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Tricarico R, Madzo J, Scher G, Cohen M, Jelinek J, Maegawa S, Nagarathinam R, Scher C, Chang WC, Nicolas E, Slifker M, Zhou Y, Devarajan K, Cai KQ, Kwok T, Nakajima P, Xu J, Mancuso P, Doneddu V, Bagella L, Williams R, Balachandran S, Maskalenko N, Campbell K, Ma X, Cañadas I, Viana-Errasti J, Moreno V, Valle L, Grivennikov S, Peshkova I, Kurilenko N, Mazitova A, Koltsova E, Lee H, Walsh M, Duttweiler R, Whetstine JR, Yen TJ, Issa JP, Bellacosa A. TET1 and TDG Suppress Inflammatory Response in Intestinal Tumorigenesis: Implications for Colorectal Tumors With the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:921-936.e1. [PMID: 36764492 PMCID: PMC10586516 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aberrant DNA methylation is frequent in colorectal cancer (CRC), but underlying mechanisms and pathologic consequences are poorly understood. METHODS We disrupted active DNA demethylation genes Tet1 and/or Tdg from ApcMin mice and characterized the methylome and transcriptome of colonic adenomas. Data were compared to human colonic adenocarcinomas (COAD) in The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS There were increased numbers of small intestinal adenomas in ApcMin mice expressing the TdgN151A allele, whereas Tet1-deficient and Tet1/TdgN151A-double heterozygous ApcMin colonic adenomas were larger with features of erosion and invasion. We detected reduction in global DNA hypomethylation in colonic adenomas from Tet1- and Tdg-mutant ApcMin mice and hypermethylation of CpG islands in Tet1-mutant ApcMin adenomas. Up-regulation of inflammatory, immune, and interferon response genes was present in Tet1- and Tdg-mutant colonic adenomas compared to control ApcMin adenomas. This up-regulation was also seen in murine colonic organoids and human CRC lines infected with lentiviruses expressing TET1 or TDG short hairpin RNA. A 127-gene inflammatory signature separated colonic adenocarcinomas into 4 groups, closely aligned with their microsatellite or chromosomal instability and characterized by different levels of DNA methylation and DNMT1 expression that anticorrelated with TET1 expression. Tumors with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) had concerted high DNMT1/low TET1 expression. TET1 or TDG knockdown in CRC lines enhanced killing by natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a novel epigenetic regulation, linked to the type of genomic instability, by which TET1/TDG-mediated DNA demethylation decreases methylation levels and inflammatory/interferon/immune responses. CIMP in CRC is triggered by an imbalance of methylating activities over demethylating activities. These mice represent a model of CIMP CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Tricarico
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maya Cohen
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Shinji Maegawa
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Carly Scher
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wen-Chi Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emmanuelle Nicolas
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Slifker
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Experimental Histopathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tim Kwok
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela Nakajima
- Cell Culture Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jinfei Xu
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pietro Mancuso
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Valentina Doneddu
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luigi Bagella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Riley Williams
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Maskalenko
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry Campbell
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xueying Ma
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Israel Cañadas
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julen Viana-Errasti
- Hereditary Cancer Program Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Valle
- Hereditary Cancer Program Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergei Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Iuliia Peshkova
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Kurilenko
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aleksandra Mazitova
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekaterina Koltsova
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hayan Lee
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Walsh
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Reuben Duttweiler
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Yen
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Zarifi SH, Bagherniya M, Banach M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of cachexia. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2843-2857. [PMID: 36403384 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia, a multifactorial and often irreversible wasting syndrome, is often associated with the final phase of several chronic disorders. Although cachexia is characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and adipose tissue loss, it is a syndrome affecting different organs, which ultimately results in systemic complications and impaired quality of life. The pathogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms of cachexia are not fully understood, and currently there are no effective standard treatments or approved drug therapies to completely reverse cachexia. Moreover, adequate nutritional interventions alone cannot significantly improve cachexia. Other approaches to ameliorate cachexia are urgently needed, and thus, the role of medicinal plants has received considerable importance in this respect due to their beneficial health properties. Increasing evidence indicates great potential of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals as an alternative and promising treatment strategy to reduce the symptoms of many diseases including cachexia. This article reviews the current status of cachexia, the molecular mechanisms of primary events driving cachexia, and state-of-the-art knowledge that reports the preventive and therapeutic activities of multiple families of phytochemical compounds and their pharmacological mode of action, which may hold promise as an alternative treatment modality for the management of cachexia. Based on our review of various in vitro and in vivo models of cachexia, we would conclude that phytochemicals may have therapeutic potential to attenuate cachexia, although clinical trials are required to unequivocally confirm this premise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudiyeh Hejri Zarifi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Fish Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Epidemiological Studies and Review of Evidence from Animal Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030640. [PMID: 35158907 PMCID: PMC8833371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies on the association between fish consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have yielded inconsistent results, despite evidence from preclinical studies that long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies investigating the association between fish consumption and CRC risk among humans and reviewed studies examining the link between fish components and colorectal carcinogenesis in animal models. Methods: We included studies published until November 2020. We calculated the summary risk ratio (SRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) through random effects meta-analysis models in order to summarize evidence from studies among humans. Results: Twenty-five prospective epidemiological studies encompassing 25,777 CRC cases were included. Individuals in the highest (vs. lowest) category of fish consumption had a significantly reduced risk of CRC (SRR 0.94, 95%CI 0.89-0.99). In dose-response meta-analysis, a 50-g increment in the daily consumption of fish was associated with a statistically significant 4% reduction in CRC risk (SRR 0.96, 95%CI 0.92-0.99). Preclinical studies (n = 25) identified multiple mechanisms of action of fish and fish components on colorectal carcinogenesis. Conclusions: Dietary recommendations for cancer prevention should take into account the evidence from epidemiological and preclinical studies that increasing fish consumption may be effective in preventing CRC.
