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Chen X, Shan S, Wang A, Tu C, Wan J, Hong C, Li X, Wang X, Yin J, Tong J, Tian H, Xin L. Repeated radon exposure induced ATM kinase-mediated DNA damage response and protective autophagy in mice and human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae165. [PMID: 39381598 PMCID: PMC11457374 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radon ( 222 Rn) is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that has been closely linked with the development of lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the radon-induced DNA strand breaks, a critical event in lung carcinogenesis, and the corresponding DNA damage response (DDR) in mice and human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. METHODS Biomarkers of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), DNA repair response to DSBs, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, autophagy, and a cell apoptosis signaling pathway as well as cell-cycle arrest and the rate of apoptosis were determined in mouse lung and BEAS-2B cells after radon exposure. RESULTS Repeated radon exposure induced DSBs indicated by the increasing expressions of γ-Histone 2AX (H2AX) protein and H2AX gene in a time and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a panel of ATM-dependent repair cascades [i.e. non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ), cell-cycle arrest and the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)/Bax apoptosis signaling pathway] as well as the autophagy process were activated. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine pre-treatment partially reversed the expression of NHEJ-related genes induced by radon exposure in BEAS-2B cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that long-term exposure to radon gas induced DNA lesions in the form of DSBs and a series of ATM-dependent DDR pathways. Activation of the ATM-mediated autophagy may provide a protective and pro-survival effect on radon-induced DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Binhai county center for disease control and prevention, 3 Gangcheng Road, Binhai County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224500, China
| | - Shan Shan
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiqing Wang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Tu
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianmei Wan
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengjiao Hong
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieyun Yin
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Tong
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Xin
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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Wahyudianingsih R, Sanjaya A, Jonathan T, Pranggono EH, Achmad D, Hernowo BS. Chemotherapy's effects on autophagy in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma: a scoping review. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:269. [PMID: 38976168 PMCID: PMC11231119 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Hodgkin Lymphomas (HL) are a unique malignant growth with an excellent initial prognosis. However, 10-30% of patients will still relapse after remission. One primary cellular function that has been the focus of tumor progression is autophagy. This process can preserve cellular homeostasis under stressful conditions. Several studies have shown that autophagy may play a role in developing HL. Therefore, this review aimed to explore chemotherapy's effect on autophagy in HL, and the effects of autophagy on HL. METHODS A scoping review in line with the published PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was conducted. A literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). All results were retrieved and screened, and the resulting articles were synthesized narratively. RESULTS The results showed that some cancer chemotherapy also induces autophagic flux. Although the data on HL is limited, since the mechanisms of action of these drugs are similar, we can infer a similar relationship. However, this increased autophagy activity may reflect a mechanism for increasing tumor growth or a cellular compensation to inhibit its growth. Although evidence supports both views, we argued that autophagy allowed cancer cells to resist cell death, mainly due to DNA damage caused by cytotoxic drugs. CONCLUSION Autophagy reflects the cell's adaptation to survive and explains why chemotherapy generally induces autophagy functions. However, further research on autophagy inhibition is needed as it presents a viable treatment strategy, especially against drug-resistant populations that may arise from HL chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roro Wahyudianingsih
- Postgraduate Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ardo Sanjaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Timothy Jonathan
- Undergraduate Program in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Emmy Hermiyanti Pranggono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dimyati Achmad
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bethy Suryawathy Hernowo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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3
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Zheng R, Yu Y, Lv L, Zhang Y, Deng H, Li J, Zhang B. m 6A reader HNRNPA2B1 destabilization of ATG4B regulates autophagic activity, proliferation and olaparib sensitivity in breast cancer. Exp Cell Res 2023; 424:113487. [PMID: 36693492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine RNA (m6A) is the most extensive epigenetic modification in mRNA and influences tumor progression. However, the role of m6A regulators and specific mechanisms in breast cancer still need further study. Here, we investigated the significance of the m6A reader HNRNPA2B1 and explored its influence on autophagy and drug sensitivity in breast cancer. HNRNPA2B1 was selected by bioinformatics analysis, and its high expression level was identified in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. HNRNPA2B1 was related to poor prognosis. Downregulation of HNRNPA2B1 reduced proliferation, enhanced autophagic flux, and partially reversed de novo resistance to olaparib in breast cancer. ATG4B was determined by RIP and MeRIP assays as a downstream gene of HNRNPA2B1, by which recognized the m6A site in the 3'UTR. Overexpression of ATG4B rescued the malignancy driven by HNRNPA2B1 in breast cancer cells and increased the olaparib sensitivity. Our study revealed that the m6A reader HNRNPA2B1 mediated proliferation and autophagy in breast cancer cell lines by facilitating ATG4B mRNA decay and targeting HNRNPA2B1/m6A/ATG4B might enhance the olaparib sensitivity of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjing Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhang Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiu Lv
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Deng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Huangpi People's Hospital, Jianghan University, Wuhan Province, 430300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Province, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Muciño-Hernández G, Acevo-Rodríguez PS, Cabrera-Benitez S, Guerrero AO, Merchant-Larios H, Castro-Obregón S. Nucleophagy contributes to genome stability through degradation of type II topoisomerases A and B and nucleolar components. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286548. [PMID: 36633090 PMCID: PMC10112964 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear architecture of mammalian cells can be altered as a consequence of anomalous accumulation of nuclear proteins or genomic alterations. Most of the knowledge about nuclear dynamics comes from studies on cancerous cells. How normal healthy cells maintain genome stability, avoiding accumulation of nuclear damaged material, is less understood. Here, we describe that primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts develop a basal level of nuclear buds and micronuclei, which increase after etoposide-induced DNA double-stranded breaks. Both basal and induced nuclear buds and micronuclei colocalize with the autophagic proteins BECN1 and LC3B (also known as MAP1LC3B) and with acidic vesicles, suggesting their clearance by nucleophagy. Some of the nuclear alterations also contain autophagic proteins and type II DNA topoisomerases (TOP2A and TOP2B), or the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, implying they are also targets of nucleophagy. We propose that basal nucleophagy contributes to genome and nuclear stability, as well as in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Muciño-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México
| | - Pilar Sarah Acevo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México
| | - Sandra Cabrera-Benitez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México
| | - Adán Oswaldo Guerrero
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Horacio Merchant-Larios
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México
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Effect of Autophagy Inhibitors on Radiosensitivity in DNA Repair-Proficient and -Deficient Glioma Cells. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070889. [PMID: 35888608 PMCID: PMC9317283 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The development of radioresistance is a fundamental barrier to successful glioblastoma therapy. Autophagy is thought to play a role in facilitating the DNA repair of DNA damage foci in radiation-exposed tumor cells, thus, potentially contributing to their restoration of proliferative capacity and development of resistance in vitro. However, the effect of autophagy inhibitors on DNA damage repair is not fully clear and requires further investigation. Materials and Methods: In this work, we utilized M059K (DNA-PKcs proficient) and M059J (DNA-PKcs deficient) glioma cell lines to investigate the role of autophagy inhibitors in the DNA repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Cell viability following radiation was determined by trypan blue exclusion in both cell lines. Cell death and autophagy assays were performed to evaluate radiation-induced cell stress responses. DNA damage was measured as based on the intensity of phosphorylated γ-H2AX, a DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) marker, in the presence or absence of autophagy inhibitors. Results: The cell viability assay showed that M059J cells were more sensitive to the same dose of radiation (4 Gy) than M059K cells. This observation was accompanied by an elevation in γ-H2AX formation in M059J but not in M059K cells. In addition, the DAPI/TUNEL and Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining assays did not reveal significant differences in apoptosis and/or senescence induction in response to radiation, respectively, in either cell line. However, acridine orange staining demonstrated clear promotion of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) in both cell lines in response to 4 Gy radiation. Moreover, DNA damage marker levels were found to be elevated 72 h post-radiation when autophagy was inhibited by the lysosomotropic agent bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) or the PI3K inhibitor 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) in M059K cells. Conclusions: The extent of the DNA damage response remained high in the DNA-PKcs deficient cells following exposure to radiation, indicating their inability to repair the newly formed DNA-DSBs. On the other hand, radioresistant M059K cells showed more DNA damage response only when autophagy inhibitors were used with radiation, suggesting that the combination of autophagy inhibitors with radiation may interfere with DNA repair efficiency.
