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Xu X, Bok I, Jasani N, Wang K, Chadourne M, Mecozzi N, Deng O, Welsh EA, Kinose F, Rix U, Karreth FA. PTEN Lipid Phosphatase Activity Suppresses Melanoma Formation by Opposing an AKT/mTOR/FRA1 Signaling Axis. Cancer Res 2024; 84:388-404. [PMID: 38193852 PMCID: PMC10842853 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in PTEN are prevalent in melanoma and are thought to support tumor development by hyperactivating the AKT/mTOR pathway. Conversely, activating mutations in AKT are relatively rare in melanoma, and therapies targeting AKT or mTOR have shown disappointing outcomes in preclinical models and clinical trials of melanoma. This has led to the speculation that PTEN suppresses melanoma by opposing AKT-independent pathways, potentially through noncanonical functions beyond its lipid phosphatase activity. In this study, we examined the mechanisms of PTEN-mediated suppression of melanoma formation through the restoration of various PTEN functions in PTEN-deficient cells or mouse models. PTEN lipid phosphatase activity predominantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth, with minimal contribution from its protein phosphatase and scaffold functions. A drug screen underscored the exquisite dependence of PTEN-deficient melanoma cells on the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, activation of AKT alone was sufficient to counteract several aspects of PTEN-mediated melanoma suppression, particularly invasion and the growth of allograft tumors. Phosphoproteomics analysis of the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN validated its potent inhibition of AKT and many of its known targets, while also identifying the AP-1 transcription factor FRA1 as a downstream effector. The restoration of PTEN dampened FRA1 translation by inhibiting AKT/mTOR signaling, and FRA1 overexpression negated aspects of PTEN-mediated melanoma suppression akin to AKT. This study supports AKT as the key mediator of PTEN inactivation in melanoma and identifies an AKT/mTOR/FRA1 axis as a driver of melanomagenesis. SIGNIFICANCE PTEN suppresses melanoma predominantly through its lipid phosphatase function, which when lost, elevates FRA1 levels through AKT/mTOR signaling to promote several aspects of melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ilah Bok
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology PhD program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Neel Jasani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology PhD program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kaizhen Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology PhD program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Manon Chadourne
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nicol Mecozzi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Cancer Biology PhD program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ou Deng
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Florian A. Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Liu J, Lu J, Wu L, Zhang T, Wu J, Li L, Tai Z, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages: Novel insights into immunotherapy of skin cancer. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00026-2. [PMID: 38242529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer is currently increasing, and conventional treatment options inadequately address the demands of disease management. Fortunately, the recent rapid advancement of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has ushered in a new era for numerous cancer patients. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy remains suboptimal due to the impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a major component of the TME, play crucial roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, significantly impacting tumor development. Consequently, TAMs have gained considerable attention in recent years, and their roles have been extensively studied in various tumors. However, the specific roles of TAMs and their regulatory mechanisms in skin cancer remain unclear. AIM OF REVIEW This paper aims to elucidate the origin and classification of TAMs, investigate the interactions between TAMs and various immune cells, comprehensively understand the precise mechanisms by which TAMs contribute to the pathogenesis of different types of skin cancer, and finally discuss current strategies for targeting TAMs in the treatment of skin cancer. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF OVERVIEW With a specific emphasis on the interrelationship between TAMs and skin cancer, this paper posits that therapeutic modalities centered on TAMs hold promise in augmenting and harmonizing with prevailing clinical interventions for skin cancer, thereby charting a novel trajectory for advancing the landscape of immunotherapeutic approaches for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai 200443, China.
