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Huang S, Hu J, Hu M, Hou Y, Zhang B, Liu J, Liu X, Chen Z, Wang L. Cooperation between SIX1 and DHX9 transcriptionally regulates integrin-focal adhesion signaling mediated metastasis and sunitinib resistance in KIRC. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03126-w. [PMID: 39174859 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
High invasive capacity and acquired tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) resistance of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cells remain obstacles to prolonging the survival time of patients with advanced KIRC. In the present study, we reported that sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) was upregulated in sunitinib-resistant KIRC cells and metastatic KIRC tissues. Subsequently, we found that SIX1 mediated metastasis and sunitinib resistance via Focal adhesion (FA) signaling, and knockdown of SIX1 enhanced the antitumor efficiency of sunitinib in KIRC. Mechanistically, Integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1), an upstream gene of FA signaling, was a direct transcriptional target of SIX1. In addition, we showed that DExH-box helicase 9 (DHX9) was an important mediator for SIX1-induced ITGB1 transcription, and silencing the subunits of SIX1/DHX9 complex significantly reduced transcription of ITGB1. Downregulation of SIX1 attenuated nuclear translocation of DHX9 and abrogated the binding of DHX9 to ITGB1 promoter. Collectively, our results unveiled a new signal axis SIX1/ITGB1/FAK in KIRC and identified a novel therapeutic strategy for metastatic KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Huang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juncheng Hu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yanguang Hou
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Banghua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Urologic Disease, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Zhou YJ, Yang ML, He X, Gu HY, Ren JH, Cheng ST, Fu Z, Zhang ZZ, Chen J. RNA-binding protein RPS7 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via LOXL2-dependent activation of ITGB1/FAK/SRC signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:45. [PMID: 38326908 PMCID: PMC10851485 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is one of the leading cause contributes to treatment failure and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The underlying mechanism of HCC metastasis remains to be determined. Although several RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have been found to participate in tumorigenesis and progression of liver cancer, the role of RBPs in HCC patients with extrahepatic metastases is poorly understood. METHODS By performing RNA-seq of primary HCC tissues (including HCC with extrahepatic metastasis and those did not develop metastasis), we identified a set of HCC metastasis-associated RBPs candidates. Among which, ribosomal protein S7 (RPS7) was found to be remarkably increased in HCC tissues and be strongly related to HCC poor survival. Overexpression or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout were applied to investigate the role of RPS7 on the metastasis-associated phenotypes of HCC cells. RNA sequencing, RIP, RNA-pull down, dual luciferase reporter assay, nascent RNA capture assay, and RNA decay and so on, were applied to reveal the underlying mechanism of RPS7 induced HCC metastasis. RESULTS Gain- and loss- of function analyses revealed that RPS7 promoted HCC cells adhesion, migration and invasion capabilities, as well as lung metastasis. Mechanistically, we uncovered that lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) was a critical downstream target of RPS7. RPS7 could stabilize LOXL2 mRNA by binding to AUUUA motifs in the 3155-3375 region of the 3'UTR of LOXL2 mRNA, thus increased LOXL2 expression via elevating LOXL2 mRNA abundance. Further research revealed that LOXL2 could accelerate focal adhesion formation through maintaining the protein stability of ITGB1 and activating ITGB1-mediated FAK/SRC signaling pathway, and thereby contribute to the pro-metastasis effect of RPS7. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data reveal a novel function of RPS7 in HCC metastasis, also reveal the critical roles of the RPS7/LOXL2/ITGB1 axis in HCC metastasis and shed new light on the exploration of molecular drugs against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, No.20 Jinyu Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401122, China
| | - Min-Li Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Hua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, and the Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, No.20 Jinyu Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401122, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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3
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Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Zhou X, Zhu H, Luo C, Xiao H, Zou X, Zou J, Zhang G. Targeting integrin α5β1 in urological tumors: opportunities and challenges. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165073. [PMID: 37483505 PMCID: PMC10358839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Urological tumors, such as prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and bladder cancer, have shown a significant rise in prevalence in recent years and account for a significant proportion of malignant tumors. It has been established that metastasis to distant organs caused by urological tumors is the main cause of death, although the mechanisms underlying metastasis have not been fully elucidated. The fibronectin receptor integrin α5β1 reportedly plays an important role in distant metastasis and is closely related to tumor development. It is widely thought to be an important cancer mediator by interacting with different ligands, mediating tumor adhesion, invasion, and migration, and leading to immune escape. In this paper, we expound on the relationship and regulatory mechanisms of integrin α5β1 in these three cancers. In addition, the clinical applications of integrin α5β1 in these cancers, especially against treatment resistance, are discussed. Last but not least, the possibility of integrin α5β1 as a potential target for treatment is examined, with new ideas for future research being proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Zhou
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hezhen Zhu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Cong Luo
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Ganzhou, China
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5
