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Zheng F, Yao NY, Georgescu RE, Li H, O’Donnell ME. Structure of the PCNA unloader Elg1-RFC. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl1739. [PMID: 38427736 PMCID: PMC10906927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
During DNA replication, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) clamps are loaded onto primed sites for each Okazaki fragment synthesis by the AAA+ heteropentamer replication factor C (RFC). PCNA encircling duplex DNA is quite stable and is removed from DNA by the dedicated clamp unloader Elg1-RFC. Here, we show the cryo-EM structure of Elg1-RFC in various states with PCNA. The structures reveal essential features of Elg1-RFC that explain how it is dedicated to PCNA unloading. Specifically, Elg1 contains two external loops that block opening of the Elg1-RFC complex for DNA binding, and an "Elg1 plug" domain that fills the central DNA binding chamber, thereby reinforcing the exclusive PCNA unloading activity of Elg1-RFC. Elg1-RFC was capable of unloading PCNA using non-hydrolyzable AMP-PNP. Both RFC and Elg1-RFC could remove PCNA from covalently closed circular DNA, indicating that PCNA unloading occurs by a mechanism that is distinct from PCNA loading. Implications for the PCNA unloading mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Zheng
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Nina Y. Yao
- DNA Replication Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, NY, New York, USA
| | - Roxana E. Georgescu
- DNA Replication Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, NY, New York, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michael E. O’Donnell
- DNA Replication Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, NY, New York, USA
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2
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Wang H, Yang S, Chen L, Li Y, He P, Wang G, Dong H, Ma P, Ding G. Tumor diagnosis using carbon-based quantum dots: Detection based on the hallmarks of cancer. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:174-222. [PMID: 38034499 PMCID: PMC10684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have been shown to have promising application value in tumor diagnosis. Their use, however, is severely hindered by the complicated nature of the nanostructures in the CQDs. Furthermore, it seems impossible to formulate the mechanisms involved using the inadequate theoretical frameworks that are currently available for CQDs. In this review, we re-consider the structure-property relationships of CQDs and summarize the current state of development of CQDs-based tumor diagnosis based on biological theories that are fully developed. The advantages and deficiencies of recent research on CQDs-based tumor diagnosis are thus explained in terms of the manifestation of nine essential changes in cell physiology. This review makes significant progress in addressing related problems encountered with other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Liangfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Lee HJ, Im H, Lee HJ, Kim H, Yi JY. Comparison of cellular responses to ionizing radiation in keratinocytes isolated from healthy donors and type II diabetes patients. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:220-235. [PMID: 37812149 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2263549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the expanding repertoire of treatment devices that use radiation, the possibility of exposure to both low-dose and high-dose radiation continues to increase. Skin is the outermost part of the body and thus directly exposed to radiation-induced damage. In particular, the skin of diabetes patients is fragile and easily damaged by external stimuli, such as radiation. However, damage and cellular responses induced by ionizing irradiation in diabetic skin have not been explored in detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of several irradiation dose on normal keratinocytes and those from type II diabetes patients, with particular focus on DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cellular responses to low-dose radiation (0.1 Gy) and high-dose radiation (0.5 and 2 Gy) were evaluated. Cell cycle analysis was conducted via flow cytometry and cell viability analyzed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Proteins related to the DNA damage response (DDR) and repair signaling pathways and apoptosis were detected via immunoblot analysis. Apoptosis and cell differentiation were additionally examined in 3D skin organoids using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to respective control groups, no significant changes were observed in cell cycle, DDR and repair mechanisms, cell survival, and differentiation in response to 0.1 Gy irradiation in both normal and diabetes type II keratinocytes. On the other hand, the cell cycle showed an increase in the G2/M phase in both cell types following exposure to 2 Gy irradiation. At radiation doses 2 Gy, activation of the DDR and repair signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell differentiation were increased and viability was decreased in both cell types. Notably, these differences were more pronounced in normal than diabetes type II keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Normal keratinocytes respond more strongly to radiation-induced damage and recovery than diabetes type II keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntaik Im
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Yi
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mitsumoto T, Ishii Y, Takimoto N, Takasu S, Namiki M, Nohmi T, Umemura T, Ogawa K. Site-specific genotoxicity of rubiadin: localization and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3273-3283. [PMID: 37794257 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubiadin (Rub) is a genotoxic component of madder color (MC) that is extracted from the root of Rubia tinctorum L. MC induces renal tumors and preneoplastic lesions that are found in the proximal tubule of the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM), suggesting that the renal carcinogenicity of MC is site specific. To clarify the involvement of Rub in renal carcinogenesis of MC, we examined the distribution of Rub in the kidney of male gpt delta rats that were treated with Rub for 28 days. We used desorption electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-Q-TOF-MSI), along with the histopathological analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and reporter gene mutation assays of the kidney. DESI-Q-TOF-MSI revealed that Rub and its metabolites, lucidin and Rub-sulfation, were specifically distributed in the OSOM. Histopathologically, karyomegaly characterized by enlarged nuclear and microvesicular vacuolar degeneration occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells in the OSOM. The ɤ-H2AX- and p21-positive cells were also found in the OSOM rather than the cortex. Although dose-dependent increases in gpt and Spi- mutant frequencies were observed in both the medulla and cortex, the mutant frequencies in the medulla were significantly higher. The mutation spectra of gpt mutants showed that A:T-T:A transversion was predominant in Rub-induced gene mutations, consistent with those of MC. Overall, the data showed that the distribution of Rub and its metabolites resulted in site-specific histopathological changes, DNA damage, and gene mutations, suggesting that the distribution of genotoxic components and metabolites is responsible for the site-specific renal carcinogenesis of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2, Minami-Osawa, Hachihoji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Takimoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Moeka Namiki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Faculty of Animal Health Technology, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2, Minami-Osawa, Hachihoji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Rangsrikitphoti P, Marquez-Garban DC, Pietras RJ, McGowan E, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Sex steroid hormones and DNA repair regulation: Implications on cancer treatment responses. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 227:106230. [PMID: 36450315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex steroid hormones (SSHs) has been shown to modulate cancer cytotoxic treatment sensitivity. Dysregulation of DNA repair associated with genomic instability, abnormal cell survival and not only promotes cancer progression but also resistance to cancer treatment. The three major SSHs, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone, have been shown to interact with several essential DNA repair components. The presence of androgens directly regulates key molecules in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Estrogen can promote cell proliferation and DNA repair, allowing cancer cells to tolerate chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Information on the role of progesterone in DNA repair is limited: progesterone interaction with some DNA repair components has been identified, but the biological significance is still unknown. Here, we review the roles of how each SSH affects DNA repair regulation and modulates response to genotoxic therapies and discuss future research that can be beneficial when combining SSHs with cancer therapy. We also provide preliminary analysis from publicly available databases defining the link between progesterone/PR and DDRs & DNA repair regulation that plausibly contribute to chemotherapy response and breast cancer patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarasiri Rangsrikitphoti
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Diana C Marquez-Garban
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard J Pietras
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eileen McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Du Z, Zhang F, Liu L, Shen H, Liu T, Jin J, Yu N, Wan Z, Wang H, Hu X, Chen Y, Cai J. LncRNA ANRIL promotes HR repair through regulating PARP1 expression by sponging miR-7-5p in lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:130. [PMID: 36755223 PMCID: PMC9906921 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is an important treatment for lung cancer, mainly by triggering DNA double-strand breaks to induce cell death. Blocking DNA damage repair can increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Recent studies have identified long noncoding RNAs as key regulators in DNA damage repair. The lncRNA ANRIL was previously shown to be involved in homologous recombination (HR) repair, but its specific mechanism has not been fully elucidated. METHODS The downstream interacting miRNAs of ANRIL were predicted according to miRanda software. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of ANRIL and candidate miRNAs. Clone formation experiment and cell viability assays detect cell viability after ionizing radiation. Apoptosis assay was used to detect the apoptosis of cells after 8 h of ionizing radiation. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays verified the protein expression levels of the downstream target molecule PARP1 of miR-7-5p and key molecules in the HR pathway. Fluorescent reporter gene experiments were used to verify the interaction between ANRIL and miR-7-5p and between miR-7-5p and PARP1. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis and qPCR validation suggested that miR-7-5p might be a downstream molecule of ANRIL. The expression of miR-7-5p was up-regulated after knockdown of ANRIL, and the expression of miR-7-5p was down-regulated after overexpression of ANRIL. Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between ANRIL and miR-7-5p expression changes before and after ionizing radiation. The luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the existence of ANRIL binding site with miR-7-5p, and found that transfection of miR-7-5p inhibitor can reduce the radiation sensitivity of ANRIL-KD cells. A downstream target molecule of miR-7-5p related to HR repair, PARP1, was screened through website prediction. Subsequently, it was confirmed by Western blot and luciferase reporter assays that miR-7-5p could down-regulate the expression of PARP1, and there was a miR-7-5p binding site on the 3'UTR of PARP1 mRNA. This suggests that ANRIL may act as a competitive endogenous RNA to bind miR-7-5p and upregulate the expression of PARP1. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression changes of HR repair factors in ANRIL-KD cells after ionizing radiation, and it was found that knockdown of ANRIL can inhibit the expression of PARP1, BRCA1 and Rad51, hinder radiation-induced HR repair, and eventually result in resensitizing ANRIL-KD cells to ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that ANRIL targets the miR-7-5p/PARP1 axis to exert its regulatory effect on HR repair, suggesting that altering ANRIL expression may be a promising strategy to overcome radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Du
