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Hebert JD, Tang YJ, Andrejka L, Lopez SS, Petrov DA, Boross G, Winslow MM. Combinatorial in vivo genome editing identifies widespread epistasis during lung tumorigenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583981. [PMID: 38496564 PMCID: PMC10942407 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common subtype of lung cancer, is genomically complex, with tumors containing tens to hundreds of non-synonymous mutations. However, little is understood about how genes interact with each other to enable tumorigenesis in vivo , largely due to a lack of methods for investigating genetic interactions in a high-throughput and multiplexed manner. Here, we employed a novel platform to generate tumors with all pairwise inactivation of ten tumor suppressor genes within an autochthonous mouse model of oncogenic KRAS-driven lung cancer. By quantifying the fitness of tumors with every single and double mutant genotype, we show that most tumor suppressor genetic interactions exhibited negative epistasis, with diminishing returns on tumor fitness. In contrast, Apc inactivation showed positive epistasis with the inactivation of several other genes, including dramatically synergistic effects on tumor fitness in combination with Lkb1 or Nf1 inactivation. This approach has the potential to expand the scope of genetic interactions that may be functionally characterized in vivo , which could lead to a better understanding of how complex tumor genotypes impact each step of carcinogenesis.
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2
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Hebert JD, Neal JW, Winslow MM. Dissecting metastasis using preclinical models and methods. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:391-407. [PMID: 37138029 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis has long been understood to lead to the overwhelming majority of cancer-related deaths. However, our understanding of the metastatic process, and thus our ability to prevent or eliminate metastases, remains frustratingly limited. This is largely due to the complexity of metastasis, which is a multistep process that likely differs across cancer types and is greatly influenced by many aspects of the in vivo microenvironment. In this Review, we discuss the key variables to consider when designing assays to study metastasis: which source of metastatic cancer cells to use and where to introduce them into mice to address different questions of metastasis biology. We also examine methods that are being used to interrogate specific steps of the metastatic cascade in mouse models, as well as emerging techniques that may shed new light on previously inscrutable aspects of metastasis. Finally, we explore approaches for developing and using anti-metastatic therapies, and how mouse models can be used to test them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess D Hebert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joel W Neal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Kiritani S, Ono Y, Takamatsu M, Oba A, Sato T, Ito H, Inoue Y, Takahashi Y. Diabetogenic liver metastasis from pancreatic cancer: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:224. [PMID: 36576596 PMCID: PMC9797629 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although new-onset diabetes has been described in up to 20% of patients with newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer, reports regarding new-onset diabetes associated with newly developed liver metastasis from pancreatic cancer are limited. CASE PRESENTATION A 60-year-old man was diagnosed with pancreatic tail cancer without impaired glycemic control. A curative-intent distal pancreatectomy with adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy was performed. Two years after surgery, a high HbA1c concentration and solitary liver metastasis were identified on follow-up examination. Two major chemotherapy regimens, gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel and modified FOLFIRINOX, were sequentially administered to the patient; however, his carbohydrate 19-9 concentration continued to increase. Because the patient's glycemic control rapidly worsened in synchrony with the tumor growth, insulin therapy was initiated. Although the liver metastasis was refractory to chemotherapy, curative-intent left hepatectomy was performed because only one tumor remained. His impaired glycemic control improved immediately after surgery, and insulin therapy was terminated. When writing this report (2 years after hepatectomy), the patient was alive and recurrence-free. CONCLUSIONS New-onset diabetes appeared with the progression of metachronous liver metastasis from pancreatic cancer, without recurrence at any other site. The patient's diabetic state was improved by resection of the liver tumor, and liver metastasis itself was proven to have caused the glucometabolic disorder by increasing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kiritani
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Manabu Takamatsu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oba
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sato
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ito
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Clinical Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-Ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
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4
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Yang D, Jones MG, Naranjo S, Rideout WM, Min KHJ, Ho R, Wu W, Replogle JM, Page JL, Quinn JJ, Horns F, Qiu X, Chen MZ, Freed-Pastor WA, McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Gartner ZJ, Chow ED, Bivona TG, Chan MM, Yosef N, Jacks T, Weissman JS. Lineage tracing reveals the phylodynamics, plasticity, and paths of tumor evolution. Cell 2022; 185:1905-1923.e25. [PMID: 35523183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor evolution is driven by the progressive acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations that enable uncontrolled growth and expansion to neighboring and distal tissues. The study of phylogenetic relationships between cancer cells provides key insights into these processes. Here, we introduced an evolving lineage-tracing system with a single-cell RNA-seq readout into a mouse model of Kras;Trp53(KP)-driven lung adenocarcinoma and tracked tumor evolution from single-transformed cells to metastatic tumors at unprecedented resolution. We found that the loss of the initial, stable alveolar-type2-like state was accompanied by a transient increase in plasticity. This was followed by the adoption of distinct transcriptional programs that enable rapid expansion and, ultimately, clonal sweep of stable subclones capable of metastasizing. Finally, tumors develop through stereotypical evolutionary trajectories, and perturbing additional tumor suppressors accelerates progression by creating novel trajectories. Our study elucidates the hierarchical nature of tumor evolution and, more broadly, enables in-depth studies of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew G Jones
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William M Rideout
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kyung Hoi Joseph Min
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raymond Ho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph M Replogle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer L Page
- Cell and Genome Engineering Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Quinn
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Felix Horns
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Z Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William A Freed-Pastor
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David M Patterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg BioHub Investigator, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Advanced Technology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michelle M Chan
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg BioHub Investigator, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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5
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Jones MG, Rosen Y, Yosef N. Interactive, integrated analysis of single-cell transcriptomic and phylogenetic data with PhyloVision. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100200. [PMID: 35497495 PMCID: PMC9046453 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas9 engineering and single-cell assays have enabled the simultaneous measurement of single-cell transcriptomic and phylogenetic profiles. However, there are few computational tools enabling users to integrate and derive insight from a joint analysis of these two modalities. Here, we describe "PhyloVision": an open-source software for interactively exploring data from both modalities and for identifying and interpreting heritable gene modules whose concerted expression are associated with phylogenetic relationships. PhyloVision provides a feature-rich, interactive, and shareable web-based report for investigating these modules while also supporting several other data and meta-data exploration capabilities. We demonstrate the utility of PhyloVision using a published dataset of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma cells, whose phylogeny was resolved using a CRISPR-Cas9-based lineage-tracing system. Together, we anticipate that PhyloVision and the methods it implements will be a useful resource for scalable and intuitive data exploration for any assay that simultaneously measures cell state and lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Jones
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Integrative Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Yanay Rosen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Investigator, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02114 USA
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6
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Zhou Y, Du Q, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Qin X, Jiang Y, Luan Y. A heme-regulatable chemodynamic nanodrug harnessing transcription factor Bach1 against lung cancer metastasis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 610:698-708. [PMID: 34863556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of cancer dominated by metastasis-induced death. The transcription factor BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) regulates almost all metastasis steps by activating the transcription of critical metastatic genes. It is urgent to engineer a nanodrug enabling regulation of Bach1 against tumor metastasis. Herein, a minimalist nanodrug integrating chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and Bach1 degradation was reported to prevent metastasis of NSCLC. The nanodrug was achieved by self-assembly of ferrocene (Fc) and Tin protoporphyrin IX (TinPPIX). In our nanodrug, Fc not only triggers the production of highly cytotoxic ∙OH for tumor ablation via Fenton reaction, but also induces heme release from heme-containing proteins to stimulate Bach 1 degradation. Moreover, TinPPIX further augments the free heme level along with amplifies the CDT efficacy by disabling heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-mediated heme conversion into antioxidative bilirubin. The results showed that, compared with control group, TinPPIX/Fc nanodrug caused a four-fold increase in heme level, which triggered remarkable Bach1 degradation in Fbxo22-mediated manner and successfully inhibited Bach1-dominated metastasis. Therefore, this nanodrug could powerfully impeded NSCLC progression and metastasis, offering an innovative heme-regulatable chemodynamic therapeutic approach for lung cancer with strong metastasis capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Qian Du