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Chen JY, Yiu WH, Tang PMK, Tang SCW. New insights into fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1056964. [PMID: 36910160 PMCID: PMC9996540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1056964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic signaling plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Intratumoral fibrosis (ITF) and pseudo-capsule (PC) fibrosis are significantly correlated to the disease progression of renal cell carcinoma. Targeting classic fibrotic signaling processes such as TGF-β signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) shows promising antitumor effects both preclinically and clinically. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma at molecular resolution can facilitate the development of precision therapies against solid cancers. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest updates on fibrotic signaling, from clinical correlation and molecular mechanisms to its therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma. Importantly, we examined the reported fibrotic signaling on the human renal cell carcinoma dataset at the transcriptome level with single-cell resolution to assess its translational potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sydney Chi-Wai Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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MCPIP1 regulates focal adhesion kinase and rho GTPase-dependent migration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Huang K, Liu J, Chen Q, Feng D, Wu H, Aldanakh A, Jian Y, Xu Z, Wang S, Yang D. The effect of mechanical force in genitourinary malignancies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 22:53-64. [PMID: 34726963 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical force is attributed to the formation of tumor blood vessels, influences cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and promotes reprogramming of the energy metabolism. Currently, therapy strategies for the tumor microenvironment are being developed progressively. The purpose of this article is to discuss the molecular mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of mechanical force in urinary tract cancers and outline the medications used in the mechanical microenvironment. AREAS COVERED This review covers the complex mechanical elements in the microenvironment of urinary system malignancies, focusing on mechanical molecular mechanisms for diagnosis and treatment. EXPERT OPINION The classification of various mechanical forces, such as matrix stiffness, shear force, and other forces, is relatively straightforward. However, little is known about the molecular process of mechanical forces in urinary tract malignancies. Because mechanical therapy is still controversial, it is critical to understand the molecular basis of mechanical force before adding mechanical therapy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian City, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Abdullah Aldanakh
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuli Jian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affifiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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8
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Zhang C, Zhu M, Wang H, Wen J, Huang Z, Chen S, Zhao H, Li H. LOXL2 attenuates osteoarthritis through inactivating Integrin/FAK signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17020. [PMID: 34426599 PMCID: PMC8382747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint OA (TMJOA) is a common degenerative joint disease, leads to structural damage and ultimately loss of function. Matrix degradation is one of the first pathogenesis during the progression of OA, it was effective to inhibit matrix degradation to block the development of OA. In this study, an in vivo model (compressive mechanical force) and an in vitro model (IL-1β) were used to induce OA-like changes in TMJ cartilage and chondrocytes. We revealed lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) play a critical role in TMJOA. LOXL2 expression decreased in mechanical stress/IL-β induced TMJOA-like lesions in both in vivo models and in vitro models. Furthermore, recombinant LOXL2 (rhLOXL2) treatment ameliorated the degenerative changes induced by mechanical stress in vivo, including the thinning cartilage, down-expression of collagen II and proteoglycan, and over-expression of TNF-a, while LOXL2 antibody (anti-LOXL2) treatment exacerbated these changes. Mechanistically, the protection of LOXL2 in chondrocytes was induced partly through activation of the Integrin/FAK pathway. The inhibition of the Integrin/FAK pathway could neutralized the effects caused by rhLOXL2. Collectively, our study suggests that the LOXL2 plays a protective role in mechanical stress induced TMJOA-like changes, and the Integrin/FAK pathway may be a key downstream pathway in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, 500 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Hu C, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhu T. Intratumoral Fibrosis in Facilitating Renal Cancer Aggressiveness: Underlying Mechanisms and Promising Targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651620. [PMID: 33777960 PMCID: PMC7991742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral fibrosis is a histologic manifestation of fibrotic tumor stroma. The interaction between cancer cells and fibrotic stroma is intricate and reciprocal, involving dysregulations from multiple biological processes. Different components of tumor stroma are implicated via distinct manners. In the kidney, intratumoral fibrosis is frequently observed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this review, we recapitulate evidence demonstrating how fibrotic stroma interacts with cancer cells and mechanisms shared between RCC tumorigenesis and renal fibrogenesis, providing promising targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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10
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LOXL2 Inhibitors and Breast Cancer Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020312. [PMID: 33669630 PMCID: PMC7921998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
LOX (lysyl oxidase) and lysyl oxidase like-1–4 (LOXL 1–4) are amine oxidases, which catalyze cross-linking reactions of elastin and collagen in the connective tissue. These amine oxidases also allow the cross-link of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix of tumors, facilitating the process of cell migration and the formation of metastases. LOXL2 is of particular interest in cancer biology as it is highly expressed in some tumors. This protein also promotes oncogenic transformation and affects the proliferation of breast cancer cells. LOX and LOXL2 inhibition have thus been suggested as a promising strategy to prevent metastasis and invasion of breast cancer. BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile) was the first compound described as a LOX inhibitor and was obtained from a natural source. However, novel synthetic compounds that act as LOX/LOXL2 selective inhibitors or as dual LOX/LOX-L inhibitors have been recently developed. In this review, we describe LOX enzymes and their role in promoting cancer development and metastases, with a special focus on LOXL2 and breast cancer progression. Moreover, the recent advances in the development of LOXL2 inhibitors are also addressed. Overall, this work contextualizes and explores the importance of LOXL2 inhibition as a promising novel complementary and effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment.
