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Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Fu J, Zhang J, Shao H, Liu S, Lai J, Zhou X, Liang R, Jia L, Cui W, Yang J, Wu C, Wang L. KDM1A, a potent and selective target, for the treatment of DNMT3A-deficient non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02772-x. [PMID: 38951697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNMT3A is a crucial epigenetic regulation enzyme. However, due to its heterogeneous nature and frequent mutation in various cancers, the role of DNMT3A remains controversial. Here, we determine the role of DNMT3A in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to identify potential treatment strategies. METHODS To investigate the role of loss-of-function mutations of DNMT3A in NSCLC, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to induce DNMT3A-inactivating mutations. Epigenetic inhibitor library was screened to find the synthetic lethal partner of DNMT3A. Both pharmacological inhibitors and gene manipulation were used to evaluate the synthetic lethal efficacy of DNMT3A/KDM1A in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, MS-PCR, ChIP-qPCR, dual luciferase reporter gene assay and clinical sample analysis were applied to elucidate the regulation mechanism of synthetic lethal interaction. RESULTS We identified DNMT3A is a tumour suppressor gene in NSCLC and KDM1A as a synthetic lethal partner of DNMT3A deletion. Both chemical KDM1A inhibitors and gene manipulation can selectively reduce the viability of DNMT3A-KO cells through inducing cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We clarified that the synthetic lethality is not only limited to the death mode, but also involved into tumour metastasis. Mechanistically, DNMT3A deficiency induces KDM1A upregulation through reducing the methylation status of the KDM1A promoter and analysis of clinical samples indicated that DNMT3A expression was negatively correlated with KDM1A level. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insight into the role of DNMT3A in NSCLC and elucidate the mechanism of synthetic lethal interaction between KDM1A and DNMT3A, which might represent a promising approach for treating patients with DNMT3A-deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinjiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shougeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jiacheng Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruijuan Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lina Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Pilié PG, Giuliani V, Wang WL, McGrail DJ, Bristow CA, Ngoi NY, Kyewalabye K, Wani KM, Le H, Campbell E, Sanchez NS, Yang D, Gheeya JS, Goswamy RV, Holla V, Shaw KR, Meric-Bernstam F, Liu CY, Ma X, Feng N, Machado AA, Bardenhagen JP, Vellano CP, Marszalek JR, Rajendra E, Piscitello D, Johnson TI, Likhatcheva M, Elinati E, Majithiya J, Neves J, Grinkevich V, Ranzani M, Luzarraga MR, Boursier M, Armstrong L, Geo L, Lillo G, Tse WY, Lazar AJ, Kopetz SE, Geck Do MK, Lively S, Johnson MG, Robinson HM, Smith GC, Carroll CL, Di Francesco ME, Jones P, Heffernan TP, Yap TA. Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Loss-of-Function Displays Variant and Tissue-Specific Differences across Tumor Types. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2121-2139. [PMID: 38416404 PMCID: PMC11094420 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the ATM gene are common in multiple cancers, but clinical studies of therapies targeting ATM-aberrant cancers have yielded mixed results. Refinement of ATM loss of function (LOF) as a predictive biomarker of response is urgently needed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We present the first disclosure and preclinical development of a novel, selective ATR inhibitor, ART0380, and test its antitumor activity in multiple preclinical cancer models. To refine ATM LOF as a predictive biomarker, we performed a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of ATM variants in patient tumors and then assessed the ATM variant-to-protein relationship. Finally, we assessed a novel ATM LOF biomarker approach in retrospective clinical data sets of patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy or ATR inhibition. RESULTS ART0380 had potent, selective antitumor activity in a range of preclinical cancer models with differing degrees of ATM LOF. Pan-cancer analysis identified 10,609 ATM variants in 8,587 patient tumors. Cancer lineage-specific differences were seen in the prevalence of deleterious (Tier 1) versus unknown/benign (Tier 2) variants, selective pressure for loss of heterozygosity, and concordance between a deleterious variant and ATM loss of protein (LOP). A novel ATM LOF biomarker approach that accounts for variant classification, relationship to ATM LOP, and tissue-specific penetrance significantly enriched for patients who benefited from platinum-based chemotherapy or ATR inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These data help to better define ATM LOF across tumor types in order to optimize patient selection and improve molecularly targeted therapeutic approaches for patients with ATM LOF cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Pilié
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Virginia Giuliani
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel J. McGrail
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher A. Bristow
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Natalie Y.L. Ngoi
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Kyewalabye
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khalida M. Wani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hung Le
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Erick Campbell
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nora S. Sanchez
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Yang
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jinesh S. Gheeya
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Vijaykumar Holla
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenna Rael Shaw
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chiu-Yi Liu
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - XiaoYan Ma
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ningping Feng
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Annette A. Machado
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer P. Bardenhagen
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher P. Vellano
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph R. Marszalek
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eeson Rajendra
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Desiree Piscitello
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy I. Johnson
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Likhatcheva
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Elinati
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Majithiya
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Neves
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Grinkevich
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Ranzani
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Roy Luzarraga
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Boursier
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Armstrong
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lerin Geo
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Lillo
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Yiu Tse
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E. Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K. Geck Do
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah Lively
- ChemPartner Corporation, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Helen M.R. Robinson
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme C.M. Smith
- Artios Pharma, the Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L. Carroll
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - M. Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy P. Heffernan
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy A. Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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3
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Liu TT, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ye B, Liu T, Yan L, Fan J, Xu J, Zhou Y, Xia Z, Deng X. Discovery of a Meisoindigo-Derived PROTAC as the ATM Degrader: Revolutionizing Colorectal Cancer Therapy via Synthetic Lethality with ATR Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7620-7634. [PMID: 38634707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Meisoindigo (Mei) has long been recognized in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment. To elucidate its molecular target and mechanisms, we embarked on designing and synthesizing a series of Mei-derived PROTACs. Through this endeavor, VHL-type PROTAC 9b was identified to be highly cytotoxic against SW620, SW480, and K562 cells. Employing DiaPASEF-based quantitative proteomic analysis, in combination with extensive validation assays, we unveiled that 9b potently and selectively degraded ATM across SW620 and SW480 cells in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. 9b-induced selective ATM degradation prompted DNA damage response cascades, thereby leading to the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. This pioneering discovery renders the advent of ATM degradation for anti-cancer therapy. Notably, 9b-induced ATM degradation synergistically enhanced the efficacy of ATR inhibitor AZD6738 both in vitro and in vivo. This work establishes the synthetic lethality-inducing properties of ATR inhibitors in the ATM-deficient context, thereby providing new avenues to innovative therapies for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuxing Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Baixin Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311106, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Linyang Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jinbao Fan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jiahao Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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4
