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Besasie BD, Saha A, DiGiovanni J, Liss MA. Effects of curcumin and ursolic acid in prostate cancer: A systematic review. Urologia 2024; 91:90-106. [PMID: 37776274 DOI: 10.1177/03915603231202304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The major barriers to phytonutrients in prostate cancer therapy are non-specific mechanisms and bioavailability issues. Studies have pointed to a synergistic combination of curcumin (CURC) and ursolic acid (UA). We investigate this combination using a systematic review process to assess the most likely mechanistic pathway and human testing in prostate cancer. We used the PRISMA statement to screen titles, abstracts, and the full texts of relevant articles and performed a descriptive analysis of the literature reviewed for study inclusion and consensus of the manuscript. The most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of CURC (n = 173) in prostate cancer was NF-κB (n = 25, 14.5%). The most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of UA (n = 24) in prostate cancer was caspase 3/caspase 9 (n = 10, 41.6%). The three most common molecular and cellular pathway from articles reporting on the pathways and effects of both CURC and UA (n = 193) in prostate cancer was NF-κB (n = 28, 14.2%), Akt (n = 22, 11.2%), and androgen (n = 19, 9.6%). Therefore, we have identified the potential synergistic target pathways of curcumin and ursolic acid to involve NF-κB, Akt, androgen receptors, and apoptosis pathways. Our review highlights the limited human studies and specific effects in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Besasie
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
- Department of Urology, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, USA
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Ismail MMF, El-Awady RR, Farrag AM, Mahmoud SH, Abo Shama NM, Mostafa A, Ali MA, Rashed MH, Ibrahim IH. Potential role of PIM1 inhibition in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:65. [PMID: 37211584 PMCID: PMC10200336 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection involves disturbing multiple molecular pathways related to immunity and cellular functions. PIM1 is a serine/threonine-protein kinase found to be involved in the pathogenesis of several viral infections. One PIM1 substrate, Myc, was reported to interact with TMPRSS2, which is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. PIM1 inhibitors were reported to have antiviral activity through multiple mechanisms related to immunity and proliferation. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential role in hindering the progression of COVID-19. It also aimed to assess PIM1 inhibitor's effect on the expression of several genes of Notch signaling and Wnt pathways. In vitro study was conducted on Vero-E6 cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 "NRC-03-nhCoV" virus. Protein-protein interaction of the study genes was assessed to evaluate their relation to cell proliferation and immunity. The effect of 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor treatment on viral load and mRNA expression of target genes was assessed at three time points. RESULTS Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 of 37.255 µg/ml), significantly lowering the viral load. Functional enrichments of the studied genes include negative regulation of growth rate, several biological processes involved in cell proliferation, and Interleukin-4 production, with interleukin-6 as a predicted functional partner. These results suggest an interplay between study genes with relation to cell proliferation and immunity. Following in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection, Notch pathway genes, CTNNB1, SUMO1, and TDG, were found to be overexpressed compared to uninfected cells. Treatment with 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor significantly lowers the expression levels of study genes, restoring Notch1 and BCL9 to the control level while decreasing Notch2 and CTNNB1 below control levels. CONCLUSION 2-pyridone PIM1 inhibitor could hinder cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 and modulate several pathways implicated in immunity, suggesting a potential benefit in the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M. F. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab R. El-Awady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo Egypt
| | - Amal M. Farrag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H. Rashed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman H. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo Egypt
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Bhattacharyya S, Ghosh H, Covarrubias-Zambrano O, Jain K, Swamy KV, Kasi A, Hamza A, Anant S, VanSaun M, Weir SJ, Bossmann SH, Padhye SB, Dandawate P. Anticancer Activity of Novel Difluorinated Curcumin Analog and Its Inclusion Complex with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin against Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076336. [PMID: 37047307 PMCID: PMC10093935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the primary reason for cancer-related deaths in the US. Genetic mutations, drug resistance, the involvement of multiple signaling pathways, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and desmoplastic stroma, which hinders drug penetrance, contribute to poor chemotherapeutic efficacy. Hence, there is a need to identify novel drugs with improved delivery to improve treatment outcomes. Curcumin is one such compound that can inhibit multiple signaling pathways and CSCs. However, curcumin’s clinical applicability for treating PDAC is limited because of its poor solubility in water and metabolic instability. Hence, we developed a difluorinated curcumin (CDF) analog that accumulates selectively in the pancreas and inhibits PDAC growth in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we developed its 2-hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HCD) inclusion complex to increase its water solubility and hydrolytic stability. The CDFHCD inclusion complex was characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopic techniques. The inclusion complex exhibited increased aqueous solubility, hydrolytic stability, and antiproliferative activity compared to parent CDF. Moreover, CDF and CDFHCD inhibited colony and spheroid formation, and induced cell cycle and apoptosis in PDAC cell lines. Hence, CDFHCD self-assembly is an efficient approach to increase water solubility and anticancer therapeutic efficacy, which now warrants advancement towards a clinical proof of concept in PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Hindole Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | | | - Krishan Jain
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - K. Venkateswara Swamy
- MIT School of Bioengineering, Sciences & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune 412201, India
| | - Anup Kasi
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ameer Hamza
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Michael VanSaun
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Scott J. Weir
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Institute for Advancing Medical Innovation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Stefan H. Bossmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Subhash B. Padhye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
- Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Research Academy (ISTRA), Azam Campus, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
| | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-913-945-6336
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Tachachartvanich P, Singam ERA, Durkin KA, Furlow JD, Smith MT, La Merrill MA. In Vitro characterization of the endocrine disrupting effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on the human androgen receptor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128243. [PMID: 35093747 PMCID: PMC9705075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used extensively in a broad range of industrial applications and consumer products. While a few legacy PFASs have been voluntarily phased out, over 5000 PFASs have been produced as replacements for their predecessors. The potential endocrine disrupting hazards of most emerging PFASs have not been comprehensively investigated. In silico molecular docking to the human androgen receptor (hAR) combined with machine learning techniques were previously applied to 5206 PFASs and predicted 23 PFASs bind the hAR. Herein, the in silico results were validated in vitro for the five candidate AR ligands that were commercially available. Three manufactured PFASs namely (9-(nonafluorobutyl)- 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1 H,5 H,11 H-pyrano[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-11-one (NON), 2-(heptafluoropropyl)- 3-phenylquinoxaline (HEP), and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-N-(4-nitrophenyl)pentanamide (NNN) elicited significant antiandrogenic effects at relatively low concentrations. We further investigated the mechanism of AR inhibition and found that all three PFASs inhibited AR transactivation induced by testosterone through a competitive binding mechanism. We then examined the antiandrogenic effects of these PFASs on AR expression and its responsive genes. Consistently, these PFASs significantly decreased the expression of PSA and FKBP5 and increased the expression of AR, similar to the effects elicited by a known competitive AR inhibitor, hydroxyflutamide. This suggests they are competitive antagonists of AR activity and western blot analysis revealed these PFASs decreased intracellular AR protein in androgen sensitive human prostate cancer cells. Hence, the findings presented here corroborate our published in silico approach and indicate these emerging PFASs may adversely affect the human endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Kathleen A Durkin
- Molecular Graphics and Computation Facility, College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Koushyar S, Meniel VS, Phesse TJ, Pearson HB. Exploring the Wnt Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:309. [PMID: 35204808 PMCID: PMC8869457 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway is emerging as a frequent event during prostate cancer that can facilitate tumor formation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Recent discoveries indicate that targeting the Wnt pathway to treat prostate cancer may be efficacious. However, the functional consequence of activating the Wnt pathway during the different stages of prostate cancer progression remains unclear. Preclinical work investigating the efficacy of targeting Wnt signaling for the treatment of prostate cancer, both in primary and metastatic lesions, and improving our molecular understanding of treatment responses is crucial to identifying effective treatment strategies and biomarkers that help guide treatment decisions and improve patient care. In this review, we outline the type of genetic alterations that lead to activated Wnt signaling in prostate cancer, highlight the range of laboratory models used to study the role of Wnt genetic drivers in prostate cancer, and discuss new mechanistic insights into how the Wnt cascade facilitates prostate cancer growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koushyar
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (V.S.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Valerie S. Meniel
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (V.S.M.)
