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Moghaddam SJ, Savai R, Salehi-Rad R, Sengupta S, Kammer MN, Massion P, Beane JE, Ostrin EJ, Priolo C, Tennis MA, Stabile LP, Bauer AK, Sears CR, Szabo E, Rivera MP, Powell CA, Kadara H, Jenkins BJ, Dubinett SM, Houghton AM, Kim CF, Keith RL. Premalignant Progression in the Lung: Knowledge Gaps and Novel Opportunities for Interception of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 210:548-571. [PMID: 39115548 PMCID: PMC11389570 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202406-1168st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Despite significant advances in precision treatments and immunotherapy, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. To reduce incidence and improve survival rates, a deeper understanding of lung premalignancy and the multistep process of tumorigenesis is essential, allowing timely and effective intervention before cancer development. Objectives: To summarize existing information, identify knowledge gaps, formulate research questions, prioritize potential research topics, and propose strategies for future investigations into the premalignant progression in the lung. Methods: An international multidisciplinary team of basic, translational, and clinical scientists reviewed available data to develop and refine research questions pertaining to the transformation of premalignant lung lesions to advanced lung cancer. Results: This research statement identifies significant gaps in knowledge and proposes potential research questions aimed at expanding our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the progression of premalignant lung lesions to lung cancer in an effort to explore potential innovative modalities to intercept lung cancer at its nascent stages. Conclusions: The identified gaps in knowledge about the biological mechanisms of premalignant progression in the lung, together with ongoing challenges in screening, detection, and early intervention, highlight the critical need to prioritize research in this domain. Such focused investigations are essential to devise effective preventive strategies that may ultimately decrease lung cancer incidence and improve patient outcomes.
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Dhingra S, Goyal S, Thirumal D, Sharma P, Kaur G, Mittal N. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a versatile carrier platform in lung cancer management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1331-1346. [PMID: 39105754 PMCID: PMC11318747 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2348438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are inorganic nanoparticles that have been comprehensively investigated and are intended to deliver therapeutic agents. MSNPs have revolutionized the therapy for various conditions, especially cancer and infectious diseases. In this article, the viability of MSNPs' administration for lung cancer therapy has been reviewed. However, certain challenges lay ahead in the successful translation such as toxicology, immunology, large-scale production, and regulatory matters have made it extremely difficult to translate such discoveries from the bench to the bedside. This review highlights recent developments, characteristics, mechanism of action and customization for targeted delivery. This review also covers the most recent data that sheds light on MSNPs' extraordinary therapeutic potential in fighting lung cancer as well as future hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Dhingra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Shuchi Goyal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Divya Thirumal
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104,India
| | - Preety Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Neeraj Mittal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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3
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Han G, Sinjab A, Rahal Z, Lynch AM, Treekitkarnmongkol W, Liu Y, Serrano AG, Feng J, Liang K, Khan K, Lu W, Hernandez SD, Liu Y, Cao X, Dai E, Pei G, Hu J, Abaya C, Gomez-Bolanos LI, Peng F, Chen M, Parra ER, Cascone T, Sepesi B, Moghaddam SJ, Scheet P, Negrao MV, Heymach JV, Li M, Dubinett SM, Stevenson CS, Spira AE, Fujimoto J, Solis LM, Wistuba II, Chen J, Wang L, Kadara H. An atlas of epithelial cell states and plasticity in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature 2024; 627:656-663. [PMID: 38418883 PMCID: PMC10954546 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular processes that underlie early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) development is needed to devise intervention strategies1. Here we studied 246,102 single epithelial cells from 16 early-stage LUADs and 47 matched normal lung samples. Epithelial cells comprised diverse normal and cancer cell states, and diversity among cancer cells was strongly linked to LUAD-specific oncogenic drivers. KRAS mutant cancer cells showed distinct transcriptional features, reduced differentiation and low levels of aneuploidy. Non-malignant areas surrounding human LUAD samples were enriched with alveolar intermediate cells that displayed elevated KRT8 expression (termed KRT8+ alveolar intermediate cells (KACs) here), reduced differentiation, increased plasticity and driver KRAS mutations. Expression profiles of KACs were enriched in lung precancer cells and in LUAD cells and signified poor survival. In mice exposed to tobacco carcinogen, KACs emerged before lung tumours and persisted for months after cessation of carcinogen exposure. Moreover, they acquired Kras mutations and conveyed sensitivity to targeted KRAS inhibition in KAC-enriched organoids derived from alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. Last, lineage-labelling of AT2 cells or KRT8+ cells following carcinogen exposure showed that KACs are possible intermediates in AT2-to-tumour cell transformation. This study provides new insights into epithelial cell states at the root of LUAD development, and such states could harbour potential targets for prevention or intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Han
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne M Lynch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Warapen Treekitkarnmongkol
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuejiang Liu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alejandra G Serrano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiping Feng
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ke Liang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaja Khan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharia D Hernandez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunhe Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Enyu Dai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camille Abaya
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorena I Gomez-Bolanos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fuduan Peng
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minyue Chen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edwin R Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seyed Javad Moghaddam
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcelo V Negrao
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Avrum E Spira
- Lung Cancer Initiative at Johnson & Johnson, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- The University of Texas Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- The University of Texas Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- The University of Texas Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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Xie Q, Cao Z, You W, Cai X, Shen M, Yin Z, Jiang Y, Wang X, Ye S. Ganodermanontriol Suppresses the Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Activating CES2 to Enhance the Metabolism of Mycophenolate Mofetil. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:249-261. [PMID: 38419324 PMCID: PMC10940751 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
New anti-lung cancer therapies are urgently required to improve clinical outcomes. Since ganodermanontriol (GDNT) has been identified as a potential antineoplastic agent, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is investigated in this study. Concretely, lung cancer cells were treated with GDNT and/or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), after which MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot were conducted. Following bioinformatics analysis, carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) was knocked down and rescue assays were carried out in vitro. Xenograft experiment was performed on mice, followed by drug administration, measurement of tumor growth and determination of CES2, IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 expressions. As a result, the viability of lung cancer cells was reduced by GDNT or MMF. GDNT enhanced the effects of MMF on suppressing viability, promoting apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells. GDNT up-regulated CES2 level, and strengthened the effects of MMF on down-regulating IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 levels in the cells. IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 were highly expressed in LUAD samples. CES2 was a potential target for GDNT. CES2 knockdown reversed the synergistic effect of GDNT and MMF against lung cancer in vitro. GDNT potentiated the role of MMF in inhibiting tumor growth and expressions of CES2 and IMPDH1/2 in lung cancer in vivo. Collectively, GDNT suppresses the progression of LUAD by activating CES2 to enhance the metabolism of MMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Xie
- Respiratory Department, Longquan People’s Hospital, No. 699, Dongcha Road, Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Cao
- Respiratory Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 15 Dazhong Street, Liandu District, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Weiling You
- Respiratory Department, Longquan People’s Hospital, No. 699, Dongcha Road, Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Respiratory Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 15 Dazhong Street, Liandu District, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Shen
- Longquan People’s Hospital, No. 699, Dongcha Road, Longquan City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyong Yin
- Respiratory Department, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 15 Dazhong Street, Liandu District, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325006, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Ye
- School of Public Administration, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325006, P.R. China
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5
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Ponomaryova AA, Schegoleva AA, Gervas PA, Pancova OV, Gerashchenko TS, Zarubin AA, Perelmuter VM, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV. DNA methylome analysis reveals potential alterations contributing to the progression of bronchial hyperplasia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7941-7947. [PMID: 37480511 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell lung cancer (SCLC) arises from bronchial changes: basal cell hyperplasia (BCH), squamous metaplasia (SM), and dysplasia. However, the premalignant process preceding SCLC is not inevitable; it can stop at any of the bronchial lesions. Previously, we hypothesized that combinations of premalignant lesions observed in the small bronchi of SCLC patients can reflect the different "scenarios" of the premalignant process: BCHi-the stoppage at the stage of hyperplasia and BCHSM-the progression of hyperplasia to metaplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing we analyzed the DNA methylome of two forms of BCH: isolated BCH (BCHi) and BCH co-occurred with SM (BCHSM) in the small bronchi of SCLC patients. It was shown that BCHi harbored differentially methylated regions (DMRs) affecting genes associated with regulating phosphatase activity. In BCHSM, DMRs were found in genes involved in PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways. DMRs were also found to affect specific miRNA genes: miR-34a and miR-3648 in BCHi and miR-924 and miR-100 in BCHSM. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study demonstrated the significant changes in DNA methylome between the isolated BCH and BCH combined with SM. The identified epigenetic alterations may underlie different "scenarios" of the premalignant process in the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - A A Schegoleva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - P A Gervas
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - O V Pancova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T S Gerashchenko
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Zarubin
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V M Perelmuter
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N V Cherdyntseva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Denisov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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6
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Choudhary N, Bawari S, Burcher JT, Sinha D, Tewari D, Bishayee A. Targeting Cell Signaling Pathways in Lung Cancer by Bioactive Phytocompounds. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3980. [PMID: 37568796 PMCID: PMC10417502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with high incidence worldwide. It is the most frequently occurring cancer in men and the second most common in women. Due to its frequent diagnosis and variable response to treatment, lung cancer was reported as the top cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020. Many aberrant signaling cascades are implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, including those involved in apoptosis (B cell lymphoma protein, Bcl-2-associated X protein, first apoptosis signal ligand), growth inhibition (tumor suppressor protein or gene and serine/threonine kinase 11), and growth promotion (epidermal growth factor receptor/proto-oncogenes/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase). Accordingly, these pathways and their signaling molecules have become promising targets for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent research provides compelling evidence for the use of plant-based compounds, known collectively as phytochemicals, as anticancer agents. This review discusses major contributing signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of lung cancer, as well as currently available treatments and prospective drug candidates. The anticancer potential of naturally occurring bioactive compounds in the context of lung cancer is also discussed, with critical analysis of their mechanistic actions presented by preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, GNA School of Pharmacy, GNA University, Phagwara 144 401, India