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Qingyun Zhao
- Jimo District Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengzhu Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xiaohan Qin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
| | - Yuxia Luan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
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7
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Arnal-Estapé A, Foggetti G, Starrett JH, Nguyen DX, Politi K. Preclinical Models for the Study of Lung Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a037820. [PMID: 34518338 PMCID: PMC8634791 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental preclinical models have been a cornerstone of lung cancer translational research. Work in these model systems has provided insights into the biology of lung cancer subtypes and their origins, contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie tumor progression, and revealed new therapeutic vulnerabilities. Initially patient-derived lung cancer cell lines were the main preclinical models available. The landscape is very different now with numerous preclinical models for research each with unique characteristics. These include genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and three-dimensional culture systems ("organoid" cultures). Here we review the development and applications of these models and describe their contributions to lung cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Department of Pathology
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Katerina Politi
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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8
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Lue KH, Chu SC, Wang LY, Chen YC, Li MH, Chang BS, Chan SC, Chen YH, Lin CB, Liu SH. Tumor glycolytic heterogeneity improves detection of regional nodal metastasis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 36:256-266. [PMID: 34817824 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET for detecting regional lymph node metastasis in resectable lung cancer is variable, and its sensitivity for adenocarcinoma is even lower. We aimed to evaluate the value of 18F-FDG PET-derived features in predicting pathological lymph node metastasis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed pretreatment 18F-FDG PET-derived features of 126 lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent curative surgery. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between study variables and pathological regional lymph node status obtained from the curative surgery. Furthermore, Cox regression analysis was used to test the effect of the study variables on survival outcomes, including disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The primary tumor entropy (OR = 1.7, p = 0.014) and visual interpretation of regional nodes via 18F-FDG PET (OR = 2.5, p = 0.026) independently predicted pathological regional lymph node metastasis. The areas under the receiver-operating-characteristic curves were 0.631, 0.671, and 0.711 for visual interpretation, primary tumor entropy, and their combination, respectively. Based on visual interpretation, a primary tumor entropy ≥ 3.0 improved the positive predictive value of positive visual interpretation from 51.2% to 63.0%, whereas an entropy < 3.0 improved the negative predictive value of negative visual interpretation from 75.3% to 82.6%. In cases with positive visual interpretation and low entropy, or negative visual interpretation and high entropy, the nodal metastasis rates were approximately 30%. In the survival analyses, the primary tumor entropy was also independently associated with DFS (HR = 2.7, p = 0.001) and OS (HR = 4.8, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results show that the primary tumor entropy may improve 18F-FDG PET visual interpretation in predicting pathological nodal metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma, and may also show a survival prognostic value. This versatile biomarker may facilitate tailored therapeutic strategies for patients with resectable lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Han Lue
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chao Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yi Wang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Li
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bee-Song Chang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Chan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Bin Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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9
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Giacobbe A, Abate-Shen C. Modeling metastasis in mice: a closer look. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:916-929. [PMID: 34303648 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the multifaceted cellular and physiological processes associated with metastasis is best achieved by using in vivo models that recapitulate the requisite tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms at the organismal level. We discuss the current status of mouse models of metastasis. We consider how mouse models can refine our understanding of the underlying biological and molecular processes that promote metastasis, and we envisage how the application of new technologies will further enhance investigations of metastasis at single-cell resolution in the context of the whole organism. Our view is that investigations based on state-of-the-art mouse models can propel a holistic understanding of the biology of metastasis, which will ultimately lead to the discovery of new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacobbe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1130 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Biswas A, De S. Drivers of dynamic intratumor heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C750-C760. [PMID: 33657326 PMCID: PMC8163571 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00575.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a clonal disease, i.e., all tumor cells within a malignant lesion trace their lineage back to a precursor somatic cell that acquired oncogenic mutations during development and aging. And yet, those tumor cells tend to have genetic and nongenetic variations among themselves-which is denoted as intratumor heterogeneity. Although some of these variations are inconsequential, others tend to contribute to cell state transition and phenotypic heterogeneity, providing a substrate for somatic evolution. Tumor cell phenotypes can dynamically change under the influence of genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications, and microenvironmental contexts. Although epigenetic and microenvironmental changes are adaptive, genetic mutations are usually considered permanent. Emerging reports suggest that certain classes of genetic alterations show extensive reversibility in tumors in clinically relevant timescales, contributing as major drivers of dynamic intratumor heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity. Dynamic heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity can confer resistance to treatment, promote metastasis, and enhance evolvability in cancer. Here, we first highlight recent efforts to characterize intratumor heterogeneity at genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental levels. We then discuss phenotypic plasticity and cell state transition by tumor cells, under the influence of genetic and nongenetic determinants and their clinical significance in classification of tumors and therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Biswas
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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11
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Foggetti G, Li C, Cai H, Hellyer JA, Lin WY, Ayeni D, Hastings K, Choi J, Wurtz A, Andrejka L, Maghini DG, Rashleigh N, Levy S, Homer R, Gettinger SN, Diehn M, Wakelee HA, Petrov DA, Winslow MM, Politi K. Genetic Determinants of EGFR-Driven Lung Cancer Growth and Therapeutic Response In Vivo. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1736-1753. [PMID: 33707235 PMCID: PMC8530463 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In lung adenocarcinoma, oncogenic EGFR mutations co-occur with many tumor suppressor gene alterations; however, the extent to which these contribute to tumor growth and response to therapy in vivo remains largely unknown. By quantifying the effects of inactivating 10 putative tumor suppressor genes in a mouse model of EGFR-driven Trp53-deficient lung adenocarcinoma, we found that Apc, Rb1, or Rbm10 inactivation strongly promoted tumor growth. Unexpectedly, inactivation of Lkb1 or Setd2-the strongest drivers of growth in a KRAS-driven model-reduced EGFR-driven tumor growth. These results are consistent with mutational frequencies in human EGFR- and KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, KEAP1 inactivation reduced the sensitivity of EGFR-driven tumors to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib, and mutations in genes in the KEAP1 pathway were associated with decreased time on tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in patients. Our study highlights how the impact of genetic alterations differs across oncogenic contexts and that the fitness landscape shifts upon treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: By modeling complex genotypes in vivo, this study reveals key tumor suppressors that constrain the growth of EGFR-mutant tumors. Furthermore, we uncovered that KEAP1 inactivation reduces the sensitivity of these tumors to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, our approach identifies genotypes of biological and therapeutic importance in this disease.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1601.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Foggetti
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Hongchen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jessica A Hellyer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wen-Yang Lin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Deborah Ayeni
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anna Wurtz