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Fangxiao Zhang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- grid.417279.eDepartment of Oncology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Jin
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Occupational and Environment Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan P. R. China
| | - Nanxi Yu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hang Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuguang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,South Zhejiang Institute of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Jianming Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China. .,Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China. .,Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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Cuartas J, Gangwani L. R-loop Mediated DNA Damage and Impaired DNA Repair in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:826608. [PMID: 35783101 PMCID: PMC9243258 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.826608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair pathways are a major cause of DNA damage accumulation leading to genomic instability and neurodegeneration. Efficient DNA damage repair is critical to maintain genomicstability and support cell function and viability. DNA damage results in the activation of cell death pathways, causing neuronal death in an expanding spectrum of neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMA is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA is characterized by the degeneration of spinal cord motor neurons due to low levels of the SMN protein. The molecular mechanism of selective motor neuron degeneration in SMA was unclear for about 20 years. However, several studies have identified biochemical and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the predominant degeneration of motor neurons in SMA, including the RhoA/ROCK, the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p53-mediated pathways, which are involved in mediating DNA damage-dependent cell death. Recent studies provided insight into selective degeneration of motor neurons, which might be caused by accumulation of R-loop-mediated DNA damage and impaired non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway leading to genomic instability. Here, we review the latest findings involving R-loop-mediated DNA damage and defects in neuron-specific DNA repair mechanisms in SMA and discuss these findings in the context of other neurodegenerative disorders linked to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cuartas
- Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Laxman Gangwani
- Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Laxman Gangwani
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Tian JJ, Levy M, Zhang X, Sinnott R, Maddela R. Counteracting Health Risks by Modulating Homeostatic Signaling. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106281. [PMID: 35661711 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis was initially conceptualized by Bernard and Cannon around a century ago as a steady state of physiological parameters that vary within a certain range, such as blood pH, body temperature, and heart rate1,2. The underlying mechanisms that maintain homeostasis are explained by negative feedbacks that are executed by the neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems. At the cellular level, homeostasis, such as that of redox and energy steady state, also exists and is regulated by various cell signaling pathways. The induction of homeostatic mechanism is critical for human to adapt to various disruptive insults (stressors); while on the other hand, adaptation occurs at the expense of other physiological processes and thus runs the risk of collateral damages, particularly under conditions of chronic stress. Conceivably, anti-stress protection can be achieved by stressor-mimicking medicinals that elicit adaptive responses prior to an insult and thereby serve as health risk countermeasures; and in situations where maladaptation may occur, downregulating medicinals could be used to suppress the responses and prevent subsequent pathogenesis. Both strategies are preemptive interventions particularly suited for individuals who carry certain lifestyle, environmental, or genetic risk factors. In this article, we will define and characterize a new modality of prophylactic intervention that forestalls diseases via modulating homeostatic signaling. Moreover, we will provide evidence from the literature that support this concept and distinguish it from other homeostasis-related interventions such as adaptogen, hormesis, and xenohormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang J Tian
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA.
| | - Mark Levy
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing100029, China; US Center for Chinese Medicine, 14801 Physicians lane, 171 A 2nd Floor, #281, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - Robert Sinnott
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
| | - Rolando Maddela
- USANA Health Science, Inc., 3838 Parkway Blvd, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
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A Pan-Cancer Analysis on the Systematic Correlation of MutS Homolog 2 (MSH2) to a Malignant Tumor. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9175402. [PMID: 35368899 PMCID: PMC8970884 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9175402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) is a crucial participant in human DNA repair, and lots of the studies functionally associated with it were begun with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). MSH2 has also been reported to take part in the progresses of various tumors' formation. With the help of GTEx, CCLE, and TCGA pan-cancer databases, the analysis of MSH2 gene distribution in both tumor tissues and normal control tissues was carried out. Kaplan-Meyer survival plots and COX regression analysis were conducted for the assessment into the MSH2's impact on tumor patients' clinical prognosis. In an investigation to the association of MSH2 expression with immune infiltration level of various tumors and a similar study on tumor immune neoantigens, microsatellite instability was subsequently taken. It was found that high expression of MSH2 is prevalent in most cancers. MSH2's efficacy on clinical prognosis as well as immune infiltration in tumor patients revealed a fact that expression of MSH2 in prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), brain lower-grade glioma (LGG), breast-invasive carcinoma (BRCA), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) posed a significant correlation with the immune cell infiltration level of patients. Likewise as above, MSH2's expression comes in a similar trend with tumor immune neoantigens and microsatellite instability. MSH2's expression in the majority of tumors is a direct factor to the activation of tumor-associated pathways as well as immune-associated pathways. MSH2's early screening or even therapeutic target role for sarcoma (SARC) diagnosis is contributing to the efficiency of early screening and overall survival in SARC patients.
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Wang Y, Yu T, Han Y, He Y, Song Y, Guo L, An L, Yang C, Wang F. Phosphorylation of MAD2 at Ser195 Promotes Spindle Checkpoint Defects and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy in ATM Deficient Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:817831. [PMID: 35309941 PMCID: PMC8924061 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.817831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a critical monitoring device in mitosis for the maintenance of genomic stability. Specifically, the SAC complex comprises several factors, including Mad1, Mad2, and Bub1. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, the crucial regulator in DNA damage response (DDR), also plays a critical role in mitosis by regulating Mad1 dimerization and SAC. Here, we further demonstrated that ATM negatively regulates the phosphorylation of Mad2, another critical component of the SAC, which is also involved in DDR. Mechanistically, we found that phosphorylation of Mad2 is aberrantly increased in ATM-deficient cells. Point-mutation analysis further revealed that Serine 195 mainly mediated Mad2 phosphorylation upon ATM ablation. Functionally, the phosphorylation of Mad2 causes decreased DNA damage repair capacity and is related to the resistance to cancer cell radiotherapy. Altogether, this study unveils the key regulatory role of Mad2 phosphorylation in checkpoint defects and DNA damage repair in ATM-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital Affiliated to Naval Military Medical University, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiming Guo
- Department of R&D, Shanghai Creative Immune Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunying Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Bhattacharyya N, Gupta S, Sharma S, Soni A, Bagabir SA, Bhattacharyya M, Mukherjee A, Almalki AH, Alkhanani MF, Haque S, Ray AK, Malik MZ. CDK1 and HSP90AA1 Appear as the Novel Regulatory Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Bioinformatics Approach. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030393. [PMID: 35330393 PMCID: PMC8955443 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most invasive cancers affecting over a million of the population. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes up to 85% of all lung cancer cases, and therefore, it is essential to identify predictive biomarkers of NSCLC for therapeutic purposes. Here we use a network theoretical approach to investigate the complex behavior of the NSCLC gene-regulatory interactions. We have used eight NSCLC microarray datasets GSE19188, GSE118370, GSE10072, GSE101929, GSE7670, GSE33532, GSE31547, and GSE31210 and meta-analyzed them to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and further constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. We analyzed its topological properties and identified significant modules of the PPI network using cytoscape network analyzer and MCODE plug-in. From the PPI network, top ten genes of each of the six topological properties like closeness centrality, maximal clique centrality (MCC), Maximum Neighborhood Component (MNC), radiality, EPC (Edge Percolated Component) and bottleneck were considered for key regulator identification. We further compared them with top ten hub genes (those with the highest degrees) to find key regulator (KR) genes. We found that two genes, CDK1 and HSP90AA1, were common in the analysis suggesting a significant regulatory role of CDK1 and HSP90AA1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Our study using a network theoretical approach, as a summary, suggests CDK1 and HSP90AA1 as key regulator genes in complex NSCLC network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samriddhi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Aman Soni
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Sali Abubaker Bagabir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malini Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Plant Biology, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, Garhwal Central University, Srinagar 246174, India;
| | - Atreyee Mukherjee
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustfa F. Alkhanani
- Emergency Service Department, College of Applied Sciences, Al Maarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Görükle Campus, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Ashwini Kumar Ray
- Department of Environmental Studies, University Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (A.K.R.); (M.Z.M.)