| | - Toby J. Phesse
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (V.S.M.)
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (S.K.); (V.S.M.)
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Tharakan B, Hunter FA, Muthusamy S, Randolph S, Byrd C, Rao VN, Reddy ESP, Childs EW. ETS-Related Gene Activation Preserves Adherens Junctions and Permeability in Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Shock 2022; 57:309-315. [PMID: 34907119 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT ERG (ETS-related gene) is a member of the ETS (Erythroblast-transformation specific) family of transcription factors abundantly present in vascular endothelial cells. Recent studies demonstrate that ERG has important roles in blood vessel stability and angiogenesis. However, it is unclear how ERG is potentially involved in microvascular barrier functions and permeability. A wide variety of diseases and clinical conditions including trauma-hemorrhagic shock and burn injury are associated with microvascular dysfunctions, which causes excessive microvascular permeability, tissue edema and eventually, multiple organ dysfunction and death. The main purpose of this study was to determine the specific role of ERG in regulating microvascular permeability in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMEC) and to evaluate if exogenous ERG will protect the barrier. The HLMECs were grown on Transwell inserts as monolayers and were transfected with ERG CRISPR/cas9 knockdown plasmid, ERG CRISPR activation plasmid, recombinant ERG protein or their respective controls. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was used as an inducer of permeability for evaluating the effect of ERG activation on permeability. Changes in barrier integrity and permeability were studied using monolayer permeability assay and immunofluorescence of adherens junction proteins (VE-cadherin and β-catenin) respectively. CRISPR/cas9-based ERG knockdown as well as VEGF treatment induced monolayer hyperpermeability, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin junctional relocation and cytoskeletal F-actin stress fiber formation. CRISPR based ERG activation and recombinant ERG transfection attenuated VEGF-induced monolayer hyperpermeability. ERG activation preserved the adherens junctions and cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate that ERG is a potent regulator of barrier integrity and permeability in human lung microvascular endothelial cells and endogenously or exogenously enhancing ERG provides protection against barrier dysfunction and hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu Tharakan
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Felicia A Hunter
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Sonya Randolph
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Crystal Byrd
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Veena N Rao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - E Shyam P Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ed W Childs
- Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Luo J, Wang D, Wan X, Xu Y, Lu Y, Kong Z, Li D, Gu W, Wang C, Li Y, Ji C, Gu S, Xu Y. Crosstalk Between AR and Wnt Signaling Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Growth. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9257-9267. [PMID: 32982312 PMCID: PMC7509333 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in males in the United States. Despite the initial efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) patients, most patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the androgen-independent progression of PCa remain largely unknown. Methods In this study, we established a PCa cell line (LNCaP-AI) by maintaining LNCaP cells under androgen-depleted conditions. To explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of androgen-independent growth of PCa, we analyzed the gene expression patterns in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) compared with that in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that Wnt signaling pathways were activated after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In vitro experiments showed that the inhibition of Wnt pathway reduced AIPC cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression and promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, WNT5A, LEF1 were identified as direct targets of AR by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and public ChIP-seq datasets analysis. Results In the present study, we found a regulatory mechanism through which crosstalk between androgen receptor (AR) and Wnt signals promoted androgen-independent conversion of PCa. The Wnt pathway was inhibited by androgen in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, but this blocking effect was not elicited in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells. Moreover, Wnt pathway genes WNT5A and LEF1 were directly downregulated by AR. In vitro experiments showed that inhibition of the Wnt pathways repressed AIPC cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression and promoting apoptosis. We found that WNT5A and LEF1 were downregulated in low-grade PCa but upregulated in metastatic PCa. Conclusion In summary, we revealed that crosstalk between AR and Wnt signaling pathways promotes androgen-independent growth of PCa, which may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangguang Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Kong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujian Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenji Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoneng Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoting Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Gupta I, Rizeq B, Elkord E, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Lung Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2186. [PMID: 32764454 PMCID: PMC7464614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, are emerging pandemic infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in certain group of patients. In general, SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome in addition to other organs' destruction. The main impact upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. Thus, lung cancer patients are identified as a particularly high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. On the other hand, it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), that promotes cellular entry of this virus in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Today, there are no vaccines and/or effective drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Thus, manipulation of key entry genes of this virus especially in lung cancer patients could be one of the best approaches to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group of patients. We herein provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 genes, as key entry elements as well as therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can help to better understand the applications and capacities of various remedial approaches for infected individuals, especially those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute & 4Hamad Bin Khalifa University, 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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9