| | - Sweta Bawari
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201 301, India
| | - Jack T. Burcher
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Dona Sinha
- Department of Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110 017, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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7
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Chou PJ, Sarwar MS, Wang L, Wu R, Li S, Hudlikar RR, Wang Y, Su X, Kong AN. Metabolomic, DNA Methylomic, and Transcriptomic Profiling of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Effects on LPS-Exposed Lung Epithelial Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2023; 16:321-332. [PMID: 36867722 PMCID: PMC10238674 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with anticancer effects via epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms. The role of SAHA in metabolic rewiring and epigenomic reprogramming to inhibit pro-tumorigenic cascades in lung cancer remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, DNA methylome reprogramming, and transcriptomic gene expression by SAHA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model of lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. LC/MS was used for metabolomic analysis, while next-generation sequencing was done to study epigenetic changes. The metabolomic study reveals that SAHA treatment significantly regulated methionine, glutathione, and nicotinamide metabolism with alteration of the metabolite levels of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, glutathione, nicotinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in BEAS-2B cells. Epigenomic CpG methyl-seq shows SAHA revoked a list of differentially methylated regions in the promoter region of the genes, such as HDAC11, miR4509-1, and miR3191. Transcriptomic RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals SAHA abrogated LPS-induced differentially expressed genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1α (IL1α), IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL24, and IL32. Integrative analysis of DNA methylome-RNA transcriptome displays a list of genes, of which CpG methylation correlated with changes in gene expression. qPCR validation of transcriptomic RNA-seq data shows that SAHA treatment significantly reduced the LPS-induced mRNA levels of IL1β, IL6, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNMT3A in BEAS-2B cells. Altogether, SAHA treatment alters the mitochondrial metabolism, epigenetic CpG methylation, and transcriptomic gene expression to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells, which may provide novel molecular targets to inhibit the inflammation component of lung carcinogenesis. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Inflammation increases the risk of lung cancer and blocking inflammation could reduce the incidence of lung cancer. Herein, we demonstrate that histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid regulates metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprogramming to attenuate lipopolysaccharide-driven inflammation in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pochung Jordan Chou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lujing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shanyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rasika R Hudlikar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yujue Wang
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Roberts M, Ogden J, Hossain ASM, Chaturvedi A, Kerr ARW, Dive C, Beane JE, Lopez-Garcia C. Interrogating the precancerous evolution of pathway dysfunction in lung squamous cell carcinoma using XTABLE. eLife 2023; 12:e77507. [PMID: 36892933 PMCID: PMC10038660 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a type of lung cancer with a dismal prognosis that lacks adequate therapies and actionable targets. This disease is characterized by a sequence of low- and high-grade preinvasive stages with increasing probability of malignant progression. Increasing our knowledge about the biology of these premalignant lesions (PMLs) is necessary to design new methods of early detection and prevention, and to identify the molecular processes that are key for malignant progression. To facilitate this research, we have designed XTABLE (Exploring Transcriptomes of Bronchial Lesions), an open-source application that integrates the most extensive transcriptomic databases of PMLs published so far. With this tool, users can stratify samples using multiple parameters and interrogate PML biology in multiple manners, such as two- and multiple-group comparisons, interrogation of genes of interests, and transcriptional signatures. Using XTABLE, we have carried out a comparative study of the potential role of chromosomal instability scores as biomarkers of PML progression and mapped the onset of the most relevant LUSC pathways to the sequence of LUSC developmental stages. XTABLE will critically facilitate new research for the identification of early detection biomarkers and acquire a better understanding of the LUSC precancerous stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Roberts
- Cancer Biomarker Centre, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia Ogden
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
- Translational Lung Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - AS Mukarram Hossain
- Cancer Biomarker Centre, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Chaturvedi
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie HospitalManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair RW Kerr
- Cancer Biomarker Centre, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Biomarker Centre, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Lopez-Garcia
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceAlderley ParkUnited Kingdom
- Translational Lung Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterMacclesfieldUnited Kingdom
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9
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Hao D, Han G, Sinjab A, Gomez-Bolanos LI, Lazcano R, Serrano A, Hernandez SD, Dai E, Cao X, Hu J, Dang M, Wang R, Chu Y, Song X, Zhang J, Parra ER, Wargo JA, Swisher SG, Cascone T, Sepesi B, Futreal AP, Li M, Dubinett SM, Fujimoto J, Solis Soto LM, Wistuba II, Stevenson CS, Spira A, Shalapour S, Kadara H, Wang L. The Single-Cell Immunogenomic Landscape of B and Plasma Cells in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2626-2645. [PMID: 36098652 PMCID: PMC9633381 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating B and plasma cells (TIB) are prevalent in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD); however, they are poorly characterized. We performed paired single-cell RNA and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing of 16 early-stage LUADs and 47 matching multiregion normal tissues. By integrative analysis of ∼50,000 TIBs, we define 12 TIB subsets in the LUAD and adjacent normal ecosystems and demonstrate extensive remodeling of TIBs in LUADs. Memory B cells and plasma cells (PC) were highly enriched in tumor tissues with more differentiated states and increased frequencies of somatic hypermutation. Smokers exhibited markedly elevated PCs and PCs with distinct differentiation trajectories. BCR clonotype diversity increased but clonality decreased in LUADs, smokers, and with increasing pathologic stage. TIBs were mostly localized within CXCL13+ lymphoid aggregates, and immune cell sources of CXCL13 production evolved with LUAD progression and included elevated fractions of CD4 regulatory T cells. This study provides a spatial landscape of TIBs in early-stage LUAD. SIGNIFICANCE While TIBs are highly enriched in LUADs, they are poorly characterized. This study provides a much-needed understanding of the transcriptional, clonotypic states and phenotypes of TIBs, unraveling their potential roles in the immunopathology of early-stage LUADs and constituting a road map for the development of TIB-targeted immunotherapies for the treatment of this morbid malignancy. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Hao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Guangchun Han
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lorena Isabel Gomez-Bolanos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Rossana Lazcano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alejandra Serrano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sharia D. Hernandez
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Enyu Dai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Minghao Dang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ruiping Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yanshuo Chu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Edwin R. Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen G. Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew P. Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven M. Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Luisa M Solis Soto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Avrum Spira
- Lung Cancer Initiative at Johnson and Johnson, Boston, MA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX
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10
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Liu W, Xin M, Li Q, Sun L, Han X, Wang J. IL-17A Promotes the Migration, Invasion and the EMT Process of Lung Cancer Accompanied by NLRP3 Activation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7841279. [PMID: 36349316 PMCID: PMC9637470 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7841279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is a deadly cancer worldwide, and its pathogenesis and treatment methods require continuous research and exploration. As a representative factor of adaptive immunity, the role of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in lung cancer is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of IL-17A on the biological behaviour of lung cancer cells and the relative mechanism. Methods The human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cell lines were used for in vitro study. The effects of IL-17A on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed by CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay, transwell invasion assay and real-time cell analysis (RTCA). The expression levels of marker proteins in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected by western blot analysis. Caspase-1 activity and the concentration of IL-1β after NLRP3 inflammasome activation were measured by a Caspase-1 Activity Assay Kit and an IL-1β ELISA kit, respectively. Results Compared to the control group, IL-17A treatment did not affect the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells in vitro, but it promoted cell migration, invasion and the EMT process. IL-17A treatment increased NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β level. Blockade of NLRP3 alleviated the cell migration, invasion and the EMT process induced by IL-17A. Conclusions In conclusion, these findings indicated that NLRP3 participates in the migration, invasion and the EMT process of IL-17A-stimulated lung cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Liu
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miaomiao Xin
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linqian Sun
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jibo Wang
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Sinjab A, Rahal Z, Kadara H. Cell-by-Cell: Unlocking Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3424. [PMID: 35884485 PMCID: PMC9320562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For lung cancers, cellular trajectories and fates are strongly pruned by cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Over the past couple of decades, the combination of comprehensive molecular and genomic approaches, as well as the use of relevant pre-clinical models, enhanced micro-dissection techniques, profiling of rare preneoplastic lesions and surrounding tissues, as well as multi-region tumor sequencing, have all provided in-depth insights into the early biology and evolution of lung cancers. The advent of single-cell sequencing technologies has revolutionized our ability to interrogate these same models, tissues, and cohorts at an unprecedented resolution. Single-cell tracking of lung cancer pathogenesis is now transforming our understanding of the roles and consequences of epithelial-microenvironmental cues and crosstalk during disease evolution. By focusing on non-small lung cancers, specifically lung adenocarcinoma subtype, this review aims to summarize our knowledge base of tumor cells-of-origin and tumor-immune dynamics that have been primarily fueled by single-cell analysis of lung adenocarcinoma specimens at various stages of disease pathogenesis and of relevant animal models. The review will provide an overview of how recent reports are rewriting the mechanistic details of lineage plasticity and intra-tumor heterogeneity at a magnified scale thanks to single-cell studies of early- to late-stage lung adenocarcinomas. Future advances in single-cell technologies, coupled with analysis of minute amounts of rare clinical tissues and novel animal models, are anticipated to help transform our understanding of how diverse micro-events elicit macro-scale consequences, and thus to significantly advance how basic genomic and molecular knowledge of lung cancer evolution can be translated into successful targets for early detection and prevention of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.R.); (H.K.)