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.S.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.R.); (M.Z.M.)
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12
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Curcumin encapsulation in functional PLGA nanoparticles: A promising strategy for cancer therapies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 300:102582. [PMID: 34953375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have emerged as promising drug delivery systems for the treatment of several diseases. Novel cancer therapies have exploited these particles as alternative adjuvant therapies to overcome the traditional limitations of radio and chemotherapy. Curcumin is a natural bioactive compound found in turmeric, that has been reported to show anticancer activity against several types of tumors. Despite some biological limitations regarding its absorption in the human body, curcumin encapsulation in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, represents an effective strategy to deliver a drug to a tumor site. Furthermore, PLGA nanoparticles can be engineered with targeting moieties to reach specific cancer cells, thus enhancing the antitumor effects of curcumin. We herein aim to bring an up-to-date summary of the recently developed strategies for curcumin delivery to different types of cancer cells through encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles, correlating their effects with those of curcumin on the biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells (cancer hallmarks). We discuss the targeting strategies proposed for advanced curcumin delivery and the respective improvements achieved for each cancer cell analyzed, in addition to exploring the encapsulation techniques employed. The conjugation of correct encapsulation techniques with tumor-oriented targeting design can result in curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles that can successfully integrate the elaborate network of development of alternative cancer treatments along with traditional ones. Finally, the current challenges and future demands to launch these nanoparticles in oncology are comprehensively examined.
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Use of RNA-Seq and a Transgenic Mouse Model to Identify Genes Which May Contribute to Mutant p53-Driven Prostate Cancer Initiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020218. [PMID: 35205085 PMCID: PMC8869245 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We use RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that may contribute to mutant p53-mediated prostate cancer initiation in a genetically engineered mouse model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J). A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (e.g. Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and prostate cancer-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras), were identified. Mice that were homozygous or heterozygous for the Trp53 R270H mutation developed grade one PIN lesions at 3 months and 5 months, respectively, whereas wildtype mice did not develop PIN. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased levels of irradiation-mediated apoptosis in homozygous and heterozygous mice when compared to wildtype counterparts, and this aligned with observed differences in apoptosis-related gene expression. Abstract We previously demonstrated that the Trp53-R270H mutation can drive prostate cancer (CaP) initiation using the FVB.129S4 (Trp53tm3Tyj/wt); FVB.129S (Nkx3-1tm3(cre)Mmswt) genetically engineered mouse model (GEM). We now validate this finding in a different model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J mice) and use RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genes which may contribute to Trp53 R270H-mediated prostate carcinogenesis. Wildtype (Trp53WT/WT), heterozygous (Trp53R270H/WT), and homozygous mice (Trp53R270H/R270H) were exposed to 5 Gy irradiation to activate and stabilize p53, and thereby enhance our ability to identify differences in transcriptional activity between the three groups of mice. Mouse prostates were harvested 6 h post-irradiation and processed for histological/immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis or were snap-frozen for RNA extraction and transcriptome profiling. IHC analyses determined that presence of the Trp53-R270H mutation impacts apoptosis (lower caspase 3 activity) but not cell proliferation (Ki67). RNA-Seq analysis identified 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (E.g., Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function (GOF)-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and CaP-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras). Further understanding the mechanisms which contribute to prostate carcinogenesis could allow for the development of improved preventive methods, diagnostics, and treatments for CaP.
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Cash T, Fox E, Liu X, Minard CG, Reid JM, Scheck AC, Weigel BJ, Wetmore C. A phase 1 study of prexasertib (LY2606368), a CHK1/2 inhibitor, in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors, including CNS tumors: A report from the Children's Oncology Group Pediatric Early Phase Clinical Trials Network (ADVL1515). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29065. [PMID: 33881209 PMCID: PMC9090141 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prexasertib (LY2606368) is a novel, second-generation, selective dual inhibitor of checkpoint kinase proteins 1 (CHK1) and 2 (CHK2). We conducted a phase 1 trial of prexasertib to estimate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), to define and describe the toxicities, and to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of prexasertib in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory solid and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. METHODS Prexasertib was administered intravenously (i.v.) on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Four dose levels, 80, 100, 125, and 150 mg/m2 , were evaluated using a rolling-six design. PK analysis was performed during cycle 1. Tumor tissue was examined for biomarkers (CHK1 and TP53) of prexasertib activity. RESULTS Thirty patients were enrolled; 25 were evaluable. The median age was 9.5 years (range: 2-20) and 21 (70%) were male. Twelve patients (40%) had solid tumors and 18 patients (60%) had CNS tumors. There were no cycle 1 or later dose-limiting toxicities. Common cycle 1, drug-related grade 3/4 toxicities (> 10% of patients) included neutropenia (100%), leukopenia (68%), thrombocytopenia (24%), lymphopenia (24%), and anemia (12%). There were no objective responses; best overall response was stable disease in three patients for five cycles (hepatocellular carcinoma), three cycles (ependymoma), and five cycles (undifferentiated sarcoma). The PK appeared dose proportional across the 80-150 mg/m2 dose range. CONCLUSIONS Although the MTD of prexasertib was not defined by this study, 150 mg/m2 administered i.v. on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle was determined to be the RP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cash
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Charles G. Minard
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Adrienne C. Scheck
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brenda J. Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cynthia Wetmore
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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15
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Importance of Potential New Biomarkers in Patient with Serouse Ovarian Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061026. [PMID: 34205023 PMCID: PMC8227487 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the gynecological cancer with the highest mortality rate. In our study, we compare a number of proteins from different effector pathways to assess their usefulness in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The tissue expression of the tested proteins was assessed by two methods: qRT-PCR and an immunohistochemical analysis. A significantly higher level of mRNA expression was found in the ovarian cancer group for YAP and TEAD4 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). There was no statistical significance in the expression of mRNA for SMAD3, and there was borderline statistical significance for SMAD2 between the groups of ovarian cancer patients and other subgroups of patients with simple cysts and healthy ovarian tissue (p = 0.726 and p = 0.046, respectively). Significantly higher levels of transferrin receptor (CD71), H2A.X, and ADH1A gene expression were found in the ovarian cancer group compared to the control group for YAP, and TEAD4 showed strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in ovarian carcinoma and weak staining in non-carcinoma ovarian samples, ADH1A1 showed strong staining in the cytoplasm of carcinoma sections and a weak positive reaction in the non-carcinoma section, H2A.X showed strong positive nuclear staining in carcinoma sections and moderate positive staining in non-carcinoma samples, and CD71 showed moderate positive staining in carcinoma and non-carcinoma samples. YAP, TEAD4, and ADH1A proteins appear to be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Heung TY, Huong JYS, Chen WY, Loh YW, Khaw KY, Goh BH, Ong YS. Anticancer Potential of Carica papaya through Modulation of Cancer Hallmarks. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1928181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yi Heung
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Wan Yeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yi Wen Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Selangor Malaysia
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
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17
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Hu S, Hui Z, Lirussi F, Garrido C, Ye XY, Xie T. Small molecule DNA-PK inhibitors as potential cancer therapy: a patent review (2010-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:435-452. [PMID: 33347360 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1866540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in the repair of DSBs via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Several DNA-PK inhibitors are being investigated for potential anticancer treatment in clinical trials.Area covered: This review aims to give an overview of patents published since 2010 by analyzing the patent space and structure features of scaffolds used in those patents. It also discusses the recent clinical developments and provides perspectives on future challenges and directions in this field.Expert opinion: As a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, DNA-PK appears to be a viable drug target for anticancer therapy. The clinical investigation of a DNA-PK inhibitor employs both a monotherapy and a combination strategy. In the combination strategy, a DNA-PK inhibitor is typically combined with a DSB inducer, radiation, a chemotherapy agent, or a PARP inhibitor, etc. Patent analyses suggest that diverse structures comprising different scaffolds from mono-heteroaryl to bicyclic heteroaryl to tricyclic heteroaryl are capable to achieve good DNA-PK inhibitory activity and good DNA-PK selectivity over other closely related enzymes. Several DNA-PK inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinics, with the hope to get approval in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;dKey Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;eHangzhou Huadong Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd, Hanzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Hui
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- ;fINSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;gUniversité De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;hDepartment of Pharmacology-Toxicology & Metabolomics, University hospital of Besançon (CHU), 2 Boulevard Fleming, 25030 BESANCON, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- ;INSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;Université De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;iAnti-cancer Center George-François Leclerc, CGFL, Dijon, France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Targeting DNA Repair and Chromatin Crosstalk in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030381. [PMID: 33498525 PMCID: PMC7864178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeting aberrant DNA repair in cancers in addition to transcription and replication is an area of interest for cancer researchers. Inhibition of DNA repair selectively in cancer cells leads to cytotoxic or cytostatic effects and overcomes survival advantages imparted by chromosomal translocations or mutations. In this review, we highlight the relevance of DNA repair-linked events in developmental diseases and cancers and also discuss mechanisms to overcome these events that participate in different cellular processes. Abstract Aberrant DNA repair pathways that underlie developmental diseases and cancers are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Targeting DNA repair signal effectors, modulators and checkpoint proteins, and utilizing the synthetic lethality phenomena has led to seminal discoveries. Efforts to efficiently translate the basic findings to the clinic are currently underway. Chromatin modulation is an integral part of DNA repair cascades and an emerging field of investigation. Here, we discuss some of the key advancements made in DNA repair-based therapeutics and what is known regarding crosstalk between chromatin and repair pathways during various cellular processes, with an emphasis on cancer.