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Fraune C, Harms L, Büscheck F, Höflmayer D, Tsourlakis MC, Clauditz TS, Simon R, Möller K, Luebke AM, Möller-Koop C, Steurer S, Hube-Magg C, Sauter G, Weidemann S, Lebok P, Dum D, Kind S, Minner S, Izbicki JR, Schlomm T, Huland H, Heinzer H, Burandt E, Haese A, Graefen M, Schroeder C. Upregulation of the transcription factor TFAP2D is associated with aggressive tumor phenotype in prostate cancer lacking the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Mol Med 2020; 26:24. [PMID: 32143573 PMCID: PMC7060561 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TFAP2D is a transcription factor important for modulating gene expression in embryogenesis. Its expression and prognostic role in prostate cancer has not been evaluated. Methods Therefore, a tissue microarray containing 17,747 prostate cancer specimens with associated pathological, clinical, and molecular data was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to assess the role of TFAP2D. Results TFAP2D expression was typically increased in prostate cancer as compared to adjacent non-neoplastic glands. TFAP2D staining was considered negative in 24.3% and positive in 75.7% of 13,545 interpretable cancers. TFAP2D staining was significantly linked to advanced tumor stage, high classical and quantitative Gleason grade, lymph node metastasis, and a positive surgical margin (p ≤ 0.0045). TFAP2D positivity was more common in ERG fusion positive (88.7%) than in ERG negative cancers (66.8%; p < 0.0001). Subset analyses in 3776 cancers with and 4722 cancers without TMPRSS2:ERG fusion revealed that associations with tumor phenotype and patient outcome were largely driven by the subset of ERG negative tumors. Multivariate analysis did not identify TFAP2D protein expression levels as a robust independent prognostic parameter. Positive TFAP2D immunostaining was significantly associated with 10 of 11 previously analyzed chromosomal deletions in ERG negative cancers (p ≤ 0.0244 each) indicating that elevated TFAP2D expression parallels genomic instability in prostate cancer. Conclusion These data demonstrate that TFAP2D protein overexpression is linked to prostate cancer progression and genomic instability in ERG negative prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Harms
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Christina Tsourlakis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Möller-Koop
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Haese
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schroeder
- General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Kaye K, Paprottka F, Escudero R, Casabona G, Montes J, Fakin R, Moke L, Stasch T, Richter D, Benito-Ruiz J. Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS-COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:1014-1042. [PMID: 32410196 PMCID: PMC7224128 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide spread of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to a near total stop of non-urgent, elective surgeries across all specialties in most affected countries. In the field of aesthetic surgery, the self-imposed moratorium for all aesthetic surgery procedures recommended by most international scientific societies has been adopted by many surgeons worldwide and resulted in a huge socioeconomic impact for most private practices and clinics. An important question still unanswered in most countries is when and how should elective/aesthetic procedures be scheduled again and what kind of organizational changes are necessary to protect patients and healthcare workers when clinics and practices reopen. Defining manageable, evidence-based protocols for testing, surgical/procedural risk mitigation and clinical flow management/contamination management will be paramount for the safety of non-urgent surgical procedures. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE/PubMed research for all available publications on COVID-19 and surgery and COVID-19 and anesthesia. Articles and referenced literature describing possible procedural impact factors leading to exacerbation of the clinical evolution of COVID-19-positive patients were identified to perform risk stratification for elective surgery. Based on these impact factors, considerations for patient selection, choice of procedural complexity, duration of procedure, type of anesthesia, etc., are discussed in this article and translated into algorithms for surgical/anesthesia risk management and clinical management. Current recommendations and published protocols on contamination control, avoidance of cross-contamination and procedural patient flow are reviewed. A COVID-19 testing guideline protocol for patients planning to undergo elective aesthetic surgery is presented and recommendations are made regarding adaptation of current patient information/informed consent forms and patient health questionnaires. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 crisis has led to unprecedented challenges in the acute management of the crisis, and the wave only recently seems to flatten out in some countries. The adaptation of surgical and procedural steps for a risk-minimizing management of potential COVID-19-positive patients seeking to undergo elective aesthetic procedures in the wake of that wave will present the next big challenge for the aesthetic surgery community. We propose a clinical algorithm to enhance patient safety in elective surgery in the context of COVID-19 and to minimize cross-contamination between healthcare workers and patients. New evidence-based guidelines regarding surgical risk stratification, testing, and clinical flow management/contamination management are proposed. We believe that only the continuous development and broad implementation of guidelines like the ones proposed in this paper will allow an early reintegration of all aesthetic procedures into the scope of surgical care currently performed and to prepare the elective surgical specialties better for a possible second wave of the pandemic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kaye
- Ocean Clinic Marbella, Marbella, Spain
| | | | | | | | - J. Montes
- Torre Medica Auxilio Mutuo, San Juan, PR USA
| | - R. Fakin
- Ocean Clinic Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Moke
- grid.410569.f0000 0004 0626 3338Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - T. Stasch
- Vitality Fountain Clinic Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D. Richter
- Department for Plastic Surgery, Dreifaltigkeitskrankenhaus Wesseling, Wesseling, Germany
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11
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Nuclear up regulation of the BRCA1-associated ubiquitinase BAP1 is associated with tumor aggressiveness in prostate cancers lacking the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7096-7111. [PMID: 31903168 PMCID: PMC6935259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the putative tumor suppressor BAP1 is a candidate biomarker for adverse prognosis in many cancer types, but conversely for improved survival in others. Studies on the expression and prognostic role of BAP1 in prostate cancer are currently lacking. We used a tissue microarray of 17,747 individual prostate cancer samples linked with comprehensive pathological, clinical and molecular data and studied the immunohistochemical expression of BAP1. BAP1 expression was typically up regulated in cancers as compared to adjacent normal prostatic glands. In 15,857 cancers, BAP1 staining was weak in 3.3%, moderate in 41.6% and strong in 17.4%. Strong BAP1 staining was associated with advanced tumor stage (p<0.0001), high classical and quantitative Gleason grade (p<0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.0001), a positive surgical margin (p=0.0019) and early biochemical recurrence (p<0.0001). BAP1 expression was linked to ERG-fusion type cancers, with strong BAP1 staining in 12% of ERG-negative, but 30% of ERG-positive cancers (p<0.0001). Subset analyses in 5,415 cancers with and 4,217 cancers without TMPRSS2:ERG fusion revealed that these associations with tumor phenotype and patient outcome were largely driven by the subset of ERG-negative tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that the prognostic impact was independent of established prognostic features in ERG negative p<0.001) but not in ERG positive cancers. BAP1 expression was further linked to androgen receptor (AR) expression: Only 2% of AR-negative, but 33% of strongly AR expressing cancers had strong BAP1 expression (p<0.0001). In conclusion, this study shows that BAP1 up regulation is linked to prostate cancer progression and aggressiveness.