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Marzo F, Milagro FI, Barrenetxe J, Díaz MT, Martínez JA. Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer Mice Treated with a Polyphenol-Rich Apple Extract Show Less Neoplastic Lesions and Signs of Cachexia. Foods 2021; 10:863. [PMID: 33921048 PMCID: PMC8071383 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. In rodents, high-fat (HF) diets are able to increase the formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced polyps. Polyphenol-rich apple extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may induce an amelioration of the manifestations of colorectal cancer. Twenty-seven male Crl:CD-1 mice received AOM during four weeks and were subsequently divided into three groups fed a HF diet (n = 9 each group): a non-supplemented group, a second group supplemented with apple extract at 1%, and a third group supplemented with the same apple extract at 1.5%. Energy metabolism and the respiratory quotient were not affected by the supplementation with the apple extract. Although body weight was not affected by the treatment, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed less signs of cachexia than the non-treated mice. In the intestine, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed lower sucrase, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and aminopeptidase N activities, and less intestinal lesions (aberrant crypt foci and polyps). Administration of a polyphenol-rich apple extract reduces the number of neoplastic lesions in mice with AOM-induced colorectal cancer and contributes to preserve adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencio Marzo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, School of Agronomy, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
- ISFOOD (Research Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain), Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I. Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaione Barrenetxe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - María Teresa Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña, km7, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Mendes BA, Silva-Reis R, Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA. Animal Models of Colorectal Cancer: From Spontaneous to Genetically Engineered Models and Their Applications. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040059. [PMID: 33916402 PMCID: PMC8067250 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in humans, affecting approximately 1.8 million people worldwide. This disease has a major social impact and high treatment costs. Animal models allow us to understand and follow the colon cancer progression; thus, in vivo studies are essential to improve and discover new ways of prevention and treatment. Dietary natural products have been under investigation for better and natural prevention, envisioning to show their potential. This manuscript intends to provide the readers a review of rodent colorectal cancer models available in the literature, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their potential in the evaluation of several drugs and natural compounds’ effects on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Bruno A.L. Mendes
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Rita Silva-Reis
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.I.F.-R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.I.F.-R.); (P.A.O.)
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D'Angelo S, Martino E, Cacciapuoti G. Effects of Annurca Apple (Malus pumila cv Annurca) Polyphenols on Breast Cancer Cells. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666190206142025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Dietary micronutrients have been proposed as effective inhibitory agents for
cancer initiation, progression, and incidence. Among them, polyphenols, present in different foods
and beverages, have retained attention in recent years. Apples are among the most consumed fruits
worldwide, and several studies suggest that apple polyphenols could play a role in the prevention of
degenerative diseases.
Aims and Objectives:
The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of Annurca flesh polyphenols
extract (AFPE) effects of proliferation on MCF-7 cells.
Methods:
The data indicated that apple polyphenolic compounds had a significant antiproliferative
action on MCF-7 cells and 500μM EqC AFPE induced a cell cycle arrest at G2/M. AFPE was also
capable of inducing morphological changes as evidenced by nuclear condensation.
Results:
The cellular, morphological, and molecular data unequivocally suggested that induction of
cellular apoptosis was mainly responsible for the previously observed antiproliferation-induced
AFPE on MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion:
Taken together, AFPE that acts at a low micromolar range against breast cancer cells
may be considered as a promising candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, Via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Martino
- Dip. Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Universita della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cacciapuoti
- Dip. Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Universita della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Mendoza-Wilson AM, Balandrán-Quintana RR. Computational and Experimental Progress on the Structure and Chemical Reactivity of Procyanidins: Their Potential as Metalloproteinases Inhibitors. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666180828114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in various physiological
processes essential for living beings, but the loss of the regulatory control by endogenous
inhibitors of MMPs, leads to the development of serious diseases such as cardiovascular
system affections, cancer, and metastasis. For these reasons, exogenous inhibitors
are required for these enzymes, which are able to control the proteolytic activity
and are selective towards the different MMPs, besides properties which, from the
pharmacological point of view, are necessary to be effective under physiological
conditions. Based on these expectations, some bioactive compounds that are abundant in
the human diet, like procyanidins (PCs) have emerged as potential exogenous inhibitors
of MMPs. This review presents the advances of experimental and computational investigations
carried out to date on the structure and chemical reactivity of PCs, to support the basis of their potential
use as MMP inhibitors. For such purpose, specific sites among MMPs identified for a selective inhibition, the
role of PCs in the regulation of MMPs by posttranscriptional mechanisms at the level of microRNAs, modulation
of reactive oxygen species (ROS), effects on tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), the crosslinking of PCs
with the extracellular matrix proteins, as well as direct interaction between PCs and MMPs, are discussed.