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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7
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Nanoprodrug ratiometrically integrating autophagy inhibitor and genotoxic agent for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Carosi JM, Fourrier C, Bensalem J, Sargeant TJ. The mTOR-lysosome axis at the centre of ageing. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:739-757. [PMID: 34878722 PMCID: PMC8972043 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‐related diseases represent some of the largest unmet clinical needs of our time. While treatment of specific disease‐related signs has had some success (for example, the effect of statin drugs on slowing progression of atherosclerosis), slowing biological ageing itself represents a target that could significantly increase health span and reduce the prevalence of multiple age‐related diseases. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to control fundamental processes in ageing: inhibiting this signalling complex slows biological ageing, reduces age‐related disease pathology and increases lifespan in model organisms. How mTORC1 inhibition achieves this is still subject to ongoing research. However, one mechanism by which mTORC1 inhibition is thought to slow ageing is by activating the autophagy–lysosome pathway. In this review, we examine the special bidirectional relationship between mTORC1 and the lysosome. In cells, mTORC1 is located on lysosomes. From this advantageous position, it directly controls the autophagy–lysosome pathway. However, the lysosome also controls mTORC1 activity in numerous ways, creating a special two‐way relationship. We then explore specific examples of how inhibition of mTORC1 and activation of the autophagy–lysosome pathway slow the molecular hallmarks of ageing. This body of literature demonstrates that the autophagy–lysosome pathway represents an excellent target for treatments that seek to slow biological ageing and increase health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julien Bensalem
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Sobanski T, Rose M, Suraweera A, O’Byrne K, Richard DJ, Bolderson E. Cell Metabolism and DNA Repair Pathways: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:633305. [PMID: 33834022 PMCID: PMC8021863 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair and metabolic pathways are vital to maintain cellular homeostasis in normal human cells. Both of these pathways, however, undergo extensive changes during tumorigenesis, including modifications that promote rapid growth, genetic heterogeneity, and survival. While these two areas of research have remained relatively distinct, there is growing evidence that the pathways are interdependent and intrinsically linked. Therapeutic interventions that target metabolism or DNA repair systems have entered clinical practice in recent years, highlighting the potential of targeting these pathways in cancer. Further exploration of the links between metabolic and DNA repair pathways may open new therapeutic avenues in the future. Here, we discuss the dependence of DNA repair processes upon cellular metabolism; including the production of nucleotides required for repair, the necessity of metabolic pathways for the chromatin remodeling required for DNA repair, and the ways in which metabolism itself can induce and prevent DNA damage. We will also discuss the roles of metabolic proteins in DNA repair and, conversely, how DNA repair proteins can impact upon cell metabolism. Finally, we will discuss how further research may open therapeutic avenues in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Sobanski
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maddison Rose
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth O’Byrne
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J. Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Pelizzo G, Chiricosta L, Mazzon E, Zuccotti GV, Avanzini MA, Croce S, Lima M, Bramanti P, Calcaterra V. Discovering Genotype Variants in an Infant with VACTERL through Clinical Exome Sequencing: A Support for Personalized Risk Assessment and Disease Prevention. Pediatr Rep 2021; 13:45-56. [PMID: 33466296 PMCID: PMC7838983 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies may have an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) We performed a clinical exome analysis in an infant affected by "Vertebral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Genitourinary, and Limb" (VACTERL) malformation association to identify potential biomarkers that may be helpful for preventing malignancy risk or other chronic processes. Among the variants, six variants that may be linked with VACTERL were identified in the exome analysis. The variants c.501G>C on OLR1 and c.-8C>G on PSMA6 were previously associated with myocardial infarction. The variants c.1936A>G on AKAP10 and c.575A>G on PON1 are linked to defects in cardiac conduction and artery disease, respectively. Alterations in metabolism were also suggested by the variants c.860G>A on EPHX2 and c.214C>A on GHRL. In addition, three variants associated with colon cancer were discovered. Specifically, the reported variants were c.723G>A on CCND1 and c.91T>A on AURKA proto-oncogenes as well as c.827A>C in the tumor suppressor PTPRJ. A further inspection identified 15 rare variants carried by cancer genes. Specifically, these mutations are located on five tumor suppressors (SDHA, RB1CC1, PTCH1, DMBT1, BCR) and eight proto-oncogenes (MERTK, CSF1R, MYB, ROS1, PCM1, FGFR2, MYH11, BRCC3) and have an allele frequency lower than 0.01 in the Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD). We observed that the cardiac and metabolic phenotypic traits are linked with the genotype of the patient. In addition, the risk of developing neoplasia cannot be excluded a priori. Long-term surgical issues of patients with VATER syndrome could benefit from the clinical exome sequencing of a personalized risk assessment for the appearance of further disease in pubertal timing and adult age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children’s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.A.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Croce
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Department of Maternal and Children’s Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.A.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Mario Lima
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (L.C.); (E.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy;
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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11
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DNA damage response and breast cancer development: Possible therapeutic applications of ATR, ATM, PARP, BRCA1 inhibition. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 98:103032. [PMID: 33494010 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and significant cancers in females regarding the loss of life quality. Similar to other cancers, one of the etiologic factors in breast cancer is DNA damage. A plethora of molecules are responsible for sensing DNA damage and mediating actions which lead to DNA repair, senescence, cell cycle arrest and if damage is unbearable to apoptosis. In each of these, aberrations leading to unrepaired damage was resulted in uncontrolled proliferation and cancer. Another cellular function is autophagy defined as a process eliminating of unnecessary proteins in stress cases involved in pathogenesis of cancer. Knowing their role in cancer, scholars have tried to develop strategies in order to target DDR and autophagy. Further, the interactions of DDR and autophagy plus their regulatory role on each other have been focused simultaneously. The present review study has aimed to illustrate the importance of DDR and autophagy in breast cancer according to the related studies and uncover the relation between DDR and autophagy and its significance in breast cancer therapy.
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12
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Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from UVB exposure induce a hypermetabolic state in keratinocytes via mitochondrial oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101808. [PMID: 33264701 PMCID: PMC7708942 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is an environmental complete carcinogen, which induces and promotes keratinocyte carcinomas, the most common human malignancies. UVB induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Repairing CPDs through nucleotide excision repair is slow and error-prone in placental mammals. In addition to the mutagenic and malignancy-inducing effects, UVB also elicits poorly understood complex metabolic changes in keratinocytes, possibly through CPDs. To determine the effects of CPDs, CPD-photolyase was overexpressed in keratinocytes using an N1-methyl pseudouridine-containing in vitro-transcribed mRNA. CPD-photolyase, which is normally not present in placental mammals, can efficiently and rapidly repair CPDs to block signaling pathways elicited by CPDs. Keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation turn hypermetabolic. We show that CPD-evoked mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, followed by the activation of several energy sensor enzymes, including sirtuins, AMPK, mTORC1, mTORC2, p53, and ATM, is responsible for the compensatory metabolic adaptations in keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation. Compensatory metabolic changes consist of enhanced glycolytic flux, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle, and terminal oxidation. Furthermore, mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipophagy characterize compensatory hypermetabolism in UVB-exposed keratinocytes. These properties not only support the survival of keratinocytes, but also contribute to UVB-induced differentiation of keratinocytes. Our results indicate that CPD-dependent signaling acutely maintains skin integrity by supporting cellular energy metabolism.