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19
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Adhikari M, Adhikari B, Adhikari A, Yan D, Soni V, Sherman J, Keidar M. Cold Atmospheric Plasma as a Novel Therapeutic Tool for the Treatment of Brain Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2195-2206. [PMID: 32116185 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200302105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies from the past few years revealed the importance of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) on various kinds of diseases, including brain cancers or glioblastoma (GBM), and hence coined a new term 'Plasma Medicine' in the modern world for promising therapeutic approaches. Here, we focus on the efficacy of CAP and its liquid derivatives on direct interactions or with specific nanoparticles to show pivotal roles in brain cancer treatment. METHOD In the present review study, the authors studied several articles over the past decades published on the types of CAP and its effects on different brain cancers and therapy. RESULTS A growing body of evidence indicates that CAP and its derivatives like Plasma Activated Media/ Water (PAM/PAW) are introduced in different kinds of GBM. Recent studies proposed that CAP plays a remarkable role in GBM treatment. To increase the efficacy of CAP, various nanoparticles of different origins got specific attention in recent times. In this review, different strategies to treat brain cancers, including nanoparticles, are discussed as enhancers of CAP induced targeted nanotherapeutic approach. CONCLUSION CAP treatment and its synergistic effects with different nanoparticles hold great promise for clinical applications in early diagnosis and treatment of GBM treatment. However, results obtained from previous studies were still in the preliminary phase, and there must be a concern over the use of optimal methods for a dosage of CAP and nanoparticles for complete cure of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Adhikari
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, United States
| | - Bhawana Adhikari
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Dayun Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, United States
| | - Vikas Soni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, United States
| | - Jonathan Sherman
- Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University, Foggy Bottom South Pavilion, 22nd Street, NW, 7th Floor, Washington, DC, 20037, United States
| | - Michael Keidar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20052, United States
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20
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Yu L, Peng F, Dong X, Chen Y, Sun D, Jiang S, Deng C. Sex-Determining Region Y Chromosome-Related High-Mobility-Group Box 10 in Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564740. [PMID: 33344444 PMCID: PMC7744619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group-box 10 (SOX10), a member of the SOX family, has recently been highlighted as an essential transcriptional factor involved in developmental biology. Recently, the functionality of SOX 10 has been increasingly revealed by researchers worldwide. It has been reported that SOX10 significantly regulates the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of tumors and is closely associated with the progression of cancer. In this review, we first introduce the basic background of the SOX family and SOX10 and then discuss the pathophysiological roles of SOX10 in cancer. Besides, we enumerate the application of SOX10 in the pathological diagnosis and therapeutic potential of cancer. Eventually, we summarize the potential directions and perspectives of SOX10 in neoplastic theranostics. The information compiled herein may assist in additional studies and increase the potential of SOX10 as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Outpatient Department of Liaoning Military Region, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hopspital, The Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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21
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The Inducible Role of Ambient Particulate Matter in Cancer Progression via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Pathways: A Recent Perception. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092505. [PMID: 32899327 PMCID: PMC7563781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Particulate matter, especially the fine fraction PM2.5, is officially stated as carcinogenic to human. There are compelling evidences on the association between PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer, and there are also some preliminary data reporting the significant links between this fraction with non-lung cancers. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Further studies related to such scope are highly required. The purpose of this work is to systemically analyze recent findings concerning the relationship between PM2.5 and cancer, and to thoroughly present the oxidative stress pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species as the key mechanism for carcinogenesis induced by PM2.5. This will provide a more comprehensive and updated knowledge regarding carcinogenic capacity of PM2.5 to both clinicians and public health workers, contributing to preventive and therapeutic strategies to fight against cancer in human. Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of premature death and overall death in the world. On the other hand, fine particulate matter, which is less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, is a global health problem due to its small diameter but high toxicity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the positive associations between this pollutant with both lung and non-lung cancer processes. However, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. The present review summarizes and analyzes the most recent findings on the relationship between fine particulate matter and various types of cancer along with the oxidative stress mechanisms as its possible carcinogenic mechanisms. Also, promising antioxidant therapies against cancer induced by this poison factor are discussed.
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Xiong W, Liao Y, Qin JY, Li WH, Tang ZY. Adverse effects of chemoradiotherapy on invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Genes Dis 2020; 7:351-358. [PMID: 32884989 PMCID: PMC7452502 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of enhanced invasion and metastasis of residual tumor cells has been observed in an increasing number of patients receiving chemoradiotherapy recently, and tumor metastasis will undoubtedly limit patient prognosis. However, the key mechanism by which chemoradiotherapy affects the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells remains unclear. Studies have shown that chemoradiotherapy may directly act on tumor cells and alter the tumor microenvironment, or induce cell apoptosis and autophagy to promote tumor cell survival and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the potential mechanisms by which chemoradiotherapy may affect the biological behavior of tumor cells and open up new avenues for reducing tumor recurrence and metastasis after treatment. These insights will improve the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Liao
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Yong Qin
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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High-Throughput Sequencing of Gastric Cancer Patients: Unravelling Genetic Predispositions Towards an Early-Onset Subtype. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071981. [PMID: 32708070 PMCID: PMC7409326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Currently, it is broadly accepted that the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of gastric cancer, both inter- and intra-tumor, display important barriers for finding specific biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of this malignancy. Early-onset gastric cancer is not as prevalent as conventional gastric carcinoma, but it is a preferable model for studying the genetic background, as young patients are less exposed to environmental factors, which influence cancer development. Aim: The main objective of this study was to reveal age-dependent genotypic characteristics of gastric cancer subtypes, as well as conduct mutation profiling for the most frequent alterations in gastric cancer development, using targeted next-generation sequencing technology. Patients and methods: The study group included 53 patients, consisting of 18 patients with conventional gastric cancer and 35 with an early-onset subtype. The DNA of all index cases was used for next-generation sequencing, employing a panel of 94 genes and 284 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (TruSight Cancer Panel, Illumina), which is characteristic for common and rare types of cancer. Results: From among the 53 samples processed for sequencing, we were able to identify seven candidate genes (STK11, RET, FANCM, SLX4, WRN, MEN1, and KIT) and nine variants among them: one splice_acceptor, four synonymous, and four missense variants. These were selected for the age-dependent differentiation of gastric cancer subtypes. We found four variants with C-Score ≥ 10, as 10% of the most deleterious substitutions: rs1800862 (RET), rs10138997 (FANCM), rs2230009 (WRN), and rs2959656 (MEN1). We identified 36 different variants, among 24 different genes, which were the most frequent genetic alterations among study subjects. We found 16 different variants among the genes that were present in 100% of the total cohort: SDHB (rs2746462), ALK (rs1670283), XPC (rs2958057), RECQL4 (rs4925828; rs11342077, rs398010167; rs2721190), DDB2 (rs326212), MEN1 (rs540012), AIP (rs4930199), ATM (rs659243), HNF1A (rs1169305), BRCA2 (rs206075; rs169547), ERCC5 (rs9514066; rs9514067), and FANCI (rs7183618). Conclusions: The technology of next-generation sequencing is a useful tool for studying the development and progression of gastric carcinoma in a high-throughput way. Our study revealed that early-onset gastric cancer has a different mutation frequency profile in certain genes compared to conventional subtype.