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3
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Tzenaki N, Xenou L, Goulielmaki E, Tsapara A, Voudouri I, Antoniou A, Valianatos G, Tzardi M, De Bree E, Berdiaki A, Makrigiannakis A, Papakonstanti EA. A combined opposite targeting of p110δ PI3K and RhoA abrogates skin cancer. Commun Biol 2024; 7:26. [PMID: 38182748 PMCID: PMC10770346 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide whereas SCC is the second most common non-melanoma human skin cancer with limited treatment options. Here we show that the development and metastasis of melanoma and SCC cancers can be blocked by a combined opposite targeting of RhoA and p110δ PI3K. We found that a targeted induction of RhoA activity into tumours by deletion of p190RhoGAP-a potent inhibitor of RhoA GTPase-in tumour cells together with adoptive macrophages transfer from δD910A/D910A mice in mice bearing tumours with active RhoA abrogated growth progression of melanoma and SCC tumours. Τhe efficacy of this combined treatment is the same in tumours lacking activating mutations in BRAF and in tumours harbouring the most frequent BRAF(V600E) mutation. Furthermore, the efficiency of this combined treatment is associated with decreased ATX expression in tumour cells and tumour stroma bypassing a positive feedback expression of ATX induced by direct ATX pharmacological inactivation. Together, our findings highlight the importance of targeting cancer cells and macrophages for skin cancer therapy, emerge a reverse link between ATX and RhoA and illustrate the benefit of p110δ PI3K inhibition as a combinatorial regimen for the treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Tzenaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lydia Xenou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Goulielmaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna Tsapara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irene Voudouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angelika Antoniou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Valianatos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eelco De Bree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonios Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
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Kozyra P, Pitucha M. Revisiting the Role of B-RAF Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Melanoma. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2003-2020. [PMID: 37855341 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673258495231011065225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the rarest but most aggressive and deadly skin cancer. Melanoma is the result of a malignant transformation of melanocytes, which leads to their uncontrolled proliferation. Mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which are crucial for the control of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, division, growth, differentiation, and migration, are one of its most common causes. BRAF kinase, as one of the known targets of this pathway, has been known for many years as a prominent molecular target in melanoma therapy, and the following mini-review outlines the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding its structure, mutations and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kozyra
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, PL, 20093, Poland
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, PL-20093, Poland
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5
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Adaku N, Ostendorf BN, Mei W, Tavazoie SF. Apolipoprotein E2 Stimulates Protein Synthesis and Promotes Melanoma Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3013-3025. [PMID: 37335131 PMCID: PMC10740391 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The secreted lipid transporter apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays important roles in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and has been implicated as a suppressor of melanoma progression. The APOE germline genotype predicts human melanoma outcomes, with APOE4 and APOE2 allele carriers exhibiting prolonged and reduced survival, respectively, relative to APOE3 homozygotes. While the APOE4 variant was recently shown to suppress melanoma progression by enhancing antitumor immunity, further work is needed to fully characterize the melanoma cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on cancer progression. Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we showed that human germline APOE genetic variants differentially modulate melanoma growth and metastasis in an APOE2>APOE3>APOE4 manner. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor mediated the cell-intrinsic effects of APOE variants on melanoma progression. Protein synthesis was a tumor cell-intrinsic process differentially modulated by APOE variants, with APOE2 promoting translation via LRP1. These findings reveal a gain-of-function role for the APOE2 variant in melanoma progression, which may aid in predicting melanoma patient outcomes and understanding the protective effect of APOE2 in Alzheimer's disease. SIGNIFICANCE APOE germline variants impact melanoma progression through disparate mechanisms, such as the protein synthesis-promoting function of the APOE2 variant, indicating that germline genetic variants are causal contributors to metastatic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneoma Adaku
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Ostendorf