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Kazansky Y, Mueller HS, Cameron D, Demarest P, Zaffaroni N, Arrighetti N, Zuco V, Mundi PS, Kuwahara Y, Somwar R, Qu R, Califano A, de Stanchina E, Dela Cruz FS, Kung AL, Gounder MM, Kentsis A. Epigenetic targeting of PGBD5-dependent DNA damage in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592420. [PMID: 38766189 PMCID: PMC11100591 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the potential of targeted epigenetic therapies, most cancers do not respond to current epigenetic drugs. The Polycomb repressive complex EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat was recently approved for the treatment of SMARCB1-deficient epithelioid sarcomas, based on the functional antagonism between PRC2 and loss of SMARCB1. Through the analysis of tazemetostat-treated patient tumors, we recently defined key principles of their response and resistance to EZH2 epigenetic therapy. Here, using transcriptomic inference from SMARCB1-deficient tumor cells, we nominate the DNA damage repair kinase ATR as a target for rational combination EZH2 epigenetic therapy. We show that EZH2 inhibition promotes DNA damage in epithelioid and rhabdoid tumor cells, at least in part via its induction of the transposase-derived PGBD5. We leverage this collateral synthetic lethal dependency to target PGBD5-dependent DNA damage by inhibition of ATR but not CHK1 using elimusertib. Consequently, combined EZH2 and ATR inhibition improves therapeutic responses in diverse patient-derived epithelioid and rhabdoid tumors in vivo. This advances a combination epigenetic therapy based on EZH2-PGBD5 synthetic lethal dependency suitable for immediate translation to clinical trials for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Kazansky
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen S. Mueller
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cameron
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phillip Demarest
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Prabhjot S. Mundi
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Qu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Filemon S. Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mrinal M. Gounder
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Mavroeidi D, Georganta A, Panagiotou E, Syrigos K, Souliotis VL. Targeting ATR Pathway in Solid Tumors: Evidence of Improving Therapeutic Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2767. [PMID: 38474014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) system is a complicated network of signaling pathways that detects and repairs DNA damage or induces apoptosis. Critical regulators of the DDR network include the DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATR pathway coordinates processes such as replication stress response, stabilization of replication forks, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. ATR inhibition disrupts these functions, causing a reduction of DNA repair, accumulation of DNA damage, replication fork collapse, inappropriate mitotic entry, and mitotic catastrophe. Recent data have shown that the inhibition of ATR can lead to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient malignancies. In addition, ATR inhibition plays a significant role in the activation of the immune system by increasing the tumor mutational burden and neoantigen load as well as by triggering the accumulation of cytosolic DNA and subsequently inducing the cGAS-STING pathway and the type I IFN response. Taken together, we review stimulating data showing that ATR kinase inhibition can alter the DDR network, the immune system, and their interplay and, therefore, potentially provide a novel strategy to improve the efficacy of antitumor therapy, using ATR inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with genotoxic drugs and/or immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Mavroeidi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Georganta
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Panagiotou
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L Souliotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
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6
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De Mel S, Lee AR, Tan JHI, Tan RZY, Poon LM, Chan E, Lee J, Chee YL, Lakshminarasappa SR, Jaynes PW, Jeyasekharan AD. Targeting the DNA damage response in hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1307839. [PMID: 38347838 PMCID: PMC10859481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1307839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of many cancers. The dependency of certain cancers on DDR pathways has enabled exploitation of such through synthetically lethal relationships e.g., Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for BRCA deficient ovarian cancers. Though lagging behind that of solid cancers, DDR inhibitors (DDRi) are being clinically developed for haematological cancers. Furthermore, a high proliferative index characterize many such cancers, suggesting a rationale for combinatorial strategies targeting DDR and replicative stress. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical and clinical data on DDR inhibition in haematological malignancies and highlight distinct haematological cancer subtypes with activity of DDR agents as single agents or in combination with chemotherapeutics and targeted agents. We aim to provide a framework to guide the design of future clinical trials involving haematological cancers for this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay De Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ainsley Ryan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joelle Hwee Inn Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel Zi Yi Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Mei Poon
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esther Chan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Lin Chee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satish R. Lakshminarasappa
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand D. Jeyasekharan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Khamidullina AI, Abramenko YE, Bruter AV, Tatarskiy VV. Key Proteins of Replication Stress Response and Cell Cycle Control as Cancer Therapy Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1263. [PMID: 38279263 PMCID: PMC10816012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Replication stress (RS) is a characteristic state of cancer cells as they tend to exchange precision of replication for fast proliferation and increased genomic instability. To overcome the consequences of improper replication control, malignant cells frequently inactivate parts of their DNA damage response (DDR) pathways (the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway), while relying on other pathways which help to maintain replication fork stability (ATR-CHK1). This creates a dependency on the remaining DDR pathways, vulnerability to further destabilization of replication and synthetic lethality of DDR inhibitors with common oncogenic alterations such as mutations of TP53, RB1, ATM, amplifications of MYC, CCNE1 and others. The response to RS is normally limited by coordination of cell cycle, transcription and replication. Inhibition of WEE1 and PKMYT1 kinases, which prevent unscheduled mitosis entry, leads to fragility of under-replicated sites. Recent evidence also shows that inhibition of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), such as CDK4/6, CDK2, CDK8/19 and CDK12/13 can contribute to RS through disruption of DNA repair and replication control. Here, we review the main causes of RS in cancers as well as main therapeutic targets-ATR, CHK1, PARP and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina I. Khamidullina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav E. Abramenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
| | - Alexandra V. Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Tatarskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncobiology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.K.); (Y.E.A.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Sartori G, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Cascione L, Mascia M, Barreca M, Arribas AJ, Licenziato L, Golino G, Ferragamo A, Pileri S, Damia G, Zucca E, Stathis A, Politz O, Wengner AM, Bertoni F. The ATR inhibitor elimusertib exhibits anti-lymphoma activity and synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:191-205. [PMID: 38011941 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is the cellular process of preserving an intact genome and is often deregulated in lymphoma cells. The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a crucial factor of DDR in the response to DNA single-strand breaks. ATR inhibitors are agents that have shown considerable clinical potential in this context. We characterized the activity of the ATR inhibitor elimusertib (BAY 1895344) in a large panel of lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, we evaluated its activity combined with the clinically approved PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in vitro and in vivo. Elimusertib exhibits potent anti-tumour activity across various lymphoma subtypes, which is associated with the expression of genes related to replication stress, cell cycle regulation and, as also sustained by CRISPR Cas9 experiments, CDKN2A loss. In several tumour models, elimusertib demonstrated widespread anti-tumour activity stronger than ceralasertib, another ATR inhibitor. This activity is present in both DDR-proficient and DDR-deficient lymphoma models. Furthermore, a combination of ATR and PI3K inhibition by treatment with elimusertib and copanlisib has in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activity, providing a potential new treatment option for lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Mascia
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J Arribas
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Licenziato
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gaetanina Golino
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adele Ferragamo
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Division of Diagnostic Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Politz
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje M Wengner
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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9
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Biswas H, Makinwa Y, Zou Y. Novel Cellular Functions of ATR for Therapeutic Targeting: Embryogenesis to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11684. [PMID: 37511442 PMCID: PMC10380702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is recognized as having an important role in cancer growth and treatment. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has shown significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. ATR inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effectiveness, not just as monotherapies but also in enhancing the effects of standard chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The biological basis of ATR is examined in this review, as well as its functional significance in the development and therapy of cancer, and the justification for inhibiting this target as a therapeutic approach, including an assessment of the progress and status of previous decades' development of effective and selective ATR inhibitors. The current applications of these inhibitors in preclinical and clinical investigations as single medicines or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are also fully reviewed. This review concludes with some insights into the many concerns highlighted or identified with ATR inhibitors in both the preclinical and clinical contexts, as well as potential remedies proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.B.); (Y.M.)