Methods for isolation and synthesis of PCs, as well as hydrophilicity properties, bioavailability, and susceptibility
to be metabolized in oral intake, are also addressed. The information gathered in this review could additionally
help to visualize future research related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Mendoza-Wilson
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Coordinacion de Tecnologia de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Son, Mexico
| | - René Renato Balandrán-Quintana
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Coordinacion de Tecnologia de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Son, Mexico
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Mileo AM, Nisticò P, Miccadei S. Polyphenols: Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Implication in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31031748 PMCID: PMC6470258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds, widely present in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, have potential benefits for human health and are protective agents against the development of chronic/degenerative diseases including cancer. More recently these bioactive molecules have been gaining great interest as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents, mainly in neoplasia where the pro-inflammatory context might promote carcinogenesis. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a major public healthy issue, a leading cause of cancer mortality and morbidity worldwide. Epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical investigations have consistently highlighted important relationships between large bowel inflammation, gut microbiota (GM), and colon carcinogenesis. Many experimental studies and clinical evidence suggest that polyphenols have a relevant role in CRC chemoprevention, exhibit cytotoxic capability vs. CRC cells and induce increased sensitization to chemo/radiotherapies. These effects are most likely related to the immunomodulatory properties of polyphenols able to modulate cytokine and chemokine production and activation of immune cells. In this review we summarize recent advancements on immunomodulatory activities of polyphenols and their ability to counteract the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We focus on potential role of natural polyphenols in increasing the cell sensitivity to colon cancer therapies, highlighting the polyphenol-based combined treatments as innovative immunomodulatory strategies to inhibit the growth of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Miccadei
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Piazzi G, Prossomariti A, Baldassarre M, Montagna C, Vitaglione P, Fogliano V, Biagi E, Candela M, Brigidi P, Balbi T, Munarini A, Belluzzi A, Pariali M, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. A Mediterranean Diet Mix Has Chemopreventive Effects in a Murine Model of Colorectal Cancer Modulating Apoptosis and the Gut Microbiota. Front Oncol 2019; 9:140. [PMID: 30915275 PMCID: PMC6423077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Unhealthy dietary patterns have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) onset while Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been proposed for CRC prevention. This study evaluated the effect of a Mediterranean Diet Mix (MD-MIX) on colonic tumors development in A/J mice fed a low-fat (LFD) or a high-fat western diet (HFWD), and injected with the procarcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). Materials and Methods: Forty A/J male mice were randomly assigned into four feeding arms (10 mice/arm; LFD, LFD-MD-MIX, HFWD, HFWD-MD-MIX) to be treated with AOM. Ten mice were exposed to the diets alone (Healthy LFD and Healthy HFWD) to be used as control. Tumor incidence and multiplicity were evaluated at sacrifice. Mucosal fatty acid content and urinary phenolic compounds were assayed by mass spectrometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay and gene expression markers. Cell proliferation was evaluated by Ki67 immunohistochemistry. Microbiota composition was assessed at different time points by 16S RNA sequencing. Results: A tumor incidence of 100% was obtained in AOM-treated mice. The MD-MIX supplementation was able to reduce the number of colonic lesions in both LFD and HFWD-fed mice and to induce apoptosis, in particular in the LFD-MD-MIX arm. Moreover, a preventive effect on low-grade dysplasia and macroscopical lesions (>1 mm) development was found in HFWD-fed mice together with a regulation of the AOM-driven intestinal dysbiosis. Conclusions: MD-MIX was able to counteract CRC development in mice under different dietary backgrounds through the regulation of apoptosis and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Piazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Prossomariti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Baldassarre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Montagna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Balbi
- Pathology Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Munarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Belluzzi
- Gastroenterology Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Pariali
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Bazzoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Choi BY. Biochemical Basis of Anti-Cancer-Effects of Phloretin-A Natural Dihydrochalcone. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020278. [PMID: 30642127 PMCID: PMC6359539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that help improve health by preventing and/or curing many disease processes, including cancer. One of the apple polyphenols is phloretin [2′,4′,6′-Trihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propiophenone], which has been widely investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities in a wide array of preclinical studies. The efficacy of phloretin in suppressing xenograft tumor growth in athymic nude mice implanted with a variety of human cancer cells, and the ability of the compound to interfere with cancer cells signaling, have made it a promising candidate for anti-cancer drug development. Mechanistically, phloretin has been reported to arrest the growth of tumor cells by blocking cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases and induce apoptosis by activating mitochondria-mediated cell death. The blockade of the glycolytic pathway via downregulation of GLUT2 mRNA and proteins, and the inhibition of tumor cells migration, also corroborates the anti-cancer effects of phloretin. This review sheds light on the molecular targets of phloretin as a potential anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory natural agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Young Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea.