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sohail F. Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Parkman GL, Foth M, Kircher DA, Holmen SL, McMahon M. The role of PI3'-lipid signalling in melanoma initiation, progression and maintenance. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:43-56. [PMID: 34717019 PMCID: PMC8724390 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' hydroxyl (OH) of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositides (PI). Through their downstream effectors, PI3K generated lipids (PI3K-lipids hereafter) such as PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 regulate myriad biochemical and biological processes in both normal and cancer cells including responses to growth hormones and cytokines; the cell division cycle; cell death; cellular growth; angiogenesis; membrane dynamics; and autophagy and many aspects of cellular metabolism. Engagement of receptor tyrosine kinase by their cognate ligands leads to activation of members of the Class I family of PI3'-kinases (PI3Kα, β, δ & γ) leading to accumulation of PI3K-lipids. Importantly, PI3K-lipid accumulation is antagonized by the hydrolytic action of a number of PI3K-lipid phosphatases, most notably the melanoma suppressor PTEN (lipid phosphatase and tensin homologue). Downstream of PI3K-lipid production, the protein kinases AKT1-3 are believed to be key effectors of PI3'-kinase signalling in cells. Indeed, in preclinical models, activation of the PI3K→AKT signalling axis cooperates with alterations such as expression of the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase to promote melanoma progression and metastasis. In this review, we describe the different classes of PI3K-lipid effectors, and how they may promote melanomagenesis, influence the tumour microenvironment, melanoma maintenance and progression to metastatic disease. We also provide an update on both FDA-approved or experimental inhibitors of the PI3K→AKT pathway that are currently being evaluated for the treatment of melanoma either in preclinical models or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennie L. Parkman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David A. Kircher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sheri L. Holmen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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PERK mediates resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma with impaired PTEN. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:68. [PMID: 34282258 PMCID: PMC8289936 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting mutant BRAF in patients with melanomas harboring this oncogene has been highly successful as a first-line treatment, but other mutations may affect its efficacy and alter the route of acquired resistance resulting in recurrence and poor prognosis. As an evolving strategy, melanoma treatment needs to be expanded to include targets based on newly discovered emerging molecules and pathways. We here show that PERK plays a critical role in BRAF inhibitor-acquired resistance in melanoma with impaired PTEN. Inhibition of PERK by either shRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor blocked the growth of BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma with impaired PTEN in vitro and in vivo, suggesting an effective approach against melanomas with mutant BRAF and PTEN deficiency. Our current findings, along with our previous discovery that the AXL/AKT axis mediates resistance to BRAF inhibition in melanoma with wild-type PTEN, provide new insights toward a strategy for combating BRAF inhibition-acquired resistance in BRAF mutant melanoma with different PTEN statuses.
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8
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Patton EE, Mueller KL, Adams DJ, Anandasabapathy N, Aplin AE, Bertolotto C, Bosenberg M, Ceol CJ, Burd CE, Chi P, Herlyn M, Holmen SL, Karreth FA, Kaufman CK, Khan S, Kobold S, Leucci E, Levy C, Lombard DB, Lund AW, Marie KL, Marine JC, Marais R, McMahon M, Robles-Espinoza CD, Ronai ZA, Samuels Y, Soengas MS, Villanueva J, Weeraratna AT, White RM, Yeh I, Zhu J, Zon LI, Hurlbert MS, Merlino G. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:610-631. [PMID: 33545064 PMCID: PMC8378471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Kristen L Mueller
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; INSERM, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team 1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 918, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Developmental Biology, McDonnell Science Building, 4518 McKinley Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Trace, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmit Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Marais
- CRUK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Dermatology & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Hurlbert
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Many Distinct Ways Lead to Drug Resistance in BRAF- and NRAS-Mutated Melanomas. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050424. [PMID: 34063141 PMCID: PMC8148104 DOI: 10.3390/life11050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced melanoma is a relentless tumor with a high metastatic potential. The combat of melanoma by using the targeted therapy is impeded because several major driver mutations fuel its growth (predominantly BRAF and NRAS). Both these mutated oncogenes strongly activate the MAPK (MEK/ERK) pathway. Therefore, specific inhibitors of these oncoproteins or MAPK pathway components or their combination have been used for tumor eradication. After a good initial response, resistant cells develop almost universally and need the drug for further expansion. Multiple mechanisms, sometimes very distant from the MAPK pathway, are responsible for the development of resistance. Here, we review many of the mechanisms causing resistance and leading to the dismal final outcome of mutated BRAF and NRAS therapy. Very heterogeneous events lead to drug resistance. Due to this, each individual mechanism would be in fact needed to be determined for a personalized therapy to treat patients more efficiently and causally according to molecular findings. This procedure is practically impossible in the clinic. Other approaches are therefore needed, such as combined treatment with more drugs simultaneously from the beginning of the therapy. This could eradicate tumor cells more rapidly and greatly diminish the possibility of emerging mechanisms that allow the evolution of drug resistance.