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10
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Duan Y, Zhuang L, Xu Y, Cheng H, Xia J, Lu T, Chen Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as novel ATR inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106535. [PMID: 37086581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeting ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is being pursued as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of advanced solid tumor with specific DNA damage response deficiency. Herein, we report a series of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives with potent ATR inhibitory activity through structure-based drug design. Among them, the representative compound 10q exhibited excellent potency against ATR in both biochemical and cellular assays. More importantly, 10q exhibited good liver microsomes stability in different species and also showed moderate inhibitory activity against HT-29 cells in combination treatment with the ATM inhibitor AZD1390. Thus, this work provides a promising lead compound against ATR for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Duan
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yerong Xu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Haodong Cheng
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jiawei Xia
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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11
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Shao J, Huang L, Lai W, Zou Y, Zhu Q. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) Kinase for the Efficient Treatment of Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114521. [PMID: 37298997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR), a vital member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, plays a critical role in the DNA damage response (DDR). Tumor cells with a loss of DDR function or defects in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene are generally more dependent on ATR for survival, suggesting that ATR is an attractive anticancer drug target based on its synthetic lethality. Herein, we present a potent and highly selective ATR inhibitor, ZH-12 (IC50 = 0.0068 μM). It showed potent antitumor activity as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma LoVo tumor xenograft mouse model. Overall, ZH-12 may be a promising ATR inhibitor based on the principle of synthetic lethality and deserves further in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Shao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Wenwen Lai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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12
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Menon S, Breese MR, Lin YP, Allegakoen H, Perati S, Heslin A, Horlbeck MA, Weissman J, Sweet-Cordero EA, Bivona TG, Tulpule A. FET fusion oncoproteins disrupt physiologic DNA repair networks in cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.30.538578. [PMID: 37205599 PMCID: PMC10187251 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.30.538578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While oncogenes promote cancer cell growth, unrestrained proliferation represents a significant stressor to cellular homeostasis networks such as the DNA damage response (DDR). To enable oncogene tolerance, many cancers disable tumor suppressive DDR signaling through genetic loss of DDR pathways and downstream effectors (e.g., ATM or p53 tumor suppressor mutations). Whether and how oncogenes can help "self-tolerize" by creating analogous functional deficiencies in physiologic DDR networks is not known. Here we focus on Ewing sarcoma, a FET fusion oncoprotein (EWS-FLI1) driven pediatric bone tumor, as a model for the class of FET rearranged cancers. Native FET protein family members are among the earliest factors recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during the DDR, though the function of both native FET proteins and FET fusion oncoproteins in DNA repair remains to be defined. Using preclinical mechanistic studies of the DDR and clinical genomic datasets from patient tumors, we discover that the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein is recruited to DNA DSBs and interferes with native FET (EWS) protein function in activating the DNA damage sensor ATM. As a consequence of FET fusion-mediated interference with the DDR, we establish functional ATM deficiency as the principal DNA repair defect in Ewing sarcoma and the compensatory ATR signaling axis as a collateral dependency and therapeutic target in multiple FET rearranged cancers. More generally, we find that aberrant recruitment of a fusion oncoprotein to sites of DNA damage can disrupt physiologic DSB repair, revealing a mechanism for how growth-promoting oncogenes can also create a functional deficiency within tumor suppressive DDR networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Menon
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 444 East 68th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcus R. Breese
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yone Phar Lin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hannah Allegakoen
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shruthi Perati
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ann Heslin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Max A. Horlbeck
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Jonathan Weissman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Trever G. Bivona
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Asmin Tulpule
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 444 East 68th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10065
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13
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Chien W, Tyner JW, Gery S, Zheng Y, Li LY, Gopinatha Pillai MS, Nam C, Bhowmick NA, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. Treatment for ovarian clear cell carcinoma with combined inhibition of WEE1 and ATR. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:80. [PMID: 37087441 PMCID: PMC10122390 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard platinum-based therapy for ovarian cancer is inefficient against ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). OCCC is a distinct subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. OCCC constitutes 25% of ovarian cancers in East Asia (Japan, Korea, China, Singapore) and 6-10% in Europe and North America. The cancer is characterized by frequent inactivation of ARID1A and 10% of cases of endometriosis progression to OCCC. The aim of this study was to identify drugs that are either FDA-approved or in clinical trials for the treatment of OCCC. RESULTS High throughput screening of 166 compounds that are either FDA-approved, in clinical trials or are in pre-clinical studies identified several cytotoxic compounds against OCCC. ARID1A knockdown cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of either mTOR (PP242), dual mTOR/PI3K (GDC0941), ATR (AZD6738) or MDM2 (RG7388) compared to control cells. Also, compounds targeting BH3 domain (AZD4320) and SRC (AZD0530) displayed preferential cytotoxicity against ARID1A mutant cell lines. In addition, WEE1 inhibitor (AZD1775) showed broad cytotoxicity toward OCCC cell lines, irrespective of ARID1A status. CONCLUSIONS In a selection of 166 compounds we showed that inhibitors of ATR and WEE1 were cytotoxic against a panel of OCCC cell lines. These two drugs are already in other clinical trials, making them ideal candidates for treatment of OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chien
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sigal Gery
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Shankar Gopinatha Pillai
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Chehyun Nam
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
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14
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Duan Y, Cheng H, Zhuang L, Xia J, Xu Y, Zhang R, Sun R, Lu T, Chen Y. Discovery of Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent and selective inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115370. [PMID: 37130473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3-related (ATR) kinase regulates the DNA damage response (DDR), which plays a critical role in the ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway. ATR inhibition can induce synthetic lethality (SL) with several DDR deficiencies, making it an attractive drug target for cancers with DDR defects. In this study, we developed a series of selective and potent ATR inhibitors with a thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine scaffold using a hybrid design. We identified compound 34 as a representative molecule that inhibited ATR kinase with an IC50 value of 1.5 nM and showed reduced potency against other kinases tested. Compound 34 also exhibited potent antiproliferative effects against LoVo cells and SL effects against HT-29 cells. Moreover, compound 34 demonstrated good pharmacokinetic properties, in vivo antitumor efficacy, and no obvious toxicity in the LoVo xenograft tumor model. Therefore, compound 34 is a promising lead compound for drug development to combat specific DDR deficiencies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Duan
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Haodong Cheng
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Jiawei Xia
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yerong Xu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Ruyue Zhang
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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15
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Leibrandt RC, Tu MJ, Yu AM, Lara PN, Parikh M. ATR Inhibition in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023; 21:203-207. [PMID: 36604210 PMCID: PMC10750798 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway is intricately involved in protecting the integrity of the human genome by suppressing replication stress and repairing DNA damage. ATR is a promising therapeutic target in cancer cells because its inhibition could lead to an accumulation of damaged DNA preventing further replication and division. ATR inhibition is being studied in multiple types of cancer, including advanced urothelial carcinoma where there remains an unmet need for novel therapies to improve outcomes. Herein, we review preclinical and clinical data evaluating 4 ATR inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy. The scope of this review is focused on contemporary studies evaluating the application of this novel therapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Leibrandt
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Primo N Lara
- University of California at Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Mamta Parikh
- University of California at Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
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16
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Li S, Wang T, Fei X, Zhang M. ATR Inhibitors in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235902. [PMID: 36497387 PMCID: PMC9740197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) is one of the deadliest types of epithelial ovarian cancer, and it is associated with a poor prognosis as the median overall survival (OS) is less than 12 months. Targeted therapy is a popular emerging treatment method. Several targeted therapies, including those using bevacizumab and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi), have been used to treat PROC. Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-Related Protein Kinase inhibitors (ATRi) have attracted attention as a promising class of targeted drugs that can regulate the cell cycle and influence homologous recombination (HR) repair. In recent years, many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ATRis in PROC. This review focuses on the anticancer mechanism of ATRis and the progress of research on ATRis for PROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xichang Fei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3811-3827. [PMID: 35567571 PMCID: PMC9627783 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of proteins which detect and repair DNA damage, thereby maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing the transmission of mutations and rearranged chromosomes to daughter cells. Faults in the DDR are a known driver and hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of DDR enzymes can be used to treat the disease. This is exemplified by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat cancers with defects in the homologous recombination DDR pathway. A series of novel DDR targets are now also under pre-clinical or clinical investigation, including inhibitors of ATR kinase, WRN helicase or the DNA polymerase/helicase Polθ (Pol-Theta). Drug resistance is a common phenomenon that impairs the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments and there is already some understanding of how resistance to PARPi occurs. Here, we discuss how an understanding of PARPi resistance could inform how resistance to new drugs targeting the DDR emerges. We also discuss potential strategies that could limit the impact of these therapy resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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18
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Ngoi NYL, Westin SN, Yap TA. Targeting the DNA damage response beyond poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors: novel agents and rational combinations. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:559-569. [PMID: 35787597 PMCID: PMC9371461 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have transformed treatment paradigms in multiple cancer types defined by homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and have become the archetypal example of synthetic lethal targeting within the DNA damage response (DDR). Despite this success, primary and acquired resistance to PARP inhibition inevitability threaten the efficacy and durability of response to these drugs. Beyond PARP inhibitors, recent advances in large-scale functional genomic screens have led to the identification of a steadily growing list of genetic dependencies across the DDR landscape. This has led to a wide array of novel synthetic lethal targets and corresponding inhibitors, which hold promise to widen the application of DDR inhibitors beyond HRD and potentially address PARP inhibitor resistance. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we describe key synthetic lethal interactions that have been identified across the DDR landscape, summarize the early phase clinical development of the most promising DDR inhibitors, and highlight relevant combinations of DDR inhibitors with chemotherapy and other novel cancer therapies, which are anticipated to make an impact in rationally selected patient populations. SUMMARY The DDR landscape holds multiple opportunities for synthetic lethal targeting with multiple novel DDR inhibitors being evaluated on early phase clinical trials. Key challenges remain in optimizing the therapeutic window of ATR and WEE1 inhibitors as monotherapy and in combination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Division of Surgery
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine
- The Institute for Applied Cancer Science
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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The Role of ATR Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer: Investigating Predictive Biomarkers of Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152361. [PMID: 35954206 PMCID: PMC9367423 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad-3 related kinase (ATR) signals DNA lesions and replication stress (RS) to the S and G2/M checkpoints and DNA repair pathways making it a promising target to exploit the dysregulated DNA damage response in cancer. ATR inhibitors (ATRi) are under clinical investigation as monotherapy and in combination with other anticancer agents. Molecular determinants of sensitivity to ATRi are common in ovarian cancer, suggesting the therapeutic potential of ATRi. We investigated the cytotoxicity of the ATRi, VE-821, in a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines. High grade serous (HGS) cell lines were significantly more sensitive to VE-821 than non-HGS (p ≤ 0.0001) but previously identified determinants of sensitivity (TP53, ATM and BRCA1) were not predictive. Only low RAD51 (p = 0.041), TopBP1 (p = 0.026) and APOBEC3B (p = 0.015) protein expression were associated with increased VE-821 sensitivity. HGS cells had increased levels of RS (pRPASer4/8 and γH2AX nuclear immunofluorescence), and elevated RS predicted sensitivity to VE-821 independently of the cell line subtype. These data suggest that functional assessment of RS biomarkers may be a better predictive biomarker of ATRi response than any single aberrant gene in ovarian cancer and potentially other cancers.