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13
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Feng X, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Lai X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Hu C, Shao L. Nanomaterial-mediated autophagy: coexisting hazard and health benefits in biomedicine. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 33066795 PMCID: PMC7565835 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread biomedical applications of nanomaterials (NMs) bring about increased human exposure risk due to their unique physicochemical properties. Autophagy, which is of great importance for regulating the physiological or pathological activities of the body, has been reported to play a key role in NM-driven biological effects both in vivo and in vitro. The coexisting hazard and health benefits of NM-mediated autophagy in biomedicine are nonnegligible and require our particular concerns. MAIN BODY We collected research on the toxic effects related to NM-mediated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro. Generally, NMs can be delivered into animal models through different administration routes, or internalized by cells through different uptake pathways, exerting varying degrees of damage in tissues, organs, cells, and organelles, eventually being deposited in or excreted from the body. In addition, other biological effects of NMs, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, have been associated with autophagy and cooperate to regulate body activities. We therefore highlight that NM-mediated autophagy serves as a double-edged sword, which could be utilized in the treatment of certain diseases related to autophagy dysfunction, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular disease. Challenges and suggestions for further investigations of NM-mediated autophagy are proposed with the purpose to improve their biosafety evaluation and facilitate their wide application. Databases such as PubMed and Web of Science were utilized to search for relevant literature, which included all published, Epub ahead of print, in-process, and non-indexed citations. CONCLUSION In this review, we focus on the dual effect of NM-mediated autophagy in the biomedical field. It has become a trend to use the benefits of NM-mediated autophagy to treat clinical diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of NM-mediated autophagy in biomedicine is also helpful for reducing the toxic effects of NMs as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Feng
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Orthodontic Department, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xuan Lai
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, 366 South Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Street, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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14
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Chicote J, Yuste VJ, Boix J, Ribas J. Cell Death Triggered by the Autophagy Inhibitory Drug 3-Methyladenine in Growing Conditions Proceeds With DNA Damage. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580343. [PMID: 33178023 PMCID: PMC7593545 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a multistep intracellular catabolic process with pleiotropic implications in cell fate. Attending to its activation, autophagy can be classified into inducible or constitutive. Constitutive, or basal autophagy, unfolds under nutrient-replete conditions to maintain the cellular homeostasis. Autophagy inhibitory drugs are powerful tools to interrogate the role of autophagy and its consequences on cell fate. However, 3-methyladenine and various of these compounds present an intrinsic capacity to trigger cell death, for instance the broadly-employed 3-methyladenine. To elucidate whether the inhibition of basal autophagy is causative of cell demise, we have employed several representative compounds acting at different phases of the autophagic process: initiation (SBI0206965 and MHY1485), nucleation (3-methyladenine, SAR405, Spautin-1 and Cpd18), and completion (Bafilomycin A1 and Chloroquine). These compounds inhibited the basal autophagy of MEF cultures in growing conditions. Among them, 3-methyladenine, SBI-0206965, Chloroquine, and Bafilomycin A1 triggered BAX- and/or BAK-dependent cytotoxicity and caspase activation. 3-methyladenine was the only compound to induce a consistent and abrupt decrease in cell viability across a series of ontologically unrelated human cell lines. 3-methyladenine-induced cytotoxicity was not driven by the inhibition of the AKT/mTOR axis. Autophagy-deficient Fip200-/- MEFs displayed an increased sensitivity to activate caspases and to undergo cell death in response to 3-methyladenine. The cytotoxicity induced by 3-methyladenine correlated with a massive DNA damage, as shown by γ-H2A.X. This genotoxicity was observed at 10 mM 3-methyladenine, the usual concentration to inhibit autophagy and was maximized in Fip200-/- MEFs. In sum, our results suggest that, in growing conditions, autophagy acts as a protective mechanism to diminish the intrinsic cytotoxicity of 3-methyladenine. However, when the cellular stress exerted by 3-methyladenine surpasses the protective effect of basal autophagy, caspase activation and DNA damage compromise the cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Chicote
- Pharmacology of Cellular Stress Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Víctor J Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Boix
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Judit Ribas
- Pharmacology of Cellular Stress Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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15
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Umar SA, Tasduq SA. Integrating DNA damage response and autophagy signalling axis in ultraviolet-B induced skin photo-damage: a positive association in protecting cells against genotoxic stress. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36317-36336. [PMID: 35517978 PMCID: PMC9057019 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin acts as both physical as well as an immunological barrier against hazardous agents from the outside environment and protects the internal organs against damage. Skin ageing is a dynamic process caused by the influence of various external factors, including damage from ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation, which is known as photo-ageing, and due to internal chronological mechanisms. A normal ageing process requires several orchestrated defense mechanisms to diverse types of stress responses, the concomitant renewal of cellular characteristics, and the homeostasis of different cell types that directly or indirectly protect the integrity of skin. Cumulative oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses and their adverse impact on biological systems in the skin are a common mechanism of the ageing process, negatively impacting DNA by causing mutations that lead to many physiological, functional, and aesthetic changes in the skin, culminating in the development of many diseases, including photo-damage and photo-carcinogenesis. Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet-(B) elicits the activation of signal transduction pathways, including DNA damage response, autophagy, and checkpoint signal adaptations associated with clearing radiation-induced DNA damage. Recent experimental reports suggest that autophagy is involved in maintaining skin homeostasis upon encountering different stresses, notably genotoxic stress. It has also been revealed that autophagy positively regulates the recognition of DNA damage by nucleotide excision repair and that skin ageing is associated with defects in the autophagy process. Moreover, autophagy is constitutively active in the skin epithelium, imparting protection to skin cells against a diverse range of outside insults, thus increasing resistance to environmental stressors. It has also been found that the stress-induced suppression of the autophagy response in experimental settings leads to enhanced apoptosis during photo-ageing upon UV-B exposure and that the maintenance of homeostasis depends on cellular autophagy levels. More recent reports in this domain claim that relieving the oxidative-stress-mediated induction of the ER stress response upon UV-B irradiation protects skin cells from photo-damage effects. The integration of autophagy and the DNA damage response under genotoxic stress is being considered as a meaningful partnership for finding novel molecular targets and devising suitable therapeutic strategies against photo-ageing disorders. Here, we summarize and review the current understanding of the mechanisms governing the intricate interplay between autophagy and the DNA damage response and its regulation by UV-B, the roles of autophagy in regulating the cellular response to UV-B-induced photodamage, and the implications of the modulation of autophagy as a meaningful partnership in the treatment and prevention of photoaging disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Ahmad Umar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India +91-1912569000-10 ext.332
| | - Sheikh Abdullah Tasduq
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
- Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi Jammu and Kashmir India +91-1912569000-10 ext.332
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16
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Wang CY, Tsai SW, Chien HH, Chen TY, Sheu SY, So EC, Huang BM. Cordycepin Inhibits Human Gestational Choriocarcinoma Cell Growth by Disrupting Centrosome Homeostasis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2987-3000. [PMID: 32801639 PMCID: PMC7394508 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s252401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human gestational choriocarcinoma, a type of gestational trophoblastic disease, occurs after miscarriage, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, or molar pregnancy. Despite recent advances in the mechanism of anticancer drugs that induce human gestational choriocarcinoma apoptosis or block its growth, new therapeutic approaches are needed to be established. Cordycepin is an active anti-cancer component extracted from Cordyceps sinensis. It prevents cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods Here, we examined cell growth by counting cell numbers, and performing a flow cytometry assay and EdU incorporation assay. Centrosome and cytoskeleton-related structures were observed by immunofluorescence assay. The DNA damage-related signaling was examined by Western blot assay. Results Here, we showed that cordycepin inhibited human gestational choriocarcinoma cell proliferation and induced cell death. In addition, treatment with cordycepin activated DNA-PK and ERK, thus inducing centrosome amplification and aberrant mitosis. These amplified centrosomes also disrupted microtubule arrays and actin networks, thus leading to defective cell adhesion. Furthermore, cordycepin induced autophagy for triggering cell death. Conclusion Thus, our study demonstrates that cordycepin inhibits cell proliferation and disrupts the cytoskeleton by triggering centrosome amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsiang Chien
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yuan Sheu