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10
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HDAC8 Activates AKT through Upregulating PLCB1 and Suppressing DESC1 Expression in MEK1/2 Inhibition-Resistant Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051101. [PMID: 34064422 PMCID: PMC8147860 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the RAF-MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathway is an ideal strategy for treating cancers with NRAS or BRAF mutations. However, the development of resistance due to incomplete inhibition of the pathway and activation of compensatory cell proliferation pathways is a major impediment of the targeted therapy. The anthrax lethal toxin (LT), which cleaves and inactivates MEKs, is a modifiable biomolecule that can be delivered selectively to tumor cells and potently kills various tumor cells. However, resistance to LT and the mechanism involved are yet to be explored. Here, we show that LT, through inhibiting MEK1/2-ERK activation, inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells with NRAS/BRAF mutations. Among them, the human colorectal tumor HT-29 and murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells developed resistance to LT in 2 to 3 days of treatment. These resistant cells activated AKT through a histone deacetylase (HDAC) 8-dependent pathway. Using an Affymetrix microarray, followed by qPCR validation, we identified that the differential expression of the phospholipase C-β1 (PLCB1) and squamous cell carcinoma-1 (DESC1) played an important role in HDAC8-mediated AKT activation and resistance to MEK1/2-ERK inhibition. By using inhibitors, small interference RNAs and/or expression vectors, we found that the inhibition of HDAC8 suppressed PLCB1 expression and induced DESC1 expression in the resistant cells, which led to the inhibition of AKT and re-sensitization to LT and MEK1/2 inhibition. These results suggest that targeting PLCB1 and DESC1 is a novel strategy for inhibiting the resistance to MEK1/2 inhibition.
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Resistance to Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051115. [PMID: 33807778 PMCID: PMC7961479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. In 2021, 106,110 patients are projected to be diagnosed with melanoma, out of which 7180 are expected to die. Traditional methods like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not effective in the treatment of metastatic and advanced melanoma. Recent approaches to treat melanoma have focused on biomarkers that play significant roles in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival. Several FDA-approved molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed against genetic biomarkers whose overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or supplement to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic in comparison to traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance caused by mutations and activation of alternative mechanisms in melanoma tumors. Recent studies focus on understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these current therapies. Further research is needed for the development of better approaches to improve prognosis in melanoma patients. In this article, various melanoma biomarkers including BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K are described, and their potential mechanisms for drug resistance are discussed.
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12
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Tran KB, Kolekar S, Jabed A, Jaynes P, Shih JH, Wang Q, Flanagan JU, Rewcastle GW, Baguley BC, Shepherd PR. Diverse mechanisms activate the PI 3-kinase/mTOR pathway in melanomas: implications for the use of PI 3-kinase inhibitors to overcome resistance to inhibitors of BRAF and MEK. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:136. [PMID: 33549048 PMCID: PMC7866738 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The PI 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been implicated as a target for melanoma therapy. Methods Given the high degree of genetic heterogeneity in melanoma, we sought to understand the breadth of variation in PI3K signalling in the large NZM panel of early passage cell lines developed from metastatic melanomas. Results We find the vast majority of lines show upregulation of this pathway, and this upregulation is achieved by a wide range of mechanisms. Expression of all class-IA PI3K isoforms was readily detected in these cell lines. A range of genetic changes in different components of the PI3K pathway was seen in different lines. Coding variants or amplification were identified in the PIK3CA gene, and amplification of the PK3CG gene was common. Deletions in the PIK3R1 and PIK3R2 regulatory subunits were also relatively common. Notably, no genetic variants were seen in the PIK3CD gene despite p110δ being expressed in many of the lines. Genetic variants were detected in a number of genes that encode phosphatases regulating the PI3K signalling, with reductions in copy number common in PTEN, INPP4B, INPP5J, PHLLP1 and PHLLP2 genes. While the pan-PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 attenuated cell growth in all the lines tested, isoform-selective inhibition of p110α and p110δ inhibited cell growth in only a subset of the lines and the inhibition was only partial. This suggests that functional redundancy exists between PI3K isoforms. Furthermore, while ZSTK474 was initially effective in melanoma cells with induced resistance to vemurafenib, a subset of these cell lines concurrently developed partial resistance to PI3K inhibition. Importantly, mTOR-selective or mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors effectively inhibited cell growth in all the lines, including those already resistant to BRAF inhibitors and ZSTK474. Conclusions Overall, this indicates a high degree of diversity in the way the PI3K pathway is activated in different melanoma cell lines and that mTOR is the most effective point for targeting the growth via the PI3K pathway across all of these cell lines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07826-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh B Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharada Kolekar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anower Jabed