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura Andrejka
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dylan G Maghini
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Stellar Levy
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Homer
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Scott N Gettinger
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Katerina Politi
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. .,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Boivin G, Ancey PB, Vuillefroy de Silly R, Kalambaden P, Contat C, Petit B, Ollivier J, Bourhis J, Meylan E, Vozenin MC. Anti-Ly6G binding and trafficking mediate positive neutrophil selection to unleash the anti-tumor efficacy of radiation therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1876597. [PMID: 33628622 PMCID: PMC7889163 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1876597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-Ly6G antibody is used to deplete Ly6Gpos neutrophils and study their role in diverse pathologies. However, depletion is never absolute, as Ly6Glow neutrophils resistant to depletion rapidly emerge. Studying the functionality of these residual neutrophils is necessary to interpret anti-Ly6G-based experimental designs. In vitro, we found anti-Ly6G binding induced Ly6G internalization, surface Ly6G paucity, and primed the oxidative burst of neutrophils upon TNF α co-stimulation. In vivo, we found neutrophils resistant to anti-Ly6G depletion exhibited anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibodies. In the pre-clinical KrasLox-STOP-Lox-G12D/WT; Trp53Flox/Flox mouse lung tumor model, abnormal neutrophil accumulation and aging was accompanied with an N2-like SiglecFpos polarization and ly6g downregulation. Consequently, SiglecFpos neutrophils exposed to anti-Ly6G reverted to Ly6Glow and were resistant to depletion. Noting that anti-Ly6G mediated neutrophil depletion alone had no anti-tumor effect, we found a long-lasting rate of tumor regression (50%) by combining anti-Ly6G with radiation-therapy, in this model reputed to be refractory to standard anticancer therapies. Mechanistically, anti-Ly6G regulated neutrophil aging while radiation-therapy enhanced the homing of anti-Ly6G-boundSiglecFneg neutrophils to tumors. This anti-tumor effect was recapitulated by G-CSF administration prior to RT and abrogated with an anti-TNFα antibody co-administration. In summary, we report that incomplete depletion of neutrophils using targeted antibodies can intrinsically promote their oxidative activity. This effect depends on antigen/antibody trafficking and can be harnessed locally using select delivery of radiation-therapy to impair tumor progression. This underutilized aspect of immune physiology may be adapted to expand the scope of neutrophil-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Boivin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Benoit Ancey
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pradeep Kalambaden
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Contat
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Petit
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Ollivier
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Meylan
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De, Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Radio-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radio-Oncology Service, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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LaFave LM, Kartha VK, Ma S, Meli K, Del Priore I, Lareau C, Naranjo S, Westcott PMK, Duarte FM, Sankar V, Chiang Z, Brack A, Law T, Hauck H, Okimoto A, Regev A, Buenrostro JD, Jacks T. Epigenomic State Transitions Characterize Tumor Progression in Mouse Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:212-228.e13. [PMID: 32707078 PMCID: PMC7641015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory networks that maintain functional, differentiated cell states are often dysregulated in tumor development. Here, we use single-cell epigenomics to profile chromatin state transitions in a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We identify an epigenomic continuum representing loss of cellular identity and progression toward a metastatic state. We define co-accessible regulatory programs and infer key activating and repressive chromatin regulators of these cell states. Among these co-accessibility programs, we identify a pre-metastatic transition, characterized by activation of RUNX transcription factors, which mediates extracellular matrix remodeling to promote metastasis and is predictive of survival across human LUAD patients. Together, these results demonstrate the power of single-cell epigenomics to identify regulatory programs to uncover mechanisms and key biomarkers of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M LaFave
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vinay K Kartha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kevin Meli
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Isabella Del Priore
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caleb Lareau
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peter M K Westcott
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fabiana M Duarte
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Venkat Sankar
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zachary Chiang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alison Brack
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Travis Law
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Haley Hauck
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Annalisa Okimoto
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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14
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Johmura Y, Harris AS, Ohta T, Nakanishi M. FBXO22, an epigenetic multiplayer coordinating senescence, hormone signaling, and metastasis. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2718-2725. [PMID: 32536008 PMCID: PMC7419058 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin‐dependent protein degradation has been implicated in the control of various cellular processes such as cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis, many of which are involved in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancers. E3 ubiquitin ligases are known to be the second most prevalent cancer‐related functional gene family next to protein kinases. Of these, FBXO22, an F‐box receptor subunit of SCF E3 ligase, has recently been proposed to play a critical role in multiple aspects related to cancer development and therapy response. Firstly, FBXO22 is a key regulator of senescence induction through ubiquitylation of p53 for degradation. FBXO22 also acts as a molecular switch for the antagonistic and agonistic actions of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) and determines the sensitivity of breast cancer to SERM by ubiquitylating KDM4B complexed with unliganded or SERMs‐bound estrogen receptor (ER). Furthermore, FBXO22 binds to Bach1, a pro‐metastatic transcription factor, suppressing Bach1‐driven metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma, and loss of FBXO22 facilitates metastasis. These findings, as well as other reports, unveiled strikingly important roles of FBXO22 in cancer development and therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize recent findings of how FBXO22 regulates major cancer suppression pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Johmura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Alexander S Harris
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohta
- Department of Translational Oncology, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
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15
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Widen JC, Tholen M, Yim JJ, Bogyo M. Methods for analysis of near-infrared (NIR) quenched-fluorescent contrast agents in mouse models of cancer. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:141-166. [PMID: 32475399 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Optical contrast agents containing near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores are useful for visualizing biological landmarks, enzyme activities and biological processes in live animals and humans. Activatable (smart) quenched-fluorescent probes are sensors that become fluorescent after processing by an enzyme or in response to a physiological change (i.e., pH, ROS, etc.). Recently, there has been increased interest in developing activatable probes for research and clinical applications. This requires evaluation using in vivo animal models to gain insights into the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of a given probe. Important parameters to measure when evaluating quenched-fluorescent probes are signal brightness and signal-to-background ratios, which define the sensitivity and specificity of a probe. In this chapter, we discuss methods to evaluate activatable quenched-fluorescent probes in mouse models of cancer. Quantification of fluorescent signal intensity, calculation of tumor-to-background ratios, comparison of fluorescent activation in specific organ compartments, and fluorescence scanning of sectioned tissue will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Widen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Martina Tholen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joshua J Yim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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16
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Triana-Martínez F, Loza MI, Domínguez E. Beyond Tumor Suppression: Senescence in Cancer Stemness and Tumor Dormancy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020346. [PMID: 32028565 PMCID: PMC7072600 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide an overview of the importance of cellular fate in cancer as a group of diseases of abnormal cell growth. Tumor development and progression is a highly dynamic process, with several phases of evolution. The existing evidence about the origin and consequences of cancer cell fate specification (e.g., proliferation, senescence, stemness, dormancy, quiescence, and cell cycle re-entry) in the context of tumor formation and metastasis is discussed. The interplay between these dynamic tumor cell phenotypes, the microenvironment, and the immune system is also reviewed in relation to cancer. We focus on the role of senescence during cancer progression, with a special emphasis on its relationship with stemness and dormancy. Selective interventions on senescence and dormancy cell fates, including the specific targeting of cancer cell populations to prevent detrimental effects in aging and disease, are also reviewed. A new conceptual framework about the impact of synthetic lethal strategies by using senogenics and then senolytics is given, with the promise of future directions on innovative anticancer therapies.