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12
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Hassane M, Rahal Z, Karaoghlanian N, Zhang J, Sinjab A, Wong JW, Lu W, Scheet P, Lee JJ, Raso MG, Solis LM, Fujimoto J, Chami H, Shihadeh AL, Kadara H. Chronic Exposure to Waterpipe Smoke Elicits Immunomodulatory and Carcinogenic Effects in the Lung. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:423-434. [PMID: 35468191 PMCID: PMC9256796 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of waterpipe smoking on lung pathobiology and carcinogenesis remain sparse despite the worldwide emergence of this tobacco vector. To address this gap, we investigated the effects of chronic waterpipe smoke (WPS) exposure on lung pathobiology, host immunity, and tumorigenesis using an experimental animal model that is prone to tobacco carcinogens and an exploratory observational analysis of human waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers. Mice exhibited elevated incidence of lung tumors following heavy WPS exposure (5 days/week for 20 weeks) compared to littermates with light WPS (once/week for 20 weeks) or control air. Lungs of mice exposed to heavy WPS showed augmented CD8+ and CD4+ T cell counts along with elevated protumor immune phenotypes including increased IL17A in T/B cells, PD-L1 on tumor and immune cells, and the proinflammatory cytokine IL1β in myeloid cells. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed reduced antitumor immune gene signatures in animals exposed to heavy WPS relative to control air. We also performed RNA-seq analysis of airway epithelia from bronchial brushings of cancer-free waterpipe smokers and nonsmokers undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Transcriptomes of normal airway cells in waterpipe smokers, relative to waterpipe nonsmokers, harbored gene programs that were associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, alluding to a WPS-associated molecular injury, like that established in response to cigarette smoking. Our findings support the notion that WPS exhibits carcinogenic effects and constitutes a possible risk factor for lung cancer as well as warrant future studies that can guide evidence-based policies for mitigating waterpipe smoking. PREVENTION RELEVANCE Potential carcinogenic effects of waterpipe smoking are very poorly understood despite its emergence as a socially acceptable form of smoking. Our work highlights carcinogenic effects of waterpipe smoking in the lung and, thus, accentuate the need for inclusion of individuals with exclusive waterpipe smoking in prevention and smoking cessation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Hassane
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin W. Wong
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Raso
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hassan Chami
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan L. Shihadeh
- Faculty of Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Correspondence to Humam Kadara, PhD, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, Telephone: 713-745-9396,
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13
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Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Smoking-Induced Lung Cancer: An In Silico Study. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7169353. [PMID: 35529255 PMCID: PMC9070410 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7169353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of lung cancer induced by cigarette smoking has increased over time. Long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, regulatory factors that play a role in human diseases, are commonly dysregulated in lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is closely related to changes in lncRNA expression, which can affect lung cancer. Herein, we assess the mechanism of lung cancer initiation induced by smoking. To calculate the impact of smoking on the survival of patients with lung cancer, we extracted data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and identified the differentially expressed genes in the lung cancer tissue compared to the normal lung tissue. Genes positively and negatively associated with smoking were identified. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Cytoscape analyses were performed to determine the function of the genes and the effects of smoking on the immune microenvironment. lncRNAs corresponding to smoking-associated genes were identified, and a smoking-related lncRNA model was constructed using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. This model was used to assess the survival of and potential risk in patients who smoked. During screening, 562 differentially expressed genes were identified, and we elucidated that smoking affected the survival of patients 4.5 years after the diagnosis of lung cancer. Furthermore, genes negatively associated with smoking were closely associated with immunity. Twelve immune cell types were also found to infiltrate differentially in smokers and nonsmokers. Thus, the smoking-associated lncRNA model is a good predictor of survival and risk in smokers and may be used as an independent prognostic factor for lung cancer.
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14
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Feng Z, Yin Y, Liu B, Wang L, Chen M, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Sun D, Qin J. ZNF143 Expression is Associated with COPD and Tumor Microenvironment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:685-700. [PMID: 35400998 PMCID: PMC8986213 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s352392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory-related disease highly associated with increased lung cancer risk. Studies have explored the tumor promoting roles for zinc finger protein 143 (ZNF143). However, the role of ZNF143 in COPD and tumor microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been fully elucidated. Methods COPD-related key genes were identified by differential gene expression evaluation, WGCNA and SVM-RFE analysis using mRNA expression data retrieved from public databases. ROC analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of ZNF143. Correlation between ZNF143 and clinic-pathological features, associations with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) and the relationship with predictors of immunotherapy efficacy were explored. ZNF143 gene expression was validated by qRT-PCR using an independent cohort. Results Bioinformatic and machine learning analysis showed that ZNF143 was a COPD-related gene. ZNF143 expression was significantly upregulated in COPD and is a potential diagnostic biomarker in COPD with AUC > 0.85. ZNF143 expression was significantly upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). ZNF143 expression levels were significantly higher in LUAD patients with COPD relative to the levels in patients only with LUAD. Upregulation of ZNF143 in patients with comorbidity of NSCLC and COPD was further confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. High expression of ZNF143 was significantly correlated with advanced TNM stage in LUSC. High ZNF143 expression was associated with activated TICs in both LUAD and LUSC samples. Moreover, ZNF143 expression was significantly correlated with the levels of several known predictors of immunotherapy efficacy, including PD-L1, PD-L2, TMB and TIDE in NSCLC. Conclusion ZNF143 is a novel COPD biomarker. High expression level of ZNF143 is associated with immune microenvironment and high risk of progression of COPD to NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Feng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
- Daqiang Sun, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Jianwen Qin
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianwen Qin, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, People’s Republic of China, Email
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15
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Keith RL, Miller YE, Ghosh M, Franklin WA, Nakachi I, Merrick DT. Lung cancer: Premalignant biology and medical prevention. Semin Oncol 2022; 49:S0093-7754(22)00013-6. [PMID: 35305831 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer (both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell) progress through a series of pre-malignant histologic changes before the development of invasive disease. Each of these carcinogenic cascades is defined by genetic and epigenetic alterations in pulmonary epithelial cells. Additionally, alterations in the immune response, progenitor cell function, mutational burden, and microenvironmental mediated survival of mutated clones contribute to the risk of pre-malignant lesions progressing to cancer. Medical preventions studies have been completed and current and future trials are informed by the improved understanding of pre-malignancy. This will lead to precision chemoprevention trials based on lesional biology and histologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Keith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Y E Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - M Ghosh
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Wilbur A Franklin
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - I Nakachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D T Merrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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16
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Zhao H, Jin X. Causal associations between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:965911. [PMID: 36118777 PMCID: PMC9479338 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.965911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is currently considered to be closely related to the occurrence of respiratory tumors, especially lung cancer. Many observational studies have shown that increased antioxidant intake can reduce the risk of lung cancer, but the results are still controversial. Therefore, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomized (MR) analysis to clarify the causal relationship between antioxidant vitamins and lung cancer. Methods To assess the causal effect of dietary antioxidant vitamin intake on lung cancer, we conducted a two-sample MR analysis and we extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with antioxidants from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the UK biobank. We gathered summary data for lung cancer from the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO), including 11,348 cases and 15,861 controls, and applied the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary MR analysis, and performed a sensitivity analysis to verify the results. Results The results showed that higher dietary retinol intake was causally associated with lung cancer overall [odds ratio (OR) = 1.844, 95% CI, 1.359-2.502, p = 0.00009], squamous cell lung cancer (OR = 2.162, 95% CI, 1.117-4.183, p = 0.022), and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.706, 95% CI, 1.084-2.685, p = 0.021). Additionally, carotene was positively correlated with lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.510, 95% CI, 1.002-2.276, p = 0.049). However, there was a non-significant relationship between the intake of other dietary antioxidants (vitamin C and vitamin E) and lung cancer. Conclusion Our research showed that dietary retinol intake has an adverse impact on lung cancer, and carotene might increase the risk of adenocarcinoma. This highlights the importance of revealing the underlying mechanisms of dietary antioxidant vitamins in lung cancer and delivers an important health message that dietary antioxidant vitamin intake may not be necessary for the prevention of lung cancer. It also provides a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Jin
- Department of International Physical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, China
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17
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Huo Y, Zhang K, Han S, Feng Y, Bao Y. Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 is a novel prognostic marker in lung adenocarcinoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211059681. [PMID: 34816740 PMCID: PMC8649447 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211059681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (LCP2) is often ectopically expressed in various human tumors. However, the clinical significance and role of LCP2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. This study explored the prognostic significance of LCP2 in LUAD patients. METHODS LCP2 expression in LUAD tissues was analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases. Western blotting was employed to detect LCP2 expression in LUAD. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to explore signaling pathways mediated by LCP2 co-regulatory genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine levels of LCP2 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in 68 LUAD patients. Associations between LCP2 expression and clinicopathological features, prognoses, and PD-L1 levels among the LUAD in-patients were analyzed. RESULTS Among the 68 LUAD in-patients, LCP2 expression was correlated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. LUAD patients with high LCP2 expression were associated with increased overall survival. LCP2 expression may be associated with an enrichment of several immune functions. Moreover, our immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that LCP2 expression was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in LUAD tissues. CONCLUSIONS In the study, LCP2 was found to be a favorable prognostic biomarker in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Huo
- Clinical Oncology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.,Clinical Laboratory Center, 74790Xinjiang Medical University, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kainan Zhang
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Songtao Han
- Clinical Laboratory Center of Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yangchun Feng
- Clinical Laboratory Center, 74790Xinjiang Medical University, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yongxing Bao
- Clinical Oncology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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18
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Sen’kova AV, Savin IA, Brenner EV, Zenkova MA, Markov AV. Core genes involved in the regulation of acute lung injury and their association with COVID-19 and tumor progression: A bioinformatics and experimental study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260450. [PMID: 34807957 PMCID: PMC8608348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a specific form of lung damage caused by different infectious and non-infectious agents, including SARS-CoV-2, leading to severe respiratory and systemic inflammation. To gain deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms behind ALI and to identify core elements of the regulatory network associated with this pathology, key genes involved in the regulation of the acute lung inflammatory response (Il6, Ccl2, Cat, Serpine1, Eln, Timp1, Ptx3, Socs3) were revealed using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of whole-genome microarray datasets, functional annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), reconstruction of protein-protein interaction networks and text mining. The bioinformatics data were validated using a murine model of LPS-induced ALI; changes in the gene expression patterns were assessed during ALI progression and prevention by anti-inflammatory therapy with dexamethasone and the semisynthetic triterpenoid soloxolone methyl (SM), two agents with different mechanisms of action. Analysis showed that 7 of 8 revealed ALI-related genes were susceptible to LPS challenge (up-regulation: Il6, Ccl2, Cat, Serpine1, Eln, Timp1, Socs3; down-regulation: Cat) and their expression was reversed by the pre-treatment of mice with both anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, ALI-associated nodal genes were analysed with respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung cancers. The overlap with DEGs identified in postmortem lung tissues from COVID-19 patients revealed genes (Saa1, Rsad2, Ifi44, Rtp4, Mmp8) that (a) showed a high degree centrality in the COVID-19-related regulatory network, (b) were up-regulated in murine lungs after LPS administration, and (c) were susceptible to anti-inflammatory therapy. Analysis of ALI-associated key genes using The Cancer Genome Atlas showed their correlation with poor survival in patients with lung neoplasias (Ptx3, Timp1, Serpine1, Plaur). Taken together, a number of key genes playing a core function in the regulation of lung inflammation were found, which can serve both as promising therapeutic targets and molecular markers to control lung ailments, including COVID-19-associated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra V. Sen’kova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Innokenty A. Savin
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenyi V. Brenner