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Jaynes
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jen-Hsing Shih
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qian Wang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gordon W Rewcastle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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14
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HASSAN TOBEIGEI FAISAL, M. GAHTANI REEM, SHAIKH AHMAD, AL ALI AMER, KAMELI NADER, KAMLI HOSSAM, RAJAGOPALAN PRASANNA. Computational High-throughput screening and In vitro approaches identify CB-006-3; A novel PI3K-BRAFV600E dual targeted inhibitor against melanoma. Oncol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.32604/or.2022.025187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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15
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Proietti I, Skroza N, Bernardini N, Tolino E, Balduzzi V, Marchesiello A, Michelini S, Volpe S, Mambrin A, Mangino G, Romeo G, Maddalena P, Rees C, Potenza C. Mechanisms of Acquired BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2801. [PMID: 33003483 PMCID: PMC7600801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review investigated the literature on acquired v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) inhibitor resistance in patients with melanoma. We searched MEDLINE for articles on BRAF inhibitor resistance in patients with melanoma published since January 2010 in the following areas: (1) genetic basis of resistance; (2) epigenetic and transcriptomic mechanisms; (3) influence of the immune system on resistance development; and (4) combination therapy to overcome resistance. Common resistance mutations in melanoma are BRAF splice variants, BRAF amplification, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) mutations and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) mutations. Genetic and epigenetic changes reactivate previously blocked mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, activate alternative signaling pathways, and cause epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Once BRAF inhibitor resistance develops, the tumor microenvironment reverts to a low immunogenic state secondary to the induction of programmed cell death ligand-1. Combining a BRAF inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor delays resistance development and increases duration of response. Multiple other combinations based on known mechanisms of resistance are being investigated. BRAF inhibitor-resistant cells develop a range of 'escape routes', so multiple different treatment targets will probably be required to overcome resistance. In the future, it may be possible to personalize combination therapy towards the specific resistance pathway in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Proietti
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Nevena Skroza
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Nicoletta Bernardini
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Ersilia Tolino
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Veronica Balduzzi
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Anna Marchesiello
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Michelini
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Salvatore Volpe
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Alessandra Mambrin
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.R.)
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Maddalena
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Concetta Potenza
- Dermatology Unit “Daniele Innocenzi”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Fiorini Hospital, Polo Pontino, 04019 Terracina, Italy; (N.S.); (N.B.); (E.T.); (V.B.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (S.V.); (A.M.); (P.M.); (C.P.)
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Osrodek M, Rozanski M, Czyz M. Insulin Reduces the Efficacy of Vemurafenib and Trametinib in Melanoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7231-7250. [PMID: 32982400 PMCID: PMC7501594 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s263767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the progress made in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma, a patient’s response to treatment cannot be fully predicted, and intrinsic or acquired resistance that is developed in most melanoma patients warrants further research efforts. In addition to genetic factors, microenvironmental input should be considered to explain the diversity of response to treatment among melanoma patients. In this study, we evaluated the impact of insulin on patient-derived BRAFV600E melanoma cells, either untreated or treated with vemurafenib or trametinib, inhibitors of BRAFV600 and MEK1/2, respectively. Methods Cells were cultured in serum-free conditions, either with or without insulin. The activity of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways was assessed by Western blotting, cell viability, and percentages of Ki-67- and NGFR-positive cells by flow cytometry. Transcript levels were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and γ-H2AX levels by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. A luminescence-based assay was used to measure glutathione content. Results While insulin did not influence the MAPK/ERK pathway activity, it had a strong influence on melanoma cells, in which this pathway was suppressed by either vemurafenib or trametinib. In the presence of insulin, both drugs were much less efficient in 1) inhibiting proliferation and reducing the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, and 2) inducing apoptosis and phosphorylation of histone H2AX in melanoma cells. Changes induced by vemurafenib and trametinib in glutathione homeostasis and DNA repair gene expression were also attenuated by insulin. Moreover, insulin impaired the combined effects of targeted drugs and doxorubicin in melanoma cells. In addition to insulin-induced PI3K/AKT activity, which was either transient or sustainable depending on the cell line, an insulin-triggered increase in the percentage of cells expressing NGFR, a marker of neural crest stem-like cells, may contribute to the reduced drug efficacy. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the role of insulin in reducing the efficacy of vemurafenib and trametinib. This needs clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Osrodek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Rozanski