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11
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Sansone F, Mencherini T, Picerno P, Lauro MR, Cerrato M, Aquino RP. Development of Health Products from Natural Sources. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4606-4630. [PMID: 30259806 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926152139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BioActive Compounds (BACs) recovered from food or food by-product matrices are useful in maintaining well being, enhancing human health, and modulating immune function to prevent or to treat chronic diseases. They are also generally seen by final consumers as safe, non-toxic and environment-friendly. Despite the complex process of production, chemical characterization, and assessment of health effects, BACs must also be manufactured in stable and bioactive ingredients to be used in pharmaceutical, food and nutraceutical industry. Generally, vegetable derivatives occur as sticky raw materials with pervasive smell and displeasing flavor. Also, they show critical water solubility and dramatic stability behavior over time, involving practical difficulties for industrial use. Therefore, the development of novel functional health products from natural sources requires the design of a suitable formulation to delivery BACs at the site of action, preserve stability during processing and storage, slow down the degradation processes, mask lousy tasting or smell, and increase the bioavailability, while maintaining the BACs functionality. The present review focuses on human health benefits, BACs composition, and innovative technologies or formulation approaches of natural ingredients from some selected foods and by-products from industrial food transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrizia Picerno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | - Michele Cerrato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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12
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Nasri I, Chawech R, Girardi C, Mas E, Ferrand A, Vergnolle N, Fabre N, Mezghani-Jarraya R, Racaud-Sultan C. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of flavonol glycosides from Diplotaxis harra through GSK3β regulation in intestinal cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:124-131. [PMID: 27925497 PMCID: PMC7011856 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1230877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. (Brassicaceae) is traditionally used as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory or anticancer agent. In these pathologies, the glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) is overactivated and represents an interesting therapeutic target. Several flavonoids can inhibit GSK3β and the purpose of this study was to search for the compounds in Diplotaxis harra which are able to modulate GSK3β. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanol extracts from D. harra flowers were prepared and the bio-guided fractionation of their active compounds was performed using inflammatory [protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-stimulated IEC6 cells] and cancer (human Caco-2 cell line) intestinal cells. 50-100 μg/mL of fractions or compounds purified by HPLC were incubated with cells whose inhibited form of GSK3β (Pser9 GSK3β) and survival were analyzed by Western blot at 1 h and colorimetric assay at 24 h, respectively. LC-UV-MS profiles and MS-MS spectra were used for the characterization of extracts and flavonoids-enriched fractions, and the identification of pure flavonoids was achieved by MS and NMR analysis. RESULTS The methanol extract from D. harra flowers and its flavonoid-enriched fraction inhibit GSK3β in PAR2-stimulated IEC6 cells. GSK3β inhibition by the flavonoid-enriched D. harra fraction was dependent on PKC activation. The flavonoid-enriched D. harra fraction and its purified compound isorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside induced a 20% decrease of PAR2-stimulated IEC6 and Caco-2 cell survival. Importantly, normal cells (non-stimulated IEC6 cells) were spared by these treatments. CONCLUSION This work indicates that flavonoids from D. harra display cytotoxic activity against inflammatory and cancer intestinal cells which could depend on GSK3β inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Nasri
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UR11-ES74, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, BP, Tunisie
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rachid Chawech
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UR11-ES74, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, BP, Tunisie
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
| | - Cynthia Girardi
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
| | - Emmanuel Mas
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie et Nutrition, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Fabre
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France
| | - Raoudha Mezghani-Jarraya
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UR11-ES74, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, BP, Tunisie
| | - Claire Racaud-Sultan
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CONTACT Claire Racaud-Sultan, MD, PhDIRSD, CHU Purpan, place du Dr Baylac, 31024 Toulouse cedex 3, France
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13
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Riccio G, Maisto M, Bottone S, Badolati N, Rossi GB, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. WNT Inhibitory Activity of Malus Pumila miller cv Annurca and Malus domestica cv Limoncella Apple Extracts on Human Colon-Rectal Cells Carrying Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Mutations. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111262. [PMID: 29156563 PMCID: PMC5707734 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Wingless-related Integration site (WNT)/β-catenin pathway have recently been under consideration as potential chemopreventive agents against Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). This autosomal-dominant syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for the protein APC and leads to hyperactivation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, uncontrolled intestinal cell proliferation and formation of adenocarcinomas. The aim of the present work was to: (i) test, on in vitro cultures of cells carrying FAP mutations and on ex vivo biopsies of FAP patients, the WNT inhibitory activity of extracts from two common southern Italian apples, Malus pumila Miller cv. 'Annurca' and Malus domestica cv 'Limoncella'; (ii) identify the mechanisms underpinning their activities and; (iii) evaluate their potency upon gastrointestinal digestion. We here show that both Annurca and Limoncella apple extracts act as WNT inhibitors, mostly thanks to their polyphenolic contents. They inhibit the pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations with active dilutions falling in ranges close to consumer-relevant concentrations. Food-grade manufacturing of apple extracts increases their WNT inhibitory activity as result of the conversion of quercetin glycosides into the aglycone quercetin, a potent WNT inhibitor absent in the fresh fruit extract. However, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion severely affected WNT inhibitory activity of apple extracts, as result of a loss of polyphenols. In conclusion, our results show that apple extracts inhibit the WNT pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations and represent a potential nutraceutical alternative for the treatment of this pathology. Enteric coating is advisable to preserve the activity of the extracts in the colon-rectal section of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Bottone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nadia Badolati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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14
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D'Angelo S, Martino E, Ilisso CP, Bagarolo ML, Porcelli M, Cacciapuoti G. Pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of polyphenol extract from Annurca apple and its underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:939-948. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Majewska M, Lewandowska U. The chemopreventive and anticancer potential against colorectal cancer of polyphenol-rich fruit extracts. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1307388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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A theoretical study on predicted protein targets of apple polyphenols and possible mechanisms of chemoprevention in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32516. [PMID: 27587238 PMCID: PMC5009435 DOI: 10.1038/srep32516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential role of apple phenolic compounds in human pathologies by integrating chemical characterization of phenolic compounds in three apple varieties, computational approaches to identify potential protein targets of the compounds, bioinformatics analyses on data from public archive of gene expression data, and functional analyses to hypothesize the effects of the selected compounds in molecular pathways. Starting by the analytic characterization of phenolic compounds in three apple varieties, i.e. Annurca, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious, we used computational approaches to verify by reverse docking the potential protein targets of the identified compounds. Direct docking validation of the potential protein-ligand interactions has generated a short list of human proteins potentially bound by the apple phenolic compounds. By considering the known chemo-preventive role of apple antioxidants' extracts against some human pathologies, we performed a functional analysis by comparison with experimental gene expression data and interaction networks, obtained from public repositories. The results suggest the hypothesis that chemo-preventive effects of apple extracts in human pathologies, in particular for colorectal cancer, may be the interference with the activity of nucleotide metabolism and methylation enzymes, similarly to some classes of anticancer drugs.