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11
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Targeting Lysyl Oxidase Family Meditated Matrix Cross-Linking as an Anti-Stromal Therapy in Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030491. [PMID: 33513979 PMCID: PMC7865543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve efficacy of solid cancer treatment, efforts have shifted towards targeting both the cancer cells and the surrounding tumour tissue they grow in. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes underpin the fibrotic remodeling of the tumour microenvironment to promote both cancer growth, spread throughout the body and modulate response to therapies. This review examines how the lysyl oxidase family is involved in tumour development, how they can be targeted, and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in solid tumours. Abstract The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes are a major driver in the biogenesis of desmoplastic matrix at the primary tumour and secondary metastatic sites. With the increasing interest in and development of anti-stromal therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes of cancer patients, the Lox family has emerged as a potentially powerful clinical target. This review examines how lysyl oxidase family dysregulation in solid cancers contributes to disease progression and poor patient outcomes, as well as an evaluation of the preclinical landscape of LOX family targeting therapeutics. We also discuss the suitability of the LOX family as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in solid tumours.
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Yang H, Kuo YH, Smith ZI, Spangler J. Targeting cancer metastasis with antibody therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1698. [PMID: 33463090 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, the spread of disease from a primary to a distal site through the circulatory or lymphatic systems, accounts for over 90% of all cancer related deaths. Despite significant progress in the field of cancer therapy in recent years, mortality rates remain dramatically higher for patients with metastatic disease versus those with local or regional disease. Although there is clearly an urgent need to develop drugs that inhibit cancer spread, the overwhelming majority of anticancer therapies that have been developed to date are designed to inhibit tumor growth but fail to address the key stages of the metastatic process: invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and colonization. There is growing interest in engineering targeted therapeutics, such as antibody drugs, that inhibit various steps in the metastatic cascade. We present an overview of antibody therapeutic approaches, both in the pipeline and in the clinic, that disrupt the essential mechanisms that underlie cancer metastasis. These therapies include classes of antibodies that indirectly target metastasis, including anti-integrin, anticadherin, and immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, as well as monoclonal and bispecific antibodies that are specifically designed to interrupt disease dissemination. Although few antimetastatic antibodies have achieved clinical success to date, there are many promising candidates in various stages of development, and novel targets and approaches are constantly emerging. Collectively, these efforts will enrich our understanding of the molecular drivers of metastasis, and the new strategies that arise promise to have a profound impact on the future of cancer therapeutic development. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zion I Smith
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Wen B, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 in cancer: regulation, downstream effectors and novel roles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188435. [PMID: 32976981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper and lysine tyrosyl-quinone (LTQ)-dependent amine oxidase belonging to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, the canonical function of which is to catalyze the crosslinking of elastin and collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Many studies have revealed that the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in multiple cancers is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, poor prognosis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and tumor progression. LOXL2 is regulated in many ways, such as transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, microRNA regulation, posttranslational modification, and cleavage. Beyond affecting the extracellular environment, various intracellular roles, such as oxidation and deacetylation activities in the nucleus, have been reported for LOXL2. Additionally, LOXL2 contributes to tumor cell invasion by promoting cytoskeletal reorganization. Targeting LOXL2 has become a potential therapeutic strategy to combat many types of cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of LOXL2 and discuss the intracellular role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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14
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Lin S, Zheng L, Lu Y, Xia Q, Zhou P, Liu Z. Comprehensive analysis on the expression levels and prognostic values of LOX family genes in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8624-8638. [PMID: 32970930 PMCID: PMC7666732 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is a major pathological type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and the prognosis of advanced KIRC patients is often unsatisfactory. Some lysine oxidase (LOX) family genes have been proven to be upregulated in some malignancies and play pivotal roles in the carcinogenesis. However, their roles in KIRC remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we used some online databases (eg, ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, c-BioPortal, Human Protein Altas) to comprehensively explored the expression levels and the prognostic values of LOX family genes in KIRC using bioinformatic methods. RESULTS The results revealed that lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) were significantly overexpressed in KIRC at the level of mRNA expression, protein expression, and RCC cell lines. Further analysis demonstrated that higher mRNA expression of LOX and LOXL2 were significantly correlated with poor survival, tumor grade, individual cancer stages, and nodal metastasis status. DNA copy number amplifications and mRNA upregulation, DNA deep deletion, and mRNA upregulation were the main genetic mutations of LOX and LOXL2, respectively. Prognostic analysis showed that the altered group had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) compared to the unaltered group (p = .0387). Co-expression analysis showed CP, PLOD2, and COL5A1 were significantly correlated with LOX, and COL1A2 was positively correlated with LOXL2. Further analysis confirmed that these co-expressed genes were significantly upregulated and predicted unfavorable prognosis in KIRC. CONCLUSION Multi-level analysis demonstrated that LOX and LOXL2 were significantly upregulated and predicted poor survival in KIRC, which may apply as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of KIRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Lin
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Lu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qidong Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ye M, Song Y, Pan S, Chu M, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Evolving roles of lysyl oxidase family in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107633. [PMID: 32693113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like proteins (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4), and mainly functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cross-linking of collagen and elastic fibers. Recently, a growing body of research has demonstrated that LOX family is critically involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of LOX family members in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. Furthermore, we also describe the potential inhibitors of LOX family proteins and highlight that LOX family might be an important therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China..