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Barakate A, Keir E, Oakey H, Halpin C. Stimulation of homologous recombination in plants expressing heterologous recombinases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:336. [PMID: 32677892 PMCID: PMC7364528 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current excitement about the opportunities for gene editing in plants have been prompted by advances in CRISPR/Cas and TALEN technologies. CRISPR/Cas is widely used to knock-out or modify genes by inducing targeted double-strand breaks (DSBs) which are repaired predominantly by error-prone non-homologous end-joining or microhomology-mediated end joining resulting in mutations that may alter or abolish gene function. Although such mutations are random, they occur at sufficient frequency to allow useful mutations to be routinely identified by screening. By contrast, gene knock-ins to replace entire genes with alternative alleles or copies with specific characterised modifications, is not yet routinely possible. Gene replacement (or gene targeting) by homology directed repair occurs at extremely low frequency in higher plants making screening for useful events unfeasible. Homology directed repair might be increased by inhibiting non-homologous end-joining and/or stimulating homologous recombination (HR). Here we pave the way to increasing gene replacement efficiency by evaluating the effect of expression of multiple heterologous recombinases on intrachromosomal homologous recombination (ICR) in Nicotiana tabacum plants. RESULTS We expressed several bacterial and human recombinases in different combinations in a tobacco transgenic line containing a highly sensitive β-glucuronidase (GUS)-based ICR substrate. Coordinated simultaneous expression of multiple recombinases was achieved using the viral 2A translational recoding system. We found that most recombinases increased ICR dramatically in pollen, where HR will be facilitated by the programmed DSBs that occur during meiosis. DMC1 expression produced the greatest stimulation of ICR in primary transformants, with one plant showing a 1000-fold increase in ICR frequency. Evaluation of ICR in homozygous T2 plant lines revealed increases in ICR of between 2-fold and 380-fold depending on recombinase(s) expressed. By comparison, ICR was only moderately increased in vegetative tissues and constitutive expression of heterologous recombinases also reduced plant fertility. CONCLUSION Expression of heterologous recombinases can greatly increase the frequency of HR in plant reproductive tissues. Combining such recombinase expression with the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to induce DSBs could be a route to radically improving gene replacement efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Barakate
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
- Current address: Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ewan Keir
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland.
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Sachdeva A, Gouge J, Kontovounisios C, Nikolaou S, Ashworth A, Lim K, Chong I. Klotho and the Treatment of Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061665. [PMID: 32585905 PMCID: PMC7352559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho was first discovered as an anti-ageing protein linked to a number of age-related disease processes, including cardiovascular, renal, musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative conditions. Emerging research has also demonstrated a potential therapeutic role for Klotho in cancer biology, which is perhaps unsurprising given that cancer and ageing share similar molecular hallmarks. In addition to functioning as a tumour suppressor in numerous solid tumours and haematological malignancies, Klotho represents a candidate therapeutic target for patients with these diseases, the majority of whom have limited treatment options. Here, we examine contemporary evidence evaluating the anti-neoplastic effects of Klotho and describe the modulation of downstream oncogenic signalling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, FGF, IGF1, PIK3K/AKT, TGFβ, and the Unfolded Protein Response. We also discuss possible approaches to developing therapeutic Klotho and consider technological advances that may facilitate the delivery of Klotho through gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishani Sachdeva
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Jerome Gouge
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK;
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Stella Nikolaou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA;
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181, USA;
| | - Irene Chong
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW6 6JJ, UK; (A.S.); (C.K.)
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Cayir A, Cobanoglu H, Coskun M. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of a migraine-specific drug by comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:441-446. [PMID: 32275455 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1748598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Eletriptan is a migraine-specific drug-containing the triptan group. In terms of drug safety, the present study aimed to investigate the genotoxic potential of eletriptan.Research design & methods: We conducted our study by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN) assay, a comprehensive method for measuring micronucleus formation, and a sensitive method for detecting DNA-strand breaks. In the assay, cytokinesis-block proliferation index and the frequency of micronuclei were evaluated in lymphocytes treated with three different concentrations (1, 10 and 25 µg/ml) of eletriptan for 48 hours. In comet assays, DNA damage was evaluated in leucocytes treated with three different concentrations (1, 10 and 25 µg/ml) of eletriptan for an hour.Results: Eletriptan did not induce cytotoxicity nor any increased micronuclei frequencies. While the comet parameters % DNA in tail, tail moment, and the olive moment was found to be significantly increased at 10 and 25 µg/ml, the cytokinesis-block proliferation index values were not.Conclusion: These findings suggest that eletriptan is non-cytotoxic but potentially weakly genotoxic at higher concentrations (10 and 25 µg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Cayir
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hayal Cobanoglu
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Munevver Coskun
- Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Arafa K, Emara M. Insights About Circadian Clock and Molecular Pathogenesis in Gliomas. Front Oncol 2020; 10:199. [PMID: 32195174 PMCID: PMC7061216 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous time-keeping system that has been discovered across kingdoms of life. It controls and coordinates metabolism, physiology, and behavior to adapt to variations within the day and the seasonal environmental cycles driven by earth rotation. In mammals, although circadian rhythm is controlled by a set of core clock genes that are present in both in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues, the generation and control of the circadian rhythm at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels occurs in a hierarchal fashion. The SCN is central pacemaker comprising the principal circadian clock that synchronizes peripheral circadian clocks to their appropriate phase. Different epidemiological studies have shown that disruption of normal circadian rhythm is implicated in increasing the risk of developing cancers. In addition, deregulated expression of clock genes has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. These findings indicate a close association between circadian clock and cancer development and progression. Here, we review different evidences of this association in relation to molecular pathogenesis in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwan Emara
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
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Ghazouani L, Feriani A, Mufti A, Tir M, Baaziz I, Mansour HB, Mnafgui K. Toxic effect of alpha cypermethrin, an environmental pollutant, on myocardial tissue in male wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5709-5717. [PMID: 31119542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Cypermethrin (CYP) is a pyrethroid insecticide-like environmental pollutant, widely found in the environment. New research links exposure to high levels of CYP to health damage; however, little is known about the effect of CYP on cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, for the first time, biochemical and cardiovascular changes in male rats resulting from subchronic CYP exposure. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 (CYP1) received 4 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, and group 3 (CYP2) received 8 mg/kg of CYP by gavage, for 8 weeks each. Results showed that both CYP1 and CYP2 markedly increased plasma concentrations of cardiac markers (LDH, CK-MB, and troponin-T). Moreover, compared to the control group, CYP treatment elevated cardiac oxidative stress, as shown by increased MDA level and decreased activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. In addition, CYP2 caused a significant increase of 42% the concentration of total cholesterol and more than 75% in triglycerides compared to the control group. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and collagen deposition were both amplified owing to CYP toxicity. This harmful effect was confirmed by a histological study using H-E and Sirius Red staining. Overall, our results clearly proved the cardiotoxicity caused by α-cypermethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhdar Ghazouani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia.