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12
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Paulraj F, Abas F, H Lajis N, Othman I, Naidu R. Molecular Pathways Modulated by Curcumin Analogue, Diarylpentanoids in Cancer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E270. [PMID: 31295798 PMCID: PMC6681237 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While curcumin has a range of therapeutic benefits, its potent anticancer activity remains an attractive avenue for anticancer research owing to the multifactorial nature of cancer itself. The structure of curcumin has thus been used as a lead to design more potent analogues, and diarylpentanoids in particular have shown improved cytotoxicity over curcumin. Investigations of diarylpentanoids have demonstrated that these compounds exert anti-cancer effects through several signalling pathways that are associated with cancer. This review focuses on selected diarylpentanoids and highlights molecular targets that modulate key pathways involved in cancer such as NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and STAT signalling. Future research will need to focus on drug interactions to explore potential synergistic actions of diarylpentanoids and further establish the use of diverse animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Paulraj
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nordin H Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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13
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Lee RS, Zhang L, Berger A, Lawrence MG, Song J, Niranjan B, Davies RG, Lister NL, Sandhu SK, Rubin MA, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA, Rickman DS, Horvath LG, Daly RJ. Characterization of the ERG-regulated Kinome in Prostate Cancer Identifies TNIK as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Neoplasia 2019; 21:389-400. [PMID: 30901730 PMCID: PMC6426874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of prostate cancers harbor the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, resulting in elevated expression of the ERG transcription factor. Despite the identification of this subclass of prostate cancers, no personalized therapeutic strategies have achieved clinical implementation. Kinases are attractive therapeutic targets as signaling networks are commonly perturbed in cancers. The impact of elevated ERG expression on kinase signaling networks in prostate cancer has not been investigated. Resolution of this issue may identify novel therapeutic approaches for ERG-positive prostate cancers. In this study, we used quantitative mass spectrometry-based kinomic profiling to identify ERG-mediated changes to cellular signaling networks. We identified 76 kinases that were differentially expressed and/or phosphorylated in DU145 cells engineered to express ERG. In particular, the Traf2 and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) was markedly upregulated and phosphorylated on multiple sites upon ERG overexpression. Importantly, TNIK has not previously been implicated in prostate cancer. To validate the clinical relevance of these findings, we characterized expression of TNIK and TNIK phosphorylated at serine 764 (pS764) in a localized prostate cancer patient cohort and showed that nuclear enrichment of TNIK (pS764) was significantly positively correlated with ERG expression. Moreover, TNIK protein levels were dependent upon ERG expression in VCaP cells and primary cells established from a prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft. Furthermore, reduction of TNIK expression and activity by silencing TNIK expression or using the TNIK inhibitor NCB-0846 reduced cell viability, colony formation and anchorage independent growth. Therefore, TNIK represents a novel and actionable therapeutic target for ERG-positive prostate cancers that could be exploited to develop new treatments for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Lee
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luxi Zhang
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adeline Berger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell G Lawrence
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca G Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie L Lister
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen K Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Garvan Institute for Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Eichenauer T, Hussein M, Hube-Magg C, Kluth M, Büscheck F, Höflmayer D, Tsourlakis MC, Steurer S, Clauditz TS, Luebke AM, Burandt E, Wilczak W, Hinsch A, Dum D, Beyer B, Steuber T, Huland H, Graefen M, Simon R, Sauter G, Melling N, Schlomm T, Minner S. A nuclear shift of GSK3β protein is an independent prognostic factor in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1729-1744. [PMID: 30899444 PMCID: PMC6422199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) regulates many cancer relevant cellular processes and represents a potential therapeutic target. GSK3ß overexpression has been linked to adverse tumor features in many cancers, but its role in prostate cancer remains uncertain. We employed immunohistochemical GSK3ß expression analysis on a tissue microarray with 12,427 prostate cancers. Cytoplasmic and nuclear GSK3ß staining was separately analyzed. GSK3ß staining was absent in normal prostate epithelium, whereas 57% of 9,164 interpretable cancers showed detectable GSK3ß expression. Cytoplasmic staining was considered weak, moderate, and strong in 36%, 19.5% and 1.5% of tumors and was accompanied by nuclear GSK3ß staining in 47% of cases. Cytoplasmic GSK3ß staining as well as nuclear GSK3ß accumulation was associated with advanced tumor stage, high Gleason grade, presence of lymph node metastasis and early biochemical recurrence (p < 0.0001 each for cytoplasmic staining and nu-clear accumulation). Prognosis of GSK3ß positive cancers became particularly poor if nuclear GSK3ß staining was also seen (p < 0.0001). The prognostic impact of nuclear GSK3ß accumu-lation was independent of established preoperative and postoperative parameters in multivari-ate analyses (p < 0.0001). The significant association of GSK3ß expression with deletions of PTEN, 3p13 (p < 0.0001 each), 5q21 (p = 0.0014) and 6q15 (p = 0.0026) suggest a role of GSK3ß in the development of genomic instability. In summary, the results of our study identify GSK3ß as an independent prognostic marker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Eichenauer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Beyer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Steuber
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Melling
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Editor's Note: Inactivation of AR/TMPRSS2-ERG/Wnt Signaling Networks Attenuates the Aggressive Behavior of Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:677. [PMID: 30249720 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Roe JS, Vakoc CR. The Essential Transcriptional Function of BRD4 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:61-66. [PMID: 28174254 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is often initiated by genetic alterations of machineries that regulate chromatin and transcription, thereby blocking cell differentiation. Such mechanisms may also render leukemia cells vulnerable to perturbations of transcriptional regulators, which includes small molecules targeting the coactivator protein BRD4. Numerous studies have validated BRD4 as a therapeutic target in diverse subtypes of AML; however, the vital function of BRD4 in this disease is only beginning to be understood. Here we discuss the recent progress in elucidating the transcriptional function of BRD4 in AML cells, with an emphasis on the desirable attributes, but also the inherent limitations, of targeting general coactivator proteins as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seok Roe
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
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17
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Yates C, Long MD, Campbell MJ, Sucheston-Campbell L. miRNAs as drivers of TMPRSS2-ERG negative prostate tumors in African American men. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2017; 22:212-229. [PMID: 27814612 PMCID: PMC5858730 DOI: 10.2741/4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) who have PCa typically have more aggressive disease and make up a disproportionate number of the disease deaths, relative to European Americans (EAs). TMPRSS2 translocations, a common event in EA patients, are exploited in diagnostic and prognostic settings, whereas they are diminished in frequency in AA men. Thus, these patients with TMPRSS2 fusion-negative disease represent an under-investigated patient group. We propose that epigenetic events are a significant and alternative driver of aggressive disease in fusion-negative PCa. To reveal epigenetically governed microRNAs (miRNAs) that are enriched in fusion-negative disease and associated with aggressive in AA PCa, we leveraged both our experimental evidence and publically available data. These analyses identified 18 miRNAs that are differentially altered in fusion-negative disease, associated with DNA CpG methylation, and implicated in aggressive and AA PCas. Understanding the relationships between miRNA expression, upstream epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation, and downstream regulation of mRNA targets in fusion negative disease is imperative to understanding the biological basis of the racial health disparity in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088
| | - Mark D Long
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088,
| | - Lara Sucheston-Campbell
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263
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18