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Identification of Four Pathological Stage-Relevant Genes in Association with Progression and Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2137319. [PMID: 32309427 PMCID: PMC7142335 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2137319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a major histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma and can be clinically divided into four stages according to the TNM criteria. Identifying clinical stage-related genes is beneficial for improving the early diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC. By using bioinformatics analysis, we aim to identify clinical stage-relevant genes that are significantly associated with the development of ccRCC. First, we analyzed the gene expression microarray data sets: GSE53757 and GSE73731. We divided these data into five groups by staging information-normal tissue and ccRCC stages I, II, III, and IV-and eventually identified 500 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). To obtain precise stage-relevant genes, we subsequently applied weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to the GSE73731 dataset and KIRC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Two modules from each dataset were identified to be related to the tumor TNM stage. Several genes with high inner connection inside the modules were considered hub genes. The intersection results between hub genes of key modules and 500 DEGs revealed UBE2C, BUB1B, RRM2, and TPX2 as highly associated with the stage of ccRCC. In addition, the candidate genes were validated at both the RNA expression level and the protein level. Survival analysis also showed that 4 genes were significantly correlated with overall survival. In conclusion, our study affords a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of ccRCC and provides potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and individualized treatment for patients at different stages of ccRCC.
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17
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Wei J, Zhu J, Zhang J, Jiang S, Qu L, Wang L, Buggs J, Tan X, Cheng F, Liu R. Aging Impairs Renal Autoregulation in Mice. Hypertension 2020; 75:405-412. [PMID: 31838907 PMCID: PMC7027982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Impaired renal autoregulation permits more transmission of disturbance in systemic blood pressure, which initiates barotrauma in intrarenal microvasculatures such as glomerular and tubulointerstitial capillaries, contributing to the development of kidney damage and deterioration in renal function, especially under the conditions with high blood pressure. Although it has been postulated that autoregulatory efficiency is attenuated in the aging kidney, direct evidence remains lacking. In the present study, we measured the autoregulation of renal blood flow, myogenic response of afferent arteriole (Af-Art), tubuloglomerular feedback in vivo with micropuncture, as well as tubuloglomerular feedback in vitro in isolated perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus in young and aged C57BL/6 mice. We found that renal blood flow was not significantly changed in response to a defined elevation of renal arterial pressure in young mice but significantly increased in aged mice. Additionally, myogenic response of Af-Art measured by microperfusion with a stepwise increase in perfusion pressure was significantly blunted in the aging kidney, which is associated with the attenuation of intraluminal pressure-induced intracellular calcium increases, as well as the reduced expression of integrin α5 (Itga5) in Af-Art. Moreover, both tubuloglomerular feedback in vivo and in vitro were nearly inactive in the aging kidney, which is associated with the significantly reduced expression of adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) and suppressed vasoconstrictor response to adenosine in Af-Art. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that aging impairs renal autoregulation with blunted myogenic response and inhibited tubuloglomerular feedback response. The underlying mechanisms involve the downregulations of integrin α5 and A1AR in the Af-Art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jinxiu Zhu
- The first affiliated hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Larry Qu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jacentha Buggs
- Advanced Organ Disease & Transplantation Institute, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xuerui Tan
- The first affiliated hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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18
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Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Justin S, Bachmeier B, Bernd A, Kippenberger S, Zöller N, Chun FKH, Blaheta RA. Low Dosed Curcumin Combined with Visible Light Exposure Inhibits Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastatic Behavior In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020302. [PMID: 32012894 PMCID: PMC7072295 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent documentation shows that a curcumin-induced growth arrest of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells can be amplified by visible light. This study was designed to investigate whether this strategy may also contribute to blocking metastatic progression of RCC. Low dosed curcumin (0.2 µg/mL; 0.54 µM) was applied to A498, Caki1, or KTCTL-26 cells for 1 h, followed by exposure to visible light for 5 min (400–550 nm, 5500 lx). Adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells or immobilized collagen was then evaluated. The influence of curcumin on chemotaxis and migration was also investigated, as well as curcumin induced alterations of α and β integrin expression. Curcumin without light exposure or light exposure without curcumin induced no alterations, whereas curcumin plus light significantly inhibited RCC adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. This was associated with a distinct reduction of α3, α5, β1, and β3 integrins in all cell lines. Separate blocking of each of these integrin subtypes led to significant modification of tumor cell adhesion and chemotactic behavior. Combining low dosed curcumin with light considerably suppressed RCC binding activity and chemotactic movement and was associated with lowered integrin α and β subtypes. Therefore, curcumin combined with visible light holds promise for inhibiting metastatic processes in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.M.); (S.J.); (F.K.-H.C.); (R.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-7109; Fax: +49-69-6301-7108
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.M.); (S.J.); (F.K.-H.C.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Saira Justin
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.M.); (S.J.); (F.K.-H.C.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Beatrice Bachmeier
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - August Bernd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.B.); (S.K.); (N.Z.)
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.B.); (S.K.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nadja Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.B.); (S.K.); (N.Z.)
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.M.); (S.J.); (F.K.-H.C.); (R.A.B.)
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (S.M.); (S.J.); (F.K.-H.C.); (R.A.B.)