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17
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Murray CW, Brady JJ, Tsai MK, Li C, Winters IP, Tang R, Andrejka L, Ma RK, Kunder CA, Chu P, Winslow MM. An LKB1-SIK Axis Suppresses Lung Tumor Growth and Controls Differentiation. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1590-1605. [PMID: 31350327 PMCID: PMC6825558 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinase LKB1 is a critical tumor suppressor in sporadic and familial human cancers, yet the mechanisms by which it suppresses tumor growth remain poorly understood. To investigate the tumor-suppressive capacity of four canonical families of LKB1 substrates in vivo, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated combinatorial genome editing in a mouse model of oncogenic KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma. We demonstrate that members of the SIK family are critical for constraining tumor development. Histologic and gene-expression similarities between LKB1- and SIK-deficient tumors suggest that SIKs and LKB1 operate within the same axis. Furthermore, a gene-expression signature reflecting SIK deficiency is enriched in LKB1-mutant human lung adenocarcinomas and is regulated by LKB1 in human cancer cell lines. Together, these findings reveal a key LKB1-SIK tumor-suppressive axis and underscore the need to redirect efforts to elucidate the mechanisms through which LKB1 mediates tumor suppression. SIGNIFICANCE: Uncovering the effectors of frequently altered tumor suppressor genes is critical for understanding the fundamental driving forces of cancer growth. Our identification of the SIK family of kinases as effectors of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression will refocus future mechanistic studies and may lead to new avenues for genotype-specific therapeutic interventions.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Murray
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Min K Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Laura Andrejka
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christian A Kunder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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18
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Abstract
Large-scale sequencing of human tumours has uncovered a vast array of genomic alterations. Genetically engineered mouse models recapitulate many features of human cancer and have been instrumental in assigning biological meaning to specific cancer-associated alterations. However, their time, cost and labour-intensive nature limits their broad utility; thus, the functional importance of the majority of genomic aberrations in cancer remains unknown. Recent advances have accelerated the functional interrogation of cancer-associated alterations within in vivo models. Specifically, the past few years have seen the emergence of CRISPR-Cas9-based strategies to rapidly generate increasingly complex somatic alterations and the development of multiplexed and quantitative approaches to ascertain gene function in vivo.
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19
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Exposito F, Villalba M, Redrado M, de Aberasturi AL, Cirauqui C, Redin E, Guruceaga E, de Andrea C, Vicent S, Ajona D, Montuenga LM, Pio R, Calvo A. Targeting of TMPRSS4 sensitizes lung cancer cells to chemotherapy by impairing the proliferation machinery. Cancer Lett 2019; 453:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Lignitto L, LeBoeuf SE, Homer H, Jiang S, Askenazi M, Karakousi TR, Pass HI, Bhutkar AJ, Tsirigos A, Ueberheide B, Sayin VI, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pagano M. Nrf2 Activation Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis by Inhibiting the Degradation of Bach1. Cell 2019; 178:316-329.e18. [PMID: 31257023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of human lung cancers acquire mutations in either Keap1 or Nfe2l2, resulting in the stabilization of Nrf2, the Nfe2l2 gene product, which controls oxidative homeostasis. Here, we show that heme triggers the degradation of Bach1, a pro-metastatic transcription factor, by promoting its interaction with the ubiquitin ligase Fbxo22. Nrf2 accumulation in lung cancers causes the stabilization of Bach1 by inducing Ho1, the enzyme catabolizing heme. In mouse models of lung cancers, loss of Keap1 or Fbxo22 induces metastasis in a Bach1-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of Ho1 suppresses metastasis in a Fbxo22-dependent manner. Human metastatic lung cancer display high levels of Ho1 and Bach1. Bach1 transcriptional signature is associated with poor survival and metastasis in lung cancer patients. We propose that Nrf2 activates a metastatic program by inhibiting the heme- and Fbxo22-mediated degradation of Bach1, and that Ho1 inhibitors represent an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lignitto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sarah E LeBoeuf
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harrison Homer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shaowen Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biomedical Hosting LLC, 33 Lewis Avenue, Arlington, MA 02474, USA
| | - Triantafyllia R Karakousi
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arjun J Bhutkar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Building 76, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Guo X, Liu Y, Kim JL, Kim EY, Kim EQ, Jansen A, Li K, Chan M, Keenan BT, Conejo-Garcia J, Lim DC. Effect of cyclical intermittent hypoxia on Ad5CMVCre induced solitary lung cancer progression and spontaneous metastases in the KrasG12D+; p53fl/fl; myristolated p110fl/fl ROSA-gfp mouse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212930. [PMID: 30811514 PMCID: PMC6392281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data suggests that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality. We investigate the effects of cyclical intermittent hypoxia (CIH), akin to the underlying pathophysiology of OSA, on lung cancer progression and metastatic profile in a mouse model. METHODS Intrathoracic injection of Ad5CMVCre virus into a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) KrasG12D+/-; p53fl/fl; myristolated-p110αfl/fl-ROSA-gfp was utilized to induce a solitary lung cancer. Male mice were then exposed to either CIH or Sham for 40-41 days until harvest. To monitor malignant progression, serial micro CT scans with respiratory gating (no contrast) was performed. To detect spontaneous metastases in distant organs, H&E and immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS Eighty-eight percent of injected Ad5CMVCre virus was recovered from left lung tissue, indicating reliable and accurate injections. Serial micro CT demonstrated that CIH increases primary lung tumor volume progression compared to Sham on days 33 (p = 0.004) and 40 (p<0.001) post-injection. In addition, CIH increases variability in tumor volume on day 19 (p<0.0001), day 26 (p<0.0001), day 33 (p = 0.025) and day 40 (p = 0.004). Finally, metastases are frequently detected in heart, mediastinal lymph nodes, and right lung using H&E and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Using a GEM mouse model of metastatic lung cancer, we report that male mice with solitary lung cancer have accelerated malignant progression and increased variability in tumor growth when exposed to cyclical intermittent hypoxia. Our results indicate that cyclical intermittent hypoxia is a pathogenic factor in non-small cell lung cancer that promotes the more rapid growth of developing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Guo