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Jiang N, Dai Q, Su X, Fu J, Feng X, Peng J. Role of PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer: the framework of malignant behavior. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4587-4629. [PMID: 32333246 PMCID: PMC7295848 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Given that the PI3K/AKT pathway has manifested its compelling influence on multiple cellular process, we further review the roles of hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway in various human cancers. We state the abnormalities of PI3K/AKT pathway in different cancers, which are closely related with tumorigenesis, proliferation, growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem-like phenotype, immune microenvironment and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, we investigated the current clinical trials of inhibitors against PI3K/AKT pathway in cancers and found that the clinical efficacy of these inhibitors as monotherapy has so far been limited despite of the promising preclinical activity, which means combinations of targeted therapy may achieve better efficacies in cancers. In short, we hope to feature PI3K/AKT pathway in cancers to the clinic and bring the new promising to patients for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningni Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Qijie Dai
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Xiaorui Su
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Xuancheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, 510150 China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
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Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in various human cancers and has been considered a promising therapeutic target. Many of the positive regulators of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, including the catalytic (p110α) and regulatory (p85α), of class IA PI3K, AKT, RHEB, mTOR, and eIF4E, possess oncogenic potentials, as demonstrated by transformation assays in vitro and by genetically engineered mouse models in vivo. Genetic evidences also indicate their roles in malignancies induced by activation of the upstream oncoproteins including receptor tyrosine kinases and RAS and those induced by the loss of the negative regulators of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway such as PTEN, TSC1/2, LKB1, and PIPP. Possible mechanisms by which the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis contributes to oncogenic transformation include stimulation of proliferation, survival, metabolic reprogramming, and invasion/metastasis, as well as suppression of autophagy and senescence. These phenotypic changes are mediated by eIF4E-induced translation of a subset of mRNAs and by other downstream effectors of mTORC1 including S6K, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, SREBP, and ULK1 complex.
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Janostiak R, Malvi P, Wajapeyee N. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Confers Resistance to BRAF Kinase Inhibitors in Melanoma. iScience 2019; 16:453-467. [PMID: 31229894 PMCID: PMC6593146 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma frequently harbors oncogenic mutations in the BRAF gene, which drives melanoma growth. Therefore, BRAF kinase inhibitors (BRAFi) are developed and approved for treating BRAF-mutant melanoma. However, the efficacy of BRAFi is limited due to acquired resistance, and in over 40% of melanoma, the causes of BRAFi resistance remain unknown. Here, using a human phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase array we identified Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) as a driver of acquired BRAFi resistance in melanoma. We found that ALK ligand FAM150A was necessary for ALK activation and ALK via the PI3K/AKT pathway was sufficient to confer resistance to BRAFi. ALK inhibitor (ALKi) ceritinib inhibited BRAFi-resistant melanoma in cell culture and mice. Residual BRAFi and ALKi dual resistant melanoma cells from ceritinib-treated mice were sensitive to a broad-spectrum anti-apoptotic protein inhibitor, AT101. Collectively, our results provide a framework for treating BRAF-mutant melanoma that sequentially uses different targeted therapies based on post-treatment tumor evolution. ALK confers resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma via the PI3K/AKT pathway Pharmacological inhibition of ALK inhibits BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma An ALK ligand, FAM150A, activates ALK in BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma BRAF inhibitor and ALK inhibitor dual resistant melanoma are sensitive to AT101
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Janostiak