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20
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Therapeutic targeting of ATR in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4297. [PMID: 35879366 PMCID: PMC9314382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in multi-modal treatment approaches, clinical outcomes of patients suffering from PAX3-FOXO1 fusion oncogene-expressing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) remain dismal. Here we show that PAX3-FOXO1-expressing ARMS cells are sensitive to pharmacological ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR) inhibition. Expression of PAX3-FOXO1 in muscle progenitor cells is not only sufficient to increase sensitivity to ATR inhibition, but PAX3-FOXO1-expressing rhabdomyosarcoma cells also exhibit increased sensitivity to structurally diverse inhibitors of ATR. Mechanistically, ATR inhibition leads to replication stress exacerbation, decreased BRCA1 phosphorylation and reduced homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair pathway activity. Consequently, ATR inhibitor treatment increases sensitivity of ARMS cells to PARP1 inhibition in vitro, and combined treatment with ATR and PARP1 inhibitors induces complete regression of primary patient-derived ARMS xenografts in vivo. Lastly, a genome-wide CRISPR activation screen (CRISPRa) in combination with transcriptional analyses of ATR inhibitor resistant ARMS cells identifies the RAS-MAPK pathway and its targets, the FOS gene family, as inducers of resistance to ATR inhibition. Our findings provide a rationale for upcoming biomarker-driven clinical trials of ATR inhibitors in patients suffering from ARMS.
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21
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Gulliver C, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinases as therapeutic targets and stratification indicators for prostate cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 147:106230. [PMID: 35609768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response is an integral part of a cells' ability to maintain genomic integrity by responding to and ameliorating DNA damage, or initiating cell death for irrepairably damaged cells. This response is often hijacked by cancer cells to evade cell death allowing mutant cells to persist, as well as in the development of treatment resistance to DNA damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiation. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells often exhibit alterations in DNA damage response genes including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), correlating with aggressive disease phenotype. The recent success of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition has led to several clinically approved PARP inhibitors for the treatment of men with metastatic PCa, however a key limitation is the development of drug resistance and relapse. An alternative approach is selectively targeting ATM and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) which, due to their position at the forefront of the DDR, represent attractive pharmacological targets. ATR inhibition has been shown to act synergistically with PARP inhibition and other cancer treatments to enhance anti-tumour activity. ATM-deficiency is a common characteristic of PCa and a synthetic lethal relationship exists between ATM and ATR, with ATR inhibition inducing selective cell death in ATM-deficient PCa cells. The current research highlights the feasibility of therapeutically targeting ATR in ATM-deficient prostate tumours and in combination with other treatments to enhance overall efficacy and reduce therapeutic resistance. ATM also represents an important molecular biomarker to stratify patients into targeted treatment groups and aid prognosis for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gulliver
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Philips Research Europe, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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22
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Chen P, Bin H, Jiao Y, Lin G, Zhang Y, Xia A, Pan Z, Qiao J, Guo Y, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li L. Discovery of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of ATR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 63:128651. [PMID: 35245663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a key regulating protein within the DNA damage response (DDR), responsible for sensing replication stress (RS), and has been considered as a potential target for cancer therapy. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine derivatives as a new class of ATR inhibitors. Among them, compound 5g exhibits an IC50 value of 0.007 μM against ATR kinase. In vitro, 5g displays good anti-tumor activity and could significantly reduce the phosphorylation level of ATR and its downstream signaling protein. Overall, this study provides a promising lead compound for subsequent drug discovery targeting ATR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huachao Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guifeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Macular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Anjie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhilin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yinping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China.
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23
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Roulston A, Zimmermann M, Papp R, Skeldon A, Pellerin C, Dumas-Bérube É, Dumais V, Dorich S, Fader LD, Fournier S, Li L, Leclaire ME, Yin SY, Chefson A, Alam H, Yang W, Fugère-Desjardins C, Vignini-Hammond S, Skorey K, Mulani A, Rimkunas V, Veloso A, Hamel M, Stocco R, Mamane Y, Li Z, Young JT, Zinda M, Black WC. RP-3500: A Novel, Potent, and Selective ATR Inhibitor that is Effective in Preclinical Models as a Monotherapy and in Combination with PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:245-256. [PMID: 34911817 PMCID: PMC9398170 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase protects genome integrity during DNA replication. RP-3500 is a novel, orally bioavailable clinical-stage ATR kinase inhibitor (NCT04497116). RP-3500 is highly potent with IC50 values of 1.0 and 0.33 nmol/L in biochemical and cell-based assays, respectively. RP-3500 is highly selective for ATR with 30-fold selectivity over mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and more than 2,000-fold selectivity over ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) kinases. In vivo, RP-3500 treatment results in potent single-agent efficacy and/or tumor regression in multiple xenograft models at minimum effective doses (MED) of 5 to 7 mg/kg once daily. Pharmacodynamic assessments validate target engagement, with dose-proportional tumor inhibition of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (pCHK1) (IC80 = 18.6 nmol/L) and induction of phosphorylated H2A.X variant histone (γH2AX), phosphorylated DNA-PK catalytic subunit (pDNA-PKcs), and phosphorylated KRAB-associated protein 1 (pKAP1). RP-3500 exposure at MED indicates that circulating free plasma levels above the in vivo tumor IC80 for 10 to 12 hours are sufficient for efficacy on a continuous schedule. However, short-duration intermittent (weekly 3 days on/4 days off) dosing schedules as monotherapy or given concomitantly with reduced doses of olaparib or niraparib, maximize tumor growth inhibition while minimizing the impact on red blood cell depletion, emphasizing the reversible nature of erythroid toxicity with RP-3500 and demonstrating superior efficacy compared with sequential treatment. These results provide a strong preclinical rationale to support ongoing clinical investigation of the novel ATR inhibitor, RP-3500, on an intermittent schedule as a monotherapy and in combination with PARP inhibitors as a potential means of maximizing clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Roulston
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada.,Corresponding Author: Anne Roulston, Repare Therapeutics Inc., 7171 Frederick Banting, Saint-Laurent, QC H4S 1Z9, Canada. Phone: 514-286-4789; Fax: 888-595-2535; E-mail:
| | | | - Robert Papp
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee D. Fader
- Ventus Therapeutics Inc. Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Fournier
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Shou Yun Yin
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Hunain Alam
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - William Yang
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Amina Mulani
- NuChem Sciences Inc. Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Artur Veloso
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Hamel
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rino Stocco
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yael Mamane
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zuomei Li
- NuChem Sciences Inc. Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michael Zinda
- Repare Therapeutics Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Bin H, Chen P, Wu M, Wang F, Lin G, Pan S, Liu J, Mu B, Nan J, Huang Q, Li L, Yang S. Discovery of a potent and highly selective inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) kinase: Structural activity relationship and antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Cleary JM, Wolpin BM, Dougan SK, Raghavan S, Singh H, Huffman B, Sethi NS, Nowak JA, Shapiro GI, Aguirre AJ, D'Andrea AD. Opportunities for Utilization of DNA Repair Inhibitors in Homologous Recombination Repair-Deficient and Proficient Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6622-6637. [PMID: 34285063 PMCID: PMC8678153 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is rapidly progressive and notoriously difficult to treat with cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted agents. Recent demonstration of the efficacy of maintenance PARP inhibition in germline BRCA mutated pancreatic cancer has raised hopes that increased understanding of the DNA damage response pathway will lead to new therapies in both homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient and proficient pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the potential mechanisms of exploiting HR deficiency, replicative stress, and DNA damage-mediated immune activation through targeted inhibition of DNA repair regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Cleary
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harshabad Singh
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brandon Huffman
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nilay S Sethi
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Dana-Farber Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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26