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jessica L. Kim
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily Y. Kim
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edison Q. Kim
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Jansen
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Li
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - May Chan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brendan T. Keenan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jose Conejo-Garcia
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diane C. Lim
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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22
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Yang D, Denny SK, Greenside PG, Chaikovsky AC, Brady JJ, Ouadah Y, Granja JM, Jahchan NS, Lim JS, Kwok S, Kong CS, Berghoff AS, Schmitt A, Reinhardt HC, Park KS, Preusser M, Kundaje A, Greenleaf WJ, Sage J, Winslow MM. Intertumoral Heterogeneity in SCLC Is Influenced by the Cell Type of Origin. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1316-1331. [PMID: 30228179 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which early events shape tumor evolution is largely uncharacterized, even though a better understanding of these early events may help identify key vulnerabilities in advanced tumors. Here, using genetically defined mouse models of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), we uncovered distinct metastatic programs attributable to the cell type of origin. In one model, tumors gain metastatic ability through amplification of the transcription factor NFIB and a widespread increase in chromatin accessibility, whereas in the other model, tumors become metastatic in the absence of NFIB-driven chromatin alterations. Gene-expression and chromatin accessibility analyses identify distinct mechanisms as well as markers predictive of metastatic progression in both groups. Underlying the difference between the two programs was the cell type of origin of the tumors, with NFIB-independent metastases arising from mature neuroendocrine cells. Our findings underscore the importance of the identity of cell type of origin in influencing tumor evolution and metastatic mechanisms.Significance: We show that SCLC can arise from different cell types of origin, which profoundly influences the eventual genetic and epigenetic changes that enable metastatic progression. Understanding intertumoral heterogeneity in SCLC, and across cancer types, may illuminate mechanisms of tumor progression and uncover how the cell type of origin affects tumor evolution. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1316-31. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Pozo et al., p. 1216 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sarah K Denny
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea C Chaikovsky
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Youcef Ouadah
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeffrey M Granja
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nadine S Jahchan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jing Shan Lim
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shirley Kwok
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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23
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Caswell DR, Chuang CH, Ma RK, Winters IP, Snyder EL, Winslow MM. Tumor Suppressor Activity of Selenbp1, a Direct Nkx2-1 Target, in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1737-1749. [PMID: 30002193 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Nkx2-1 transcription factor promotes differentiation of lung epithelial lineages and suppresses malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma. However, targets of Nkx2-1 that limit tumor growth and progression remain incompletely understood. Here, direct Nkx2-1 targets are identified whose expression correlates with Nkx2-1 activity in human lung adenocarcinoma. Selenium-binding protein 1 (Selenbp1), an Nkx2-1 effector that limits phenotypes associated with lung cancer growth and metastasis, was investigated further. Loss- and gain-of-function approaches demonstrate that Nkx2-1 is required and sufficient for Selenbp1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Interestingly, Selenbp1 knockdown also reduced Nkx2-1 expression and Selenbp1 stabilized Nkx2-1 protein levels in a heterologous system, suggesting that these genes function in a positive feedback loop. Selenbp1 inhibits clonal growth and migration and suppresses growth of metastases in an in vivo transplant model. Genetic inactivation of Selenbp1, using CRISPR/Cas9, also enhanced primary tumor growth in autochthonous lung adenocarcinoma mouse models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Selenbp1 is a direct target of Nkx2-1, which inhibits lung adenocarcinoma growth in vivo Implications: Selenbp1 is an important suppressor of lung tumor growth that functions in a positive feedback loop with Nkx2-1, and whose loss is associated with worse patient outcome. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1737-49. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eric L Snyder
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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24
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Investigating Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Murine Lung Adenocarcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1845:259-273. [PMID: 30141018 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), in which autochthonous tumors develop into advanced-stage disease in the presence of a functional immune system, have contributed significantly to the understanding of most types of cancer. Using a GEMM of lung adenocarcinoma, we have found that immune cells are present in complex, highly organized, lymph node (LN)-like structures known as the tumor-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TA-TLS). TA-TLS have been characterized in human lung cancer patients, but not in animal tumor models, and hence remain untapped targets for therapeutic interventions. We have shown that TA-TLS emerge as a result of tumor growth and that therapeutically depleting regulatory T cells (Tregs) from TA-TLS results in tumor elimination. Hence, a strong antitumor immune response exists but is suppressed in TA-TLS. Here, we describe a high-throughput immunofluorescence (IF) analysis pipeline for visualization and quantification of TA-TLS. Imaging the relatively small size of TA-TLS within tumor-bearing lung lobes using confocal microscopy is a labor-intensive process that can take up to 1 month. We have optimized this process and reduced the time required per lung lobe to 1-2 weeks using automated microscopy methods. Combining IF with multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we are able to interrogate not only the size and location of TA-TLS but also the activation status of immune cells within these structures. Using these techniques, investigation of TLS in lung adenocarcinoma combines cutting-edge technological tools in cancer biology and immunology to interrogate a fundamental, but poorly understood, tumor-associated immune structure.