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Zhang L, Shao L, Creighton CJ, Zhang Y, Xin L, Ittmann M, Wang J. Function of phosphorylation of NF-kB p65 ser536 in prostate cancer oncogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6281-94. [PMID: 25749044 PMCID: PMC4467437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Majority of prostate cancer (PCa) patients carry TMPRSS2/ERG (T/E) fusion genes and there has been tremendous interest in understanding how the T/E fusion may promote progression of PCa. We showed that T/E fusion can activate NF-kB pathway by increasing phosphorylation of NF-kB p65 Ser536 (p536), but the function of p536 has never been studied in PCa. We report here that active p536 can significantly increase cell motility and transform PNT1a cells (an immortalized normal cell line), suggesting p536 plays a critical role in promoting PCa tumorigenesis. We have discovered a set of p536 regulated genes, among which we validated the regulation of CCL2 by p536. Based on all evidence, we favor that T/E fusion, NF-kB p536 and CCL2 form a signaling chain. Finally, PNT1a cells (not tumorigenic) can form tumors in SCID mice when overexpressing of either wild type or active p65 in the presence of activated AKT, demonstrating synergistic activities of NF-kB and AKT signals in promoting PCa tumorigenesis. These findings indicate that combination therapies targeting T/E fusion, NF-kB, CCL2 and/or AKT pathways may have efficacy in T/E fusion gene expressing PCa. If successful, such targeted therapy will benefit more than half of PCa patients who carry T/E fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Deptartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Longjiang Shao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Deptartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Deptartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Deptartment of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Abstract
Recently, nutraceuticals have received increasing attention as the agents for cancer prevention and supplement with conventional therapy. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the US. Growing evidences from epidemiological studies, in vitro experimental studies, animal studies, and clinical trials have shown that nutraceuticals could be very useful for the prevention and treatment of PCa. Several nutraceuticals including isoflavone, indole-3-carbinol, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, lycopene, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and curcumin are known to downregulate the signal transductions in AR, Akt, NF-κB, and other signal transduction pathways which are vital for the development of PCa and the progression of PCa from androgen-sensitive to castrate-resistant PCa. Therefore, nutraceutical treatment in combination with conventional therapeutics could achieve better treatment outcome in prostate cancer therapy. Interestingly, some nutraceuticals could regulate the function of cancer stem cell (CSC)-related miRNAs and associated molecules, leading to the inhibition of prostatic CSCs which are responsible for drug resistance, tumor progression, and recurrence of PCa. Hence, nutraceuticals may serve as powerful agents for the prevention of PCa progression and they could also be useful in combination with chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy. Such strategy could become a promising newer approach for the treatment of metastatic PCa with better treatment outcome by improving overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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20
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Ahmad A, Sayed A, Ginnebaugh KR, Sharma V, Suri A, Saraph A, Padhye S, Sarkar FH. Molecular docking and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 by novel difluorinatedbenzylidene curcumin analog. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:298-308. [PMID: 25901198 PMCID: PMC4399093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently described the synthesis and characterization of a novel difluorinatedbenzylidene analog of curcumin, commonly referred as CDF, which demonstrated significantly enhanced bioavailability and in vivo anticancer activity. CDF targets many factors similar to curcumin, albeit with more potency, as reported previously. To further highlight this differential behavior of CDF, we chose matrix metalloproteinase protein MMP-2 which is involved in the processes of invasion and metastasis of human tumors. Both curcumin and CDF were characterized for their binding characteristics using in silico docking studies; they were also evaluated via biological assays involving gelatin zymography, miRNA analysis, invasion assays and ELISA. CDF was found to inhibit MMP-2 expression and activity in A549 and H1299 NSCLC cells much more effectively than curcumin, validating molecular modeling results. miR-874, an MMP-2-targeting miRNA, was up-regulated by CDF. Thus, it appears that CDF can inhibit MMP-2 through multiple mechanisms. Our results are suggestive of a more potent inhibition of invasion and metastasis by CDF, compared to curcumin, thus warranting its further evaluation as an effective anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Afreen Sayed
- ISTRA, Department of Microbiology, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of PunePune 411001, India
| | - Kevin R Ginnebaugh
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | - Anita Suri
- Tata Consultancy ServicesHinjewadi, Pune, India
| | | | - Subhash Padhye
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, University of PunePune 411001, India
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, MI 48201, USA
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21
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Birdsey GM, Shah AV, Dufton N, Reynolds LE, Osuna Almagro L, Yang Y, Aspalter IM, Khan ST, Mason JC, Dejana E, Göttgens B, Hodivala-Dilke K, Gerhardt H, Adams RH, Randi AM. The endothelial transcription factor ERG promotes vascular stability and growth through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Dev Cell 2015; 32:82-96. [PMID: 25584796 PMCID: PMC4292982 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessel stability is essential for embryonic development; in the adult, many diseases are associated with loss of vascular integrity. The ETS transcription factor ERG drives expression of VE-cadherin and controls junctional integrity. We show that constitutive endothelial deletion of ERG (Erg(cEC-KO)) in mice causes embryonic lethality with vascular defects. Inducible endothelial deletion of ERG (Erg(iEC-KO)) results in defective physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the postnatal retina and tumors, with decreased vascular stability. ERG controls the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by promoting β-catenin stability, through signals mediated by VE-cadherin and the Wnt receptor Frizzled-4. Wnt signaling is decreased in ERG-deficient endothelial cells; activation of Wnt signaling with lithium chloride, which stabilizes β-catenin levels, corrects vascular defects in Erg(cEC-KO) embryos. Finally, overexpression of ERG in vivo reduces permeability and increases stability of VEGF-induced blood vessels. These data demonstrate that ERG is an essential regulator of angiogenesis and vascular stability through Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme M Birdsey
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aarti V Shah
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Neil Dufton
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Louise E Reynolds
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lourdes Osuna Almagro
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Youwen Yang
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Irene M Aspalter
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Samia T Khan
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Justin C Mason
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna M Randi
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) Vascular Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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22
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Huang KC, Alshalalfa M, Hegazy SA, Dolph M, Donnelly B, Bismar TA. The prognostic significance of combined ERG and androgen receptor expression in patients with prostate cancer managed by androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1120-8. [PMID: 24972028 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERG and androgen receptor (AR) are known to function cooperatively in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the prognostic value of combined ERG and AR expression and potential pathways are not well characterized. We assessed ERG and AR protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 312 men with PCa diagnosed by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Patients were divided into those with no prior hormonal treatment (designated as PCa/AdvPCa) vs. those with castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC) undergoing channel TURP to relieve obstructive symptoms. The expression status was correlated with various clinical-pathological parameters. The Swedish watchful-waiting cohort was used for validation and characterization of potential gene signatures associated with ERG and AR. Patients with combined ERG-positive/AR high expression profile demonstrated higher rates of PCa-specific mortality (PCSM) compared with patients with ERG-negative/AR low in patients with no prior treatment (n = 90, P = 0.032), but this was attenuated in the overall cohort which included the CRPC subgroup (n = 125, P = 0.096). The prognostic significance to PCSM was validated in the Swedish watchful waiting cohort in univariate (HR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.9-5.6, P = 4.25E-5) and multivariate analysis (HR: 2; 95% CI: 0.97-4.1, P = 0.057), which included Gleason score. ERG/AR overexpression status characterized 152 genes signatures including WNT, PI3K/AKT and chemokine signaling pathways known to be deregulated in PCa. In conclusion, combined ERG/AR overexpression signifies a class of patients at highest-risk of PCSM with specific key genetic alteration likely responsible for disease progression. The prognostic value of combined ERG/AR overexpression and its associated genes should be further investigated as potential prognostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services; Calgary, AB Canada