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Valikhani M, Rahimian E, Ahmadi SE, Chegeni R, Safa M. Involvement of classic and alternative non-homologous end joining pathways in hematologic malignancies: targeting strategies for treatment. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:51. [PMID: 34732266 PMCID: PMC8564991 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are the main etiological factor of hematologic malignancies. These translocations are generally the consequence of aberrant DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. DSBs arise either exogenously or endogenously in cells and are repaired by major pathways, including non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and other minor pathways such as alternative end-joining (A-EJ). Therefore, defective NHEJ, HR, or A-EJ pathways force hematopoietic cells toward tumorigenesis. As some components of these repair pathways are overactivated in various tumor entities, targeting these pathways in cancer cells can sensitize them, especially resistant clones, to radiation or chemotherapy agents. However, targeted therapy-based studies are currently underway in this area, and furtherly there are some biological pitfalls, clinical issues, and limitations related to these targeted therapies, which need to be considered. This review aimed to investigate the alteration of DNA repair elements of C-NHEJ and A-EJ in hematologic malignancies and evaluate the potential targeted therapies against these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Valikhani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Rahimian
- Department of Medical Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Zimmer K, Kocher F, Puccini A, Seeber A. Targeting BRCA and DNA Damage Repair Genes in GI Cancers: Pathophysiology and Clinical Perspectives. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662055. [PMID: 34707985 PMCID: PMC8542868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated germline alleles in the DNA damage repair (DDR) genes “breast cancer gene 1” (BRCA1) and BRCA2 have originally been identified as major susceptibility genes in breast and ovarian cancers. With the establishment and approval of more cost-effective gene sequencing methods, germline and somatic BRCA mutations have been detected in several cancers. Since the approval of poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for BRCA-mutated cancers, BRCA mutations gained rising therapeutic implications. The impact and significance of BRCA mutations have been evaluated extensively in the last decades. Moreover, other genes involved in the DDR pathway, such as ATM, ATR, or CHK1, have emerged as potential new treatment targets, as inhibitors of these proteins are currently under clinical investigation. This review gives a concise overview on the emerging clinical implications of mutations in the DDR genes in gastrointestinal cancers with a focus on BRCA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zimmer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kocher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alberto Puccini
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andreas Seeber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Giuliani V, Miller MA, Liu CY, Hartono SR, Class CA, Bristow CA, Suzuki E, Sanz LA, Gao G, Gay JP, Feng N, Rose JL, Tomihara H, Daniele JR, Peoples MD, Bardenhagen JP, Geck Do MK, Chang QE, Vangamudi B, Vellano C, Ying H, Deem AK, Do KA, Genovese G, Marszalek JR, Kovacs JJ, Kim M, Fleming JB, Guccione E, Viale A, Maitra A, Emilia Di Francesco M, Yap TA, Jones P, Draetta G, Carugo A, Chedin F, Heffernan TP. PRMT1-dependent regulation of RNA metabolism and DNA damage response sustains pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4626. [PMID: 34330913 PMCID: PMC8324870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer that has remained clinically challenging to manage. Here we employ an RNAi-based in vivo functional genomics platform to determine epigenetic vulnerabilities across a panel of patient-derived PDAC models. Through this, we identify protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) as a critical dependency required for PDAC maintenance. Genetic and pharmacological studies validate the role of PRMT1 in maintaining PDAC growth. Mechanistically, using proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we demonstrate that global inhibition of asymmetric arginine methylation impairs RNA metabolism, which includes RNA splicing, alternative polyadenylation, and transcription termination. This triggers a robust downregulation of multiple pathways involved in the DNA damage response, thereby promoting genomic instability and inhibiting tumor growth. Taken together, our data support PRMT1 as a compelling target in PDAC and informs a mechanism-based translational strategy for future therapeutic development.Statement of significancePDAC is a highly lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options. This study identified and characterized PRMT1-dependent regulation of RNA metabolism and coordination of key cellular processes required for PDAC tumor growth, defining a mechanism-based translational hypothesis for PRMT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Giuliani
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Meredith A Miller
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chiu-Yi Liu
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stella R Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Caleb A Class
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Erika Suzuki
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lionel A Sanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guang Gao
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason P Gay
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ningping Feng
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Johnathon L Rose
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hideo Tomihara
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Nara, JP, USA
| | - Joseph R Daniele
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Peoples
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer P Bardenhagen
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Geck Do
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing E Chang
- ORBIT, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhavatarini Vangamudi
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Exo Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Vellano
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela K Deem
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannicola Genovese
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph R Marszalek
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Kovacs
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Pharmacological Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Viale
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giulio Draetta
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederic Chedin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Traction, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Ngoi NYL, Pham MM, Tan DSP, Yap TA. Targeting the replication stress response through synthetic lethal strategies in cancer medicine. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:930-957. [PMID: 34215565 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The replication stress response (RSR) involves a downstream kinase cascade comprising ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATM and rad3-related (ATR), checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 (CHK1/2), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which cooperate to arrest the cell cycle, protect stalled forks, and allow time for replication fork repair. In the presence of elevated replicative stress, cancers are increasingly dependent on RSR to maintain genomic integrity. An increasing number of drug candidates targeting key RSR nodes, as monotherapy through synthetic lethality, or through rational combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, are demonstrating promising efficacy in early phase trials. RSR targeting is also showing potential in reversing PARP inhibitor resistance, an important area of unmet clinical need. In this review, we introduce the concept of targeting the RSR, detail the current landscape of monotherapy and combination strategies, and discuss emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeting Polθ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Melissa M Pham
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S P Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Sharp MF, Bythell-Douglas R, Deans AJ, Crismani W. The Fanconi anemia ubiquitin E3 ligase complex as an anti-cancer target. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2278-2289. [PMID: 33984284 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Agents that induce DNA damage can cure some cancers. However, the side effects of chemotherapy are severe because of the indiscriminate action of DNA-damaging agents on both healthy and cancerous cells. DNA repair pathway inhibition provides a less toxic and targeted alternative to chemotherapy. A compelling DNA repair target is the Fanconi anemia (FA) E3 ligase core complex due to its critical-and likely singular-role in the efficient removal of specific DNA lesions. FA pathway inactivation has been demonstrated to specifically kill some types of cancer cells without the addition of exogenous DNA damage, including cells that lack BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, or functionally related genes. In this perspective, we discuss the genetic and biochemical evidence in support of the FA core complex as a compelling drug target for cancer therapy. In particular, we discuss the genetic, biochemical, and structural data that could rapidly advance our capacity to identify and implement the use of FA core complex inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Sharp
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohan Bythell-Douglas
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne Crismani
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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Sensitivity of cells to ATR and CHK1 inhibitors requires hyperactivation of CDK2 rather than endogenous replication stress or ATM dysfunction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7077. [PMID: 33782497 PMCID: PMC8007816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoint proteins ATR and CHK1 to arrest cell cycle progression, providing time for repair and recovery. Consequently, inhibitors of ATR (ATRi) and CHK1 (CHK1i) enhance damage-induced cell death. Intriguingly, both CHK1i and ATRi alone elicit cytotoxicity in some cell lines. Sensitivity has been attributed to endogenous replications stress, but many more cell lines are sensitive to ATRi than CHK1i. Endogenous activation of the DNA damage response also did not correlate with drug sensitivity. Sensitivity correlated with the appearance of γH2AX, a marker of DNA damage, but without phosphorylation of mitotic markers, contradicting suggestions that the damage is due to premature mitosis. Sensitivity to ATRi has been associated with ATM mutations, but dysfunction in ATM signaling did not correlate with sensitivity. CHK1i and ATRi circumvent replication stress by reactivating stalled replicons, a process requiring a low threshold activity of CDK2. In contrast, γH2AX induced by single agent ATRi and CHK1i requires a high threshold activity CDK2. Hence, phosphorylation of different CDK2 substrates is required for cytotoxicity induced by replication stress plus ATRi/CHK1i as compared to their single agent activity. In summary, sensitivity to ATRi and CHK1i as single agents is elicited by premature hyper-activation of CDK2.