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19
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Zhan XH, Jiao JW, Zhang HF, Xu XE, He JZ, Li RL, Zou HY, Wu ZY, Wang SH, Wu JY, Liao LD, Wang JJ, Cheng YW, Zhang K, Neufeld G, Xu LY, Li EM. LOXL2 Upregulates Phosphorylation of Ezrin to Promote Cytoskeletal Reorganization and Tumor Cell Invasion. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4951-4964. [PMID: 31409639 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a copper-dependent enzyme of the lysyl oxidase family and its nonsecreted, catalytically dead spliced isoform L2Δ13, enhance cell migration and invasion, stimulate filopodia formation, modulate the expression of cytoskeletal genes, and promote tumor development and metastasis in vivo. We previously showed that LOXL2 reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms were not identified. Here, using interactome analysis, we identified ezrin (EZR), fascin (FSCN1), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), and tropomodulin-3 (TMOD3) as actin-binding proteins that associate with cytoplasmic LOXL2, as well as with its L2Δ13 variant. High levels of LOXL2 and L2Δ13 and their cytoskeletal partners correlated with poor clinical outcome in patients with ESCC. To better understand the significance of these interactions, we focused on the interaction of LOXL2 with ezrin. Phosphorylation of ezrin at T567 was greatly reduced following depletion of LOXL2 and was enhanced following LOXL2/L2Δ13 reexpression. Furthermore, LOXL2 depletion inhibited the ability of ezrin to promote tumor progression. These results suggest that LOXL2-induced ezrin phosphorylation, which also requires PKCα, is critical for LOXL2-induced cytoskeletal reorganization that subsequently promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis in ESCC. In summary, we have characterized a novel molecular mechanism that mediates, in part, the protumorigenic activity of LOXL2. These findings may enable the future development of therapeutic agents targeting cytoplasmic LOXL2. SIGNIFICANCE: LOXL2 and its spliced isoform L2Δ13 promote cytoskeletal reorganization and invasion of esophageal cancer cells by interacting with cytoplasmic actin-binding proteins such as ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hui Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ji-Wei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong He
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Run-Liu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hai-Ying Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yin-Wei Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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CKAP4 Regulates Cell Migration via the Interaction with and Recycling of Integrin. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00073-19. [PMID: 31160493 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00073-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) is an endoplasmic reticulum protein that is also present in the cell surface membrane, where it acts as a receptor for Dickkopf1 (DKK1). In this study, we found that CKAP4 interacts with β1 integrin and controls the recycling of α5β1 integrin independently of DKK1. In S2-CP8 cells, knockdown of CKAP4 but not DKK1 enlarged the size of cell adhesion sites and enhanced cell adhesion to fibronectin, resulting in decreased cell migration. When CKAP4 was depleted, the levels of α5 but not β1 integrin were increased in the cell surface membrane. A similar phenotype was observed in other cells expressing low levels of DKK1. In S2-CP8 cells, α5 integrin was trafficked with β1 integrin and CKAP4 to the lysosome or recycled with β1 integrin. In CKAP4-depleted cells, the internalization of α5β1 integrin was unchanged, but its recycling was upregulated. Knockdown of sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a mediator of integrin recycling, abrogated the increased α5 integrin levels caused by CKAP4 knockdown. CKAP4 bound to SNX17, and its knockdown enhanced the recruitment of α5β1 integrin to SNX17. These results suggest that CKAP4 suppresses the recycling of α5β1 integrin and coordinates cell adhesion sites and migration independently of DKK1.
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21
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Amendola PG, Reuten R, Erler JT. Interplay Between LOX Enzymes and Integrins in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050729. [PMID: 31130685 PMCID: PMC6562985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyze the covalent crosslinking of collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential process for the structural integrity of all tissues. LOX enzymes can also remodel the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in all stages of tumor initiation and progression of many cancer types. Changes in the ECM can influence several cancer cell phenotypes. Integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) physically connect cells with their microenvironment. This review article summarizes the main findings on the role of LOX proteins in modulating the tumor microenvironment, with a particular focus on how ECM changes are integrated by IACs to modulate cells behavior. Finally, we discuss how the development of selective LOX inhibitors may lead to novel and effective therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Raphael Reuten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Hong X, Yu JJ. Silencing of lysyl oxidase‑like 2 inhibits the migration, invasion and epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells through the Src/FAK signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1676-1690. [PMID: 30816490 PMCID: PMC6438419 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) on the invasion, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells through the steroid receptor coactivator (Src)/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway. RCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 80 patients with RCC. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the positive expression rate of the LOXL2 protein. The expression levels of LOXL2 in the HK-2, 786-O, ACHN, Caki1 and A498 cell lines were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The high LOXL2-expressing 786-O cells were selected for gene silencing experiments, whereas Caki1 cells, which exhibited low LOXL2 expression, were used for overexpression experiments. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were applied to determine the expression of LOXL2, FAK, Src, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, epithelial (E)-cadherin, neuronal (N)-cadherin and vimentin. A MTT assay, a Transwell assay, a wound healing assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell proliferation, invasion, migration, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis, respectively. The protein expression rate of LOXL2 in RCC tissues was higher compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the mRNA and protein expression levels of LOXL2, FAK, Src, MMP-9, N-cadherin and vimentin and the levels of FAK and Src phosphorylation were increased, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were decreased in RCC tissues. Following the transfection of 786-O cells with small interfering (si) RNA against LOXL2, the mRNA and protein expression levels of FAK, Src, MMP-9, N-cadherin and vimentin and the levels of phosphorylated FAK and Src were notably decreased in the si-LOXL2 and PP2 inhibitor treated groups, while that of E-cadherin was substantially increased. Additionally, cell proliferation, invasion, migration and the percentage of RCC cells in the G1 phase were reduced, and cell apoptosis was increased. Additionally, Caki1 cells transfected with LOXL2 exhibited an opposite trend. In summary, these results indicate that LOXL2 silencing inhibits the invasion, migration and EMT in RCC cells through inhibition of the Src/FAK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Yu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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23