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia & Medical Research, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Hartman ML. Non-Apoptotic Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2980. [PMID: 32340261 PMCID: PMC7215321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resisting cell death is a hallmark of cancer. Disturbances in the execution of cell death programs promote carcinogenesis and survival of cancer cells under unfavorable conditions, including exposition to anti-cancer therapies. Specific modalities of regulated cell death (RCD) have been classified based on different criteria, including morphological features, biochemical alterations and immunological consequences. Although melanoma cells are broadly equipped with the anti-apoptotic machinery and recurrent genetic alterations in the components of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling markedly contribute to the pro-survival phenotype of melanoma, the roles of autophagy-dependent cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos have recently gained great interest. These signaling cascades are involved in melanoma cell response and resistance to the therapeutics used in the clinic, including inhibitors of BRAFmut and MEK1/2, and immunotherapy. In addition, the relationships between sensitivity to non-apoptotic cell death routes and specific cell phenotypes have been demonstrated, suggesting that plasticity of melanoma cells can be exploited to modulate response of these cells to different cell death stimuli. In this review, the current knowledge on the non-apoptotic cell death signaling pathways in melanoma cell biology and response to anti-cancer drugs has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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18
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Mulcahy Levy JM, Thorburn A. Autophagy in cancer: moving from understanding mechanism to improving therapy responses in patients. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:843-857. [PMID: 31836831 PMCID: PMC7206017 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy allows for cellular material to be delivered to lysosomes for degradation resulting in basal or stress-induced turnover of cell components that provide energy and macromolecular precursors. These activities are thought to be particularly important in cancer where both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting functions of autophagy have been described. Autophagy has also been intricately linked to apoptosis and programmed cell death, and understanding these interactions is becoming increasingly important in improving cancer therapy and patient outcomes. In this review, we consider how recent discoveries about how autophagy manipulation elicits its effects on cancer cell behavior can be leveraged to improve therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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19
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Zhang J, Wang L, Xu J, Tang Y, Huang B, Chen Z, Zhang T, Shen HM, Wu Y, Xia D. Bone marrow stromal cell-derived growth inhibitor serves as a stress sensor to induce autophagy. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1248-1260. [PMID: 31945190 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved stress response that promotes the lysosomal degradation of intracellular components. The bone marrow stromal cell-derived growth inhibitor (BDGI) functions as a stress sensor which is upregulated by oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, the role of BDGI in autophagic response to certain stresses remains unknown. Here, our results demonstrate that BDGI defines the impact of autophagy induction under stresses. Overexpression of BDGI promotes, while knockdown of BDGI impairs, autophagy. Mechanistically, BDGI localizes to the nucleus and interacts with the transcription factor transcription factor EB to increase the expression of multiple autophagy- and lysosome-related genes. In addition, BDGI regulates autophagy in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, BDGI-induced autophagy enables cell survival under stress conditions. Taken together, our study demonstrates that BDGI is a stress sensor that positively regulates autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Central Library, School of Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yancheng Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Entrenching role of cell cycle checkpoints and autophagy for maintenance of genomic integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 86:102748. [PMID: 31790874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic integrity of the cell is crucial for the successful transmission of genetic information to the offspring and its survival. Persistent DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous agents leads to various metabolic manifestations. To combat this, eukaryotes have developed complex DNA damage response (DDR) pathway which senses the DNA damage and activates an arsenal of enzymes for the repair of damaged DNA. The active pathways for DNA repair are nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) for single-strand break repair whereas homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) for double-strand break repair. OGG1 is a DNA glycosylase which initiates BER while Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) protein complex is the primary responder to DSBs which gets localized to damage sites. DNA damage response is meticulously executed by three related kinases: ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK. ATM- and ATR-dependent phosphorylation of p53, Chk1, and Chk2 regulate the G1/S, intra-S, or G2/M checkpoints of the cell cycle, respectively. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of DNA repair and maintains the cellular homeostasis. Genotoxic stress-induced altered autophagy occurs in a P53 dependent manner which is also the master regulator of genotoxic stress. A plethora of proteins involved in autophagy is regulated by p53 which involve DRAM, DAPK, and AMPK. As evident, the mtDNA is more prone to damage than nuclear DNA because of its close proximity to the site of ROS generation. Depending on the extent of damage either the repair mechanism or mitophagy gets triggered. SIRT1 is the master regulator which directs the stress response to mitophagy. Nix, a LC3 adapter also participates in Parkin mediated mitophagy. This review highlights the intricate crosstalks between DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoints activation. The DNA damage mediated regulation of autophagy and mitophagy is also reviewed in detail.
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21
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Ji Y, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Li L, Sun G, Ye L. Autophagy suppression enhances DNA damage and cell death upon treatment with PARP inhibitor Niraparib in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9557-9568. [PMID: 31686145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, as anti-tumor drugs targeting the DNA damage response (DDR), have been used for the therapy of various tumors, few researches reported their effect on laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Here, we first discovered that the PARP-1/2 inhibitor Niraparib could simultaneously induce cell growth inhibition and autophagy in LSCC TU212 and TU686 cells. Niraparib decelerated cell cycle of LSCC by arresting G1 phase and preventing the cells from entering S phase. DNA lesions were also observed upon Niraparib treatment as evidenced by the accumulation of γH2AX and abatement of pRB expression. In addition, autophagy generation was confirmed by the observation of autophagosomes, LC3-positive autophagy-like vacuoles, and obvious conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. Moreover, blocking autophagy enhanced Niraparib-induced growth inhibition and DNA lesions. Further studies suggested that autophagy suppression could obstruct the activation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) through elevating proteasomal activity and then impair the capacity of homologous recombination (HR), thereby improving the anti-LSCC efficiency of Niraparib. Collectively, these findings suggested that simultaneous targeting of Niraparib and autophagy might be a promising therapeutic schedule for LSCC in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Biological Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shuwei Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Guangbin Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Biological Medicines, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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22
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Ueda S, Ozaki R, Kaneko A, Akizuki R, Katsuta H, Miura A, Matsuura A, Ushimaru T. TORC1, Tel1/Mec1, and Mpk1 regulate autophagy induction after DNA damage in budding yeast. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Kurashige T, Nakajima Y, Shimamura M, Matsuyama M, Yamada M, Nakashima M, Nagayama Y. Basal Autophagy Deficiency Causes Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Cell Death in Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2085-2092. [PMID: 31314096 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that involves the degradation of cellular components through the lysosomal machinery, relocating nutrients from unnecessary processes to more pivotal processes required for survival. It has been reported that systemic disruption of the Atg5 or Atg7 gene, a component of autophagy, is lethal and that its tissue-specific disruption causes tissue degeneration in several organs. However, the functional significance of autophagy in the thyroid glands remains unknown. Our preliminary data imply the possible involvement of dysfunctional autophagy in radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of Atg5 gene knockout (KO) on thyroid morphology and function. To this end, Atg5flox/flox mice were crossed with TPO-Cre mice, yielding the thyroid follicular epithelial cell (thyrocyte)‒specific ATG5-deficient mice (Atg5thyr-KO/KO). Atg5 gene KO was confirmed by a lack of ATG5 expression, and disruption of autophagy was demonstrated by a decrease in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II puncta and an increase in p62. Atg5thyr-KO/KO mice were born normally, and thyroid morphology, thyroid weights, and serum T4 and TSH levels were almost normal at 4 months. However, at 8 and 12 months, a decrease in the number of thyrocytes and an increase in TUNEL+-thyrocytes were observed in Atg5thyr-KO/KO mice even though thyroid function was still normal. The number of irregularly shaped (gourd-shaped) follicles was also increased. Excess oxidative stress was indicated by increased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and 53BP1 foci in Atg5thyr-KO/KO mice. These data demonstrate that thyrocytes gradually undergo degradation/cell death in the absence of basal levels of autophagy, indicating that autophagy is critical for the quality control of thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Nakajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Matsuyama
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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The DNA-damage response and nuclear events as regulators of nonapoptotic forms of cell death. Oncogene 2019; 39:1-16. [PMID: 31462710 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is essential for the cell as the integrity of genomic information guaranties reproduction of a whole organism. DNA damage occurring in response to different natural and nonnatural stimuli (errors in DNA replication, UV radiation, chemical agents, etc.) is normally detected by special cellular machinery that induces DNA repair. However, further accumulation of genetic lesions drives the activation of cell death to eliminate cells with defective genome. This particular feature is used for targeting fast-proliferating tumor cells during chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Among different cell death modalities induced by DNA damage, apoptosis is the best studied. Nevertheless, nonapoptotic cell death and adaptive stress responses are also activated following genotoxic stress and play a crucial role in the outcome of anticancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of nonapoptotic cell death pathways induced by DNA damage and discuss their interplay with cellular senescence, mitotic catastrophe, and autophagy.