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Alhmoud JF, Mustafa AG, Malki MI. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197365. [PMID: 33036137 PMCID: PMC7582413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair plays an essential role in protecting cells that are repeatedly exposed to endogenous or exogenous insults that can induce varying degrees of DNA damage. Any defect in DNA repair mechanisms results in multiple genomic changes that ultimately may result in mutation, tumor growth, and/or cell apoptosis. Furthermore, impaired repair mechanisms can also lead to genomic instability, which can initiate tumorigenesis and development of hematological malignancy. This review discusses recent findings and highlights the importance of DNA repair components and the impact of their aberrations on hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad F. Alhmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Ayman G. Mustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44403-7847
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Velázquez C, K. DL, Esteban-Cardeñosa EM, Avila Cobos F, Lastra E, Abella LE, de la Cruz V, Lobatón CD, Claes KB, Durán M, Infante M. Germline Genetic Findings Which May Impact Therapeutic Decisions in Families with a Presumed Predisposition for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082151. [PMID: 32756499 PMCID: PMC7465232 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to gain insight in the germline mutation spectrum of ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, ERCC4, PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D in breast and ovarian cancer families from Spain. We have selected 180 index cases in whom a germline mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 was previously ruled out. The importance of disease-causing variants in these genes lies in the fact that they may have possible therapeutic implications according to clinical guidelines. All variants were assessed by combined annotation dependent depletion (CADD) for scoring their deleteriousness. In addition, we used the cancer genome interpreter to explore the implications of some variants in drug response. Finally, we compiled and evaluated the family history to assess whether carrying a pathogenic mutation was associated with age at diagnosis, tumour diversity of the pedigree and total number of cancer cases in the family. Eight unequivocal pathogenic mutations were found and another fourteen were prioritized as possible causal variants. Some of these molecular results could contribute to cancer diagnosis, treatment selection and prevention. We found a statistically significant association between tumour diversity in the family and carrying a variant with a high score predicting pathogenicity (p = 0.0003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Velázquez
- Cancer Genetics Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.V.); (E.M.E.-C.); (C.D.L.); (M.D.)
| | - De Leeneer K.
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (D.L.K.); (F.A.C.); (K.B.C.)
| | - Eva M. Esteban-Cardeñosa
- Cancer Genetics Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.V.); (E.M.E.-C.); (C.D.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Francisco Avila Cobos
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (D.L.K.); (F.A.C.); (K.B.C.)
| | - Enrique Lastra
- Unit of Genetic Counseling in Cancer, Complejo Hospitalario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Luis E. Abella
- Unit of Genetic Counseling in Cancer, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (L.E.A.); (V.d.l.C.)
| | - Virginia de la Cruz
- Unit of Genetic Counseling in Cancer, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, 47012 Valladolid, Spain; (L.E.A.); (V.d.l.C.)
| | - Carmen D. Lobatón
- Cancer Genetics Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.V.); (E.M.E.-C.); (C.D.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Kathleen B. Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (D.L.K.); (F.A.C.); (K.B.C.)
| | - Mercedes Durán
- Cancer Genetics Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.V.); (E.M.E.-C.); (C.D.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mar Infante
- Cancer Genetics Group, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (UVa-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain; (C.V.); (E.M.E.-C.); (C.D.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-983184809
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Bradbury A, O’Donnell R, Drew Y, Curtin NJ, Sharma Saha S. Characterisation of Ovarian Cancer Cell Line NIH-OVCAR3 and Implications of Genomic, Transcriptomic, Proteomic and Functional DNA Damage Response Biomarkers for Therapeutic Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071939. [PMID: 32709004 PMCID: PMC7409137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to be effective models to identify biomarkers of chemotherapy response, cancer cell lines require thorough characterization. In this study, we characterised the widely used high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cell line NIH-OVCAR3 using bioinformatics, cytotoxicity assays and molecular/functional analyses of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in comparison to an ovarian cancer cell line panel. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed the HGSOC-like features of NIH-OVCAR3, including low mutation frequency, TP53 loss and high copy number alteration frequency similar to 201 HGSOCs analysed (TCGA). Cytotoxicity assays were performed for the standard of care chemotherapy, carboplatin, and DDR targeting drugs: rucaparib (a PARP inhibitor) and VE-821 (an ATR inhibitor). Interestingly, NIH-OVCAR3 cells showed sensitivity to carboplatin and rucaparib which was explained by functional loss of homologous recombination repair (HRR) identified by plasmid re-joining assay, despite the ability to form RAD51 foci and absence of mutations in HRR genes. NIH-OVCAR3 cells also showed high non-homologous end joining activity, which may contribute to HRR loss and along with genomic amplification in ATR and TOPBP1, could explain the resistance to VE-821. In summary, NIH-OVCAR3 cells highlight the complexity of HGSOCs and that genomic or functional characterization alone might not be enough to predict/explain chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bradbury
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Rachel O’Donnell
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Northern Cancer Alliance, Northern Centre for Gynaecological Surgery, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Yvette Drew
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care (NCCC), Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Sweta Sharma Saha
- Newcastle Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (A.B.); (Y.D.); (N.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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35
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Ferri A, Stagni V, Barilà D. Targeting the DNA Damage Response to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4910. [PMID: 32664581 PMCID: PMC7402284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a severe brain tumor whose ability to mutate and adapt to therapies is at the base for the extremely poor survival rate of patients. Despite multiple efforts to develop alternative forms of treatment, advances have been disappointing and GBM remains an arduous tumor to treat. One of the leading causes for its strong resistance is the innate upregulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Since standard therapy consists of a combinatory use of ionizing radiation and alkylating drugs, which both damage DNA, targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) is proving to be a beneficial strategy to sensitize tumor cells to treatment. In this review, we will discuss how recent progress in the availability of the DDR kinase inhibitors will be key for future therapy development. Further, we will examine the principal existing DDR inhibitors, with special focus on those currently in use for GBM clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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Molecular matching and treatment strategies for advanced stage lung cancer at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center: A three-year review of a Molecular Tumor Board. Pract Lab Med 2020; 21:e00174. [PMID: 32613070 PMCID: PMC7322356 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Matching of actionable tumor mutations with targeted therapy increases response rates and prolongs survival in lung cancer patients. Drug development and trials targeting genetic alterations are expanding rapidly. We describe the role of a Molecular Tumor Board (MTB) in the design of molecularly informed treatment strategies in our lung cancer patient population. Tumor DNA was sequenced using a 50-gene targeted next-generation sequencing panel. Cases were evaluated by a multidisciplinary MTB who suggested a course of treatment based on each patient's molecular findings. During a three-year period, 21 lung cancer patients were presented at the MTB. All patients lacked common activating EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements. One patient had Stage IIIb disease; all others were Stage IV; 18 patients had received ≥1 prior line of therapy (range 0-5). Suggestions for treatment with a targeted therapy were made for 19/21 (90.5%) patients, and four patients (21%) underwent treatment with a targeted agent, two as part of a clinical trial. Identified barriers to treatment with targeted therapy included: ineligibility for clinical trials (n = 2), lack of interest in study/distance to travel (n = 2), lack of disease progression (n = 2), poor performance status (n = 5), decision to treat next with immunotherapy (n = 3), and unknown (n = 1). For the majority of lung cancer patients, the MTB provided recommendations based on tumor genetic profiles. Identified barriers to treatment suggest that presentation to the MTB at earlier stages of disease may increase the number of patients eligible for treatment with a genetically informed targeted agent.