| | | | - Samar A Hegazy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services; Calgary, AB Canada; The Prostate Cancer Center; Calgary, AB Canada; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Michael Dolph
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services; Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Urology; University of Calgary; Calgary, AB Canada; The Prostate Cancer Center; Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Tarek A Bismar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services; Calgary, AB Canada; Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Calgary, AB Canada; Southern Alberta Cancer Institute and Tom Baker Cancer Center; Calgary, AB Canada; The Prostate Cancer Center; Calgary, AB Canada
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23
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Chu M, Chang Y, Wang N, Li W, Li P, Gao WQ. Hypermethylation-mediated transcriptional repression of TMPRSS2 in androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:823-828. [PMID: 24764242 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer for men in the developed world. Androgen receptor (AR) is very important in prostate cancer progression. TMPRSS2 is an AR signaling downstream gene and closely related to prostate carcinogenesis. DNA methylation is a key mechanism to influence gene expression. Though previous reports have shown that AR signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of TMPRSS2 in prostate cancer, hardly any studies have examined whether the DNA methylation has been involved in the regulation of TMPRSS2. In the present study, we demonstrated that AR-negative prostate cancer (PCa) cells showed low expression levels and hypermethylation of TMPRSS2. In contrast, AR-positive PCa cells displayed high levels and hypomethylation of TMPRSS2. Treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine reversed the low expression levels of TMPRSS2 in the AR-negative PCa cells. Additionally, we found that the level of DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) was high in AR-negative PCa cells, in which hypermethylation of TMPRSS2 and low expression level of TMPRSS2 were observed. Collectively, these data suggest that the high level of DNMT1 might be the mechanism for the hypermethylation-mediated transcriptional repression of TMPRSS2 in AR-negative PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yunli Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Naitao Wang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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24
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Farooqi AA, Hou MF, Chen CC, Wang CL, Chang HW. Androgen receptor and gene network: Micromechanics reassemble the signaling machinery of TMPRSS2-ERG positive prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:34. [PMID: 24739220 PMCID: PMC4002202 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a gland tumor in the male reproductive system. It is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Transmembrane protease, serine 2 and v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 homolog (TMPRSS2-ERG) gene fusions are the common molecular signature of prostate cancer. Although tremendous advances have been made in unraveling various facets of TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer, many research findings must be sequentially collected and re-interpreted. It is important to understand the activation or repression of target genes and proteins in response to various stimuli and the assembly in signal transduction in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells. Accordingly, we divide this multi-component review ofprostate cancer cells into several segments: 1) The role of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in genomic instability and methylated regulation in prostate cancer and normal cells; 2) Signal transduction cascades in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer; 3) Overexpressed genes in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer cells; 4) miRNA mediated regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) and its associated protein network; 5) Quantitative control of ERG in prostate cancer cells; 6) TMPRSS2-ERG encoded protein targeting; In conclusion, we provide a detailed understanding of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion related information in prostate cancer development to provide a rationale for exploring TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-mediated molecular network machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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The Multifaceted Roles of STAT3 Signaling in the Progression of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:829-59. [PMID: 24722453 PMCID: PMC4074806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 governs essential functions of epithelial and hematopoietic cells that are often dysregulated in cancer. While the role for STAT3 in promoting the progression of many solid and hematopoietic malignancies is well established, this review will focus on the importance of STAT3 in prostate cancer progression to the incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Indeed, STAT3 integrates different signaling pathways involved in the reactivation of androgen receptor pathway, stem like cells and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition that drive progression to mCRPC. As equally important, STAT3 regulates interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment as well as immune cell activation. This makes it a major factor in facilitating prostate cancer escape from detection of the immune response, promoting an immunosuppressive environment that allows growth and metastasis. Based on the multifaceted nature of STAT3 signaling in the progression to mCRPC, the promise of STAT3 as a therapeutic target to prevent prostate cancer progression and the variety of STAT3 inhibitors used in cancer therapies is discussed.
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26
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Sahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Muqbil I, Sahin N, Gencoglu H, Guler O, Padhye SB, Sarkar FH, Mohammad RM. Comparative in vivo evaluations of curcumin and its analog difluorinated curcumin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:156-63. [PMID: 24415068 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenol, has pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer features. In this study, we have performed comparative in vivo evaluations of CDF (curcumin difluorinated) and curcumin in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control; (2) Cisplatin (7 mg/kg body wt, intraperitoneal as a single dose); (3) Cisplatin and CDF (50 mg/rat/day; for 12 days); (4) Cisplatin and curcumin (50 mg/rat/day), for 12 days). Cisplatin treated rats exhibited kidney injury manifested by increased serum N-urea and creatinine (P < 0.001). Kidney from cisplatin treated rats also exhibited significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-isoprostane levels (P < 0.001). Treatment with CDF and curcumin prevented the rise in serum N-urea, creatinine, MDA and 8-isoprostane as compared to experimental control group in kidney (P < 0.05). Compared to curcumin, CDF had greater potential in suppressing cisplatin-induced pro-inflammatory factors NF-κB and COX-2 as well as downstream markers Nrf2 and HO-1 (P < 0.05) in kidney. The analysis on anion transport markers (OAT1 and OAT3) showed a similar trend (CDF > curcumin). CDF could reduce the expression of multi-drug resistance markers OCT1, OCT2, MRP2 and MRP4 to a much greater extent than curcumin (P < 0.05). We also demonstrate that CDF influenced the expression of p-mTOR, p-p70S6K1, p-4E-BP1 and p-Akt. These data suggest that CDF can potentially be used to reduce the chemotherapy induced nephrotoxicity thereby enhancing the therapeutic window of cisplatin. The results also proved that compared to curcumin, CDF has superior protective effect in nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, 23100, Turkey,
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Ahmed A, Ali S, Sarkar FH. Advances in androgen receptor targeted therapy for prostate cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:271-6. [PMID: 24037862 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Current research findings suggest that the androgen receptor (AR) and its signaling pathway contribute significantly to the progression of metastatic PCa. The AR is a ligand activated transcription factor, where androgens such as testosterone (T) and dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) act as the activating ligands. However in many metastatic PCa, the AR functions promiscuously and is constitutively active through multiple mechanisms. Inhibition of enzymes that take part in androgen synthesis or synthesizing antiandrogens that can inhibit the AR are two popular methods of impeding the androgen receptor signaling axis; however, the inhibition of androgen-independent activated AR function has not yet been fully exploited. This article focuses on the development of emerging novel agents that act at different steps along the androgen-AR signaling pathway to help improve the poor prognosis of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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28