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Markov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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19
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Preuß EB, Schubert S, Werlein C, Stark H, Braubach P, Höfer A, Plucinski EKJ, Shah HR, Geffers R, Sewald K, Braun A, Jonigk DD, Kühnel MP. The Challenge of Long-Term Cultivation of Human Precision-Cut Lung Slices. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 192:239-253. [PMID: 34767811 PMCID: PMC8891143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) have proven to be an invaluable tool for numerous toxicologic, pharmacologic, and immunologic studies. Although a cultivation period of <1 week is sufficient for most studies, modeling of complex disease mechanisms and investigating effects of long-term exposure to certain substances require cultivation periods that are much longer. So far, data regarding tissue integrity of long-term cultivated PCLS are incomplete. More than 1500 human PCLS from 16 different donors were cultivated under standardized, serum-free conditions for up to 28 days and the viability, tissue integrity, and the transcriptome was assessed in great detail. Even though viability of PCLS was well preserved during long-term cultivation, a continuous loss of cells was observed. Although the bronchial epithelium was well preserved throughout cultivation, the alveolar integrity was preserved for about 2 weeks, and the vasculatory system experienced significant loss of integrity within the first week. Furthermore, ciliary beat in the small airways gradually decreased after 1 week. Interestingly, keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the alveolar epithelium with significantly increasing manifestation were found over time. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significantly increased immune response and significantly decreased metabolic activity within the first 24 hours after PCLS generation. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of histomorphologic and pathologic changes during long-term cultivation of PCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike B Preuß
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Stark
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Höfer
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith K J Plucinski
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harshit R Shah
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny D Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Lung Research Group, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Wu CP, Li YQ, Hung TH, Chang YT, Huang YH, Wu YS. Sophoraflavanone G Resensitizes ABCG2-Overexpressing Multidrug-Resistant Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Drugs. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2544-2553. [PMID: 34496204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter ABCG2 in cancer cells contributes to the development of the multidrug resistance phenotype in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Due to the lack of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved synthetic inhibitors of ABCG2, significant efforts have been invested in discovering bioactive compounds of plant origin that are capable of reversing ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Sophoraflavanone G (SFG), a phytoncide isolated from the plant species Sophora flavescens, is known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and antiproliferative effects. In the present study, the chemosensitizing effect of SFG in ABCG2-overexpressing NSCLC cells was investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that at subtoxic concentrations SFG significantly reversed ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance in a concentration-dependent manner. Additional biochemical data and in silico docking analysis of SFG to the inward-open conformation of human ABCG2 indicate that SFG inhibited the drug transport function of ABCG2 by interacting with residues within the transmembrane substrate-binding pocket of ABCG2. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that SFG has the potential to be further tested as an effective inhibitor of ABCG2 to improve the efficacy of therapeutic drugs in patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 33305, Taiwan
| | | | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 33305, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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21
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Kadara H, Tran LM, Liu B, Vachani A, Li S, Sinjab A, Zhou XJ, Dubinett SM, Krysan K. Early Diagnosis and Screening for Lung Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a037994. [PMID: 34001525 PMCID: PMC8415293 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer interception refers to actively blocking the cancer development process by preventing progression of premalignancy to invasive disease. The rate-limiting steps for effective lung cancer interception are the incomplete understanding of the earliest molecular events associated with lung carcinogenesis, the lack of preclinical models of pulmonary premalignancy, and the challenge of developing highly sensitive and specific methods for early detection. Recent advances in cancer interception are facilitated by developments in next-generation sequencing, computational methodologies, as well as the renewed emphasis in precision medicine and immuno-oncology. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge in the areas of molecular abnormalities in lung cancer continuum, preclinical human models of lung cancer pathogenesis, and the advances in early lung cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Linh M Tran
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xianghong J Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
| | - Kostyantyn Krysan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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22
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Wang B, Hamal P, Meng X, Sun K, Yang Y, Sun Y, Sun X. Evaluation of the Radiomics Method for the Prediction of Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia in Patients With Subcentimeter Pulmonary Ground-Glass Nodules. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698053. [PMID: 34422651 PMCID: PMC8374940 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to develop a prediction model to distinguish atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) from early lung adenocarcinomas in patients with subcentimeter pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs), which may help avoid aggressive surgical resection for patients with AAH. Methods Surgically confirmed cases of AAH and lung adenocarcinomas manifesting as GGNs of less than 1 cm were retrospectively collected. A prediction model based on radiomics and clinical features identified from a training set of cases was built to differentiate AAH from lung adenocarcinomas and tested on a validation set. Results Four hundred and eighty-five eligible cases were included and randomly assigned to the training (n = 339) or the validation sets (n = 146). The developed radiomics prediction model showed good discrimination performance to distinguish AAH from adenocarcinomas in both the training and the validation sets, with, respectively, 84.1% and 82.2% of accuracy, and AUCs of 0.899 (95% CI: 0.867–0.931) and 0.881 (95% CI: 0.827–0.936). Conclusion The prediction model based on radiomics and clinical features can help differentiate AAH from adenocarcinomas manifesting as subcentimeter GGNs and may prevent aggressive resection for AAH patients, while reserving this treatment for adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Preeti Hamal
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Miura A, Yamada D, Nakamura M, Tomida S, Shimizu D, Jiang Y, Takao T, Yamamoto H, Suzawa K, Shien K, Yamane M, Sakaguchi M, Toyooka S, Takarada T. Oncogenic potential of human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids with HER2 overexpression. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1593-1604. [PMID: 34152598 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common types among lung cancers generally arising from terminal airway and understanding of multistep carcinogenesis is crucial to develop novel therapeutic strategy for LUAD. Here we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to establish iHER2-hiPSCs in which doxycycline induced the expression of the oncoprotein human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ERBB2. Lung progenitors that differentiated from iHER2-hiPSCs, which expressed NKX2-1/TTF-1 known as a lung lineage maker, were cocultured with human fetal fibroblast and formed human lung organoids (HLOs) comprising alveolar type 2-like cells. HLOs that overexpressed HER2 transformed to tumor-like structures similar to atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, which is known for lung precancerous lesion and upregulated the activities of oncogenic signaling cascades such as RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. The degree of morphological irregularity and proliferation capacity were significantly higher in HLOs from iHER2-hiPSCs. Moreover, the transcriptome profile of the HLOs shifted from a normal lung tissue-like state to one characteristic of clinical LUAD with HER2 amplification. Our results suggest that hiPSC-derived HLOs may serve as a model to recapitulate the early tumorigenesis of LUAD and would provide new insights into the molecular basis of tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Miura
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamura
- Precision Health, Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoka Takao
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Suzawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaomi Yamane
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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24
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Alwadani B, Dall'Angelo S, Fleming IN. Clinical value of 3'-deoxy-3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine-positron emission tomography for diagnosis, staging and assessing therapy response in lung cancer. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:90. [PMID: 34213667 PMCID: PMC8253862 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of any tumour type. The main driver of lung tumour growth and development is uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Poor patient outcomes are partly the result of the limited range of effective anti-cancer therapies available and partly due to the limited accuracy of biomarkers to report on cell proliferation rates in patients. Accordingly, accurate methods of diagnosing, staging and assessing response to therapy are crucial to improve patient outcomes. One effective way of assessing cell proliferation is to employ non-invasive evaluation using 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography [18F]FLT-PET. [18F]FLT, unlike the most commonly used PET tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), can specifically report on cell proliferation and does not accumulate in inflammatory cells. Therefore, this radiotracer could exhibit higher specificity in diagnosis and staging, along with more accurate monitoring of therapy response at early stages in the treatment cycle. This review summarises and evaluates published studies on the clinical use of [18F]FLT to diagnose, stage and assess response to therapy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Alwadani
- Diagnostic Radiology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Al Maarefah Rd, POB 114, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ian N Fleming
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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25
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Chen J, Gao C, Zhu W. Long non-coding RNA SLC25A25-AS1 exhibits oncogenic roles in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating the microRNA-195-5p/ITGA2 axis. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:529. [PMID: 34055094 PMCID: PMC8138898 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA SLC25A25 antisense RNA 1 (SLC25A25-AS1) exerts antitumour activity in colorectal cancer. The present study investigated whether SLC25A25-AS1 is implicated in the aggressiveness of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the possible underlying mechanism. SLC25A25-AS1 expression in NSCLC was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells were tested in vitro through cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, Transwell migration and invasion assays, followed by in vivo validation using animal experiments. Additionally, the competitive endogenous RNA theory for SLC25A25-AS1, microRNA-195-5p (miR-195-5p) and integrin α2 (ITGA2) was identified using subcellular fractionation, bioinformatics analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting, a luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. As compared with normal lung tissues, increased expression of SLC25A25-AS1 was demonstrated in NSCLC tissues using The Cancer Genome Atlas database.. In addition, SLC25A25-AS1 was overexpressed in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines. High SLC25A25-AS1 expression was markedly associated with shorter overall survival time of patients with NSCLC. SLC25A25-AS1 silencing impeded NSCLC cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis, while restricting cell migration and invasion. Tumour growth in vivo was also impaired by SLC25A25-AS1 silencing. Mechanistically, SLC25A25-AS1 was demonstrated to be an miR-195-5p sponge in NSCLC cells. miR-195-5p mimics decreased ITGA2 expression in NSCLC cells by directly targeting ITGA2, and SLC25A25-AS1 interference decreased ITGA2 expression by sequestering miR-195-5p. Furthermore, the antitumour effects of SLC25A25-AS1 silencing on malignant behaviours were counteracted when ITGA2 was restored or when miR-195-5p was silenced. In summary, by controlling the miR-195-5p/ITGA2 axis, SLC25A25-AS1 served tumour-promoting roles in NSCLC cells. Therefore, the SLC25A25-AS1/miR-195-5p/ITGA2 signalling pathway might be an attractive target for future therapeutic options in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqin Chen
- Department of Chest Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261401, P.R. China
| | - Chengpeng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261401, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Chest Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261401, P.R. China
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26
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Raso MG, Bota-Rabassedas N, Wistuba II. Pathology and Classification of SCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040820. [PMID: 33669241 PMCID: PMC7919820 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), is a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma defined by its aggressiveness, poor differentiation, and somber prognosis. This review highlights current pathological concepts including classification, immunohistochemistry features, and differential diagnosis. Additionally, we summarize the current knowledge of the immune tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, and genetic variations of SCLC. Recent comprehensive genomic research has improved our understanding of the diverse biological processes that occur in this tumor type, suggesting that a new era of molecular-driven treatment decisions is finally foreseeable for SCLC patients. Abstract Lung cancer is consistently the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and it ranks as the second most frequent type of new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States, both in males and females. One subtype of lung cancer, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), is an aggressive, poorly differentiated, and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma that accounts for 13% of all lung carcinomas. SCLC is the most frequent neuroendocrine lung tumor, and it is commonly presented as an advanced stage disease in heavy smokers. Due to its clinical presentation, it is typically diagnosed in small biopsies or cytology specimens, with routine immunostaining only. However, immunohistochemistry markers are extremely valuable in demonstrating neuroendocrine features of SCLC and supporting its differential diagnosis. The 2015 WHO classification grouped all pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in one category and maintained the SCLC combined variant that was previously recognized. In this review, we explore multiple aspects of the pathologic features of this entity, as well as clinically relevant immunohistochemistry markers expression and its molecular characteristics. In addition, we will focus on characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, and the latest pathogenesis findings to better understand the new therapeutic options in the current era of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Raso
- Correspondence: (M.G.R.); (I.I.W.); Tel.: +1-713-834-6026 (M.G.R.); +1-713-563-9184 (I.I.W.)
| | | | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Correspondence: (M.G.R.); (I.I.W.); Tel.: +1-713-834-6026 (M.G.R.); +1-713-563-9184 (I.I.W.)