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Rafiei S, Fitzpatrick K, Liu D, Cai MY, Elmarakeby HA, Park J, Ricker C, Kochupurakkal BS, Choudhury AD, Hahn WC, Balk SP, Hwang JH, Van Allen EM, Mouw KW. ATM Loss Confers Greater Sensitivity to ATR Inhibition Than PARP Inhibition in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2094-2100. [PMID: 32127357 PMCID: PMC7272301 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes are common in advanced prostate tumors and are associated with unique genomic and clinical features. ATM is a DDR kinase that has a central role in coordinating DNA repair and cell-cycle response following DNA damage, and ATM alterations are present in approximately 5% of advanced prostate tumors. Recently, inhibitors of PARP have demonstrated activity in advanced prostate tumors harboring DDR gene alterations, particularly in tumors with BRCA1/2 alterations. However, the role of alterations in DDR genes beyond BRCA1/2 in mediating PARP inhibitor sensitivity is poorly understood. To define the role of ATM loss in prostate tumor DDR function and sensitivity to DDR-directed agents, we created a series of ATM-deficient preclinical prostate cancer models and tested the impact of ATM loss on DNA repair function and therapeutic sensitivities. ATM loss altered DDR signaling, but did not directly impact homologous recombination function. Furthermore, ATM loss did not significantly impact sensitivity to PARP inhibition but robustly sensitized to inhibitors of the related DDR kinase ATR. These results have important implications for planned and ongoing prostate cancer clinical trials and suggest that patients with tumor ATM alterations may be more likely to benefit from ATR inhibitor than PARP inhibitor therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: ATM loss occurs in a subset of prostate tumors. This study shows that deleting ATM in prostate cancer models does not significantly increase sensitivity to PARP inhibition but does sensitize to ATR inhibition.See related commentary by Setton and Powell, p. 2085.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Rafiei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenyon Fitzpatrick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Haitham A Elmarakeby
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cora Ricker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bose S Kochupurakkal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atish D Choudhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin H Hwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Sarkozy C, Ribrag V. Novel agents for mantle cell lymphoma: molecular rational and clinical data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:555-566. [PMID: 32321318 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1760245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) and a poor response to rituximab-anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Intensive regimens offer durable response, but a subgroup of MCL patients will not be eligible for those regimens and hence are candidates for less toxic, novel therapies based on a more tailored personalized approach. AREAS COVERED This article examines the molecular landscape of MCL, drug resistance mechanisms, and the data on emerging targeted therapies. EXPERT OPINION DNA damage pathway, ATM mutation, TP53, and epigenetic abnormalities are key drivers of MCL. sBCL2, PARP, ATR, CDK inhibitors or epigenetic modifiers are among the most promising drugs under investigation in clinical trials. The genomic landscape of MCL suggests two types of disease based on the presence of ATM or TP53 alterations which should be the framework of future molecular driven strategies. Among novel drugs, those interacting with the DNA damage response pathway offer the most effective rational for their use in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Sarkozy
- Centre National de la Recherche UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de lyon, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)-S1052 , Lyon, France
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Streich L, Sukhanova M, Lu X, Chen YH, Venkataraman G, Mathews S, Zhang S, Kelemen K, Segal J, Gao J, Gordon L, Chen Q, Behdad A. Aggressive morphologic variants of mantle cell lymphoma characterized with high genomic instability showing frequent chromothripsis, CDKN2A/B loss, and TP53 mutations: A multi-institutional study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:484-494. [PMID: 32277542 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive morphologic variants of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), including blastoid and pleomorphic (B/P-MCL), are rare and associated with poor clinical outcomes. The genomic landscape of these variants remains incompletely explored. In this multi-institutional study, we describe recurrent mutations and novel genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) in B/P-MCL, using next generation sequencing and SNP-array. Chromothripsis, a recently described phenomenon of massive chromosomal rearrangements, was identified in eight of 13 (62%) B/P MCL cases, and a high degree of genomic complexity with frequent copy number gains and losses was also seen. In contrast, a comparative cohort of nine cases of conventional MCL (C-MCL) showed no chromothripsis and less complexity. Twelve of 13 (92%) B/P-MCL cases showed loss of CDKN2A/B (6 biallelic and 6 monoallelic losses); while only one C-MCL showed monoallelic CDKN2A/B loss. In B/P-MCL, TP53 was the most commonly mutated gene, with mutations present in eight cases (62%), six of which showed concurrent loss of chromosome 17p. Of the eight cases with chromothripsis, six (85%) harbored TP53 mutations. Other recurrent mutations in B/P-MCL included ATM (7, 53%), CCND1 (5, 38%), NOTCH1 (2, 18%), NOTCH2, and BIRC3 (each in 3, 23%). Here, we describe high genomic instability associated with chromothripsis and a high frequency of CDKN2A/B and TP53 alterations in the aggressive variants of MCL. The nonrandom chromothripsis events observed in B/P-MCL may be an indicator of clinically aggressive MCL. In addition, frequent CDKN2A deletion and high genomic instability may provide potential targets for alternative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Streich
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madina Sukhanova
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Girish Venkataraman
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie Mathews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shanxiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Segal
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juehua Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leo Gordon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amir Behdad
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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DNA damage response proteins and its role in tumor progression of uveal melanoma with patient outcome. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1472-1480. [PMID: 32124242 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins is poorly understood in uveal melanoma. ATR belongs to one of those proteins that induce DDR by arresting the cell cycle which leads to DNA repair. ATR is localized at position 23 on the same chromosome 3 where BAP1 is located at position 21.1 which is a known poor prognostic marker of UM. The aim of our study is to detect the expression of ATR at the protein and RNA levels and determine its prognostic significance. METHODS Expression of nuclear ATR was investigated on sixty-nine UM patients. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded choroidal melanoma samples were taken to evaluate the expression of ATR. Fifty samples were also validated by real-time PCR. Results of both protein and mRNA were then correlated with clinicopathological parameters. To determine the prognostic significance, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Loss of ATR protein was seen in 72% cases which was statistically significant with epithelioid cell type (p = 0.005), tumor thickness (p = 0.016), mitotic figures (p = 0.001) and BAP1 loss (p < 0.001). At the transcriptional level loss of ATR was seen in 76% cases which were statistically significant with metastasis (p = 0.046), staging (0.044) and loss of BAP1 (p = 0.022). On multivariate analysis loss of ATR and tumor staging came out to be independent prognostic parameters. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that ATR might serve as a potential prognostic marker in UM patients and could serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Targeting ATR as Cancer Therapy: A new era for synthetic lethality and synergistic combinations? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Klinakis A, Karagiannis D, Rampias T. Targeting DNA repair in cancer: current state and novel approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:677-703. [PMID: 31612241 PMCID: PMC11105035 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, DNA repair and genomic instability have been under study for their role in tumor initiation and progression for many years now. More recently, next-generation sequencing on cancer tissue from various patient cohorts have revealed mutations and epigenetic silencing of various genes encoding proteins with roles in these processes. These findings, together with the unequivocal role of DNA repair in therapeutic response, have fueled efforts toward the clinical exploitation of research findings. The successful example of PARP1/2 inhibitors has also supported these efforts and led to numerous preclinical and clinical trials with a large number of small molecules targeting various components involved in DNA repair singularly or in combination with other therapies. In this review, we focus on recent considerations related to DNA damage response and new DNA repair inhibition agents. We then discuss how immunotherapy can collaborate with these new drugs and how epigenetic drugs can rewire the activity of repair pathways and sensitize cancer cells to DNA repair inhibition therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Klinakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Karagiannis
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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44
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Wengner AM, Siemeister G, Lücking U, Lefranc J, Wortmann L, Lienau P, Bader B, Bömer U, Moosmayer D, Eberspächer U, Golfier S, Schatz CA, Baumgart SJ, Haendler B, Lejeune P, Schlicker A, von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Ziegelbauer K, Mumberg D. The Novel ATR Inhibitor BAY 1895344 Is Efficacious as Monotherapy and Combined with DNA Damage-Inducing or Repair-Compromising Therapies in Preclinical Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:26-38. [PMID: 31582533 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) secures the integrity of the genome of eukaryotic cells. DDR deficiencies can promote tumorigenesis but concurrently may increase dependence on alternative repair pathways. The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase plays a central role in the DDR by activating essential signaling pathways of DNA damage repair. Here, we studied the effect of the novel selective ATR kinase inhibitor BAY 1895344 on tumor cell growth and viability. Potent antiproliferative activity was demonstrated in a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines. BAY 1895344 exhibited strong monotherapy efficacy in cancer xenograft models that carry DNA damage repair deficiencies. The combination of BAY 1895344 with DNA damage-inducing chemotherapy or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) showed synergistic antitumor activity. Combination treatment with BAY 1895344 and DDR inhibitors achieved strong synergistic antiproliferative activity in vitro, and combined inhibition of ATR and PARP signaling using olaparib demonstrated synergistic antitumor activity in vivo Furthermore, the combination of BAY 1895344 with the novel, nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist darolutamide resulted in significantly improved antitumor efficacy compared with respective single-agent treatments in hormone-dependent prostate cancer, and addition of EBRT resulted in even further enhanced antitumor efficacy. Thus, the ATR inhibitor BAY 1895344 may provide new therapeutic options for the treatment of cancers with certain DDR deficiencies in monotherapy and in combination with DNA damage-inducing or DNA repair-compromising cancer therapies by improving their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje M Wengner