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25
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Winters IP, Chiou SH, Paulk NK, McFarland CD, Lalgudi PV, Ma RK, Lisowski L, Connolly AJ, Petrov DA, Kay MA, Winslow MM. Multiplexed in vivo homology-directed repair and tumor barcoding enables parallel quantification of Kras variant oncogenicity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2053. [PMID: 29233960 PMCID: PMC5727199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomic analyses of human cancers have cataloged somatic point mutations thought to initiate tumor development and sustain cancer growth. However, determining the functional significance of specific alterations remains a major bottleneck in our understanding of the genetic determinants of cancer. Here, we present a platform that integrates multiplexed AAV/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) with DNA barcoding and high-throughput sequencing to simultaneously investigate multiple genomic alterations in de novo cancers in mice. Using this approach, we introduce a barcoded library of non-synonymous mutations into hotspot codons 12 and 13 of Kras in adult somatic cells to initiate tumors in the lung, pancreas, and muscle. High-throughput sequencing of barcoded Kras HDR alleles from bulk lung and pancreas reveals surprising diversity in Kras variant oncogenicity. Rapid, cost-effective, and quantitative approaches to simultaneously investigate the function of precise genomic alterations in vivo will help uncover novel biological and clinically actionable insights into carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shin-Heng Chiou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicole K Paulk
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Pranav V Lalgudi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Puławy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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26
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Mello SS, Attardi LD. Deciphering p53 signaling in tumor suppression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 51:65-72. [PMID: 29195118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is mutated in over half of human cancers, and p53-null mice are highly predisposed to cancer, highlighting p53s essential role in tumor suppression. Studies in mouse models have revealed that p53 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis responses to acute DNA damage signals are dispensable for tumor suppression, prompting a search for new mechanisms underlying p53-mediated cancer suppression. p53 responds to other types of stress signals and regulates a host other cellular processes, including maintenance of genomic stability, metabolism, stemness, non-apoptotic cell death, migration/invasion, and cell signaling, any or all of which could be fundamental for suppressing carcinogenesis. The ability of p53 to govern numerous transcriptional programs and cellular functions likely explains its potent tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano S Mello
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Cicchini M, Buza EL, Sagal KM, Gudiel AA, Durham AC, Feldser DM. Context-Dependent Effects of Amplified MAPK Signaling during Lung Adenocarcinoma Initiation and Progression. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1958-1969. [PMID: 28228261 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of oncogenic KrasG12D initiates lung adenomas in a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-dependent manner from only a subset of cell types in the adult mouse lung. Amplification of MAPK signaling is associated with progression to malignant adenocarcinomas, but whether this is a cause or a consequence of disease progression is not known. To better understand the effects of MAPK signaling downstream of KrasG12D expression, we capitalized on the ability of Braf inhibition to selectively amplify MAPK pathway signaling in KrasG12D-expressing epithelial cells. MAPK signal amplification indeed promoted the rapid progression of established adenomas to malignant adenocarcinomas. However, we observed, surprisingly, a greater number of overall tumor-initiating events after MAPK signal amplification, due to induced proliferation of cell types that are normally refractory to KrasG12D-induced transformation. Thus, MAPK signaling in the lung is thresholded not only during malignant progression but also at the moment of tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cicchini
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Rosenthal Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyra M Sagal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Andrea Gudiel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Rosenthal Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Kaiser AM, Attardi LD. Deconstructing networks of p53-mediated tumor suppression in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:93-103. [PMID: 29099489 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is a vital tumor suppressor. Upon activation by diverse stresses including oncogene activation, DNA damage, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, p53 activates a panoply of target genes and orchestrates numerous downstream responses that suppress tumorigenesis. Although early studies of p53 suggested that its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis programs accounted for its tumor-suppressor activity, more recent studies have challenged this notion. Moreover, p53 regulates a suite of additional processes, such as metabolism, stem cell function, invasion and metastasis. The processes p53 coordinately regulates to enact tumor suppression, and how such regulation occurs, thus remain elusive. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of p53-mediated tumor-suppressive mechanisms gleaned from in vivo studies in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Kaiser
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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29
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Caswell DR, Swanton C. The role of tumour heterogeneity and clonal cooperativity in metastasis, immune evasion and clinical outcome. BMC Med 2017; 15:133. [PMID: 28716075 PMCID: PMC5514532 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of rapid and inexpensive sequencing technology allows scientists to decipher heterogeneity within primary tumours, between primary and metastatic sites, and between metastases. Charting the evolutionary history of individual tumours has revealed drivers of tumour heterogeneity and highlighted its impact on therapeutic outcomes. DISCUSSION Scientists are using improved sequencing technologies to characterise and address the challenge of tumour heterogeneity, which is a major cause of resistance to therapy and relapse. Heterogeneity may fuel metastasis through the selection of rare, aggressive, somatically altered cells. However, extreme levels of chromosomal instability, which contribute to intratumour heterogeneity, are associated with improved patient outcomes, suggesting a delicate balance between high and low levels of genome instability. CONCLUSIONS We review evidence that intratumour heterogeneity influences tumour evolution, including metastasis, drug resistance, and the immune response. We discuss the prevalence of tumour heterogeneity, and how it can be initiated and sustained by external and internal forces. Understanding tumour evolution and metastasis could yield novel therapies that leverage the immune system to control emerging tumour neo-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Caswell
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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30
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Phelps CA, Lai SC, Mu D. Roles of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 in Lung Cancer Biology. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:517-544. [PMID: 29407447 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1 or NKX2-1) is a transcription factor of fundamental importance in driving lung maturation and morphogenesis. In the last decade, scientists began to appreciate the functional roles of TTF-1 in lung tumorigenesis. This movement was triggered by the discoveries of genetic alterations of TTF-1 in the form of gene amplification in lung cancer. Many downstream target genes of TTF-1 relevant to the lung cancer biology of TTF-1 have been documented. One of the most surprising findings was that TTF-1 may exhibit either pro- or antitumorigenic activities, an outcome with the complexity exceeding the original anticipation purely based on the fact that TTF-1 undergoes gene amplification in lung cancer. In the coming decade, we believe, we will witness additional surprises as the research exploring the cancer roles of TTF-1 progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Phelps
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Shao-Chiang Lai
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - David Mu
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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31
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Rogers ZN, McFarland CD, Winters IP, Naranjo S, Chuang CH, Petrov D, Winslow MM. A quantitative and multiplexed approach to uncover the fitness landscape of tumor suppression in vivo. Nat Methods 2017; 14:737-742. [PMID: 28530655 PMCID: PMC5495136 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer growth is a multi-stage, stochastic evolutionary process. While cancer genome sequencing has been instrumental in identifying the genomic alterations that occur in human tumors, the consequences of these alterations on tumor growth remains largely unexplored. Conventional genetically engineered mouse models enable the study of tumor growth in vivo, but they are neither readily scalable nor sufficiently quantitative to unravel the magnitude and mode of action of many tumor suppressor genes. Here, we present a method that integrates tumor barcoding with ultra-deep barcode sequencing (Tuba-seq) to interrogate tumor suppressor function in mouse models of human cancer. Tuba-seq uncovers genotype-dependent distributions of tumor sizes with great precision. By combining Tuba-seq with multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we quantified the effects of eleven tumor-suppressor pathways that are frequently altered in human lung adenocarcinoma. With unprecedented resolution, parallelization, and precision Tuba-seq enables broad quantification of tumor suppressor gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë N Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dmitri Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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32