| | - Anouar Feriani
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Afoua Mufti
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Tir
- UR de Physiologie et Environnement Aquatique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis EL Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Intissar Baaziz
- Research Unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to Environmental (APAE) UR17ES32 Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, "ISSAT", University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kais Mnafgui
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 95, 3052, Sfax, Tunisia
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Liang M, Li H, Wang Z, Cai L, Yang L. Rice protein reduces DNA damage by activating the p53 pathway and stimulating endogenous antioxidant response in growing and adult rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6097-6107. [PMID: 31250448 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause DNA damage. Rice protein (RP) inhibits ROS accumulation. However, a link between the reduction of ROS-derived DNA damage and the intake of RP is far from clear. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the effects of RPs on the reduction of DNA damage in growing and adult rats. RESULTS An intake of RP for 2 weeks significantly reduced the hepatic accumulation of ROS and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in growing and adult rats, whereas the hepatic p53 content was markedly increased by RPs. After 2 weeks' feeding, the mRNA levels and protein expressions of p53, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) were up-regulated by RPs, whereas Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) expressions were markedly inhibited by RPs, resulting in more p53 being translocated into the nucleus. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was activated by RP by reducing Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), resulting in the up-regulation of antioxidant expressions of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in RP groups. CONCLUSION Rice protein can exert an endogenous antioxidant activity to reduce ROS-derived DNA damage by activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. This study suggests that the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway might be one of the mechanisms exerted by RP for reducing DNA damage in growing and adult rats. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Liang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengxuan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Cai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Liu C, Li H, Jia J, Ruan X, Liu Y, Zhang X. High Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) Expression Promotes Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via ERK/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:5143-5149. [PMID: 31293277 PMCID: PMC6640658 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In present study, we explored the function of the metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) gene in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material/Methods qRT-PCR was used to detect the MALAT1 mRNA expression level in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 115 NSCLC patients and in cell lines. MALAT1-mimic, MALAT1-inhibitor, and corresponding negative controls (NC) were utilized to transfect the H460 cells. Proliferation, migration, and invasion of H460 cells were evaluated by MTT method and Transwell assay. Expression levels of proteins in the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway were assessed by Western blot analysis. Results MALAT1 mRNA was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines compared to that in adjacent tissues and normal human bronchial cell line (BEAS-2B), respectively. Overexpression of MALAT1 significantly strengthened the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of H460 cells. In comparison with the NC group, expression levels of CXCL5 and p-JNK proteins were elevated, while p-MAPK and p-ERK proteins were decreased in the MALAT1-mimic group. MALAT1 targets the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) fragment of the CXCL5 gene and inhibits its translation. Disturbance of the CXCL5 gene can reduce the protein expression of MAPK, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK, and inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MALAT1-mimic cells. Conclusions High MALAT1 expression promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer via the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jia Jia
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xinjian Ruan
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Lou Y, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Kong M, Zhang R, Lu L, Wu F, Liu Z, Wu J. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and its bioactive compound 2-undecanone significantly suppress benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumorigenesis by activating the Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:242. [PMID: 31174565 PMCID: PMC6556055 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related deaths, with a high incidence and mortality in both sexes worldwide. Chemoprevention has been the most effective strategy for lung cancer prevention. Thus, exploring novel and effective candidate agents with low toxicity for chemoprevention is essential and urgent. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) (H. cordata), which is a widely used herbal medicine and is also popularly consumed as a healthy vegetable, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activity. However, the chemopreventive effect of H. cordata against benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P)-initiated lung tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Methods A B[a]P-stimulated lung adenocarcinoma animal model in A/J mice in vivo and a normal lung cell model (BEAS.2B) in vitro were established to investigate the chemopreventive effects of H. cordata and its bioactive compound 2-undecanone against lung tumorigenesis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Results H. cordata and 2-undecanone significantly suppressed B[a]P-induced lung tumorigenesis without causing obvious systemic toxicity in mice in vivo. Moreover, H. cordata and 2-undecanone effectively decreased B[a]P-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and further notably protected BEAS.2B cells from B[a]P-induced DNA damage and inflammation by significantly inhibiting phosphorylated H2A.X overexpression and interleukin-1β secretion. In addition, H. cordata and 2-undecanone markedly activated the Nrf2 pathway to induce the expression of the antioxidative enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1). Nrf2 silencing by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA markedly decreased the expression of HO-1 and NQO-1 to diminish the reductions in B[a]P-induced ROS overproduction, DNA damage and inflammation mediated by H. cordata and 2-undecanone. Conclusions H. cordata and 2-undecanone could effectively activate the Nrf2-HO-1/NQO-1 signaling pathway to counteract intracellular ROS generation, thereby attenuating DNA damage and inflammation induced by B[a]P stimulation and playing a role in the chemoprevention of B[a]P-induced lung tumorigenesis. These findings provide new insight into the pharmacological action of H. cordata and indicate that H. cordata is a novel candidate agent for the chemoprevention of lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1255-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Feichi Wu
- Hunan Zhengqing Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Huaihua, 418005, China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR, China.
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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Jiang YN, Ni XY, Yan HQ, Shi L, Lu NN, Wang YN, Li Q, Gao FG. Interleukin 6-triggered ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase activation facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer by upregulating vimentin expression. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:165-171. [PMID: 31100307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contribute to metastasis. As shown in our previous studies, interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces ATM phosphorylation to increase MMP expression and metastasis in lung cancer. However, the exact roles of ATM activation in the IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and lung cancer metastasis are currently unclear. Here, ATM phosphorylation exerts its pro-metastatic effect via vimentin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was supported by the evidence described below. Firstly, IL-6 treatment increases vimentin expression via the ATM-NF-κB pathway. Second, ATM inactivation not only abolishes IL-6-induced increases in vimentin expression but also inhibits IL-6-induced nest formation in a xenograft lung metastasis model. Moreover, close positive correlations were observed between ATM phosphorylation and vimentin upregulation, IL-6 levels and metastasis in lung cancer specimens. Hence, ATM modulates vimentin expression to facilitate IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in lung cancer, indicating that ATM and vimentin might be potential therapeutic targets for inflammation-associated lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Na Jiang
- Department of Diagnostics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, 712046, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan Ni
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Hong Qiong Yan
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Nan Nan Lu
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yi Nan Wang
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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van der Kouwe E, Staber PB. RUNX1-ETO: Attacking the Epigenome for Genomic Instable Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E350. [PMID: 30654457 PMCID: PMC6358732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic fusion protein RUNX1-ETO is the product of the t(8;21) translocation, responsible for the most common cytogenetic subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. RUNX1, a critical transcription factor in hematopoietic development, is fused with almost the entire ETO sequence with the ability to recruit a wide range of repressors. Past efforts in providing a comprehensive picture of the genome-wide localization and the target genes of RUNX1-ETO have been inconclusive in understanding the underlying mechanism by which it deregulates native RUNX1. In this review; we dissect the current data on the epigenetic impact of RUNX1 and RUNX1-ETO. Both share similarities however, in recent years, research focused on epigenetic factors to explain their differences. RUNX1-ETO impairs DNA repair mechanisms which compromises genomic stability and favors a mutator phenotype. Among an increasing pool of mutated factors, regulators of DNA methylation are frequently found in t(8;21) AML. Together with the alteration of both, histone markers and distal enhancer regulation, RUNX1-ETO might specifically disrupt normal chromatin structure. Epigenetic studies on the fusion protein uncovered new mechanisms contributing to leukemogenesis and hopefully will translate into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel van der Kouwe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Bernhard Staber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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pRAD50: a novel and clinically applicable pharmacodynamic biomarker of both ATM and ATR inhibition identified using mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1233-1243. [PMID: 30385821 PMCID: PMC6251026 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background AZD0156 and AZD6738 are potent and selective inhibitors of ataxia-telangiectasia-kinase (ATM) and ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR), respectively, important sensors/signallers of DNA damage. Methods We used multiplexed targeted-mass-spectrometry to select pRAD50(Ser635) as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for AZD0156-mediated ATM inhibition from a panel of 45 peptides, then developed and tested a clinically applicable immunohistochemistry assay for pRAD50(Ser635) detection in FFPE tissue. Results We found moderate pRAD50 baseline levels across cancer indications. pRAD50 was detectable in 100% gastric cancers (n = 23), 99% colorectal cancers (n = 102), 95% triple-negative-breast cancers (TNBC) (n = 40) and 87.5% glioblastoma-multiformes (n = 16). We demonstrated AZD0156 target inhibition in TNBC patient-derived xenograft models; where AZD0156 monotherapy or post olaparib treatment, resulted in a 34–72% reduction in pRAD50. Similar inhibition of pRAD50 (68%) was observed following ATM inhibitor treatment post irinotecan in a colorectal cancer xenograft model. ATR inhibition, using AZD6738, increased pRAD50 in the ATM-proficient models whilst in ATM-deficient models the opposite was observed, suggesting pRAD50 pharmacodynamics post ATR inhibition may be ATM-dependent and could be useful to determine ATM functionality in patients treated with ATR inhibitors. Conclusion Together these data support clinical utilisation of pRAD50 as a biomarker of AZD0156 and AZD6738 pharmacology to elucidate clinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships, thereby informing recommended Phase 2 dose/schedule.