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Sarkar S, Dubaybo H, Ali S, Goncalves P, Kollepara SL, Sethi S, Philip PA, Li Y. Down-regulation of miR-221 inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through up-regulation of PTEN, p27(kip1), p57(kip2), and PUMA. Am J Cancer Res 2013. [PMID: 24224124 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-3015(10)70951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related death in the US and exhibits aggressive features with short survival rate and high mortality. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the aggressive growth of pancreatic cancers, and further design novel targeted therapies for its treatment with better treatment outcome. In the present study, we found that the expression of miR-221 was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and tumor tissues compared to normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells and normal pancreas tissues. Moreover, we found that the pancreatic cancer patients with high miR-221 expression had a relatively shorter survival compared to those with lower expression, suggesting that miR-221 could be an oncogenic miRNA and a prognostic factor for poor survival of patients. Interestingly, transfection of miR-221 inhibitor suppressed the proliferative capacity of pancreatic cancer cells with concomitant up-regulation of PTEN, p27(kip1), p57(kip2), and PUMA, which are the tumor suppressors and the predicted targets of miR-221. Most importantly, we found that the treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with isoflavone mixture (G2535), formulated 3,3'-diindolylmethane (BR-DIM), or synthetic curcumin analogue (CDF) could down-regulate the expression of miR-221 and consequently up-regulate the expression of PTEN, p27(kip1), p57(kip2), and PUMA, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration of MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells. These results provide experimental evidence in support of the oncogenic role of miR-221 and also demonstrate the role of isoflavone, BR-DIM, and CDF as potential non-toxic agents that are capable of down-regulation of miR-221. Therefore, these agents combined with conventional chemotherapeutics could be useful in designing novel targeted therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer for which there is no curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI, USA
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29
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Leinonen KA, Saramäki OR, Furusato B, Kimura T, Takahashi H, Egawa S, Suzuki H, Keiger K, Ho Hahm S, Isaacs WB, Tolonen TT, Stenman UH, Tammela TLJ, Nykter M, Bova GS, Visakorpi T. Loss of PTEN is associated with aggressive behavior in ERG-positive prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2333-44. [PMID: 24083995 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0333-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations of ERG overexpression with clinical behavior and molecular pathways of prostate cancer are incompletely known. We assessed the association of ERG expression with AR, PTEN, SPINK1, Ki-67, and EZH2 expression levels, deletion, and mutations of chromosomal region 3p14 and TP53, and clinicopathologic variables. METHODS The material consisted of 326 prostatectomies, 166 needle biopsies from men treated primarily with endocrine therapy, 177 transurethral resections of castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC), and 114 CRPC metastases obtained from 32 men. Immunohistochemistry, FISH, and sequencing was used for the measurements. RESULTS ERG expression was found in about 45% of all patient cohorts. In a multivariate analysis, ERG expression showed independent value of favorable prognosis (P = 0.019). ERG positivity was significantly associated with loss of PTEN expression in prostatectomy (P = 0.0348), and locally recurrent CRPCs (P = 0.0042). Loss of PTEN expression was associated (P = 0.0085) with shorter progression-free survival in ERG-positive, but not in negative cases. When metastases in each subject were compared, consistent ERG, PTEN, and AR expression as well as TP53 mutations were found in a majority of subjects. CONCLUSIONS A similar frequency of ERG positivity from early to late stage of the disease suggests lack of selection of ERG expression during disease progression. The prognostic significance of PTEN loss solely in ERG-positive cases indicates interaction of these pathways. The finding of consistent genetic alterations in different metastases suggests that the major genetic alterations take place in the primary tumor. IMPACT Interaction of PTEN and ERG pathways warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri A Leinonen
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Biomedical Technology and Institute of Signal Processing, Prostate Cancer Research Center, BioMediTech, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Departments of Pathology and Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo; Department of Urology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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XU MARVINXUEJUN, ZHAO LINLIN, DENG CHAOYANG, YANG LU, WANG YANG, GUO TAO, LI LIFANG, LIN JIANPING, ZHANG LIRONG. Curcumin suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the wnt signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1951-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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31
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Vyas A, Dandawate P, Padhye S, Ahmad A, Sarkar F. Perspectives on new synthetic curcumin analogs and their potential anticancer properties. Curr Pharm Des 2013. [PMID: 23116312 DOI: 10.2174/138161213805289309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the active component of dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, a perennial herb belonging to ginger family, cultivated extensively in south and southeastern tropical Asia. It is widely consumed in the Indian subcontinent, south Asia and Japan in traditional food recipes. Extensive research over last few decades has shown that curcumin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with powerful therapeutic potential against a variety of cancers. It suppresses proliferation and metastasis of human tumors through regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases and other enzymes. It induces apoptotic cell death and also inhibits proliferation of cancer cells by cell cycle arrest. Pharmacokinetic data has shown that curcumin undergoes rapid metabolism leading to glucuronidation and sulfation in the liver and excretion in the feces, which accounts for its poor systemic bioavailability. The compound has, therefore, been formulated and administered using different drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, polysaccharides, phospholipid complexes and nanoparticles that can overcome the limitation of bioavailability to some extent. Attempts to avoid rapid metabolism of curcumin until now have been met with limited success. This has prompted researchers to look for new synthetic curcumin analogs in order to overcome the drawbacks of limited bioavailability and rapid metabolism, and gain efficacy with reduced toxicity. In this review we provide a summarized account of novel synthetic curcumin formulations and analogs, and the recent progress in the field of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Vyas
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
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32
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Vyas A, Dandawate P, Padhye S, Ahmad A, Sarkar F. Perspectives on new synthetic curcumin analogs and their potential anticancer properties. Curr Pharm Des 2013. [PMID: 23116312 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the active component of dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, a perennial herb belonging to ginger family, cultivated extensively in south and southeastern tropical Asia. It is widely consumed in the Indian subcontinent, south Asia and Japan in traditional food recipes. Extensive research over last few decades has shown that curcumin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with powerful therapeutic potential against a variety of cancers. It suppresses proliferation and metastasis of human tumors through regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases and other enzymes. It induces apoptotic cell death and also inhibits proliferation of cancer cells by cell cycle arrest. Pharmacokinetic data has shown that curcumin undergoes rapid metabolism leading to glucuronidation and sulfation in the liver and excretion in the feces, which accounts for its poor systemic bioavailability. The compound has, therefore, been formulated and administered using different drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, polysaccharides, phospholipid complexes and nanoparticles that can overcome the limitation of bioavailability to some extent. Attempts to avoid rapid metabolism of curcumin until now have been met with limited success. This has prompted researchers to look for new synthetic curcumin analogs in order to overcome the drawbacks of limited bioavailability and rapid metabolism, and gain efficacy with reduced toxicity. In this review we provide a summarized account of novel synthetic curcumin formulations and analogs, and the recent progress in the field of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Vyas
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar College, University of Pune, Pune 411001, India