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17
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Zhang L, Bai Y, Yang Y. Thymoquinone chemosensitizes colon cancer cells through inhibition of NF-κB. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2840-2845. [PMID: 27698868 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the effects and molecular mechanisms of thymoquinone (TQ) on colon cancer cells were investigated. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and the results revealed that treatment with TQ significantly decreased cell viability in COLO205 and HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. TQ treatment additionally sensitized COLO205 and HCT116 cells to cisplatin therapy in a concentration-dependent manner. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of TQ action, western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of phosphorylated p65 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-regulated gene products vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), c-Myc and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). The results indicated that TQ treatment significantly decreased the level of phosphorylated p65 in the nucleus, which indicated the inhibition of NF-κB activation by TQ treatment. Treatment with TQ also decreased the expression levels of VEGF, c-Myc and Bcl-2. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB activation with a specific inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, potentiated the induction of cell death and caused a chemosensitization effect of TQ in colon cancer cells. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that TQ induced cell death and chemosensitized colon cancer cells by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yangqiu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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18
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Mcilhatton MA, Boivin GP, Groden J. Manipulation of DNA Repair Proficiency in Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1414383. [PMID: 27413734 PMCID: PMC4931062 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1414383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Technical and biological innovations have enabled the development of more sophisticated and focused murine models that increasingly recapitulate the complex pathologies of human diseases, in particular cancer. Mouse models provide excellent in vivo systems for deciphering the intricacies of cancer biology within the context of precise experimental settings. They present biologically relevant, adaptable platforms that are amenable to continual improvement and refinement. We discuss how recent advances in our understanding of tumorigenesis and the underlying deficiencies of DNA repair mechanisms that drive it have been informed by using genetically engineered mice to create defined, well-characterized models of human colorectal cancer. In particular, we focus on how mechanisms of DNA repair can be manipulated precisely to create in vivo models whereby the underlying processes of tumorigenesis are accelerated or attenuated, dependent on the composite alleles carried by the mouse model. Such models have evolved to the stage where they now reflect the initiation and progression of sporadic cancers. The review is focused on mouse models of colorectal cancer and how insights from these models have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the processes and potential therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mcilhatton
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory P. Boivin
- Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Health Sciences Building 053, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Joanna Groden
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Davidson KT, Zhu Z, Fang Y. Phytochemicals in the Fight Against Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:655-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Remely M, Stefanska B, Lovrecic L, Magnet U, Haslberger AG. Nutriepigenomics: the role of nutrition in epigenetic control of human diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:328-33. [PMID: 26001651 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutrients or even diets affect the epigenome by lifelong remodeling. Nutritional imbalances are associated with noncommunicable diseases. Thus, nutriepigenomics is a promising field in the treatment of complex human diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The epigenome is susceptible to changes and can be shaped by nutritional states, especially in prenatal period through transgenerational mechanisms and in early postnatal life when critical developmental processes are taking place. Although more stable, the epigenetic marks in adulthood are also dynamic and modifiable by environmental factors including diet. SUMMARY The present review is focused on the most recent knowledge of epigenetically active nutrients/diets including transgenerational inheritance and prenatal predispositions related to increased risk for cancer, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Remely
- aDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria bDepartment of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafaytte, Indiana, USA cDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
The colorectal mucosal epithelium is composed of rapidly proliferating crypt cells derived by clonal expansion from stem cells. The aging human colorectal mucosa develops aberrant patterns of DNA methylation that may contribute to its increasing vulnerability to cancer. Various types of evidence suggest that age-dependent loss of global methylation, together with hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with cancer-related genes, may be influenced by nutritional and metabolic factors. Folates are essential for the maintenance of normal DNA methylation, and folate metabolism is known to modify epigenetic mechanisms under experimental conditions. Human intervention trials and cross-sectional studies suggest a role for folates and other nutritional and metabolic factors as determinants of colorectal mucosal DNA methylation. Future studies should focus on the possibility that folic acid fortification may exert unforeseen effects on the human gastrointestinal epigenome. Naturally occurring DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in plant foods may be useful for the manipulation of epigenetic profiles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Johnson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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22
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D’Angelo L, Piazzi G, Pacilli A, Prossomariti A, Fazio C, Montanaro L, Graziani G, Fogliano V, Munarini A, Bianchi F, Belluzzi A, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. A combination of eicosapentaenoic acid-free fatty acid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and proanthocyanidins has a strong effect on mTOR signaling in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2314-20. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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23