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25
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Das CK, Banerjee I, Mandal M. Pro-survival autophagy: An emerging candidate of tumor progression through maintaining hallmarks of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:59-74. [PMID: 31430557 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that regulates the cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged cellular contents and organelles for lysosomal degradation and sustains genomic integrity, cellular metabolism, and cell survival during diverse stress and adverse conditions. Recently, the role of autophagy is extremely debated in the regulation of cancer initiation and progression. Although autophagy has a dichotomous role in the regulation of cancer, growing numbers of studies largely indicate the pro-survival role of autophagy in cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanisms of autophagy, the role of pro-survival autophagy that positively drives several classical as well as emerging hallmarks of cancer for tumorigenic progression, and also we address various autophagy inhibitors that could be harnessed against pro-survival autophagy for effective cancer therapeutics. Finally, we highlight some outstanding problems that need to be deciphered extensively in the future to unravel the role of autophagy in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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26
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Abstract
Resistance to therapy is one of the prime causes for treatment failure in cancer and recurrent disease. In recent years, autophagy has emerged as an important cell survival mechanism in response to different stress conditions that are associated with cancer treatment and aging. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process through which damaged cellular contents are degraded after uptake into autophagosomes that subsequently fuse with lysosomes for cargo degradation, thereby alleviating stress. In addition, autophagy serves to maintain cellular homeostasis by enriching nutrient pools. Although autophagy can act as a double-edged sword at the interface of cell survival and cell death, increasing evidence suggest that in the context of cancer therapy-induced stress responses, it predominantly functions as a cell survival mechanism. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview on our current knowledge of the role of pro-survival autophagy in cancer therapy at the preclinical and clinical stages and delineate the molecular mechanisms of autophagy regulation in response to therapy-related stress conditions. A better understanding of the interplay of cancer therapy and autophagy may allow to unveil new targets and avenues for an improved treatment of therapy-resistant tumors in the foreseeable future.
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27
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Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:116-137. [PMID: 30981885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism, by which eukaryotic cells recycle or degrades internal constituents through membrane-trafficking pathway. Thus, autophagy provides the cells with a sustainable source of biomolecules and energy for the maintenance of homeostasis under stressful conditions such as tumor microenvironment. Recent findings revealed a close relationship between autophagy and malignant transformation. However, due to the complex dual role of autophagy in tumor survival or cell death, efforts to develop efficient treatment strategies targeting the autophagy/cancer relation have largely been unsuccessful. Here we review the two-faced role of autophagy in cancer as a tumor suppressor or as a pro-oncogenic mechanism. In this sense, we also review the shared regulatory pathways that play a role in autophagy and malignant transformation. Finally, anti-cancer therapeutic agents used as either inhibitors or inducers of autophagy have been discussed.
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28
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Expression of LC3B and FIP200/Atg17 in brain metastases of breast cancer. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:237-248. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Gemcitabine resistance mediated by ribonucleotide reductase M2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma is reversed by GW8510 through autophagy induction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1417-1433. [PMID: 29853661 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapeutic regimen containing gemcitabine is the first-line therapy for advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gemcitabine resistance remains an important clinical problem. Some studies suggest that overexpressions of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit M2 (RRM2) may be involved in gemcitabine resistance. We used a novel RRM2 inhibitor, GW8510, as a gemcitabine sensitization agent to investigate the therapeutic utility in reversing gemcitabine resistance in LSCC. Results showed that the expressions of RRM2 were increased in gemcitabine intrinsic resistant LSCC cells upon gemcitabine treatment. GW8510 not only suppressed LSCC cell survival, but also sensitized gemcitabine-resistant cells to gemcitabine through autophagy induction mediated by RRM2 down-regulation along with decrease in dNTP levels. The combination of GW8510 and gemcitabine produced a synergistic effect on killing LSCC cells. The synergism of the two agents was impeded by addition of autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) or bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), or knockdown of the autophagy gene, Bcl-2-interacting protein 1 (BECN1). Moreover, GW8510-caused LSCC cell sensitization to gemcitabine through autophagy induction was parallel with impairment of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and marked increase in cell apoptosis, revealing a cross-talk between autophagy and DNA damage repair, and an interplay between autophagy and apoptosis. Finally, gemcitabine sensitization mediated by autophagy induction through GW8510-caused RRM2 down-regulation was demonstrated in vivo in gemcitabine-resistant LSCC tumor xenograft, further indicating that the sensitization is dependent on autophagy activation. In conclusion, GW8510 can reverse gemcitabine resistance in LSCC cells through RRM2 downregulation-mediated autophagy induction, and GW850 may be a promising therapeutic agent against LSCC as it combined with gemcitabine.
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30
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Sadhu A, Ghosh I, Moriyasu Y, Mukherjee A, Bandyopadhyay M. Role of cerium oxide nanoparticle-induced autophagy as a safeguard to exogenous H2O2-mediated DNA damage in tobacco BY-2 cells. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:161-177. [PMID: 29506140 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of cerium oxide nanoparticle (CeNP) in plants has elicited substantial controversy. While some investigators have reported that CeNP possesses antioxidant properties, others observed CeNP to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). In spite of considerable research carried out on the effects of CeNP in metazoans, fundamental studies that can unveil its intracellular consequences linking ROS production, autophagy and DNA damage are lacking in plants. To elucidate the impact of CeNP within plant cells, tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with 10, 50 and 250 µg ml-1 CeNP (Ce10, Ce50 and Ce250), for 24 h. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ and ROS at all CeNP treatment sets. However, significant DNA damage and alteration in antioxidant defence systems were noted prominently at Ce50 and Ce250. Moreover, Ce50 and Ce250 induced DNA damage, analysed by comet assay and DNA diffusion experiments, complied with the concomitant increase in ROS. Furthermore, to evaluate the antioxidant property of CeNP, treated cells were washed after 24 h (to minimise CeNP interference) and challenged with H2O2 for 3 h. Ce10 did not induce genotoxicity and H2O2 exposure to Ce10-treated cells showed lesser DNA breakage than cells treated with H2O2 only. Interestingly, Ce10 provided better protection over N-acetyl-L-cysteine against exogenous H2O2 in BY-2 cells. CeNP exposure to transgenic BY-2 cells expressing GFP-Atg8 fusion protein exhibited formation of autophagosomes at Ce10. Application of vacuolar protease inhibitor E-64c and fluorescent basic dye acridine orange, further demonstrated accumulation of particulate matters in the vacuole and occurrence of acidic compartments, the autophagolysosomes, respectively. BY-2 cells co-treated with CeNP and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine exhibited increased DNA damage in Ce10 and cell death at all assessed treatment sets. Thus, current results substantiate an alternative autophagy-mediated, antioxidant and geno-protective role of CeNP, which will aid in deciphering novel phenomena of plant-nanoparticle interaction at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sadhu
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ilika Ghosh
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Yuji Moriyasu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anita Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Maumita Bandyopadhyay
- Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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31
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Fei HR, Li ZJ, Ying-Zhang, Yue-Liu, Wang FZ. HBXIP regulates etoposide-induced cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Gene 2018; 647:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Lien W, Chen T, Sheu S, Lin T, Kang F, Yu C, Kuan T, Huang B, Wang C. 7‐hydroxy‐staurosporine, UCN‐01, induces DNA damage response, and autophagy in human osteosarcoma U2‐OS cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4729-4741. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Chih Lien
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Ting‐Yu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Shi‐Yuan Sheu
- School of MedicineChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Tzu‐Chien Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Chi Kang
- Department of AnesthesiaChi Mei Medical CenterChialiTainanTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Hsing Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsChi Mei Medical CenterChialiTainanTaiwan
| | - Ta‐Shen Kuan
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Bu‐Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchChina Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
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33
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Lee E, Wei Y, Zou Z, Tucker K, Rakheja D, Levine B, Amatruda JF. Genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes p53 loss-of-heterozygosity and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67919-67933. [PMID: 27655644 PMCID: PMC5356529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays an essential role in enabling eukaryotic organisms to adapt to nutrient deprivation and other forms of environmental stress. In metazoan organisms, autophagy is essential for differentiation and normal development; however, whether the autophagy pathway promotes or inhibits tumorigenesis is controversial, and the possible mechanisms linking defective autophagy to cancer remain unclear. To determine if autophagy is important for tumor suppression, we inhibited autophagy in transgenic zebrafish via stable, tissue-specific expression of a dominant-negative autophagy protein Atg5K130R. In heterozygous tp53 mutants, expression of dominant-negative atg5K130R increased tumor incidence and decreased tumor latency compared to non-transgenic heterozygous tp53 mutant controls. In a tp53-deficient background, Tg(mitfa:atg5K130R) mutantsdeveloped malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), neuroendocrine tumors and small-cell tumors. Expression of a Sox10-dependent GFP transgene in the tumors demonstrated their origin from neural crest cells, lending support to a model in which mitfa-expressing cells can arise from sox10+ Schwann cell precursors. Tumors from the transgenic animals exhibited increased DNA damage and loss-of-heterozygosity of tp53. Taken together, our data indicate that genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis in tp53 mutant zebrafish, and suggest a possible role for autophagy in the regulation of genome stability during oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmyong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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34
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Abstract
Cells undergoing oncogenic transformation frequently inactivate tumor suppressor pathways that could prevent their uncontrolled growth. Among those pathways p53 and p38MAPK pathways play a critical role in regulation of cell cycle, senescence and cell death in response to activation of oncogenes, stress and DNA damage. Consequently, these two pathways are important in determining the sensitivity of tumor cells to anti-cancer treatment. Wild type p53-induced phosphatase, Wip1, is involved in governance of both pathways. Recently, strategies directed to manipulation with Wip1 activity proposed to advance current day anticancer treatment and novel chemical compounds synthesized to improve specificity of manipulation with Wip1 activity. Here we reviewed the history of Wip1 studies in vitro and in vivo, in genetically modified animal models that support Wip1 role in tumorigenesis through regulation of p53 and p38MAPK pathways. Based on our knowledge we propose several recommendations for future more accurate studies of Wip1 interactions with other pathways involved in tumorigenesis using recently developed tools and for adoption of Wip1 manipulation strategies in anti-cancer therapy.