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Rossi G, Carpi A. Tumour growth and immune evasion as targets for a new strategy in advanced cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R577–R604. [PMID: 30306784 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has become clearer that advanced cancer, especially advanced breast cancer, is an entirely displayed pathological system that is much more complex than previously considered. However, the direct relationship between tumour growth and immune evasion can represent a general rule governing the pathological cancer system from the initial cancer cells to when the system is entirely displayed. Accordingly, a refined pathobiological model and a novel therapeutic strategy are proposed. The novel therapeutic strategy is based on therapeutically induced conditions (undetectable tumour burden and/or a prolonged tumour ‘resting state’), which enable an efficacious immune response in advanced breast and other types of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Dodurga Y, Seçme M, Lale Şatıroğlu-Tufan N. A novel oncogene URG4/URGCP and its role in cancer. Gene 2018; 668:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Saadati F, Mahdikia H, Abbaszadeh HA, Abdollahifar MA, Khoramgah MS, Shokri B. Comparison of Direct and Indirect cold atmospheric-pressure plasma methods in the B 16F 10 melanoma cancer cells treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7689. [PMID: 29769707 PMCID: PMC5955918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a novel method was implemented and investigated in order to destroy cancer cells inside the mouse body on a clinical level. In the case of in-vitro study, MTT assay was employed to discover an effective dose of applied plasma and distinguish the plasma effect in direct and in indirect treatments. Tumor growth was also measured in in-vivo section so that the effectiveness of direct and indirect treatments could be compared. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to study the interferences between a conventional method (chemotherapy) and plasma treatment so as to increase the effectiveness of treatment inside the body. Hematoxylin and Eosin, Flow Cytometry, TUNEL and Western Blot assay were used to investigate any cell alteration and the impact of various treatment methods on cancer cell and amount of their apoptosis and protein levels. Radiology and CT scan images were taken to determine the final tumor volume. The results showed a significant cell death and substantial reduction in tumor growth in direct plasma treatment in comparison with indirect plasma treatment. Eventually, dramatic destruction of cancer cells was observed while using of indirect plasma-chemotherapy combination, thus introducing an effective method for deep tissue tumors can be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Saadati
- Physics Department of Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box, 19839-69411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mahdikia
- Laser and Plasma research institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box, 19839-69411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center & Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center & Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Khoramgah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Shokri
- Physics Department of Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box, 19839-69411, Tehran, Iran. .,Laser and Plasma research institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box, 19839-69411, Tehran, Iran.
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Edwards TG, Fisher C. Antiviral activity of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides against SV40 and BK polyomaviruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang ST, Han SY, Pang LN, Jiao YN, He XR, Li PP. Bu-Fei decoction and modified Bu-Fei decoction inhibit the growth of non-small cell lung cancer, possibly via inhibition of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2128-2138. [PMID: 29393411 PMCID: PMC5810238 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a ubiquitous multifunctional protein, which possesses DNA repair and redox activities. High levels of APE1 are associated with chemo‑ and radioresistance, and poor prognosis in various types of cancer, including non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bu‑Fei decoction (BFD) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula, which is believed to supplement Qi, clear away heat and nourish the lungs. BFD and modified Bu‑Fei decoction (MBFD) have been used in China to treat patients with lung cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential antitumor effects of BFD and MBFD on NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the possible contribution of APE1 was examined. MTT assay was used to investigated the anti-tumor activity of BFD and MBFD on H1975 and H292 NSCLC cell lines. The DNA damage of cells in the control and the experimental groups was detected using comet assay. The in vivo anti-tumor effects of BFD and MBFD were evaluated in a NSCLC tumor nude mouse xenograft model. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) analysis and western blot analysis were applied to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels of APE1 in H1975 and H292 cells, so as to the xenograft tumor tissues. The concentration of APE1 in mice plasma was determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, BFD and MBFD inhibited the growth of cultured H1975 and H292 NSCLC cells. The results of a comet assay revealed that BFD and MBFD increased DNA damage. Furthermore, the expression levels of APE1 were decreased in response to BFD and MBFD at the mRNA and protein levels. In mice carrying NSCLC xenografts, BFD and MBFD inhibited tumor growth and decreased APE1 expression. In addition, in normal human lung bronchial epithelial BEAS‑2B cells, the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of BFD and MBFD were much higher compared with in NSCLC cells, and they had no effect on DNA damage. These results suggested that BFD and MBFD may inhibit the growth of NSCLC, possibly by inhibiting APE1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/genetics
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Tong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Pang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Na Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Ran He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an aberrantly prolonged form of a protective response to a loss of tissue homeostasis and it is involved in several steps of the carcinogenesis process. As a result, many cancers are inflammation-related. The systemic inflammatory response is associated with survival in advanced and localized cancers. Two categories of scores have been proposed to monitor the systemic inflammatory response, those derived from protein measurement and those based on counting inflammatory cells. This review aims to provide a critical appraisal of these 2 categories of surrogate markers. The 3 scale modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) is based on the combination of C-reactive protein and albumin and is graded 0 to 2. It has been validated worldwide showing an independent prognostic value in patients with cancer in a variety of tumour types and tumour stages. Leukocytes-based scores are mainly neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR). Elevated NLR and/or PLR and lower LMR seem to be associated with decreased survival, but the studies about these markers are very heterogeneous. The main limit is the variety of thresholds used to dichotomize patients, so that reproducibility and reliability of leukocytes-based scores can be questioned. Hence, there is no sufficient evidence to support their use in clinical practice. Comprehensive management of patients with operable and advanced cancer should integrate the host systemic inflammatory response by calculating the mGPS. It could be a helpful tool to tailor patients' management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Dupré
- Liverpool Hepatobiliary Centre, Aintree University Hospital, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK; Centre Léon Bérard, Department of Surgical Oncology, Lyon, F-69008, France.
| | - Hassan Z Malik
- Liverpool Hepatobiliary Centre, Aintree University Hospital, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
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Ishida Y, Gao R, Shah N, Bhargava P, Furune T, Kaul SC, Terao K, Wadhwa R. Anticancer Activity in Honeybee Propolis: Functional Insights to the Role of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Complex With γ-Cyclodextrin. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:867-873. [PMID: 29390900 PMCID: PMC6142091 DOI: 10.1177/1534735417753545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides honey, honeybees make a sticky substance (called propolis/bee glue) by
mixing saliva with poplar tree resin and other botanical sources. It is known to
be rich in bioactivities of which the anticancer activity is most studied.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a key anticancer component in New Zealand
propolis. We have earlier investigated the molecular mechanism of anticancer
activity in CAPE and reported that it activates DNA damage signaling in cancer
cells. CAPE-induced growth arrest of cells was mediated by downregulation of
mortalin and activation of p53 tumor suppressor protein. When antitumor and
antimetastasis activities of CAPE were examined in vitro and in vivo, we failed
to find significant activities, which was contrary to our expectations. On
careful examination, it was revealed that CAPE is unstable and rather gets
easily degraded into caffeic acid by secreted esterases. Interestingly, when
CAPE was complexed with γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) the activities were significantly
enhanced. In the present study, we report that the CAPE-γCD complex with higher
cytotoxicity to a wide range of cancer cells is stable in acidic milieu and
therefore recommended as an anticancer amalgam. We also report a method for
preparation of stable and less-pungent powder of propolis that could be
conveniently used for health and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Gao
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,3 Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Navjot Shah
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Priyanshu Bhargava
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,4 University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Sunil C Kaul
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Renu Wadhwa
- 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Sardanyés J, Alarcón T. Noise-induced bistability in the fate of cancer phenotypic quasispecies: a bit-strings approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1027. [PMID: 29348614 PMCID: PMC5773630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell populations are highly heterogeneous. Such heterogeneity, both at genotypic and phenotypic levels, is a key feature during tumorigenesis. How to investigate the impact of this heterogeneity in the dynamics of tumors cells becomes an important issue. Here we explore a stochastic model describing the competition dynamics between a pool of heterogeneous cancer cells with distinct phenotypes and healthy cells. This model is used to explore the role of demographic fluctuations on the transitions involving tumor clearance. Our results show that for large population sizes, when demographic fluctuations are negligible, there exists a sharp transition responsible for tumor cells extinction at increasing tumor cells' mutation rates. This result is consistent with a mean field model developed for the same system. The mean field model reveals only monostability scenarios, in which either the dominance of the tumor cells or the dominance of the healthy cells is found. Interestingly, the stochastic model shows that for small population sizes the monostability behavior disappears, involving the presence of noise-induced bistability. The impact of the initial populations of cells in the fate of the cell populations is investigated, as well as the transient times towards the healthy and the cancer states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath). Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tomás Alarcón
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath). Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhou S, Chen G. Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of antitumor sorafenib analogues. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37643-37651. [PMID: 35558629 PMCID: PMC9089424 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are a serious threat to human health and are generally treated with chemical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education
| | - Guangying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education