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27
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Hu X, Estecio MR, Chen R, Reuben A, Wang L, Fujimoto J, Carrot-Zhang J, McGranahan N, Ying L, Fukuoka J, Chow CW, Pham HHN, Godoy MCB, Carter BW, Behrens C, Zhang J, Antonoff MB, Sepesi B, Lu Y, Pass HI, Kadara H, Scheet P, Vaporciyan AA, Heymach JV, Wistuba II, Lee JJ, Futreal PA, Su D, Issa JPJ, Zhang J. Evolution of DNA methylome from precancerous lesions to invasive lung adenocarcinomas. Nat Commun 2021; 12:687. [PMID: 33514726 PMCID: PMC7846738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of DNA methylome and methylation intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) during early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma has not been systematically studied. We perform reduced representation bisulfite sequencing of invasive lung adenocarcinoma and its precursors, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. We observe gradual increase of methylation aberrations and significantly higher level of methylation ITH in later-stage lesions. The phylogenetic patterns inferred from methylation aberrations resemble those based on somatic mutations suggesting parallel methylation and genetic evolution. De-convolution reveal higher ratio of T regulatory cells (Tregs) versus CD8 + T cells in later-stage diseases, implying progressive immunosuppression with neoplastic progression. Furthermore, increased global hypomethylation is associated with higher mutation burden, copy number variation burden and AI burden as well as higher Treg/CD8 ratio, highlighting the potential impact of methylation on chromosomal instability, mutagenesis and tumor immune microenvironment during early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marcos R Estecio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center of Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Runzhe Chen
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jian Carrot-Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research United Kingdom-University College London Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, SW73RP, UK
| | - Lisha Ying
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 8528523, Japan
| | - Chi-Wan Chow
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hoa H N Pham
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 8528523, Japan
| | - Myrna C B Godoy
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brett W Carter
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Boris Sepesi
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center of Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ara A Vaporciyan
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - P Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), 310022, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Treekitkarnmongkol W, Hassane M, Sinjab A, Chang K, Hara K, Rahal Z, Zhang J, Lu W, Sivakumar S, McDowell TL, Kantrowitz J, Zhou J, Lang W, Xu L, Ochieng JK, Nunomura-Nakamura S, Deng S, Behrens C, Raso MG, Fukuoka J, Reuben A, Ostrin EJ, Parra E, Solis LM, Spira AE, McAllister F, Cascone T, Wistuba II, Moghaddam SJ, Scheet PA, Fujimoto J, Kadara H. Augmented Lipocalin-2 Is Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Counteracts Lung Adenocarcinoma Development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:90-101. [PMID: 32730093 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Early pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains largely unknown. We found that, relative to wild-type littermates, the innate immunomodulator Lcn2 (lipocalin-2) was increased in normal airways from mice with knockout of the airway lineage gene Gprc5a (Gprc5a-/-) and that are prone to developing inflammation and LUAD. Yet, the role of LCN2 in lung inflammation and LUAD is poorly understood.Objectives: Delineate the role of Lcn2 induction in LUAD pathogenesis.Methods: Normal airway brushings, uninvolved lung tissues, and tumors from Gprc5a-/- mice before and after tobacco carcinogen exposure were analyzed by RNA sequencing. LCN2 mRNA was analyzed in public and in-house data sets of LUAD, lung squamous cancer (LUSC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and LUAD/LUSC with COPD. LCN2 protein was immunohistochemically analyzed in a tissue microarray of 510 tumors. Temporal lung tumor development, gene expression programs, and host immune responses were compared between Gprc5a-/- and Gprc5a-/-/Lcn2-/- littermates.Measurements and Main Results: Lcn2 was progressively elevated during LUAD development and positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation gene sets. LCN2 was distinctively elevated in human LUADs, but not in LUSCs, relative to normal lungs and was associated with COPD among smokers and patients with LUAD. Relative to Gprc5a-/- mice, Gprc5a-/-/Lcn2-/- littermates exhibited significantly increased lung tumor development concomitant with reduced T-cell abundance (CD4+) and richness, attenuated antitumor immune gene programs, and increased immune cell expression of protumor inflammatory cytokines.Conclusions: Augmented LCN2 expression is a molecular feature of COPD-associated LUAD and counteracts LUAD development in vivo by maintaining antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
| | | | | | - Kieko Hara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Biology
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | - Tina L McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology.,Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jacob Kantrowitz
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Wenhua Lang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junya Fukuoka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Edwin Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | - Avrum E Spira
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology
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29
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Chan SWS, Smith E, Aggarwal R, Balaratnam K, Chen R, Hueniken K, Fazelzad R, Weiss J, Jiang S, Shepherd FA, Bradbury PA, Sacher AG, Leighl NB, Xu W, Brown MC, Eng L, Liu G. Systemic Inflammatory Markers of Survival in Epidermal Growth Factor-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Single-Institution Analysis, Systematic Review, and Meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer 2021; 22:390-407. [PMID: 33582072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammatory response (SIR) may influence prognosis in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated (m) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Pretreatment SIR markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio [LMR], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and lung immune prognostic index [LIPI]) were assessed as prognostic factors in NSCLC survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective survival analysis (overall survival [OS] and progression-free survival [PFS]) of EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre were performed separately for early (I-IIIa) and late (IIIb-IV) stage disease for individual SIR variables, dichotomized by optimal cutoff points by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazard modeling. A systematic review and meta-analysis of known SIR studies in patients with late-stage EGFR-mutated were also performed. RESULTS From 2012 to 2019, in 530 patients, significant adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for OS comparing high versus low NLR were 2.12 for early stage and 1.79 for late stage disease. Additionally, late stage cohorts had significant associations, as follows: high versus low derived NLR, aHR = 1.53; LMR, aHR = 0.62; LDH, aHR = 2.04; and LIPI, aHR = 2.04. Similar patterns were found for PFS in early stage NLR (aHR = 1.96) and late stage NLR (aHR = 1.46), while for PFS, only late stage derived NLR (aHR = 1.34), LDH (aHR = 1.75), and LIPI (aHR = 1.66) were significant. A meta-analysis confirmed that NLR, LMR, LDH, and LIPI were all significantly associated with OS and PFS in the late stage. CONCLUSION This primary study and meta-analysis demonstrated that LMR and LDH were significantly associated with late stage EGFR-mutated NSCLC outcomes, and the LIPI scoring system was prognostic. NLR remained an independent prognostic factor across all stages and could represent an early marker of immuno-oncology interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wah Samuel Chan
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elliot Smith
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reenika Aggarwal
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karmugi Balaratnam
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - RuiQi Chen
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Hueniken
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rouhi Fazelzad
- Library Sciences, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Weiss
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirley Jiang
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Penelope A Bradbury
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian G Sacher
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawson Eng
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Liang M, Wang L, Cao C, Song S, Wu F. LncRNA SNHG10 is downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and predicts poor survival. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:273. [PMID: 33081752 PMCID: PMC7574240 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LncRNA SNHG10 has been reported to be an oncogenic lncRNA in liver cancer. However, its roles in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. METHODS Tumor and paired non-tumor tissues were harvested from 62 NSCLC patients. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of SNHG10 and miR-21 in tissues. Overexpression experiments were used to evaluate the interaction between SNHG10 and miR-21 in NSCLC cells. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the cell proliferation. RESULTS We observed the expression of SNHG10 was down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with that in non-tumor tissues. Moreover, we found that high expression levels of SNHG10 predicted favorable survival of NSCLC patients, and the expression of miR-21 were increased in NSCLC and inversely correlated with SNHG10 expression. In NSCLC cells, overexpression of SNHG10 resulted in increased miR-21 gene methylation and decreased miR-21 expression. Moreover, overexpression of SNHG10 attenuated the enhancing effect of miR-21 overexpression on cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS SNHG10 may involve in NSCLC cell proliferation by regulating the miR-21 gene methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liang
- Department of Oncology Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhua Cao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimao Song
- Department of Oncology Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Oncology Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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Wang D, Cao X, Han Y, Yu D. LncRNA SNHG9 is Downregulated in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Suppressed miR-21 Through Methylation to Promote Cell Proliferation. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7941-7948. [PMID: 32943928 PMCID: PMC7473986 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s253052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LncRNA SNHG9 has been shown to be an oncogenic lncRNA in glioblastoma, while its role in other cancers is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SNHG9 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The differential expression of SNHG9 in NSCLC was first explored by analyzing the TCGA dataset, followed by measuring the expression levels of SNHG9 in paired NSCLC and non-tumor tissues by RT-qPCR. Expression of miR-21 was also determined by RT-qPCR. Correlations were analyzed by linear regression. The interaction between miR-21 and SNHG9 was detected using RNA pull-down. The expression relationship between SNHG9 and miR-21 was analyzed by SNHG9 or miR-21 overexpression experiments. The effects of overexpression of SNHG9 on the methylation of miR-21 were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Results By analyzing the TCGA dataset, we observed downregulation of SNHG9 in NSCLC, which was confirmed by measuring the expression levels of SNHG9 in paired NSCLC tumor tissues and non-tumor tissues from NSCLC patients involved in this study. MiR-21 was upregulated in NSCLC tumor tissues and inversely correlated with SNHG9 in cancer tissues but not in non-tumor tissues. The interaction between SNHG9 and miR-21 was predicted by bioinformatic analyses, which was further verified by RNA pull-down. In NSCLC cells, overexpression of SNHG9 led to downregulated miR-21 and increased methylation of miR-21 gene. In contrast, miR-21 did not affect the expression of SNHG9. In addition, overexpression of SNHG9 attenuated the enhancing effects of miR-21 on NSCLC proliferation. Conclusion SNHG9 might downregulate miR-21 through methylation to suppress cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxue Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, People's Republic of China
| | - Daping Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhang C, Wu S, Song R, Liu C. Long noncoding RNA NR2F1-AS1 promotes the malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer via sponging microRNA-493-5p and thereby increasing ITGB1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:7660-7675. [PMID: 32784268 PMCID: PMC7993723 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that the long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) NR2F1 antisense RNA 1 (NR2F1-AS1) affects multiple cellular pathways that are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The present study aimed to detect NR2F1-AS1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), investigate the role of NR2F1-AS1 in promoting the tumorigenic behavior of NSCLC cells, and elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of NR2F1-AS1 on NSCLC progression. Our results showed that NR2F1-AS1 expression was upregulated in NSCLC cells, and notably, its upregulation was correlated with adverse clinical characteristics and shorter overall survival in patients with NSCLC. The absence of NR2F1-AS1 functionally decreased NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, the tumor growth of NSCLC cells in vivo was inhibited after NR2F1-AS1 silencing. Mechanistically, NR2F1-AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-493-5p and consequently increased ITGB1 expression. Rescue assays further validated that an increased output of the miR-493-5p/ITGB1 axis could neutralize the regulatory impact of NR2F1-AS1 knockdown on the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells. In summary, the NR2F1-AS1/miR-493-5p/ITGB1 pathway initiates pro-oncogenic behavior in NSCLC tumor progression, and the NR2F1-AS1/miR-493-5p/ITGB1 axis may provide new molecular targets for anticancer therapy against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Changming Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