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35
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Song J, Zhao X, Feng Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Wei L. Involvement of proapoptotic genes in autophagic cell death induced by irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17068. [PMID: 31098300 PMCID: PMC6515468 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation is widely used in anticancer therapy; however, the efficiency is limited. Most cancer cells have mutations in apoptosis that they can easily escape the apoptosis induced by irradiation. Autophagy has been known as type II programmed cell death that can be activated by irradiation, especially when apoptosis is blocked, but the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. We demonstrated that proapoptotic genes PUMA and Bid are involved in the regulation of autophagic cell death. When wild-type (WT), Bax-/- and PUMA-/- HCT116 cells were exposed to irradiation, we found that, compared with WT, Bax-/- cells showed significantly decreased cell death because of Bax deficiency; however, surprisingly PUMA-/- cells showed significant increase in cell death although the proapoptotic gene PUMA was knocked out. By analyzing apoptosis via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay with flow cytometry, both Bax-/- and PUMA-/- cells showed less apoptosis than WT, suggesting the existence of another type of cell death in PUMA-/- cells. Autophagy was then examined in three cell lines by counting the percentage of cells with punctate GFP-LC3. Although all three cell lines showed significantly increased autophagy activity after irradiation, that of PUMA-/- cells was much higher than the other two cell lines, which suggests that PUMA-/- cells may die through autophagy. This was then confirmed by the decreased cell death in PUMA-/- cells when autophagy was blocked by 3-MA. In addition, we also tested the responses of WT and Bid-/- MEFs to irradiation. Bid-/- MEFs but not WT died through autophagy after irradiation. These results imply the involvement of apoptosis-associated genes such as PUMA and Bid in autophagic cell death, which contributes to identifying the molecular mechanism by which autophagy drives cells to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrui Song
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xue Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200217, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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36
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Abstract
Huntingtin (HTT) is an essential protein during early embryogenesis and the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Conditional knock-out of mouse Huntingtin (Htt) expression in the CNS beginning during neural development, as well as reducing Htt expression only during embryonic and early postnatal stages, results in neurodegeneration in the adult brain. These findings suggest that HTT is important for the development and/or maintenance of the CNS, but they do not address the question of whether HTT is required specifically in the adult CNS for its normal functions and/or homeostasis. Recently, it was reported that although removing Htt expression in young adult mice causes lethality due to acute pancreatitis, loss of Htt expression in the adult brain is well tolerated and does not result in either motor deficits or neurodegeneration for up to 7 months after Htt inactivation. However, recent studies have also demonstrated that HTT participates in several cellular functions that are important for neuronal homeostasis and survival including sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage repair, and stress responses, in addition to its role in selective macroautophagy. In this review, HTT's functions in development and in the adult CNS will be discussed in the context of these recent discoveries, together with a discussion of their potential impact on the design of therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease (HD) aimed at lowering total HTT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott O. Zeitlin
- Correspondence to: Scott O. Zeitlin, Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Lane Rd., Box 801392, MR4-5022, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Tel.: +1 434 924 5011; Fax: +1 434 982 4380; E-mail:
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Proteome Stability as a Key Factor of Genome Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102036. [PMID: 28937603 PMCID: PMC5666718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is constantly produced by both endogenous and exogenous factors; DNA lesions then trigger the so-called DNA damaged response (DDR). This is a highly synchronized pathway that involves recognition, signaling and repair of the damage. Failure to eliminate DNA lesions is associated with genome instability, a driving force in tumorigenesis. Proteins carry out the vast majority of cellular functions and thus proteome quality control (PQC) is critical for the maintenance of cellular functionality. PQC is assured by the proteostasis network (PN), which under conditions of proteome instability address the triage decision of protein fold, hold, or degrade. Key components of the PN are the protein synthesis modules, the molecular chaperones and the two main degradation machineries, namely the autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways; also, part of the PN are a number of stress-responsive cellular sensors including (among others) heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nevertheless, the lifestyle- and/or ageing-associated gradual accumulation of stressors results in increasingly damaged and unstable proteome due to accumulation of misfolded proteins and/or protein aggregates. This outcome may then increase genomic instability due to reduced fidelity in processes like DNA replication or repair leading to various age-related diseases including cancer. Herein, we review the role of proteostatic machineries in nuclear genome integrity and stability, as well as on DDR responses.
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38
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Wu D, Huang CJ, Jiao XF, Ding ZM, Zhang JY, Chen F, Wang YS, Li X, Huo LJ. Olaquindox disrupts tight junction integrity and cytoskeleton architecture in mouse Sertoli cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88630-88644. [PMID: 29179463 PMCID: PMC5687633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells, by creating an immune-privileged and nutrition supporting environment, maintain mammalian spermatogenesis and thereby holds the heart of male fertility. Olaquindox, an effective feed additive in livestock industry, could potentially expose human into the risk of biological hazards due to its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, highlighting the significance of determining its bio-safety regarding human reproduction. Herein, we deciphered the detrimental effects of olaquindox on male fertility by mechanistically unraveling how olaquindox intervenes blood-testis barrier in mouse. Olaquindox (400 μg/ml) exposure significantly compromised tight junction permeability function, decreased or dislocated the junction proteins (e.g., ZO-1, occludin and N-cadherin) and attenuated mTORC2 signaling pathway in primary Sertoli cells. Furthermore, olaquindox disrupted F-actin architecture through interfering with the expression of actin branching protein complex (CDC42-N-WASP-Arp3) and actin bunding protein palladin. Olaquindox also triggered severely DNA damage and apoptosis while inhibiting autophagic flux in Sertoli cell presumably due to the exacerbated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-treatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine effectively ameliorated olaquindox-induced exhaustion of ZO-1 and N-Cadherin proteins, DNA damage and apoptosis. More significantly, olaquindox disrupted the epigenetic status in Sertoli cells with hypermethylation and concomitantly hypoacetylation of H3K9 and H3K27. Overall, our study determines olaquindox targets Sertoli cells to affect BTB function through tight junction proteins and F-actin orgnization, which might disrupt the process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chun-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.,Department of Hubei Province Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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39
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Hyttinen JMT, Błasiak J, Niittykoski M, Kinnunen K, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. DNA damage response and autophagy in the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells-Implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:64-77. [PMID: 28351686 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the links between autophagy, a mechanism involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and controlling cellular waste management, and the DNA damage response (DDR), comprising various mechanisms preserving the integrity and stability of the genome. A reduced autophagy capacity in retinal pigment epithelium has been shown to be connected in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye disease. This degenerative disease is a major and increasing cause of vision loss in the elderly in developed countries, primarily due to the profound accumulation of intra- and extracellular waste: lipofuscin and drusen. An abundance of reactive oxygen species is produced in the retina since this tissue has a high oxygen demand and contains mitochondria-rich cells. The retina is exposed to light and it also houses many photoactive molecules. These factors are clearly reflected in both the autophagy and DNA damage rates, and in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. It remains to be revealed whether DNA damage and DDR capacity have a more direct role in the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- Institute of Biotechnology, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
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40
