Rat sarcoma) proteins are acting upstream of BRAF and have a major role in human cancer. Recent approaches awaken the hope to use KRAS inhibition (KRASi) as a clinical tool. In this study, we identified wild-type KRAS as a novel therapeutic target in melanoma. KRASi functions synergistically with BRAF inhibition to reduce melanoma proliferation and to induce apoptosis independently of BRAF mutational status. Moreover, acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma is dependent on dynamic regulation of KRAS expression with subsequent AKT and extracellular-signal regulated kinase activation and can be overcome by KRASi. This suggests KRASi as novel approach in melanoma-alone or in combination with other therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dietrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kuphal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Spruss
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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Shin MK, Jeong KH, Choi H, Ahn HJ, Lee MH. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor enhances apoptosis by inhibiting the AKT pathway in thermal-stimulated SK-MEL-2 human melanoma cell line. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:357-360. [PMID: 29433909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are chaperone proteins, which are upregulated after various stresses. Hsp90 inhibitors have been investigated as adjuvant therapies for the treatment of melanoma. Thermal ablation could be a treatment option for surgically unresectable melanoma or congenital nevomelanocytic nevi, however, there is a limitation such as the possibility of recurrence. OBJECTIVE We evaluated apoptosis in a melanoma cell line treated with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), in hyperthermic conditions. METHODS SK-MEL-2 cells were stimulated at 43 °C for 1 h and treated with 0, 0.1 and 1 μM 17-DMAG. We evaluated the cell viability using MTT and apoptosis with HSP 90 inhibitor. We studied the protein expression of AKT, phospho-AKT, ERK, phospho-ERK, MAPK, and phospho-MAPK, caspase 3,7,9, and anti-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. RESULTS 17-DMAG significantly inhibited the proliferation of the SK-MEL-2 cells at 37 °C (0.1 μM: 44.47% and 1 μM: 61.23%) and 43 °C (0.1 μM: 49.21% and 1 μM: 63.60%), suggesting synergism between thermal stimulation and 17-DMAG. 17-DMAG treatment increased the frequency of apoptotic cell populations to 2.17% (0.1 μM) and 3.05% (1 μM) in 37 °C controls, and 4.40% (0.1 μM) and 4.97% (1 μM) in the group stimulated at 43 °C. AKT phosphorylation were activated by thermal stimulation and inhibited by 17-DMAG. CONCLUSION Hsp90 inhibitor treatment may be clinically applicable to enhance the apoptosis of melanoma cells in hyperthermic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Heon Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwon Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Oncogene-targeted therapy is a major component of precision oncology, and although patients with metastatic melanoma have experienced improved outcomes with this strategy, there are a number of potential therapeutic targets currently under study that may further increase the drug armamentarium for this patient population. In this review, we discuss the landscape of targeted therapies for patients with advanced melanoma, focusing on oncogene mutation-specific targets. In patients with typical BRAF V600-mutant melanoma, combination BRAF and MEK inhibition has surpassed outcomes compared with monotherapy with BRAF or MEK inhibition alone, and current strategies seek to address inevitable resistance mechanisms. For patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma, MEK inhibitor monotherapy and combined MEK and CDK4/6 inhibition are burgeoning strategies; for patients with KIT-mutant melanoma, tyrosine kinase inhibition is being leveraged, and for NF-1-mutant melanoma, mTOR and MEK inhibition is being actively evaluated. In patients with atypical, non-V600 BRAF-mutant melanoma, MEK inhibitor monotherapy is the potential novel targeted approach on the horizon. For advanced uveal melanoma, novel targets such as IMCgp100 and glembatumumab have shown activity in early studies. We review additional strategies that remain in the preclinical and early clinical pipeline, so there is much hope for the future of targeted agents for distinct molecular cohorts of patients with advanced melanoma.