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Pankova OV, Rodionov EO, Miller SV, Tuzikov SA, Tashireva LA, Gerashchenko TS, Denisov EV, Perelmuter VM. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with intraoperative radiotherapy is effective to prevent recurrence in high-risk non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:988-999. [PMID: 32953479 PMCID: PMC7481627 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) and squamous metaplasia (SM) in the small bronchi distant from the tumor is associated with a high risk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recurrence. Here, we assessed whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is effective to prevent recurrence in NSCLC patients (n=171) with different premalignant lesions in the small bronchi Methods BCH, SM, and dysplasia (D) were identified in the samples of lung tissue distant from the tumor. NSCLC patients were treated by surgery, different combinations of NAC and IORT, and AC. Results Based on the type of bronchial lesions, NSCLC patients were classified into four groups: BCH+SM−D− (55.6%, 95/171), BCH+SM+D− (26.3%; 45/171), BCH−SM+D+ (6.4%, 11/171), and BCH−SM−D− (11.7%, 20/171). During 5 years, recurrent carcinoma was found in 13.4% (23/171) of patients and represented by metachronous metastases in the thoracic lymph nodes (82.6%, 19/23) and by a relapse in the bronchial stump (17.4%, 4/23). Recurrence was frequent in BCH+SM+D− patients (87.0%, 20/23), rare in BCH+SM−D− and BCH−SM−D− patients (13.0%, 3/23), and absent in BCH−SM+D+ patients (0/23). The 5-year recurrence-free survival was also shorter in BCH+SM+D− patients (HR 27.35; 95% CI: 6.31−118.48; P<0.0001). In the high-risk (BCH+SM+D−) group, recurrence occurred mainly in cases without NAC and IORT (88.2%, 15/17) and was absent (0/15) when these therapies were combined. NAC- and IORT-negative patients also showed poor overall survival (HR 4.35; 95% CI: 1.96−9.66; P<0.0001) and tended to have decreased recurrence-free survival (P=0.075). Importantly, the recurrence rate was not different between AC-treated and AC-naïve BCH+SM+D− patients. Conclusions The combination of NAC and IORT is an effective strategy to prevent recurrence in high-risk NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Pankova
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny O Rodionov
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Miller
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey A Tuzikov
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Liubov A Tashireva
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia.,Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
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Wadowska K, Bil-Lula I, Trembecki Ł, Śliwińska-Mossoń M. Genetic Markers in Lung Cancer Diagnosis: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4569. [PMID: 32604993 PMCID: PMC7369725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most often diagnosed cancer in the world and the most frequent cause of cancer death. The prognosis for lung cancer is relatively poor and 75% of patients are diagnosed at its advanced stage. The currently used diagnostic tools are not sensitive enough and do not enable diagnosis at the early stage of the disease. Therefore, searching for new methods of early and accurate diagnosis of lung cancer is crucial for its effective treatment. Lung cancer is the result of multistage carcinogenesis with gradually increasing genetic and epigenetic changes. Screening for the characteristic genetic markers could enable the diagnosis of lung cancer at its early stage. The aim of this review was the summarization of both the preclinical and clinical approaches in the genetic diagnostics of lung cancer. The advancement of molecular strategies and analytic platforms makes it possible to analyze the genome changes leading to cancer development-i.e., the potential biomarkers of lung cancer. In the reviewed studies, the diagnostic values of microsatellite changes, DNA hypermethylation, and p53 and KRAS gene mutations, as well as microRNAs expression, have been analyzed as potential genetic markers. It seems that microRNAs and their expression profiles have the greatest diagnostic potential value in lung cancer diagnosis, but their quantification requires standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wadowska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.W.); (I.B.-L.)
| | - Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.W.); (I.B.-L.)
| | - Łukasz Trembecki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Śliwińska-Mossoń
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.W.); (I.B.-L.)
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Liu X, Huang S, Guan Y, Zhang Q. Long noncoding RNA OSER1‑AS1 promotes the malignant properties of non‑small cell lung cancer by sponging microRNA‑433‑3p and thereby increasing Smad2 expression. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:599-610. [PMID: 32627026 PMCID: PMC7336450 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OSER1 antisense RNA 1 (OSER1-AS1), a long noncoding RNA, has been well studied in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, its expression status, specific functions, and tumorigenic mechanism in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain uninvestigated. Hence, this study aimed to assess OSER1-AS1 expression, test the malignancy-related biological functions of OSER1-AS1, and illustrate how they affect NSCLC progression. OSER1-AS1 expression in NSCLC was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, cell migration and invasion assay, and tumor xenograft assay were performed to analyze the effects of OSER1-AS1 on the malignant phenotypes of NSCLC cells. Bioinformatics prediction with luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the interaction between OSER1-AS1 and microRNA-433-3p (miR-433-3p). OSER1-AS1 was strongly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Enhanced OSER1-AS1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Patients with NSCLC exhibiting high OSER1-AS1 expression had shorter overall survival than those exhibiting low OSER1-AS1 expression. Functionally, a reduction in OSER1-AS1 expression led to significant decreases in NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as an increase in cell apoptosis in vivo. OSER1-AS1 knockdown suppressed the tumorigenic ability of NSCLC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, OSER1-AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in NSCLC cells by sponging miR-433-3p and thereby increasing the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2). Finally, restoration experiments revealed that the suppression of miR-433-3p and restoration of Smad2 both counteracted the suppressive effects of OSER1-AS1 depletion in NSCLC cells. Our findings illustrate the biological importance of the OSER1-AS1/miR-433-3p/Smad2 pathway in NSCLC progression and offer a novel perspective regarding the identification of effective therapeutic and diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Xiang C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Hou Y, Zhang Y. lncRNA LEF1-AS1 Promotes Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating miR-221/PTEN Signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3845-3850. [PMID: 32547220 PMCID: PMC7260488 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s246422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction LEF1-AS1 is a characterized oncogenic lncRNA in oral cancer. Analysis of TCGA dataset revealed the upregulation of LEF1-AS1 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was therefore carried out to investigate the involvement of LEF1-AS1 in NSCLC. Methods A total of 62 NSCLC patients were included to collect paired cancer and non-tumor tissues. RT-qPCR was performed to measure levels of LEF1-AS1 and miR-221 expression. Transient transfections were performed to explore the interactions between LEF1-AS1, miR-221 and PTEN. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by cell proliferation assay and cell apoptosis assay, respectively. Results We found that LEF1-AS1 was upregulated in NSCLC patients. In addition, expression of LEF1-AS1 was negatively correlated with the expression of PTEN but positively correlated with the expression of miR-221 in NSCLC tissue samples. In NSCLC cells, overexpression of LEF1-AS1 led to downregulated expression of PTEN but upregulated expression of miR-221, which can directly target PTEN. Overexpression of LEF1-AS1 and miR-221 promoted cancer cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. PTEN played an opposite role and reduced the effects of overexpressing LEF1-AS1 and miR-221. Conclusion LEF1-AS1 may promote the proliferation and induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells by regulating miR-221/PTEN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xiang
- Department of Oncology IV, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanli Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Ⅱ, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Department of Oncology IV, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Liu
- Department of Oncology IV, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Hou
- Department of Oncology IV, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology IV, First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050000, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Guo L, Chen J. Rationale for Lung Adenocarcinoma Prevention and Drug Development Based on Molecular Biology During Carcinogenesis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3085-3091. [PMID: 32341654 PMCID: PMC7166063 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s248436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common and aggressive subtype of lung cancer with the greatest heterogeneity and aggression. Inspite of recent years’ achievements in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease, as well as the development of new therapeutic approaches, our knowledge on crucial early molecular events during its development is still rudimentary. Recent classification and grading of LUAD has postulated that LUAD does not arise spontaneously, but through a stepwise process from lung adenomatous premalignancy atypical adenomatous hyperplasia to adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and eventually frankly invasive predominant adenocarcinoma. In this review, we discuss the molecular processes that drive the evolutionary process that results in the formation of LUAD. We also describe how to handle lung premalignancy in clinical settings based on the most recent advances in genomic biology and our own understanding of lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Guo
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital,affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Yang LT, Ma F, Zeng HT, Zhao M, Zeng XH, Liu ZQ, Yang PC. Restoration of Mal overcomes the defects of apoptosis in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227634. [PMID: 31978067 PMCID: PMC6980397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cancer is one of the life-threatening diseases of human beings; the pathogenesis of cancer remains to be further investigated. Toll like receptor (TLR) activities are involved in the apoptosis regulation. This study aims to elucidate the role of Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) molecule in the apoptosis regulation of lung cancer (LC) cells. METHODS The LC tissues were collected from LC patients. LC cells and normal control (NC) cells were isolated from the tissues and analyzed by pertinent biochemical and immunological approaches. RESULTS We found that fewer apoptotic LC cells were induced by cisplatin in the culture as compared to NC cells. The expression of Fas ligand (FasL) was lower in LC cells than that in NC cells. FasL mRNA levels declined spontaneously in LC cells. A complex of FasL/TDP-43 was detected in LC cells. LC cells expressed less Mal than NC cells. Activation of Mal by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased TDP-43 expression in LC cells. TDP-43 formed a complex with FasL mRNA to prevent FasL mRNA from decay. Reconstitution of Mal or TDP-43 restored the sensitiveness of LC cells to apoptotic inducers. CONCLUSIONS LC cells express low Mal levels that contributes to FasL mRNA decay through impairing TDP-43 expression. Reconstitution of Mal restores sensitiveness of LC cells to apoptosis inducers that may be a novel therapeutic approach for LC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Yang
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Ma
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao-Tao Zeng
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xian-Hai Zeng
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- ENT Institute, Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
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Chen H, Yang J, Hao J, Lv Y, Chen L, Lin Q, Yuan J, Yang X. A Novel Flavonoid Kushenol Z from Sophora flavescens Mediates mTOR Pathway by Inhibiting Phosphodiesterase and Akt Activity to Induce Apoptosis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244425. [PMID: 31817093 PMCID: PMC6943755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Sophora flavescens (SF) are clinically used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various lung diseases. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which SF inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. A new compound, kushenol Z (KZ), and 14 known flavonoids were isolated from SF. KZ, sophoraflavanone G, and kushenol A demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against NSCLC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; KZ showed a wide therapeutic window. We also found that KZ induced NSCLC cell apoptosis by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9 leading to mitochondrial apoptosis, and upregulated CHOP and activatedcaspase-7 and caspase-12, which triggered the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. After KZ treatment, we observed cAMP accumulation, which reflected the inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE), along with the increase in PKA activity; additionally, phospho-p70 S6 kinase was downregulated. KZ also attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and PRAS40, which was partially rescued by an Akt activator. This suggested that KZ mediated the antiproliferative activity in NSCLC cells by inhibiting the mTOR pathway through the inhibition of cAMP-PDE and Akt. These findings suggested that KZ may be used as a promising cAMP-PDE and Akt inhibitor in targeted chemotherapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ji Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yibing Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Lu Chen
- Guangxi Institute of Medicinal Plant, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Qinxiong Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jingquan Yuan
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (X.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-771-394-6492 (J.Y.); +86-27-6784-1196 (X.Y.)