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Okada Y, Kato S, Sakamoto Y, Oishi T, Ishioka C. Synthetic lethal interaction of CDK inhibition and autophagy inhibition in human solid cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:31-42. [PMID: 28560460 PMCID: PMC5492844 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle control is a promising target in cancer treatments, and some small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors have exhibited clinical effectiveness. However, no biomarkers predictive of efficacy have been developed. Recent studies have revealed that CDK inhibitor (CKI) proteins, such as p27 and p16, also induced cytoprotective autophagy in cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether small-molecule CKIs also induce autophagy in solid tumors, as induced autophagy promotes cancer cell survival. In this study, we revealed that a CDK4 inhibitor and a CKI with a broad range of targets (flavopiridol) induced autophagy in some, but not all, solid cancer cell lines. Autophagy induction by CDK4 inhibitor was observed in BT474, MDA-MB435S, SKBr3 (derived from breast cancer), A431 (derived from epidermoid cancer), and SW480 (derived from colorectal cancer) cell lines. No such autophagy was observed in MCF7, MDA-MB231 (derived from breast cancer), NCI-N87 (derived from gastric cancer), and KMST-6 (derived from a fibroblast). In the cell lines showing autophagy, which was induced by CDK4 inhibitor, the combination of CDK4 inhibitor and autophagy inhibition by either chloroquine (CQ) or knockdown of ATG5 or BECN1 induced apoptosis. However, it did not induce apoptosis in the cell lines in which autophagy was not induced by CDK4 inhibitor. These findings indicate that the autophagy induced by CDK4 inhibitor mimics stress-induced autophagy in some solid cancer cell lines. The combination of a small-molecule CKI involved in G1/S arrest and an autophagy inhibitor leads to a synthetic lethal interaction and could become a new antitumor strategy for solid tumors showing cytoprotective autophagy induced by small-molecule CKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Okada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kato
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takayuki Oishi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, IDAC, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Hewitt G, Korolchuk VI. Repair, Reuse, Recycle: The Expanding Role of Autophagy in Genome Maintenance. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:340-351. [PMID: 28011061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
(Macro)Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that delivers excess, aggregated, or damaged proteins and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is activated in response to numerous cellular stressors such as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low levels of cellular nutrients as well as DNA damage. Although autophagy occurs in the cytoplasm, its inhibition leads to accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability. In the past few years, our understanding of the interplay between autophagy and genomic stability has greatly increased. In this review we summarize these recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms linking autophagy to DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Hewitt
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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42
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Gewirtz DA. The Challenge of Developing Autophagy Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5610-5614. [PMID: 27634767 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The finding that cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and ionizing radiation often promote autophagy has provided the foundation for clinical trials combining autophagy-blocking agents with antitumor drugs and radiation. The premise driving these trials is that therapy-induced autophagy is cytoprotective; consequently, inhibition of autophagy is anticipated to sensitize malignancies to therapy. However, it is well-established that autophagy may also mediate the toxicity of antitumor drugs while evidence also exists for a nonprotective function of autophagy. Consequently, given that it cannot be predicted what form autophagy will take upon treatment with chemotherapy or radiation, the current ongoing clinical trials are likely to generate contradictory or inconsistent results, with the potential consequence that autophagy inhibition could be dismissed as therapeutic strategy based on what are essentially false-negative outcomes. Appropriate interpretation of the outcomes of these trials would require knowledge as to whether the drugs or radiation used promote the cytoprotective form of autophagy in the tumor cells as well as whether the chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine actually inhibit the autophagy. Ultimately, it will be necessary to identify those patients for whom the strategy of autophagy inhibition would be anticipated to improve the response to therapy. However, this is currently not feasible in the absence of appropriate bioassays or predictive markers for characterization of the autophagy or the effectiveness of pharmacologic approaches for autophagy inhibition in the clinic. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5610-4. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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43
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Conte A, Kisslinger A, Procaccini C, Paladino S, Oliviero O, de Amicis F, Faicchia D, Fasano D, Caputo M, Matarese G, Pierantoni GM, Tramontano D. Convergent Effects of Resveratrol and PYK2 on Prostate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091542. [PMID: 27649143 PMCID: PMC5037816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, is under consideration as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for several diseases, including cancer. However, its mechanisms of action and its effects on non-tumor cells, fundamental to understand its real efficacy as chemopreventive agent, remain largely unknown. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase acting as signaling mediator of different stimuli, behaves as tumor-suppressor in prostate. Since, PYK2 and RSV share several fields of interaction, including oxidative stress, we have investigated their functional relationship in human non-transformed prostate EPN cells and in their tumor-prone counterpart EPN-PKM, expressing a PYK2 dead-kinase mutant. We show that RSV has a strong biological activity in both cell lines, decreasing ROS production, inducing morphological changes and reversible growth arrest, and activating autophagy but not apoptosis. Interestingly, the PYK2 mutant increases basal ROS and autophagy levels, and modulates the intensity of RSV effects. In particular, the anti-oxidant effect of RSV is more potent in EPN than in EPN-PKM, whereas its anti-proliferative and pro-autophagic effects are more significant in EPN-PKM. Consistently, PYK2 depletion by RNAi replicates the effects of the PKM mutant. Taken together, our results reveal that PYK2 and RSV act on common cellular pathways and suggest that RSV effects on prostate cells may depend on mutational-state or expression levels of PYK2 that emerges as a possible mediator of RSV mechanisms of action. Moreover, the observation that resveratrol effects are reversible and not associated to apoptosis in tumor-prone EPN-PKM cells suggests caution for its use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Kisslinger
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Endocrinology, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica (CEINGE)-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Oliviero
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca de Amicis
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Deriggio Faicchia
- Department of Medical and Translational Science, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dominga Fasano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marilena Caputo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Donatella Tramontano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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44
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Zheng K, Li Y, Wang S, Wang X, Liao C, Hu X, Fan L, Kang Q, Zeng Y, Wu X, Wu H, Zhang J, Wang Y, He Z. Inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion by ginsenoside Ro via the ESR2-NCF1-ROS pathway sensitizes esophageal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced cell death via the CHEK1-mediated DNA damage checkpoint. Autophagy 2016; 12:1593-613. [PMID: 27310928 PMCID: PMC5082787 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1192751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of autophagy has been increasingly regarded as a promising cancer therapeutic approach. In this study, we screened several ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng and identified ginsenoside Ro (Ro) as a novel autophagy inhibitor. Ro blocked the autophagosome-lysosome fusion process by raising lysosomal pH and attenuating lysosomal cathepsin activity, resulting in the accumulation of the autophagosome marker MAP1LC3B/LC3B and SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) in various esophageal cancer cell lines. More detailed studies demonstrated that Ro activated ESR2 (estrogen receptor 2), which led to the activation of NCF1/p47(PHOX) (neutrophil cytosolic factor 1), a subunit of NADPH oxidase, and subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Treatment with siRNAs or inhibitors of the ESR2-NCF1-ROS axis, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), apocynin (ACN), Tiron, and Fulvestrant apparently decreased Ro-induced LC3B-II, GFP-LC3B puncta, and SQSTM1, indicating that ROS instigates autophagic flux inhibition triggered by Ro. More importantly, suppression of autophagy by Ro sensitized 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)-induced cell death in chemoresistant esophageal cancer cells. 5-Fu induced prosurvival autophagy, and by inhibiting such autophagy, siRNAs against BECN1/beclin 1, ATG5, ATG7, and LC3B enhanced 5-Fu-induced autophagy-associated and apoptosis-independent cell death. We observed that Ro potentiates 5-Fu cytotoxicity via delaying CHEK1 (checkpoint kinase 1) degradation and downregulating DNA replication process, resulting in the delayed DNA repair and the accumulation of DNA damage. In summary, these data suggest that Ro is a novel autophagy inhibitor and could function as a potent anticancer agent in combination therapy to overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghui Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiangrong Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuli Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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45
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Hewitt G, Carroll B, Sarallah R, Correia-Melo C, Ogrodnik M, Nelson G, Otten EG, Manni D, Antrobus R, Morgan BA, von Zglinicki T, Jurk D, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Johansen T, Passos JF, Korolchuk VI. SQSTM1/p62 mediates crosstalk between autophagy and the UPS in DNA repair. Autophagy 2016; 12:1917-1930. [PMID: 27391408 PMCID: PMC5391493 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1210368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) selectively targets polyubiquitinated proteins for degradation via macroautophagy and the proteasome. Additionally, SQSTM1 shuttles between the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, although its role in the nucleus is relatively unknown. Here, we report that SQSTM1 dynamically associates with DNA damage foci (DDF) and regulates DNA repair. Upon induction of DNA damage SQSTM1 interacts with FLNA (filamin A), which has previously been shown to recruit DNA repair protein RAD51 (RAD51 recombinase) to double-strand breaks and facilitate homologous recombination (HR). SQSTM1 promotes proteasomal degradation of FLNA and RAD51 within the nucleus, resulting in reduced levels of nuclear RAD51 and slower DNA repair. SQSTM1 regulates the ratio between HR and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) by promoting the latter at the expense of the former. This SQSTM1-dependent mechanism mediates the effect of macroautophagy on DNA repair. Moreover, nuclear localization of SQSTM1 and its association with DDF increase with aging and are prevented by life-span-extending dietary restriction, suggesting that an imbalance in the mechanism identified here may contribute to aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Hewitt