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Walter DM, Venancio OS, Buza EL, Tobias JW, Deshpande C, Gudiel AA, Kim-Kiselak C, Cicchini M, Yates TJ, Feldser DM. Systematic In Vivo Inactivation of Chromatin-Regulating Enzymes Identifies Setd2 as a Potent Tumor Suppressor in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1719-1729. [PMID: 28202515 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin-modifying genes are frequently mutated in human lung adenocarcinoma, but the functional impact of these mutations on disease initiation and progression is not well understood. Using a CRISPR-based approach, we systematically inactivated three of the most commonly mutated chromatin regulatory genes in two KrasG12D-driven mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma to characterize the impact of their loss. Targeted inactivation of SWI/SNF nucleosome-remodeling complex members Smarca4 (Brg1) or Arid1a had complex effects on lung adenocarcinoma initiation and progression. Loss of either Brg1 or Arid1a were selected against in early-stage tumors, but Brg1 loss continued to limit disease progression over time, whereas loss of Arid1a eventually promoted development of higher grade lesions. In contrast to these stage-specific effects, loss of the histone methyltransferase Setd2 had robust tumor-promoting consequences. Despite disparate impacts of Setd2 and Arid1a loss on tumor development, each resulted in a gene expression profile with significant overlap. Setd2 inactivation and subsequent loss of H3K36me3 led to the swift expansion and accelerated progression of both early- and late-stage tumors. However, Setd2 loss per se was insufficient to overcome a p53-regulated barrier to malignant progression, nor establish the prometastatic cellular states that stochastically evolve during lung adenocarcinoma progression. Our study uncovers differential and context-dependent effects of SWI/SNF complex member loss, identifies Setd2 as a potent tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma, and establishes model systems to facilitate further study of chromatin deregulation in lung cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1719-29. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia S Venancio
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Tobias
- Department of Genetics and Penn Genomics Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charuhas Deshpande
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Andrea Gudiel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Kim-Kiselak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Cicchini
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis J Yates
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Feldser
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chuang CH, Greenside PG, Rogers ZN, Brady JJ, Yang D, Ma RK, Caswell DR, Chiou SH, Winters AF, Grüner BM, Ramaswami G, Spencley AL, Kopecky KE, Sayles LC, Sweet-Cordero EA, Li JB, Kundaje A, Winslow MM. Molecular definition of a metastatic lung cancer state reveals a targetable CD109-Janus kinase-Stat axis. Nat Med 2017; 23:291-300. [PMID: 28191885 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with the majority of mortality resulting from metastatic spread. However, the molecular mechanism by which cancer cells acquire the ability to disseminate from primary tumors, seed distant organs, and grow into tissue-destructive metastases remains incompletely understood. We combined tumor barcoding in a mouse model of human lung adenocarcinoma with unbiased genomic approaches to identify a transcriptional program that confers metastatic ability and predicts patient survival. Small-scale in vivo screening identified several genes, including Cd109, that encode novel pro-metastatic factors. We uncovered signaling mediated by Janus kinases (Jaks) and the transcription factor Stat3 as a critical, pharmacologically targetable effector of CD109-driven lung cancer metastasis. In summary, by coupling the systematic genomic analysis of purified cancer cells in distinct malignant states from mouse models with extensive human validation, we uncovered several key regulators of metastatic ability, including an actionable pro-metastatic CD109-Jak-Stat3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zoë N Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shin-Heng Chiou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aidan F Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew L Spencley
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kimberly E Kopecky
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leanne C Sayles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Scott MC, Tomiyasu H, Garbe JR, Cornax I, Amaya C, O'Sullivan MG, Subramanian S, Bryan BA, Modiano JF. Heterotypic mouse models of canine osteosarcoma recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and biological behavior. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1435-1444. [PMID: 27874835 PMCID: PMC5200896 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a heterogeneous and rare disease with a disproportionate impact because it mainly affects children and adolescents. Lamentably, more than half of patients with OS succumb to metastatic disease. Clarification of the etiology of the disease, development of better strategies to manage progression, and methods to guide personalized treatments are among the unmet health needs for OS patients. Progress in managing the disease has been hindered by the extreme heterogeneity of OS; thus, better models that accurately recapitulate the natural heterogeneity of the disease are needed. For this study, we used cell lines derived from two spontaneous canine OS tumors with distinctly different biological behavior (OS-1 and OS-2) for heterotypic in vivo modeling that recapitulates the heterogeneous biology and behavior of this disease. Both cell lines demonstrated stability of the transcriptome when grown as orthotopic xenografts in athymic nude mice. Consistent with the behavior of the original tumors, OS-2 xenografts grew more rapidly at the primary site and had greater propensity to disseminate to lung and establish microscopic metastasis. Moreover, OS-2 promoted formation of a different tumor-associated stromal environment than OS-1 xenografts. OS-2-derived tumors comprised a larger percentage of the xenograft tumors than OS-1-derived tumors. In addition, a robust pro-inflammatory population dominated the stromal cell infiltrates in OS-2 xenografts, whereas a mesenchymal population with a gene signature reflecting myogenic signaling dominated those in the OS-1 xenografts. Our studies show that canine OS cell lines maintain intrinsic features of the tumors from which they were derived and recapitulate the heterogeneous biology and behavior of bone cancer in mouse models. This system provides a resource to understand essential interactions between tumor cells and the stromal environment that drive the progression and metastatic propensity of OS. Editors' choice: We developed a system that recapitulates the heterogeneous biological behavior of bone cancer in mouse models and describe novel methods to study tumor–stromal interactions in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milcah C Scott
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John R Garbe
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Clarissa Amaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research at the Paul Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research at the Paul Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Negative Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 Expression Defines an Unfavorable Subgroup of Lung Adenocarcinomas. J Thorac Oncol 2016. [PMID: 26200450 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) is a master regulator of pulmonary differentiation that is downregulated in a subset of lung adenocarcinoma, of which the clinicopathologic characteristics were not fully clarified. METHODS One thousand forty-two lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent surgery were investigated for clinic characteristics, histologic subtyping, and spectrum of well-identified driver mutations. TTF1 expression was correlated with these clinicopathologic factors and survival. RESULTS Compared with TTF1 positive (TTF1+) patients, the 133 negative individuals (12.8%, TTF1-) were more likely to be male (p = 0.006) and heavy smokers (p = 0.002) who had larger tumor size (p < 0.001) and more advanced disease stage (p < 0.001). TTF1- presented more in solid and invasive mucinous-predominant carcinomas (both p < 0.001), whereas TTF1+ was identified in 100% patients with adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive and lepidic-predominant adenocarcinomas. The TTF1- tumors harbored the known driver mutations in significantly low frequency compared with TTF1+ adenocarcinomas (57.8% versus 78.1%, p < 0.001), especially in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations (37.6% versus 60.7%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between the TTF1- and TTF1+ patients, either for the whole cohort or stratified by pathologic stage, or among the driver mutation-defined subsets. However, recurrence of multiple metastases was more likely to occur in patients with TTF1- adenocarcinomas (88.1% versus 32.4%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that TTF1- independently predicted both poor postrecurrence survival (hazard ratio = 1.664; 95% confidence interval , 1.097-2.524; p = 0.017) and unfavorable overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.553; 95% confidence interval , 1.013-2.381; p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS TTF1- correlated with solid and invasive mucinous subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma and lower frequency of EGFR mutations. It defines a subgroup of lung adenocarcinomas with unfavorable outcomes.