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (X.Y.); Tel./Fax: +86-771-394-6492 (J.Y.); +86-27-6784-1196 (X.Y.)
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Pinsky P, Gierada DS. Long-term cancer risk associated with lung nodules observed on low-dose screening CT scans. Lung Cancer 2019; 139:179-184. [PMID: 31812129 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-calcified nodules (NCNs) associated with false positive low-dose CT (LDCT) lung cancer screens have been attributed to various causes. Some, however, may represent lung cancer precursors. An association of NCNs with long-term lung cancer risk would provide indirect evidence of some NCNs being cancer precursors. METHODS LDCT arm participants in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) received LDCT screens at baseline and years 1-2. The relationship between NCNs found on LDCT screens and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis over different time periods was examined at the person and lobe level. For the latter, a lobe had a cancer outcome only if the cancer was located in the lobe. Separate analyses were performed on baseline and post-baseline LDCT findings; for the latter, those with baseline NCNs were excluded and only new (non-pre-existing) NCNs examined. Raw and adjusted rate-ratios (RRs) were computed for presence of NCNs and subsequent lung cancer risk; adjusted RRs controlled for demographic and smoking factors. RESULTS 26,309 participants received the baseline LDCT screen. Over median 11.3 years follow-up, 1675 lung cancers were diagnosed. Adjusted RRs for time periods 0-4, 4-8 and 8-12 years following the baseline screen were 5.1 (95 % CI:4.4-5.9), 1.5 (95 % CI:1.3-1.9) and 1.5 (95 % CI:1.2-1.8) at the person-level and 14.7 (95 % CI:12.6-17.2), 2.6 (95 % CI: 2.0-3.4) and 2.2 (95 % CI:1.6-2.9) at the lobe-level. 18,585 participants were included in the post-baseline analysis. Adjusted RRs for periods 0-4, 4-8 and 8-11 years were 5.6 (95 % CI: 4.5-7.0), 1.9 (95 % CI: 1.3-2.7) and 1.6 (95 % CI: 0.9-2.9) at the person-level and 19.6 (95 % CI:14.9-25.3), 2.5 (95 % CI:1.3-4.7) and 3.3 (95 % CI:1.4-7.6) at the lobe-level. Raw RRs were similar. CONCLUSION NCNs are associated with excess long-term lung cancer risk, suggesting that some may be lung cancer precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pinsky
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - David S Gierada
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Sarode P, Mansouri S, Karger A, Schaefer MB, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Savai R. Epithelial cell plasticity defines heterogeneity in lung cancer. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109463. [PMID: 31693875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women and accounts for almost 18.4% of all deaths due to cancer worldwide, with the global incidence increasing by approximately 0.5% per year. Lung cancer is regarded as a devastating type of cancer owing to its high prevalence, reduction in the health-related quality of life, frequently delayed diagnosis, low response rate, high toxicity, and resistance to available therapeutic options. The highly heterogeneous nature of this cancer with a proximal-to-distal distribution throughout the respiratory tract dramatically affects its diagnostic and therapeutic management. The diverse composition and plasticity of lung epithelial cells across the respiratory tract are regarded as significant factors underlying lung cancer heterogeneity. Therefore, definitions of the cells of origin for different types of lung cancer are urgently needed to understand lung cancer biology and to achieve early diagnosis and develop cell-targeted therapies. In the present review, we will discuss the current understanding of the cellular and molecular alterations in distinct lung epithelial cells that result in each type of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sarode
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Siavash Mansouri
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Annika Karger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Martina Barbara Schaefer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany.
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Moussa AM, Ziv E, Solomon SB, Camacho JC. Microwave Ablation in Primary Lung Malignancies. Semin Intervent Radiol 2019; 36:326-333. [PMID: 31680724 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Eighty-five percent of cases correspond to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pivotal nonsurgical options for early-stage disease include percutaneous ablation and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Microwave Ablation (MWA) is a locoregional treatment option that has many advantages over radiofrequency ablation and has been able to overcome the limitations of this technique in the treatment of early-stage NSCLC. In this review article, we highlight the current evidence supporting the use of MWA in patients with early-stage NSCLC and discuss the technical considerations of the procedure, including optimal patient selection and planning strategies, as well as the potential complications and reported outcomes. Finally, we mention future trends involving ablation in NSCLC, including its role in combination with SBRT in central tumors, management of post-SBRT local recurrence, and its potential as an adjuvant treatment option for patients with resistance to systemic therapy or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad M Moussa
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Etay Ziv
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen B Solomon
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juan C Camacho
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Kadara H, Sivakumar S, Jakubek Y, San Lucas FA, Lang W, McDowell T, Weber Z, Behrens C, Davies GE, Kalhor N, Moran C, El-Zein R, Mehran R, Swisher SG, Wang J, Zhang J, Fujimoto J, Fowler J, Heymach JV, Dubinett S, Spira AE, Ehli EA, Wistuba II, Scheet P. Driver Mutations in Normal Airway Epithelium Elucidate Spatiotemporal Resolution of Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:742-750. [PMID: 30896962 PMCID: PMC6775870 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1178oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Uninvolved normal-appearing airway epithelium has been shown to exhibit specific mutations characteristic of nearby non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Yet, its somatic mutational landscape in patients with early-stage NSCLC is unknown.Objectives: To comprehensively survey the somatic mutational architecture of the normal airway epithelium in patients with early-stage NSCLC.Methods: Multiregion normal airways, comprising tumor-adjacent small airways, tumor-distant large airways, nasal epithelium and uninvolved normal lung (collectively airway field), matched NSCLCs, and blood cells (n = 498) from 48 patients were interrogated for somatic single-nucleotide variants by deep-targeted DNA sequencing and for chromosomal allelic imbalance events by genome-wide genotype array profiling. Spatiotemporal relationships between the airway field and NSCLCs were assessed by phylogenetic analysis.Measurements and Main Results: Genomic airway field carcinogenesis was observed in 25 cases (52%). The airway field epithelium exhibited a total of 269 somatic mutations in most patients (n = 36) including key drivers that were shared with the NSCLCs. Allele frequencies of these acquired variants were overall higher in NSCLCs. Integrative analysis of single-nucleotide variants and allelic imbalance events revealed driver genes with shared "two-hit" alterations in the airway field (e.g., TP53, KRAS, KEAP1, STK11, and CDKN2A) and those with single hits progressing to two in the NSCLCs (e.g., PIK3CA and NOTCH1).Conclusions: Tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant normal-appearing airway epithelia exhibit somatic driver alterations that undergo selection-driven clonal expansion in NSCLC. These events offer spatiotemporal insights into the development of NSCLC and, thus, potential targets for early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smruthy Sivakumar
- Department of Epidemiology
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Wenhua Lang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | - Zachary Weber
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | | | | | | | | | - Randa El-Zein
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Reza Mehran
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven Dubinett
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Avrum E. Spira
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik A. Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | | | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
- Department of Epidemiology
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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Campanella A, De Summa S, Tommasi S. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for lung cancer. J Breath Res 2019; 13:044002. [PMID: 31282387 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab2f9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide and the identification of clinically useful biomarkers for lung cancer detection at both early and metastatic stage is a pressing medical need. Although many improvements have been made in the treatment and in the early screening of this cancer, most diagnosis are made at a late stage, when a lot of genetic and epigenetic changes have occurred. A promising source of biomarkers reflective of the pathogenesis of lung cancer is exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a biological fluid and a natural matrix of the respiratory tract. Molecules such as DNAs, RNAs, proteins, metabolites and volatile compounds are present in EBC, and their presence/absence or their variation in concentrations can be used as biomarkers. The aims of this review are to briefly describe exhaled breath composition, firstly, and then to document some of the EBC candidate biomarkers for lung cancer by dividing them according to their origin (genome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, proteome and microbiota) in order to demonstrate the potential use of EBC as a helpful tool in cancer diagnostics, molecular profiling, therapy monitoring and screening of high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Campanella
- Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Kim Y, Shiba-Ishii A, Ramirez K, Muratani M, Sakamoto N, Iijima T, Noguchi M. Carcinogen-induced tumors in SFN-transgenic mice harbor a characteristic mutation spectrum of human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2431-2441. [PMID: 31144406 PMCID: PMC6676126 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of genetic alterations in disease models such as transgenic mice or mice with carcinogen‐induced tumors has provided a huge amount of information that has shed light on the process of tumorigenesis in human non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have previously identified stratifin (SFN) as a potent oncogene, and generated SFN‐transgenic (Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/−) mice, which express human SFN (hSFN) only in the lung. Here, we have found that carcinogen nicotine‐derived nitrosaminoketone (NNK)‐induced tumors developing in Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− mice show a similar histology to human lung adenocarcinoma and exhibit high hSFN expression. In order to compare the genetic characteristics of Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors and human lung adenocarcinoma, the former were subjected to whole‐exome sequencing. Interestingly, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors showed the distinct distribution of exonic mutations and high number of mutated genes and transversion. Moreover, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors showed 73 genes that were commonly detected in more than 2 tumors, mutations of which were also found in human lung adenocarcinoma. The expression levels of some of these genes were significantly associated with the clinical outcome of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Additionally, mutated genes in Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors were closely associated with key canonical pathways such as PI3K/AKT signaling and apoptosis signaling. These results suggest that SFN overexpression is a universal abnormality in human lung adenocarcinogenesis and Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors recapitulate key features of major human lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− mice provide a useful model for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying lung adenocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Aya Shiba-Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Karina Ramirez
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Iijima
- Department of Pathology, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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46
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Premalignant lesions of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: The molecular make-up and factors affecting their progression. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:21-28. [PMID: 31446997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), one of the most common forms of lung cancer, shows accelerated progression and aggressive growth and usually is observed at advanced stages. SCC originates from morphological changes in the bronchial epithelium that occur during chronic inflammation: basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and dysplasia I-III. However, the process is not inevitable; it can be stopped at any stage, remain in the stable state indefinitely and either progress or regress. The reasons and mechanisms of different scenarios of the evolution of premalignant lesions in the respiratory epithelium are not fully understood. In this review, we summarized the literature data (including our own data) regarding genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of the premalignant lesions and highlighted factors (environmental causes, inflammation, and gene polymorphism) that may govern their progression or regression. In conclusion, we reviewed strategies for lung cancer prevention and proposed new models and research directions for studying premalignant lesions and developing new tools to predict the risk of their malignant transformation.