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Li T, Wu C, Gao L, Qin F, Wei Q, Yuan J. Lysyl oxidase family members in urological tumorigenesis and fibrosis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20156-20164. [PMID: 29732010 PMCID: PMC5929453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular copper-dependent monoamine oxidase that catalyzes crosslinking of soluble collagen and elastin into insoluble, mature fibers. Lysyl oxidase-like proteins (LOXL), LOX isozymes with partial structural homology, exhibit similar catalytic activities. This review summarizes recent findings describing the roles of LOX family members in urological cancers and fibrosis. LOX/LOXL play key roles in extracellular matrix stability and integrity, which is essential for normal female pelvic floor function. LOX/LOXL inhibition may reverse kidney fibrosis and ischemic priapism. LOX and LOXL2 reportedly promote kidney carcinoma tumorigenesis, while LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL4 suppress bladder cancer growth. Multiple studies agree that the LOX propeptide may suppress tumor growth, but the role of LOX in prostate cancer remains controversial. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact effects and mechanism of LOX/LOXL on urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changjing Wu
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Qin
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiuhong Yuan
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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24
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Meta-analysis of gene expression and integrin-associated signaling pathways in papillary renal cell carcinoma subtypes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84178-84189. [PMID: 27705936 PMCID: PMC5356653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is the second most common renal cell carcinoma (RCC) that can be further subdivided into type 1 (PRCC1) and type 2 (PRCC2) RCCs based on histological and genetic features. PRCC2 is often more aggressive than PRCC1. While integrin-associated protein complexes mediate tumorigenesis and metastases in many types of cancers it is not known whether integrin-mediated signaling impacts PRCC and differs between PRCC1 and PRCC2. In this study, we combined the analysis of five PRCC gene expression datasets derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) by using integrative bioinformatics pipelines. We found 1475 differentially expressed genes among which 37 genes were associated with integrin pathways. In comparison with PRCC1, PRCC2 cases showed upregulated expression of α5-integrin (ITGA5) whereas the expression of α6- (ITGA6) and β8-integrins (ITGB8) was downregulated. Because PRCC2 occurs more frequently in men, the meta-analysis was extended to explore the gender effects. This analysis revealed 8 genes but none of them was related to integrin pathways suggesting that other mechanisms than integrin-mediated signaling underlie the observed gender differences in the pathogenicity of PRCC2.
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25
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Park JS, Lee JH, Lee YS, Kim JK, Dong SM, Yoon DS. Emerging role of LOXL2 in the promotion of pancreas cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42539-42552. [PMID: 27285767 PMCID: PMC5173154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is associated with invasiveness and metastasis in cancer. We analyzed the prognostic impact of LOXL2 in pancreatic cancer patients and investigated the role of LOXL2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in samples from 80 patients and showed LOXL2 expression in 81.2% of patients with pancreatic cancer. Regarding recurrence patterns, LOXL2-positive tumors showed a significantly higher rate of distant recurrence. The 1-year and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 84.6% and 0.0%, respectively, for LOXL2-negative patients, and 27.8 % and 0.0 %, respectively, for LOXL2-positive patients. On univariate analysis, combined resection of major vessels, depth of invasion, tumor stage, and LOXL2- positive status were significant factors for poor prognosis. After identification of LOXL2 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, LOXL2-silenced and LOXL2-overexpressed cell lines were used to perform transwell invasion and transendothelial migration assays. In vitro studies indicated that LOXL2 silencing in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells induced a mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET)-like process associated with decreased invasive and migratory properties. LOXL2 overexpression in AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process and increased migratory and invasive activity. These clinical and preclinical data confirm that higher LOXL2 expression is associated with the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and the low survival rate of pancreatic cancer patients. Our results suggest the clinical value of LOXL2 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seong Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Keun Kim
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Myung Dong
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Dong Sup Yoon
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Breuksch I, Prosinger F, Baehr F, Engelhardt FP, Bauer HK, Thüroff JW, Heimes AS, Hasenburg A, Prawitt D, Brenner W. Integrin α5 triggers the metastatic potential in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107530-107542. [PMID: 29296184 PMCID: PMC5746086 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still a major challenge. To intervene therapeutically a deeper comprehension of the particular steps of metastasis is necessary. In this context membrane bound receptors like integrins play a decisive role. We analyzed the integrin α5 expression in 141 clear cell RCC patients by Western blot. Patients with RCC expressed a significant higher level of integrin α5 in tumor than in normal tissue. The integrin α5 expression correlated with tumor grade, the development of distant metastases within five years after tumor nephrectomy and reduced survival. The RCC cell lines Caki-1 and CCF-RC1, which highly express integrin α5, were treated with fibronectin in combination with or without an inhibiting anti-integrin α5 antibody. Afterwards the migration, adhesion, viability and prominent signaling molecules were analyzed. Both cell lines showed a significant reduced migration potential as well as a decreased adhesion potential to fibronectin after treatment with an integrin α5 blocking antibody. A contribution of the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways could be demonstrated. The results indicate integrin α5 as a potent marker to discriminate patients’ tumor prognosis. Consequently the integrin subunit α5 can be considered as a target for individual therapy of advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Breuksch