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Goemann IM, Romitti M, Meyer ELS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the neoplastic process: an overview. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R367-R385. [PMID: 28928142 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical regulators of several physiological processes, which include development, differentiation and growth in virtually all tissues. In past decades, several studies have shown that changes in TH levels caused by thyroid dysfunction, disruption of deiodinases and/or thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in tumor cells, influence cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and invasion in a variety of neoplasms in a cell type-specific manner. The function of THs and TRs in neoplastic cell proliferation involves complex mechanisms that seem to be cell specific, exerting effects via genomic and nongenomic pathways, repressing or stimulating transcription factors, influencing angiogenesis and promoting invasiveness. Taken together, these observations indicate an important role of TH status in the pathogenesis and/or development of human neoplasia. Here, we aim to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the accumulated knowledge and the current understanding of the potential role of TH status on the different hallmarks of the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erika L Souza Meyer
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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45
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Anderson R, Richardson GD, Passos JF. Mechanisms driving the ageing heart. Exp Gerontol 2017; 109:5-15. [PMID: 29054534 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. One of the main risk factors for CVD is age, however the biological processes that occur in the heart during ageing are poorly understood. It is therefore important to understand the fundamental mechanisms driving heart ageing to enable the development of preventions and treatments targeting these processes. Cellular senescence is often described as the irreversible cell-cycle arrest which occurs in somatic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that cellular senescence plays a key role in heart ageing, however the cell-types involved and the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. In this review we discuss the current understanding of how mechanisms known to contribute to senescence impact on heart ageing and CVD. Finally, we evaluate recent data suggesting that targeting senescent cells may be a viable therapy to counteract the ageing of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Anderson
- The Randall Division, King's College London, London, UK; Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gavin D Richardson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - João F Passos
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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46
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Al-Saleh I, Al-Rajudi T, Al-Qudaihi G, Manogaran P. Evaluating the potential genotoxicity of phthalates esters (PAEs) in perfumes using in vitro assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23903-23914. [PMID: 28875446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported high levels of phthalate esters (PAEs) added as solvents or fixatives in 47 brands of perfumes. Diethyl phthalate was the most abundant compound (0.232-23,649 ppm), and 83.3% of the perfumes had levels >1 ppm, the threshold limit cited by a Greenpeace investigation. All samples had dimethyl phthalate levels higher than its threshold limit of 0.1 ppm, and 88, 38, and 7% of the perfumes had benzyl butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate levels, respectively, above their threshold limits. The role of PAEs as endocrine disruptors has been well documented, but their effect on genotoxic behavior has received little attention. We used in vitro single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) and micronucleus (MN) assays with human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to evaluate the genotoxic potency of 42 of the same perfumes and to determine its association with PAEs. All perfumes induced more DNA damage than a negative control (NEG), ≥ 90% of the samples caused more damage than cells treated with the vehicles possibly used in perfume's preparations such as methanol (ME) and ethanol (ET), and 11.6% of the perfumes caused more DNA damage than a positive control (hydrogen peroxide). Chromosome breakage expressed as MN frequency was higher in cells treated with 71.4, 64.3, 57.1, and 4.8% of the perfumes than in NEG, cells treated with ME or ET, and another positive control (x-rays), respectively. The genotoxic responses in the comet and MN assays were not correlated. The comet assay indicated that the damage in TK6 cells treated with five PAEs at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2 ppm either individually or as a mixture did not differ significantly from the damage in cells treated with the perfumes. Unlike the comet assay, the sensitivity of the MN assay to PAEs was weak at both low and high concentrations, and MN frequencies were generally low. This study demonstrates for the first time the possible contribution of PAEs in perfumes to DNA damage and suggests that their use as solvents or fixatives should be regulated. Other ingredients with mutagenic/genotoxic properties, however, may also have contributed to the DNA damage. Future studies should focus on applying a series of assays that use different cellular models with various endpoints to identify the spectrum of genotoxic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghofran Al-Qudaihi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pulicat Manogaran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Yan D, Sherman JH, Keidar M. Cold atmospheric plasma, a novel promising anti-cancer treatment modality. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15977-15995. [PMID: 27845910 PMCID: PMC5362540 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a near room temperature ionized gas has shown its promising application in cancer therapy. Two CAP devices, namely dielectric barrier discharge and plasma jet, show significantly anti-cancer capacity over dozens of cancer cell lines in vitro and several subcutaneous xenograft tumors in vivo. In contrast to conventional anti-cancer approaches and drugs, CAP is a selective anti-cancer treatment modality. Thus far establishing the chemical and molecular mechanism of the anti-cancer capacity of CAP is far from complete. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction of the basics of CAP, state of the art research in this field, the primary challenges, and future directions to cancer biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan H Sherman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University,Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Keidar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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48
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Anandi L, Chakravarty V, Ashiq KA, Bodakuntla S, Lahiri M. DNA-dependent protein kinase plays a central role in transformation of breast epithelial cells following alkylation damage. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3749-3763. [PMID: 28923836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA alkylating agents form the first line of cancer chemotherapy. They not only kill cells but also behave as potential carcinogens. MNU, a DNA methylating agent, is well known to induce mammary tumours in rodents. However, the mechanism of tumorigenesis is not well understood. Our study reports a novel role played by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in methylation damage-induced transformation using three-dimensional breast acinar cultures. Here, we report that exposure of breast epithelial cells to MNU inhibited polarisation at the basolateral domain, increased dispersal of the Golgi at the apical domain and induced an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype as well as invasion. This altered Golgi phenotype correlated with impaired intracellular trafficking. Inhibition of DNA-PK resulted in almost complete reversal of the altered Golgi phenotype and partial rescue of the polarity defect and EMT-like phenotype. The results confirm that methylation damage-induced activation of DNA-PK is a major mechanism in mediating cellular transformation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libi Anandi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Vaishali Chakravarty
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - K A Ashiq
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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Li R, Zhao L, Zhang L, Chen M, Shi J, Dong C, Cai Z. Effects of ambient PM 2.5 and 9-nitroanthracene on DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes in the lungs of rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:654-663. [PMID: 30090532 PMCID: PMC6061955 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a complex mixture associated with lung cancer risk. PM2.5-bound nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have been demonstrated to possess mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Previous studies showed that PM2.5 induced DNA damage, whereas there is little knowledge of whether 9-nitroanthracene (9-NA), a typical compound of NPAHs in PM2.5, causes DNA damage. Also, the regulating mechanisms of PM2.5 and 9-NA in DNA damage and repair are not yet fully established. Here we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair in the lungs of male Wistar rats exposed to PM2.5 (1.5 mg per kg body weight) or three different dosages of 9-NA. And then DNA strand breaks, 8-OH-dG formation, DNA-protein crosslink and DNA repair gene expressions in rat lungs were analyzed. In addition, alteration in oxidative stress factors and metabolic enzymes were detected. The results showed that (1) PM2.5 and higher dosage 9-NA (4.0 × 10-5 and 1.2 × 10-4 mg per kg body weight) significantly caused lung DNA damage, accompanied by increasing OGG1 expression while inhibiting MTH1 and XRCC1 expression, elevating the levels of GADD153, hemeoxygenase-1 and malondialdehyde, and promoting the activities of CYP450 isozymes and glutathione S-transferase. (2) 1.3 × 10-5 mg kg-1 9-NA exposure couldn't cause DNA damage and oxidative stress. (3) At the approximately equivalent dose level, PM2.5-induced DNA damage effects were more obvious than 9-NA with positive correlation. It suggests that DNA damage caused by PM2.5 and 9-NA may be mediated partially through influencing the DNA repair capacity and enhancing oxidative stress and biotransformation, and this negative effect of 9-NA might be related to the PM2.5-induced lung genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Minghui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Jing Shi
- College of Environment and Resource , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China . ; ; Tel: (+852)-34117070
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50
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Nilles N, Fahrenkrog B. Taking a Bad Turn: Compromised DNA Damage Response in Leukemia. Cells 2017; 6:cells6020011. [PMID: 28471392 PMCID: PMC5492015 DOI: 10.3390/cells6020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic integrity is of outmost importance for the survival at the cellular and the organismal level and key to human health. To ensure the integrity of their DNA, cells have evolved maintenance programs collectively known as the DNA damage response. Particularly challenging for genome integrity are DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and defects in their repair are often associated with human disease, including leukemia. Defective DSB repair may not only be disease-causing, but further contribute to poor treatment outcome and poor prognosis in leukemia. Here, we review current insight into altered DSB repair mechanisms identified in leukemia. While DSB repair is somewhat compromised in all leukemic subtypes, certain key players of DSB repair are particularly targeted: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and Ku70/80 in the non-homologous end-joining pathway, as well as Rad51 and breast cancer 1/2 (BRCA1/2), key players in homologous recombination. Defects in leukemia-related DSB repair may not only arise from dysfunctional repair components, but also indirectly from mutations in key regulators of gene expression and/or chromatin structure, such as p53, the Kirsten ras oncogene (K-RAS), and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2). A detailed understanding of the basis for defective DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms for each leukemia subtype may allow to further develop new treatment methods to improve treatment outcome and prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nilles
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium.
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium.
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