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Li Y, Kong D, Ahmad A, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Antioxidant function of isoflavone and 3,3'-diindolylmethane: are they important for cancer prevention and therapy? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:139-50. [PMID: 23391445 PMCID: PMC3689155 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress has been mechanistically linked with aging and chronic diseases, including cancer. In fact, oxidative stress status, chronic disease-related inflammation, and cancer occurred in the aging population are tightly correlated. It is well known that the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) plays important roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting NF-κB is an important preventive or therapeutic strategy against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. RECENT ADVANCES A variety of natural compounds has been found to reduce oxidative stress through their antioxidant activity. Among them, isoflavone, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), and its in vivo dimeric compound 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) have shown their promising effects on the inhibition of NF-κB with corresponding reduction of oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES It has been found that isoflavone, I3C, and DIM could inhibit cancer development and progression by regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways that are related to oxidative stress and significantly deregulated in cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The antioxidative and anticancer effects of these natural agents make them strong candidates for chemoprevention and/or therapy against human malignancies. However, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effects of isoflavone and DIM for the prevention of cancer development and also for the treatment of cancer either alone or in combination with conventional cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Goldberg AA, Titorenko VI, Beach A, Abdelbaqi K, Safe S, Sanderson JT. Ring-substituted analogs of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) induce apoptosis and necrosis in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:25-36. [PMID: 23709189 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that novel ring-substituted analogs of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (ring-DIMs) have anti-androgenic and growth inhibitory effects in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. The objectives of this study were to confirm the ability of 4,4'- and 7,7'-dibromo- and dichloro-substituted ring-DIMs to inhibit androgen-stimulated proliferation of androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using a non-invasive, real-time monitoring technique. In addition, their ability to induce apoptotic and necrotic cell death in androgen-dependent as well as -independent (PC-3) prostate cancer cells was studied. Prostate cancer cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DIM and ring-DIMs (0.3-30 μM) and effects on cell proliferation were measured in real-time using an xCELLigence cellular analysis system. Chromatin condensation and loss of membrane integrity were determined by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Apoptotic protein markers were measured by immunoblotting and activation of caspases determined using selective fluorogenic substrates. Intra- and extracellular concentrations of DIM and ring-DIMs were assessed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Ring-DIMs inhibited androgen-stimulated LNCaP cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and necrosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells with 2-4 fold greater potencies than DIM. DIM and the ring-DIMs increased caspases -3, -8 and -9 activity, elevated expression of Fas, FasL, DR4 and DR5 protein, and induced PARP cleavage in both cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the most potent ring-DIM, 4,4'-dibromoDIM, but not the other compounds was decreased by an inhibitor of caspase -3. The 4,4'-dibromoDIM was primarily found in the extracellular medium, whereas all other compounds were present to a much larger extent in the cell. In conclusion, ring-DIMs inhibited prostate cancer cell growth and induced cell death in LNCaP and PC-3 cells with greater potencies than DIM; they also structure-dependently activated different cell death pathways suggesting that these compounds have clinical potential as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer, regardless of hormone-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Goldberg
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
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Majid S, Saini S, Dahiya R. Wnt signaling pathways in urological cancers: past decades and still growing. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:7. [PMID: 22325146 PMCID: PMC3293036 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in a wide range of embryonic patterning events and maintenance of homeostasis in adult tissues. The pathological role of the Wnt pathway has emerged from studies showing a high frequency of specific human cancers associated with mutations that constitutively activate the transcriptional response of these pathways. Constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a common feature of solid tumors and contributes to tumor development, progression and metastasis in various cancers. In this review, the Wnt pathway will be covered from the perspective of urological cancers with emphasis placed on the recent published literature. Regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway by microRNAs (miRNA), small RNA sequences that modify gene expression profiles will also be discussed. An improved understanding of the basic genetics and biology of Wnt signaling pathway will provide insights into the development of novel chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies for urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco CA 94121, USA
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Dandawate PR, Vyas A, Ahmad A, Banerjee S, Deshpande J, Swamy KV, Jamadar A, Dumhe-Klaire AC, Padhye S, Sarkar FH. Inclusion complex of novel curcumin analogue CDF and β-cyclodextrin (1:2) and its enhanced in vivo anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1775-86. [PMID: 22322899 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several formulations have been proposed to improve the systemic delivery of novel cancer therapeutic compounds, including cyclodextrin derivatives. We aimed to synthesize and characterize of CDF-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (1:2) (CDFCD). METHODS The compound was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction studies, H1 & C13 NMR studies and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Its activity was tested against multiple cancer cell lines, and in vivo bioavailability was checked. RESULTS CDF-β-cyclodextrin was found to lower IC(50) value by half when tested against multiple cancer cell lines. It preferentially accumulated in the pancreas, where levels of CDF-β-cyclodextrin in mice were 10 times higher than in serum, following intravenous administration of an aqueous CDF-β-cyclodextrin preparation. CONCLUSIONS Novel curcumin analog CDF preferentially accumulates in the pancreas, leading to its potent anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer cells. Synthesis of such CDF-β-cyclodextrin self-assembly is an effective strategy to enhance its bioavailability and tissue distribution, warranting further evaluation for CDF delivery in clinical settings for treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad R Dandawate
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, MCE Society's Abeda Inamdar Senior College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune 411001, India
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Farooqi AA, Mukhtar S, Riaz AM, Waseem S, Minhaj S, Dilawar BA, Malik BA, Nawaz A, Bhatti S. Wnt and SHH in prostate cancer: trouble mongers occupy the TRAIL towards apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:508-15. [PMID: 21973075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a serious molecular disorder that arises because of reduction in tumour suppressors and overexpression of oncogenes. The malignant cells survive within the context of a three-dimensional microenvironment in which they are exposed to mechanical and physical cues. These signals are, nonetheless, deregulated through perturbations to mechanotransduction, from the nanoscale level to the tissue level. Increasingly sophisticated interpretations have uncovered significant contributions of signal transduction cascades in governing prostate cancer progression. To dismantle the major determinants that lie beneath disruption of spatiotemporal patterns of activity, crosstalk between various signalling cascades and their opposing and promoting effects on TRAIL-mediated activities cannot be ruled out. It is important to focus on that molecular multiplicity of cancer cells, various phenotypes reflecting expression of a variety of target oncogenes, reversible to irreversible, exclusive, overlapping or linked, coexist and compete with each other. Comprehensive investigations into TRAIL-mediated mitochondrial dynamics will remain a worthwhile area for underlining causes of tumourigenesis and for unravelling interference options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan.
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Azmi AS, Ali S, Banerjee S, Bao B, Maitah MN, Padhye S, Philip PA, Mohammad RM, Sarkar FH. Network modeling of CDF treated pancreatic cancer cells reveals a novel c-myc-p73 dependent apoptotic mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2011; 3:374-382. [PMID: 21904657 PMCID: PMC3158739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology and molecular network modeling are important tools that are finding application in anti-cancer drug discovery. These technologies can be utilized to map and evaluate the entire set of pathways modulated by drugs in cancer cells without loosing key details. Such integrated approaches are especially useful in understanding the mechanism of action of agents that do not have a defined target. Our novel compound CDF (a synthetic analogue of curcumin), is one such multi-targeted agent with proven anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. However, its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and thus a thorough analysis of key pathways targeted by CDF would be important for developing targeted and tailored therapy in the future. Applying Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we have mapped the pathways altered by CDF treatment of BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Illumina HT-12 microar-rays were performed on RNA extracted from CDF treated cells. IPA analysis of gene expression at early time point (24 hrs) revealed deregulation of genes in the c-Myc hub. Western blot analysis validated the activation of c-Myc, p73 and its downstream pro-apoptotic effector Bax with simultaneous down-regulation of Bcl-2 in two distinct pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC-3 and Colo-357). In order to further delineate the role of c-Myc in inducing apoptosis, siRNA silencing technology was used. As expected, c-Myc siRNA knockdown resulted in abrogation of the growth inhibitory and apoptotic potential of CDF. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a novel c-Myc driven apoptotic network activated by CDF in PC cells that is independent of wild-type p53, and thus warrants further investigation on the clinical utility of CDF.
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