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Cirillo G, Curcio M, Vittorio O, Iemma F, Restuccia D, Spizzirri UG, Puoci F, Picci N. Polyphenol Conjugates and Human Health: A Perspective Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:326-37. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.752342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Piazzi G, D'Argenio G, Prossomariti A, Lembo V, Mazzone G, Candela M, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Vitaglione P, Fogliano V, D'Angelo L, Fazio C, Munarini A, Belluzzi A, Ceccarelli C, Chieco P, Balbi T, Loadman PM, Hull MA, Romano M, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. Eicosapentaenoic acid free fatty acid prevents and suppresses colonic neoplasia in colitis-associated colorectal cancer acting on Notch signaling and gut microbiota. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2004-13. [PMID: 24676631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with increased risk of developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Epidemiological data show that the consumption of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) decreases the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). Importantly, recent data have shown that eicosapentaenoic acid-free fatty acid (EPA-FFA) reduces polyp formation and growth in models of familial adenomatous polyposis. However, the effects of dietary EPA-FFA are unknown in CAC. We tested the effectiveness of substituting EPA-FFA, for other dietary fats, in preventing inflammation and cancer in the AOM-DSS model of CAC. The AOM-DSS protocols were designed to evaluate the effect of EPA-FFA on both initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis. We found that EPA-FFA diet strongly decreased tumor multiplicity, incidence and maximum tumor size in the promotion and initiation arms. Moreover EPA-FFA, in particular in the initiation arm, led to reduced cell proliferation and nuclear β-catenin expression, whilst it increased apoptosis. In both arms, EPA-FFA treatment led to increased membrane switch from ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs and a concomitant reduction in PGE2 production. We observed no significant changes in intestinal inflammation between EPA-FFA treated arms and AOM-DSS controls. Importantly, we found that EPA-FFA treatment restored the loss of Notch signaling found in the AOM-DSS control and resulted in the enrichment of Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiota. Taken together, our data suggest that EPA-FFA is an excellent candidate for CRC chemoprevention in CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Piazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Potential role of naturally derived polyphenols and their nanotechnology delivery in cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 55:78-86. [PMID: 23371307 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural compounds found in plants, fruits, chocolate, and beverages such as tea and wine. To date, the majority of polyphenol research shows them to have anticancer activity in cell lines and animal models. Some human clinical trials also indicate possible anticancer benefits are associated with polyphenols. A problem with polyphenols is their short half-life and low bioavailability; thus the use of nanoparticles to enhance their delivery is a new research field. A Pubmed search was conducted to find in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical trials done within the past 10 years involving the use of polyphenols against different cancer types, and for studies done within the past 5 years on the use of nanoparticles to enhance polyphenol delivery. Based on the studies found, it is observed that polyphenols may be a potential alternative or additive therapy against cancer, and the use of nanoparticles to enhance their delivery to tumors is a promising approach. However, further human clinical trials are necessary to better understand the use of polyphenols as well as their nanoparticle-mediated delivery.
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Lang M, Borgmann M, Oberhuber G, Evstatiev R, Jimenez K, Dammann KW, Jambrich M, Khare V, Campregher C, Ristl R, Gasche C. Thymoquinone attenuates tumor growth in ApcMin mice by interference with Wnt-signaling. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:41. [PMID: 23668310 PMCID: PMC3663767 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are at increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer. Surgery and chemoprevention are the most effective means to prevent cancer development. Thymoquinone (TQ) is considered the main compound of the volatile Nigella sativa seed oil and has been reported to possess anticarcinogenic properties. In this study we evaluated the chemopreventive properties of TQ in a mouse model of FAP. Methods APCMin mice were fed with chow containing 37.5 mg/kg or 375 mg/kg TQ for 12 weeks. H&E stained intestine tissue sections were assessed for tumor number, localization, size, and grade. Immunohistochemistry for β-catenin, c-myc, Ki-67 and TUNEL-staining was performed to investigate TQ’s effect on major colorectal cancer pathways. TQ’s impact on GSK-3β and β-catenin were studied in RKO cells. Results 375 mg/kg but not 37.5 mg/kg TQ decreased the number of large polyps in the small intestine of APCMin mice. TQ induced apoptosis in the neoplastic tissue but not in the normal mucosa. Furthermore, upon TQ treatment, β-catenin was retained at the membrane and c-myc decreased in the nucleus, which was associated with a reduced cell proliferation in the villi. In vitro, TQ activated GSK-3β, which induced membranous localization of β-catenin and reduced nuclear c-myc expression. Conclusions In summary, TQ interferes with polyp progression in ApcMin mice through induction of tumor-cell specific apoptosis and by modulating Wnt signaling through activation of GSK-3β. Nigella sativa oil (or TQ) might be useful as nutritional supplement to complement surgery and chemoprevention in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lang
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Boqué N, de la Iglesia R, de la Garza AL, Milagro FI, Olivares M, Bañuelos Ó, Soria AC, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Martínez JA, Campión J. Prevention of diet-induced obesity by apple polyphenols in Wistar rats through regulation of adipocyte gene expression and DNA methylation patterns. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1473-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Boqué
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science; Physiology and Toxicology; University of Navarra; Pamplona; Spain
| | - Rocío de la Iglesia
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science; Physiology and Toxicology; University of Navarra; Pamplona; Spain
| | - Ana L. de la Garza
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science; Physiology and Toxicology; University of Navarra; Pamplona; Spain
| | | | - Mónica Olivares
- Discovery Laboratory, Health and Nutrition Department; Biosearch S.A.; Granada; Spain
| | - Óscar Bañuelos
- Discovery Laboratory, Health and Nutrition Department; Biosearch S.A.; Granada; Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Soria
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC); Madrid; Spain
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry; Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC); Madrid; Spain