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Prosinger
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Baehr
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Peter Engelhardt
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heide-Katharina Bauer
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W Thüroff
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Heimes
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annette Hasenburg
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Motzer RJ, Figlin RA, Martini JF, Hariharan S, Agarwal N, Li CX, Williams JA, Hutson TE. Germline Genetic Biomarkers of Sunitinib Efficacy in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From the RENAL EFFECT Trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:526-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Zhan X, Jiao J, Zhang H, Li C, Zhao J, Liao L, Wu J, Wu B, Wu Z, Wang S, Du Z, Shen J, Zou H, Neufeld G, Xu L, Li E. A three-gene signature from protein-protein interaction network of LOXL2- and actin-related proteins for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma prognosis. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1707-1719. [PMID: 28556501 PMCID: PMC5504325 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current staging is inadequate for predicting clinical outcome of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Aberrant expression of LOXL2 and actin-related proteins plays important roles in ESCC. Here, we aimed to develop a novel molecular signature that exceeds the power of the current staging system in predicting ESCC prognosis. We found that LOXL2 colocalized with filamentous actin in ESCC cells, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that LOXL2 is related to the actin cytoskeleton. An ESCC-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) network involving LOXL2 and actin-related proteins was generated based on genome-wide RNA-seq in 15 paired ESCC samples, and the prognostic significance of 14 core genes was analyzed. Using risk score calculation, a three-gene signature comprising LOXL2, CDH1, and FN1 was derived from transcriptome data of patients with ESCC. The high-risk three-gene signature strongly correlated with poor prognosis in a training cohort of 60 patients (P = 0.003). In mRNA and protein levels, the prognostic values of this signature were further validated in 243 patients from a testing cohort (P = 0.001) and two validation cohorts (P = 0.021, P = 0.007). Furthermore, Cox regression analysis revealed that the signature was an independent prognostic factor. Compared with using the signature or TNM stage alone, the combined model significantly enhanced the accuracy in evaluating ESCC prognosis. In conclusion, our data reveal that the tumor-promoting role of LOXL2 in ESCC is mediated by perturbing the architecture of actin cytoskeleton through its PPIs. We generated a novel three-gene signature (PPI interfaces) that robustly predicts poor clinical outcome in ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu‐hui Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Ji‐wei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Hai‐feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Chun‐quan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- College of Medical InformaticsDaqing CampusHarbin Medical UniversityDaqingHeilongjiangChina
| | - Jian‐mei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Lian‐di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- Institute of Oncologic PathologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Jian‐yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Bing‐li Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhi‐yong Wu
- Department of Tumor SurgeryShantou Central HospitalAffiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Shao‐hong Wang
- Department of PathologyShantou Central HospitalAffiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Ze‐peng Du
- Department of PathologyShantou Central HospitalAffiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Jin‐hui Shen
- Department of PathologyShantou Central HospitalAffiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Hai‐ying Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer Research and Vascular Biology CenterThe Bruce Rappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnionIsrael Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - Li‐yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- Institute of Oncologic PathologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - En‐min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan AreaShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
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29
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Harlander S, Schönenberger D, Toussaint NC, Prummer M, Catalano A, Brandt L, Moch H, Wild PJ, Frew IJ. Combined mutation in Vhl, Trp53 and Rb1 causes clear cell renal cell carcinoma in mice. Nat Med 2017; 23:869-877. [PMID: 28553932 PMCID: PMC5509015 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) frequently exhibit inactivation of the VHL tumour suppressor gene and often harbour multiple copy number alterations in genes that regulate cell cycle progression. We show here that modelling these genetic alterations by combined renal epithelium-specific deletion of Vhl, Trp53 and Rb1 in mice caused ccRCC. These tumours arose from proximal tubule epithelial cells and shared molecular markers and mRNA expression profiles with human ccRCC. Exome sequencing revealed that mouse and human ccRCCs exhibit recurrent mutations in genes associated with the primary cilium, uncovering a mutational convergence on this organelle and implicating a subset of ccRCCs as genetic ciliopathies. Different mouse tumours responded differently to standard therapies for advanced human ccRCC, mimicking the range of clinical behaviours in the human disease. Inhibition of HIF-α transcription factors with Acriflavine as third line therapy had therapeutic effects in some tumours, providing pre-clinical evidence for further investigation of HIF-α inhibition as a ccRCC treatment. This autochthonous mouse ccRCC model represents a tool to investigate the biology of ccRCC and to identify new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Harlander
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora C Toussaint
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Prummer
- NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Catalano
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Translational Cell Research, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Brandt
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Wild
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian J Frew