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47
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Ren Y, Huang S, Dai C, Xie D, Zheng L, Xie H, Zheng H, She Y, Zhou F, Wang Y, Li P, Fei K, Jiang G, Zhang Y, Su B, Sweet-Cordero EA, Tran NL, Yang Y, Patel JN, Rolfo C, Rocco G, Cardona AF, Tuzi A, Suter MB, Yang P, Xu W, Chen C. Germline Predisposition and Copy Number Alteration in Pre-stage Lung Adenocarcinomas Presenting as Ground-Glass Nodules. Front Oncol 2019; 9:288. [PMID: 31058088 PMCID: PMC6482264 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Synchronous multiple ground-glass nodules (SM-GGNs) are a distinct entity of lung cancer which has been emerging increasingly in recent years in China. The oncogenesis molecular mechanisms of SM-GGNs remain elusive. Methods: We investigated single nucleotide variations (SNV), insertions and deletions (INDEL), somatic copy number variations (CNV), and germline mutations of 69 SM-GGN samples collected from 31 patients, using target sequencing (TRS) and whole exome sequencing (WES). Results: In the entire cohort, many known driver mutations were found, including EGFR (21.7%), BRAF (14.5%), and KRAS (6%). However, only one out of the 31 patients had the same somatic missense or truncated events within SM-GGNs, indicating the independent origins for almost all of these SM-GGNs. Many germline mutations with a low frequency in the Chinese population, and genes harboring both germline and somatic variations, were discovered in these pre-stage GGNs. These GGNs also bore large segments of copy number gains and/or losses. The CNV segment number tended to be positively correlated with the germline mutations (r = 0.57). The CNV sizes were correlated with the somatic mutations (r = 0.55). A moderate correlation (r = 0.54) was also shown between the somatic and germline mutations. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the precancerous unstable CNVs with potentially predisposing genetic backgrounds may foster the onset of driver mutations and the development of independent SM-GGNs during the local stimulation of mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiu Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Huang
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Larry Zheng
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Huikang Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunlang She
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Fei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bo Su
- Laboratory center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nhan Le Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Yanan Yang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Developmental Therapeutics and Cell Biology Programs, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jai N Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Thoracic Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ping Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Wayne Xu
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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48
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Daouk R, Hassane M, Bahmad HF, Sinjab A, Fujimoto J, Abou-Kheir W, Kadara H. Genome-Wide and Phenotypic Evaluation of Stem Cell Progenitors Derived From Gprc5a-Deficient Murine Lung Adenocarcinoma With Somatic Kras Mutations. Front Oncol 2019; 9:207. [PMID: 31001473 PMCID: PMC6454871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) with somatic mutations in the KRAS oncogene comprise the most common molecular subtype of lung cancer in smokers and present with overall dismal prognosis and resistance to most therapies. Our group recently demonstrated that tobacco carcinogen-exposed mice with knockout of the airway lineage G-protein coupled receptor, Gprc5a, develop LUADs with somatic mutations in Kras. Earlier work has suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play crucial roles in clonal evolution of tumors and in therapy resistance. To date, our understanding of CSCs in LUADs with somatic Kras mutations remains lagging. Here we derived CSCs (as spheres in 3D cultures) with self-renewal properties from a murine Kras-mutant LUAD cell line we previously established from a tobacco carcinogen-exposed Gprc5a−/− mouse. Using syngeneic Gprc5a−/− models, we found that these CSCs, compared to their parental isoforms, exhibited increased tumorigenic potential in vivo, particularly in female animals. Using whole-transcriptome sequencing coupled with pathways analysis and confirmatory PCR, we identified gene features (n = 2,600) differentially expressed in the CSCs compared to parental cells and that were enriched with functional modules associated with an augmented malignant phenotype including stemness, tumor-promoting inflammation and anti-oxidant responses. Further, based on in silico predicted activation of GSK3β in CSCs, we found that tideglusib, an irreversible inhibitor of the kinase, exhibited marked anti-growth effects in the cultured CSCs. Our study underscores molecular cues in the pathogenesis of Kras-mutant LUAD and presents new models to study the evolution, and thus high-potential targets, of this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Daouk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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49
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Genomic landscape of allelic imbalance in premalignant atypical adenomatous hyperplasias of the lung. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:296-303. [PMID: 30905849 PMCID: PMC6491940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic investigation of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), the only known precursor lesion to lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD), presents challenges due to the low mutant cell fractions. This necessitates sensitive methods for detection of chromosomal aberrations to better study the role of critical alterations in early lung cancer pathogenesis and the progression from AAH to LUAD. Methods We applied a sensitive haplotype-based statistical technique to detect chromosomal alterations leading to allelic imbalance (AI) from genotype array profiling of 48 matched normal lung parenchyma, AAH and tumor tissues from 16 stage-I LUAD patients. To gain insights into shared developmental trajectories among tissues, we performed phylogenetic analyses and integrated our results with point mutation data, highlighting significantly-mutated driver genes in LUAD pathogenesis. Findings AI was detected in nine AAHs (56%). Six cases exhibited recurrent loss of 17p. AI and the enrichment of 17p events were predominantly identified in patients with smoking history. Among the nine AAH tissues with detected AI, seven exhibited evidence for shared chromosomal aberrations with matched LUAD specimens, including losses harboring tumor suppressors on 17p, 8p, 9p, 9q, 19p, and gains encompassing oncogenes on 8q, 12p and 1q. Interpretation Chromosomal aberrations, particularly 17p loss, appear to play critical roles early in AAH pathogenesis. Genomic instability in AAH, as well as truncal chromosomal aberrations shared with LUAD, provide evidence for mutation accumulation and are suggestive of a cancerized field contributing to the clonal selection and expansion of these premalignant lesions. Fund Supported in part by Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) grant RP150079 (PS and HK), NIH grant R01HG005859 (PS) and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Core Support Grant.
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50
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Epigenetic Suppression of the T-box Subfamily 2 ( TBX2) in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051159. [PMID: 30866410 PMCID: PMC6429281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The TBX2 subfamily of transcription factors (TBXs 2, 3, 4 and 5) are markedly down-regulated in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and exert tumor suppressor effects in lung malignancy. Yet, mechanisms underlying suppressed expression of the TBX2 subfamily in NSCLC are elusive. Here, we interrogated probable epigenetic mechanisms in suppressed expression of the TBX2 subfamily in human NSCLC. (2) TBX2 subfamily gene expression and methylation levels in NSCLC and normal lung tissues were surveyed using publicly available RNA-sequence and genome-wide methylation datasets. Methylation β-values of the four genes were statistically compared between NSCLCs and normal lung tissues, correlated with gene expression levels, and interrogated with clinicopathological variables. Expression and methylation levels of TBXs were quantified in NSCLC cells using real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR assays, respectively. Effects of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (Aza) on TBX2 subfamily expression were assessed in NSCLC cells. Impact of TBX2 subfamily expression on Aza-treated cells was evaluated by RNA interference. (3) All four TBXs were significantly hypermethylated in NSCLCs relative to normal lung tissues (p < 0.05). Methylation β-values of the genes, with exception of TBX2, were significantly inversely correlated with corresponding mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05). We found no statistically significant differences in hypermethylation levels of the TBX2 subfamily by clinicopathological features including stage and tobacco history. Expression levels of the TBX genes were overall suppressed in NSCLC cells relative to normal alveolar cells. Members of the subfamily were significantly hypermethylated in all tested NSCLC cell lines relative to normal alveolar cells. Treatment with Aza induced the expression of the TBX2 subfamily concomitant with NSCLC cell growth inhibition. Further, simultaneous knockdown of the four TBX genes markedly reduced anti-growth effects of Aza in NSCLC cells. (4) Our study sheds light on new epigenetic profiles in the molecular pathogenesis of human NSCLC.
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