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Woo HD, Kim J. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of stomach and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1011-1019. [PMID: 23467443 PMCID: PMC3581988 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomach and colorectal cancers are common cancers and leading causes of cancer deaths. Because the alimentary tract can interact directly with dietary components, stomach and colorectal cancer may be closely related to dietary intake. We systematically searched published literature written in English via PubMed by searching for terms related to stomach and colorectal cancer risk and dietary flavonoids up to June 30, 2012. Twenty-three studies out of 209 identified articles were finally selected for the analysis. Log point effect estimates and the corresponding standard errors were calculated using covariate-adjusted point effect estimates and 95%CIs from the selected studies. Total dietary flavonoid intake was not associated with a reduced risk of colorectal or stomach cancer [odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) = 1.00 (0.90-1.11) and 1.07 (0.70-1.61), respectively]. Among flavonoid subclasses, the intake of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins showed a significant inverse association with colorectal cancer risk [OR (95%CI) = 0.71 (0.63-0.81), 0.88 (0.79-0.97), 0.68 (0.56-0.82), and 0.72 (0.61-0.85), respectively]. A significant association was found only between flavonols and stomach cancer risk based on a limited number of selected studies [OR (95%CI) = 0.68 (0.46-0.99)]. In the summary estimates from case-control studies, all flavonoid subclasses except flavones and flavanones were inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, whereas neither total flavonoids nor any subclasses of flavonoids were associated with colorectal cancer risk in the summary estimates based on the cohort studies. The significant association between flavonoid subclasses and cancer risk might be closely related to bias derived from the case-control design. There was no clear evidence that dietary flavonoids are associated with reduced risk of stomach and colorectal cancer.
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Sánchez-Fidalgo S, Cárdeno A, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Aparicio-Soto M, de la Lastra CA. Dietary extra virgin olive oil polyphenols supplementation modulates DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1401-13. [PMID: 23337347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the protective effect of dietary extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenol extract (PE) supplementation in the inflammatory response associated to chronic colitis model. Six-week-old mice were randomized in four dietary groups: standard diet (SD), EVOO diet and both enriched with PE (850 ppm) (SD+PE and EVOO+PE). After 30 days, animals that were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) (3%) followed by 3 weeks of drinking water developed chronic colitis, which was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI) and histology. Cell proliferation was analyzed by immunohistochemical and changes in monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Colonic expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), IκBα inhibitory and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were determined by western blotting. SD-DSS group showed a significant increase of DAI, histological damage and cell proliferation, as well as an up-regulation of TNF-α, MCP-1, COX-2 and iNOS proteins. p38 and JNK MAPKs phosphorylation, IκBα degradation and PPARγ deactivation were also observed. However, in DSS-treated and EVOO+PE-fed mice, DAI and cell proliferation were significantly reduced, as well as MCP-1, TNF-α, COX-2 and iNOS expression levels. In addition, this dietary group, notably down-regulated JNK phosphorylation, prevented IκBα degradation and PPARγ deactivation. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that EVOO-PE supplementation possessed marked protective effects on experimental colitis through PPARγ up-regulation and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B and MAPK signaling pathway inhibition, decreasing the inflammatory cascade. We concluded that PE-enriched EVOO diet could be a beneficial functional food on ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Sánchez-Fidalgo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Stefanska B, Karlic H, Varga F, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Haslberger A. Epigenetic mechanisms in anti-cancer actions of bioactive food components--the implications in cancer prevention. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:279-97. [PMID: 22536923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of carcinogenesis are aberrations in gene expression and protein function caused by both genetic and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics refers to the changes in gene expression programming that alter the phenotype in the absence of a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, which include amongst others DNA methylation, covalent modifications of histone tails and regulation by non-coding RNAs, play a significant role in normal development and genome stability. The changes are dynamic and serve as an adaptation mechanism to a wide variety of environmental and social factors including diet. A number of studies have provided evidence that some natural bioactive compounds found in food and herbs can modulate gene expression by targeting different elements of the epigenetic machinery. Nutrients that are components of one-carbon metabolism, such as folate, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, choline, betaine and methionine, affect DNA methylation by regulating the levels of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a methyl group donor, and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, which is an inhibitor of enzymes catalyzing the DNA methylation reaction. Other natural compounds target histone modifications and levels of non-coding RNAs such as vitamin D, which recruits histone acetylases, or resveratrol, which activates the deacetylase sirtuin and regulates oncogenic and tumour suppressor micro-RNAs. As epigenetic abnormalities have been shown to be both causative and contributing factors in different health conditions including cancer, natural compounds that are direct or indirect regulators of the epigenome constitute an excellent approach in cancer prevention and potentially in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stefanska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Nutritional agents with anti-inflammatory properties in chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 191:143-56. [PMID: 22893204 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The strong link between inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis provides the rationale for using anti-inflammatory agents for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Several naturally occurring substances with anti-inflammatory properties, used in a purified 'nutraceutical' form, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and polyphenols such as curcumin and resveratrol, have been demonstrated to have anti-CRC activity in preclinical models. As expected, these agents have an excellent safety and tolerability profile in Phase II clinical trials. Phase III randomized clinical trials of these naturally occurring substances are now beginning to be reported. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid EPA, in the free fatty acid (FFA) form, has been demonstrated to reduce adenomatous polyp number and size in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a finding which has prompted evaluation of this formulation of EPA for prevention of 'sporadic' colorectal neoplasia. Anti-inflammatory 'nutraceuticals' require further clinical evaluation in polyp prevention trials as they exhibit many of the characteristics of the ideal cancer chemoprevention agent, including safety, tolerability and patient acceptability.