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Translational Cell Research, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Wang M, Zhao X, Zhu D, Liu T, Liang X, Liu F, Zhang Y, Dong X, Sun B. HIF-1α promoted vasculogenic mimicry formation in hepatocellular carcinoma through LOXL2 up-regulation in hypoxic tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:60. [PMID: 28449718 PMCID: PMC5408450 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have steadily increased in recent years. A hypoxic microenvironment is one of the most important characteristics of solid tumors which has been shown to promote tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and vasculogenic mimicry have been regarded as crucial contributing factors to cancer progression. HIF-1α functions as a master transcriptional regulator in the adaptive response to hypoxia. Lysyl oxidases like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase family, which main function is to catalyze the covalent cross-linkages of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. Recent work has demonstrated that HIF-1α promotes the expression of LOXL2, which is believed to amplify tumor aggressiveness. LOXL2 has shown to promote metastasis and is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of our study is to explore the role of HIF-1α in progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting the expression of LOXL2 as well as the potential regulatory mechanism. Methods HIF-1α, LOXL2 expression and CD31/periodic acid-Schiff double staining in HCC patient samples were examined by immunohistochemical staining. shRNA plasmids against HIF-1α was used to determine whether LOXL2 been increased by HIF-1α. We monitored a series of rescue assays to demonstrate our hypothesis that LOXL2 is required and sufficient for HIF-1α induced EMT and VM formation, which mediates cellular transformation and takes effect in cellular invasion. Then we performed GeneChip® Human Transcriptome Array (HTA) 2.0 in HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells overexpressed LOXL2 and HepG2 cells treated with CoCl2. Results In clinical HCC tissues, it confirmed a positive relationship between HIF-1α and LOXL2 protein. Importantly, HIF-1α and LOXL2 high expression and the presence of vasculogenic mimicry were correlated to poor prognosis. HIF-1α was found to induce EMT, HCC cell migration, invasion and VM formation by regulating LOXL2. The results of microarray assays were analyzed. Conclusion HIF-1α plays an important role in the development of HCC by promoting HCC metastasis, EMT and VM through up-regulating LOXL2. This study highlights the potential therapeutic value of targeting LOXL2 for suppression of HCC metastasis and progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0533-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Dongwang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tieju Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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31
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Zheng W, Wang X, Chen Q, Fang K, Wang L, Chen F, Li X, Li Z, Wang J, Liu Y, Yang D, Song X. Low extracellular lysyl oxidase expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3161-3166. [PMID: 27899976 PMCID: PMC5103911 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is induced by lysyl oxidase (LOX), has been demonstrated to accompany tumor progression; however, the association between LOX expression levels and the malignant behavior of prostate cancer (Pca) remains unclear. The present study aimed to analyze the tumor-associated expression profile of LOX in patients with Pca and to evaluate its potential prognostic value. In the form of a retrospective study, the expression patterns of LOX and collagen I were analyzed in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and Pca by immunohistochemical examination. The results demonstrated that, with the initiation and progression of Pca, the expression levels of LOX and collagen I were closely associated with Gleason score and tumor stage. In addition, although LOX was expressed in cancer and non-cancer tissues, the differential expression pattern observed in the ECM of Pca cells may indicate that LOX is an important molecule that affects the progression of this disease. Therefore, LOX expression level in the ECM may function as an independent predictor of Pca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xuejian Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Kun Fang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiancheng Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Ziyao Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yingxi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, P.R. China
| | - Xishuang Song
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Kurozumi A, Kato M, Goto Y, Matsushita R, Nishikawa R, Okato A, Fukumoto I, Ichikawa T, Seki N. Regulation of the collagen cross-linking enzymes LOXL2 and PLOD2 by tumor-suppressive microRNA-26a/b in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1837-46. [PMID: 26983694 PMCID: PMC4809659 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies of microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures in human cancers revealed that microRNA-26a (miRNA-26a) and microRNA-26b (miRNA-26b) were significantly reduced in cancer tissues. To date, few reports have provided functional analyses of miR-26a or miR-26b in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional significance of miR-26a and miR-26b in RCC and to identify novel miR-26a/b-mediated cancer pathways and target genes involved in RCC oncogenesis and metastasis. Downregulation of miR-26a or miR-26b was confirmed in RCC clinical specimens. Restoration of miR-26a or miR-26b in RCC cell lines (786-O and A498) revealed that these miRNAs significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Our in silico analysis and luciferase reporter assays showed that lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) were directly regulated by these miRNAs. Moreover, downregulating the PLOD2 gene significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion in RCC cells. Thus, our data showed that two genes promoting metastasis, LOXL2 and PLOD2, were epigenetically regulated by tumor-suppressive microRNAs, miR-26a and miR-26b, providing important insights into the molecular mechanisms of RCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kurozumi
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Goto
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Rika Nishikawa
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fukumoto
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Nishikawa R, Chiyomaru T, Enokida H, Inoguchi S, Ishihara T, Matsushita R, Goto Y, Fukumoto I, Nakagawa M, Seki N. Tumour-suppressive microRNA-29s directly regulate LOXL2 expression and inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2136-45. [PMID: 26096783 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here, we found that members of the microRNA-29 family (miR-29a/b/c; "miR-29s") were significantly reduced in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues, suggesting that they functioned as tumour suppressors. Restoration of all mature members of the miR-29 family inhibited cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. LOXL2 was a direct target gene of miR-29s, as shown by genome-wide gene expression analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Overexpressed LOXL2 was confirmed in ccRCC clinical specimens, and silencing of LOXL2 inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion in ccRCC cell lines. Our data demonstrated that the miR-29s-LOXL2 axis contributed to cancer cell migration and invasion in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nishikawa
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Chiyomaru
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Satoru Inoguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yusuke Goto
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fukumoto
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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