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46
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Calero R, Morchon E, Martinez-Argudo I, Serrano R. Synergistic anti-tumor effect of 17AAG with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 on human melanoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:1-11. [PMID: 28774796 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance by MAPK signaling recovery or activation of alternative signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, is an important factor that limits the long-term efficacy of targeted therapies in melanoma patients. In the present study, we investigated the phospho-proteomic profile of RTKs and its correlation with downstream signaling pathways in human melanoma. We found that tyrosine kinase receptors expression correlated with the expression of pivotal downstream components of the RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in melanoma cell lines and tumors. We also found high expression of HSP90 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway proteins, 4EBP1 and AKT compared with healthy tissue and this correlated with poor overall survival of melanoma patients. The combination of the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 showed a synergistic activity decreasing melanoma cell growth, inducing apoptosis and targeting simultaneously the MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. These results demonstrate that the combination of HSP90 and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors could be an effective therapeutic strategy that target the main survival pathways in melanoma and must be considered to overcome resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Calero
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - E Morchon
- Albacete University Hospital, Albacete, Spain
| | - I Martinez-Argudo
- Genetics Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - R Serrano
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
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47
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Anighoro A, Pinzi L, Marverti G, Bajorath J, Rastelli G. Heat shock protein 90 and serine/threonine kinase B-Raf inhibitors have overlapping chemical space. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aid of computational design, we show that Hsp90 and B-Raf inhibitors have overlapping chemical space and we disclose the first-in-class dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Anighoro
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn
| | - L. Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
| | - G. Marverti
- Department of Biomedical
- Metabolic and Neurosciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
| | - J. Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics
- B-IT
- LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- D-53113 Bonn
| | - G. Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
- Modena
- Italy
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48
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Lopez JS, Banerji U. Combine and conquer: challenges for targeted therapy combinations in early phase trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:57-66. [PMID: 27377132 PMCID: PMC6135233 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our increasing understanding of cancer biology has led to the development of molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. The full potential of these agents has not, however, been realised, owing to the presence of de novo (intrinsic) resistance, often resulting from compensatory signalling pathways, or the development of acquired resistance in cancer cells via clonal evolution under the selective pressures of treatment. Combinations of targeted treatments can circumvent some mechanisms of resistance to yield a clinical benefit. We explore the challenges in identifying the best drug combinations and the best combination strategies, as well as the complexities of delivering these treatments to patients. Recognizing treatment-induced toxicity and the inability to use continuous pharmacodynamically effective doses of many targeted treatments necessitates creative intermittent scheduling. Serial tumour profiling and the use of parallel co-clinical trials can contribute to understanding mechanisms of resistance, and will guide the development of adaptive clinical trial designs that can accommodate hypothesis testing, in order to realize the full potential of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita S Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
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49
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Sharma R, Fedorenko I, Spence PT, Sondak VK, Smalley KSM, Koomen JM. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Shows Heterogeneous Signaling Adaptations to BRAF Inhibition. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4476-4489. [PMID: 27934295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with BRAF V600E mutant melanoma are typically treated with targeted BRAF kinase inhibitors, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib. Although these drugs are initially effective, they are not curative. Most of the focus to date has been upon genetic mechanisms of acquired resistance; therefore, we must better understand the global signaling adaptations that mediate escape from BRAF inhibition. In the current study, we have used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) with ATP-analogue probes to enrich kinases and other enzyme classes that contribute to BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) resistance in four paired isogenic BRAFi-naïve/resistant cell line models. Our analysis showed these cell line models, which also differ in their PTEN status, have considerable heterogeneity in their kinase ATP probe uptake in comparing both naïve cells and adaptations to chronic drug exposure. A number of kinases including FAK1, SLK, and TAOK2 had increased ATP probe uptake in BRAFi resistant cells, while KHS1 (M4K5) and BRAF had decreased ATP probe uptake in the BRAFi-resistant cells. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed BRAFi resistance is associated with a significant enhancement in ATP probe uptake in proteins implicated in cytoskeletal organization and adhesion, and decreases in ATP probe uptake in proteins associated with cell metabolic processes. The ABPP approach was able to identify key phenotypic mediators critical for each BRAFi resistant cell line. Together, these data show that common phenotypic adaptations to BRAF inhibition can be mediated through very different signaling networks, suggesting considerable redundancy within the signaling of BRAF mutant melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritin Sharma
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Inna Fedorenko
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Paige T Spence
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, ‡Tumor Biology, §Cutaneous Oncology, and ∥The Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute , 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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50
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Demirsoy S, Martin S, Maes H, Agostinis P. Adapt, Recycle, and Move on: Proteostasis and Trafficking Mechanisms in Melanoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:240. [PMID: 27896217 PMCID: PMC5108812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has emerged as a paradigm of a highly aggressive and plastic cancer, capable to co-opt the tumor stroma in order to adapt to the hostile microenvironment, suppress immunosurveillance mechanisms, and disseminate. In particular, oncogene- and aneuploidy-driven dysregulations of proteostasis in melanoma cells impose a rewiring of central proteostatic processes, such as the heat shock and unfolded protein responses, autophagy, and the endo-lysosomal system, to avoid proteotoxicity. Research over the past decade has indicated that alterations in key nodes of these proteostasis pathways act in conjunction with crucial oncogenic drivers to increase intrinsic adaptations of melanoma cells against proteotoxic stress, modulate the high metabolic demand of these cancer cells and the interface with other stromal cells, through the heightened release of soluble factors or exosomes. Here, we overview and discuss how key proteostasis pathways and vesicular trafficking mechanisms are turned into vital conduits of melanoma progression, by supporting cancer cell's adaptation to the microenvironment, limiting or modulating the ability to respond to therapy and fueling melanoma dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Demirsoy
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory for Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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