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Brady JJ, Chuang CH, Greenside PG, Rogers ZN, Murray CW, Caswell DR, Hartmann U, Connolly AJ, Sweet-Cordero EA, Kundaje A, Winslow MM. An Arntl2-Driven Secretome Enables Lung Adenocarcinoma Metastatic Self-Sufficiency. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:697-710. [PMID: 27150038 PMCID: PMC4864124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to establish lethal metastatic lesions requires the survival and expansion of single cancer cells at distant sites. The factors controlling the clonal growth ability of individual cancer cells remain poorly understood. Here, we show that high expression of the transcription factor ARNTL2 predicts poor lung adenocarcinoma patient outcome. Arntl2 is required for metastatic ability in vivo and clonal growth in cell culture. Arntl2 drives metastatic self-sufficiency by orchestrating the expression of a complex pro-metastatic secretome. We identify Clock as an Arntl2 partner and functionally validate the matricellular protein Smoc2 as a pro-metastatic secreted factor. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms that enable single cancer cells to form allochthonous tumors in foreign tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peyton G Greenside
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zoë N Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher W Murray
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Center for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Efficient extravasation of tumor-repopulating cells depends on cell deformability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19304. [PMID: 26787224 PMCID: PMC4726408 DOI: 10.1038/srep19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the most deadly stage in cancer progression. Despite significant efforts over the past decades, it remains elusive why only a very small fraction of cancer cells is able to generate micrometastasis and metastatic colonization. Recently we have shown that tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs), a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of mouse melanoma cells, can be selected by being cultured and grown in 3D soft fibrin gels. Here we show that when injected into the yolk of a 2 day-post-fertilization (dpf) embryo of Tg (fli1:EGFP or kdrl:mCherry) zebrafish, TRCs are much more efficient in surviving and growing at various secondary sites to generate micrometastasis and metastatic colonization than control melanoma cells that are grown on rigid plastic. The metastasis of TRCs is dependent on the presence of Sox2, a self-renewal gene, and silencing Sox2 leads to the inhibition of TRC metastasis. High-resolution of 3D confocal images of the TRCs at the secondary sites show that extravasation and formation of micrometastases by TRCs are more efficient than by the control cells. Remarkably, efficient extravasation of TRCs in vivo and transmigration in vitro are determined by TRC deformability, as a result of low Cdc42 and high Sox2. Our findings suggest that tumor cell deformability is a key factor in controlling extravasation dynamics during metastasis.
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Ofori LO, Withana NP, Prestwood TR, Verdoes M, Brady JJ, Winslow MM, Sorger J, Bogyo M. Design of Protease Activated Optical Contrast Agents That Exploit a Latent Lysosomotropic Effect for Use in Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1977-88. [PMID: 26039341 PMCID: PMC4577961 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for new molecular-guided contrast agents to enhance surgical procedures such as tumor resection that require a high degree of precision. Cysteine cathepsins are highly up-regulated in a wide variety of cancers, both in tumor cells and in the tumor-supporting cells of the surrounding stroma. Therefore, tools that can be used to dynamically monitor their activity in vivo could be used as imaging contrast agents for intraoperative fluorescence image guided surgery (FGS). Although multiple classes of cathepsin-targeted substrate probes have been reported, most suffer from overall fast clearance from sites of protease activation, leading to reduced signal intensity and duration in vivo. Here we describe the design and synthesis of a series of near-infrared fluorogenic probes that exploit a latent cationic lysosomotropic effect (LLE) to promote cellular retention upon protease activation. These probes show tumor-specific retention, fast activation kinetics, and rapid systemic distribution. We demonstrate that they are suitable for detection of diverse cancer types including breast, colon and lung tumors. Most importantly, the agents are compatible with the existing, FDA approved, da Vinci surgical system for fluorescence guided tumor resection. Therefore, our data suggest that the probes reported here can be used with existing clinical instrumentation to detect tumors and potentially other types of inflammatory lesions to guide surgical decision making in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Sorger
- Intuitive Surgical
Inc., 1020 Kifer Road, Sunnyvale, California 94086, United States
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Chiou SH, Winters IP, Wang J, Naranjo S, Dudgeon C, Tamburini FB, Brady JJ, Yang D, Grüner BM, Chuang CH, Caswell DR, Zeng H, Chu P, Kim GE, Carpizo DR, Kim SK, Winslow MM. Pancreatic cancer modeling using retrograde viral vector delivery and in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic genome editing. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1576-85. [PMID: 26178787 PMCID: PMC4526740 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264861.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a genomically diverse, prevalent, and almost invariably fatal malignancy. Although conventional genetically engineered mouse models of human PDAC have been instrumental in understanding pancreatic cancer development, these models are much too labor-intensive, expensive, and slow to perform the extensive molecular analyses needed to adequately understand this disease. Here we demonstrate that retrograde pancreatic ductal injection of either adenoviral-Cre or lentiviral-Cre vectors allows titratable initiation of pancreatic neoplasias that progress into invasive and metastatic PDAC. To enable in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation in the pancreas, we generated a Cre-regulated Cas9 allele and lentiviral vectors that express Cre and a single-guide RNA. CRISPR-mediated targeting of Lkb1 in combination with oncogenic Kras expression led to selection for inactivating genomic alterations, absence of Lkb1 protein, and rapid tumor growth that phenocopied Cre-mediated genetic deletion of Lkb1. This method will transform our ability to rapidly interrogate gene function during the development of this recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Heng Chiou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Santiago Naranjo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Crissy Dudgeon
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Fiona B Tamburini
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dian Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Deborah R Caswell
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hong Zeng
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Transgenic, Knockout, and Tumor Model Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Grace E Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Darren R Carpizo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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