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Bernadette Carroll
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | | | - Clara Correia-Melo
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mikołaj Ogrodnik
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Glyn Nelson
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Elsje G Otten
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Diego Manni
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- b Cambridge Institute for Medical Research , Cambridge University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Brian A Morgan
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- c Department of Biology , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- c Department of Biology , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY USA
| | - Terje Johansen
- d Molecular Cancer Research Group , Department of Medical Biology , University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - João F Passos
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- a Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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46
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Alotaibi M, Sharma K, Saleh T, Povirk LF, Hendrickson EA, Gewirtz DA. Radiosensitization by PARP Inhibition in DNA Repair Proficient and Deficient Tumor Cells: Proliferative Recovery in Senescent Cells. Radiat Res 2016; 185:229-45. [PMID: 26934368 PMCID: PMC4821451 DOI: 10.1667/rr14202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy continues to be a primary modality in the treatment of cancer. In addition to promoting apoptosis, radiation-induced DNA damage can promote autophagy and senescence, both of which can theoretically function to prolong tumor survival. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that autophagy and/or senescence could be permissive for DNA repair, thereby facilitating tumor cell recovery from radiation-induced growth arrest and/or cell death. In addition, studies were designed to elucidate the involvement of autophagy and senescence in radiosensitization by PARP inhibitors and the re-emergence of a proliferating tumor cell population. In the context of this work, the relationship between radiation-induced autophagy and senescence was also determined. Studies were performed using DNA repair-proficient HCT116 colon carcinoma cells and a repair-deficient ligase IV(-/-) isogenic cell line. Exposure to radiation promoted a parallel induction of autophagy and senescence that was strongly correlated with the extent of persistent H2AX phosphorylation in both cell lines, however, inhibition of autophagy failed to suppress senescence, indicating that the two responses were dissociable. Exposure to radiation resulted in a transient arrest in the HCT116 cells while arrest was prolonged in the ligase IV(-/-) cells, however, both cell lines ultimately recovered proliferative function, which may reflect maintenance of DNA repair capacity. The PARP inhibitors, olaparib and niraparib, increased the extent of persistent DNA damage induced by radiation exposure as well as the extent of both autophagy and senescence. Neither cell line underwent significant apoptosis by radiation exposure alone or in the presence of the PARP inhibitors. Inhibition of autophagy failed to attenuate radiosensitization, indicating that autophagy was not involved in the action of the PARP inhibitors. As with radiation alone, despite sensitization by PARP inhibition, proliferative recovery was evident within a period of 10-20 days. While inhibition of DNA repair via PARP inhibition may initially sensitize tumor cells to radiation via the promotion of senescence, this strategy does not appear to interfere with proliferative recovery, which could ultimately contribute to disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lawrence F. Povirk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center
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47
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Zheng H, Wang M, Wu J, Wang ZM, Nan HJ, Sun H. Inhibition of mTOR enhances radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells and protects normal lung cells against radiation. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:213-20. [PMID: 26999331 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been used for a long time as a standard therapy for cancer; however, there have been no recent research breakthroughs. Radioresistance and various side-effects lead to the unexpected outcomes of radiation therapy. Specific and accurate targeting as well as reduction of radioresistance have been major challenges for irradiation therapy. Recent studies have shown that rapamycin shows promise for inhibiting tumorigenesis by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We found that the combination of rapamycin with irradiation significantly diminished cell viability and colony formation, and increased cell apoptosis, as compared with irradiation alone in lung cancer cell line A549, suggesting that rapamycin can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy by sensitizing cancer cells to irradiation. Importantly, we observed that the adverse effects of irradiation on a healthy lung cell line (WI-38) were also offset. No enhanced protein expression of mTOR signaling was observed in WI-38 cells, which is normally elevated in lung cancer cells. Moreover, DNA damage was significantly less with the combination therapy than with irradiation therapy alone. Our data suggest that the incorporation of rapamycin during radiation therapy could be a potent way to improve the sensitivity and effectiveness of radiation therapy as well as to protect normal cells from being damaged by irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Miao Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.,b National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, New Drug Research and Development Centre of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050015, China
| | - Jing Wu
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wang
- b National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Medicine, New Drug Research and Development Centre of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Hebei, Shijiazhuang 050015, China
| | - Hai-Jun Nan
- c School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - He Sun
- a School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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48
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Chaurasia M, Bhatt AN, Das A, Dwarakanath BS, Sharma K. Radiation-induced autophagy: mechanisms and consequences. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:273-90. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1129534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Chen TY, Syu JS, Lin TC, Cheng HL, Lu FL, Wang CY. Chloroquine alleviates etoposide-induced centrosome amplification by inhibiting CDK2 in adrenocortical tumor cells. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e180. [PMID: 26690546 PMCID: PMC4688395 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor drug etoposide (ETO) is widely used in treating several cancers, including adrenocortical tumor (ACT). However, when used at sublethal doses, tumor cells still survive and are more susceptible to the recurring tumor due to centrosome amplification. Here, we checked the effect of sublethal dose of ETO in ACT cells. Sublethal dose of ETO treatment did not induce cell death but arrested the ACT cells in G2/M phase. This resulted in centrosome amplification and aberrant mitotic spindle formation leading to genomic instability and cellular senescence. Under such conditions, Chk2, cyclin A/CDK2 and ERK1/2 were aberrantly activated. Pharmacological inactivation of Chk2, CDK2 or ERK1/2 or depletion of CDK2 or Chk2 inhibited the centrosome amplification in ETO-treated ACT cells. In addition, autophagy was activated by ETO and was required for ACT cell survival. Chloroquine, the autophagy inhibitor, reduced ACT cell growth and inhibited ETO-induced centrosome amplification. Chloroquine alleviated CDK2 and ERK, but not Chk2, activation and thus inhibited centrosome amplification in either ETO- or hydroxyurea-treated ACT cells. In addition, chloroquine also inhibited centrosome amplification in osteosarcoma U2OS cell lines when treated with ETO or hydroxyurea. In summary, we have demonstrated that chloroquine inhibited ACT cell growth and alleviated DNA damage-induced centrosome amplification by inhibiting CDK2 and ERK activity, thus preventing genomic instability and recurrence of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-Y Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - J-S Syu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - T-C Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H-L Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - F-L Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Role of the Exocyst Complex Component Sec6/8 in Genomic Stability. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3633-45. [PMID: 26283729 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00768-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is a heterooctomeric complex well appreciated for its role in the dynamic assembly of specialized membrane domains. Accumulating evidence indicates that this macromolecular machine also serves as a physical platform that coordinates regulatory cascades supporting biological systems such as host defense signaling, cell fate, and energy homeostasis. The isolation of multiple components of the DNA damage response (DDR) as exocyst-interacting proteins, together with the identification of Sec8 as a suppressor of the p53 response, suggested functional interactions between the exocyst and the DDR. We found that exocyst perturbation resulted in resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) and accelerated resolution of DNA damage. This occurred at the expense of genomic integrity, as enhanced recombination frequencies correlated with the accumulation of aberrant chromatid exchanges. Sec8 perturbation resulted in the accumulation of ATF2 and RNF20 and the promiscuous accumulation of DDR-associated chromatin marks and Rad51 repairosomes. Thus, the exocyst supports DNA repair fidelity by limiting the formation of repair chromatin in the absence of DNA damage.
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