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Femia AP, Luceri C, Bianchini F, Salvadori M, Salvianti F, Pinzani P, Dolara P, Calorini L, Caderni G. Marie Ménard apples with high polyphenol content and a low-fat diet reduce 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats: effects on inflammation and apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1353-7. [PMID: 22715065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may increase cancer risk, therefore, we studied whether polyphenol-rich Marie Ménard (MM) apples with reported anti-inflammatory activity prevent 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats and, likewise whether high-fat (HF) diet promoting carcinogenesis, may affect inflammation. DMH-induced rats were fed for 15 weeks with: an HF diet (23% corn oil w/w); an HF diet containing 7.6% w/w lyophilized MM (apple diet (AD)); a low-fat (LF) diet and an HF diet containing piroxicam (PXC) (0.01% w/w) as control. Mucin depleted foci (MDF), precancerous lesions in the colon, were dramatically reduced in the AD, LF, and PXC groups compared with the HF. Peritoneal macrophage activation, an index of systemic inflammation, was significantly decreased in the AD, LF, and PXC groups. TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 m-RNA expression in the colon, as well as CD68 cells and plasmatic PGE2 were lower in the AD, but not in the LF group. Apoptosis in the MDF of both the AD and LF-fed rats was significantly higher than in HF rats. In conclusion, AD has a strong chemopreventive effect, reducing inflammation, and increasing apoptosis, while the chemopreventive effect of the LF diet seems mediated mainly by increased apoptosis in MDF.
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Gerhauser C. Cancer chemoprevention and nutriepigenetics: state of the art and future challenges. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 329:73-132. [PMID: 22955508 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "epigenetics" refers to modifications in gene expression caused by heritable, but potentially reversible, changes in DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Epigenetic alterations have been identified as promising new targets for cancer prevention strategies as they occur early during carcinogenesis and represent potentially initiating events for cancer development. Over the past few years, nutriepigenetics - the influence of dietary components on mechanisms influencing the epigenome - has emerged as an exciting new field in current epigenetic research. During carcinogenesis, major cellular functions and pathways, including drug metabolism, cell cycle regulation, potential to repair DNA damage or to induce apoptosis, response to inflammatory stimuli, cell signalling, and cell growth control and differentiation become deregulated. Recent evidence now indicates that epigenetic alterations contribute to these cellular defects, for example epigenetic silencing of detoxifying enzymes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle regulators, apoptosis-inducing and DNA repair genes, nuclear receptors, signal transducers and transcription factors by promoter methylation, and modifications of histones and non-histone proteins such as p53, NF-κB, and the chaperone HSP90 by acetylation or methylation.The present review will summarize the potential of natural chemopreventive agents to counteract these cancer-related epigenetic alterations by influencing the activity or expression of DNA methyltransferases and histone modifying enzymes. Chemopreventive agents that target the epigenome include micronutrients (folate, retinoic acid, and selenium compounds), butyrate, polyphenols from green tea, apples, coffee, black raspberries, and other dietary sources, genistein and soy isoflavones, curcumin, resveratrol, dihydrocoumarin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), lycopene, anacardic acid, garcinol, constituents of Allium species and cruciferous vegetables, including indol-3-carbinol (I3C), diindolylmethane (DIM), sulforaphane, phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), phenylhexyl isothiocyanate (PHI), diallyldisulfide (DADS) and its metabolite allyl mercaptan (AM), cambinol, and relatively unexplored modulators of histone lysine methylation (chaetocin, polyamine analogs). So far, data are still mainly derived from in vitro investigations, and results of animal models or human intervention studies are limited that demonstrate the functional relevance of epigenetic mechanisms for health promoting or cancer preventive efficacy of natural products. Also, most studies have focused on single candidate genes or mechanisms. With the emergence of novel technologies such as next-generation sequencing, future research has the potential to explore nutriepigenomics at a genome-wide level to understand better the importance of epigenetic mechanisms for gene regulation in cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Gerhauser
- Division Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ricciardiello L, Bazzoli F, Fogliano V. Phytochemicals and colorectal cancer prevention--myth or reality? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8:592-6. [PMID: 21894197 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer has been the focus of intensive research for more than two decades. Epidemiological evidence has shown a small, but significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and a reduction in colorectal cancer risk. In vitro and animal data have also demonstrated that many dietary phytochemicals have potent chemopreventive activities. However, in humans, single-agent compounds have yielded conflicting results. A key concept is that dietary phytochemicals exert beneficial effects at low concentrations when working in synergy with each other. As the gut microflora evolved in an environment rich in dietary fiber and phytochemicals, the rapid shift towards a Western diet creates an environment in which the gut is more vulnerable to carcinogens, genetic alterations and inflammation. As enforcing dietary interventions on large populations is not realistic, we believe future chemopreventive work should focus on delivering phytochemical mixtures that target the multiple molecular events involved in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy.
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