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ulrich Lücking
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Lefranc
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wortmann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bader
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Bömer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Moosmayer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Eberspächer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Golfier
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Simon J Baumgart
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascale Lejeune
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlicker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Brands
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Ziegelbauer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Knegtel R, Charrier JD, Durrant S, Davis C, O'Donnell M, Storck P, MacCormick S, Kay D, Pinder J, Virani A, Twin H, Griffiths M, Reaper P, Littlewood P, Young S, Golec J, Pollard J. Rational Design of 5-(4-(Isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-(3-(4-((methylamino)methyl)phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (VX-970, M6620): Optimization of Intra- and Intermolecular Polar Interactions of a New Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3-Related (ATR) Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5547-5561. [PMID: 31074988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a DNA damage surveillance and repair mechanism that can limit the effectiveness of radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy, commonly used treatment modalities in cancer. Two related kinases, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), work together as apical proteins in the DDR to maintain genome stability and cell survival in the face of potentially lethal forms of DNA damage. However, compromised ATM signaling is a common characteristic of tumor cells, which places greater reliance on ATR to mediate the DDR. In such circumstances, ATR inhibition has been shown to enhance the toxicity of DNA damaging chemotherapy to many cancer cells in multiple preclinical studies, while healthy tissue with functional ATM can tolerate ATR inhibition. ATR therefore represents a very attractive anticancer target. Herein we describe the discovery of VX-970/M6620, the first ATR inhibitor to enter clinical studies, which is based on a 2-aminopyrazine core first reported by Charrier ( J. Med. Chem. 2011 , 54 , 2320 - 2330 , DOI: 10.1021/jm101488z ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Knegtel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Damien Charrier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Steven Durrant
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Chris Davis
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Storck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Somhairle MacCormick
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - David Kay
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Pinder
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Anisa Virani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Heather Twin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Griffiths
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Philip Reaper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Young
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - Julian Golec
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
| | - John Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd. , 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park , Abingdon , Oxfordshire OX14 4RW , United Kingdom
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Restelli V, Lupi M, Chilà R, Vagni M, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Damia G, Carrassa L. DNA Damage Response Inhibitor Combinations Exert Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1255-1264. [PMID: 31064869 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) kinases ATR, Chk1, and Wee1 play vital roles in the response to replication stress and in maintaining cancer genomic stability. Inhibitors of these kinases are currently under clinical investigation. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are aggressive lymphomas whose clinical outcome is still largely unsatisfactory. These cell lymphoma subtypes are highly dependent on both Chk1 and Wee1 for survival. We investigated the activity of the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 as single agent and in combination with either Chk1 (AZD6738) or Wee1 (AZD1775) inhibitors in several preclinical models of MCL and DLBCL. This study included preclinical in vitro activity screening on a large panel of cell lines, both as single agent and in combination, and validation experiments on in vivo models. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the observed synergistic effect as well as pharmacodynamic analysis of in vivo samples were studied. AZD6738 exerted a strong synergistic cytotoxic effect in combination with both AZD7762 and AZD1775 in the 2 lymphoma subtypes regardless of their TP53, MYC, and ATM mutational status. These DDR inhibitor combinations, similarly to the Chk1/Wee1 inhibitor combination, caused a marked S-phase delay, with an increase in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) activity, increased DNA damage, and decreases in Wee1, MYC, and RRM2 protein levels. The synergistic in vitro activity translated to striking in vivo antitumor activity. DDR-DDR inhibitor combinations could potentially offer promising novel therapeutic strategies for patients with B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Restelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Chilà
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Micaela Vagni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Carrassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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48
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Mareckova A, Malcikova J, Tom N, Pal K, Radova L, Salek D, Janikova A, Moulis M, Smardova J, Kren L, Mayer J, Trbusek M. ATM and TP53 mutations show mutual exclusivity but distinct clinical impact in mantle cell lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1420-1428. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1542144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mareckova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Malcikova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Tom
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Pal
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Salek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Janikova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mojmir Moulis
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Smardova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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49
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Foote KM, Nissink JWM, McGuire T, Turner P, Guichard S, Yates JWT, Lau A, Blades K, Heathcote D, Odedra R, Wilkinson G, Wilson Z, Wood CM, Jewsbury PJ. Discovery and Characterization of AZD6738, a Potent Inhibitor of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated and Rad3 Related (ATR) Kinase with Application as an Anticancer Agent. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9889-9907. [PMID: 30346772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) is a key regulator of the DNA-damage response and the apical kinase which orchestrates the cellular processes that repair stalled replication forks (replication stress) and associated DNA double-strand breaks. Inhibition of repair pathways mediated by ATR in a context where alternative pathways are less active is expected to aid clinical response by increasing replication stress. Here we describe the development of the clinical candidate 2 (AZD6738), a potent and selective sulfoximine morpholinopyrimidine ATR inhibitor with excellent preclinical physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics. Compound 2 was developed improving aqueous solubility and eliminating CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition starting from the earlier described inhibitor 1 (AZ20). The clinical candidate 2 has favorable human PK suitable for once or twice daily dosing and achieves biologically effective exposure at moderate doses. Compound 2 is currently being tested in multiple phase I/II trials as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Foote
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - J Willem M Nissink
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Paul Turner
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Sylvie Guichard
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - James W T Yates
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Kevin Blades
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Dan Heathcote
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Rajesh Odedra
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Gary Wilkinson
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Zena Wilson
- Bioscience, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Chesterford Research Park , Little Chesterford, Cambridge CB10 1XL , U.K
| | - Christine M Wood
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Philip J Jewsbury
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge Science Park, 310 Milton Road , Milton, Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
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Kantidze OL, Velichko AK, Luzhin AV, Petrova NV, Razin SV. Synthetically Lethal Interactions of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:755-768. [PMID: 30352678 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous perturbations of two genes or molecular processes result in a loss of cell viability. The number of known synthetically lethal interactions is growing steadily. We review here synthetically lethal interactions of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). These kinases are appropriate for synthetic lethal therapies because their genes are frequently mutated in cancer, and specific inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. Understanding synthetically lethal interactions of a particular gene or gene family can facilitate predicting new synthetically lethal interactions, therapy toxicity, and mechanisms of resistance, as well as defining the spectrum of tumors amenable to these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar L Kantidze
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Artem K Velichko
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Luzhin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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