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Frank MO, Koyama T, Rhrissorrakrai K, Robine N, Utro F, Emde AK, Chen BJ, Arora K, Shah M, Geiger H, Felice V, Dikoglu E, Rahman S, Fang A, Vacic V, Bergmann EA, Vogel JLM, Reeves C, Khaira D, Calabro A, Kim D, Lamendola-Essel MF, Esteves C, Agius P, Stolte C, Boockvar J, Demopoulos A, Placantonakis DG, Golfinos JG, Brennan C, Bruce J, Lassman AB, Canoll P, Grommes C, Daras M, Diamond E, Omuro A, Pentsova E, Orange DE, Harvey SJ, Posner JB, Michelini VV, Jobanputra V, Zody MC, Kelly J, Parida L, Wrzeszczynski KO, Royyuru AK, Darnell RB. Sequencing and curation strategies for identifying candidate glioblastoma treatments. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:56. [PMID: 31023376 PMCID: PMC6485090 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prompted by the revolution in high-throughput sequencing and its potential impact for treating cancer patients, we initiated a clinical research study to compare the ability of different sequencing assays and analysis methods to analyze glioblastoma tumors and generate real-time potential treatment options for physicians. Methods A consortium of seven institutions in New York City enrolled 30 patients with glioblastoma and performed tumor whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq; collectively WGS/RNA-seq); 20 of these patients were also analyzed with independent targeted panel sequencing. We also compared results of expert manual annotations with those from an automated annotation system, Watson Genomic Analysis (WGA), to assess the reliability and time required to identify potentially relevant pharmacologic interventions. Results WGS/RNAseq identified more potentially actionable clinical results than targeted panels in 90% of cases, with an average of 16-fold more unique potentially actionable variants identified per individual; 84 clinically actionable calls were made using WGS/RNA-seq that were not identified by panels. Expert annotation and WGA had good agreement on identifying variants [mean sensitivity = 0.71, SD = 0.18 and positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.80, SD = 0.20] and drug targets when the same variants were called (mean sensitivity = 0.74, SD = 0.34 and PPV = 0.79, SD = 0.23) across patients. Clinicians used the information to modify their treatment plan 10% of the time. Conclusion These results present the first comprehensive comparison of technical and machine augmented analysis of targeted panel and WGS/RNA-seq to identify potential cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu O Frank
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Takahiko Koyama
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Robine
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Filippo Utro
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Anne-Katrin Emde
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: Google, 76 9th Avenue, New York, NY, 10011, USA
| | - Kanika Arora
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Minita Shah
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Heather Geiger
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Vanessa Felice
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Esra Dikoglu
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sadia Rahman
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Alice Fang
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Vladimir Vacic
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: 23&Me, 899 W Evelyn Ave, Mountain View, CA, 94041, USA
| | - Ewa A Bergmann
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51 D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia L Moore Vogel
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Present address: The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Catherine Reeves
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Depinder Khaira
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Anthony Calabro
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: The Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Duyang Kim
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Michelle F Lamendola-Essel
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Esteves
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Present address: Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Phaedra Agius
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - Christian Stolte
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - John Boockvar
- Northwell Health, Lenox Hill Hospital, 100 E. 77th Street, New York, NY, 10075, USA
| | - Alexis Demopoulos
- Northwell Health, The Brain Tumor Center, 450 Lakeville Road, Lake Success, Lakeville, NY, 11042, USA
| | | | - John G Golfinos
- New York University, School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Cameron Brennan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bruce
- Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassman
- Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Christian Grommes
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mariza Daras
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eli Diamond
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Antonio Omuro
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Present address: Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elena Pentsova
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dana E Orange
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E. 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Stephen J Harvey
- IBM Watson Health, NW Broken Sound Bkwy, Boca Raton, FL, 33487, USA
| | - Jerome B Posner
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael C Zody
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - John Kelly
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Laxmi Parida
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | | | - Ajay K Royyuru
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Robert B Darnell
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA. .,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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21
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Mitchell CB, Phillips WA. Mouse Models for Exploring the Biological Consequences and Clinical Significance of PIK3CA Mutations. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040158. [PMID: 31018529 PMCID: PMC6523081 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in a myriad of cellular signalling pathways that regulate cell growth, metabolism, proliferation and survival. As a result, alterations in the PI3K pathway are frequently associated with human cancers. Indeed, PIK3CA-the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K-is one of the most commonly mutated human oncogenes. PIK3CA mutations have also been implicated in non-malignant conditions including congenital overgrowth syndromes and vascular malformations. In order to study the role of PIK3CA mutations in driving tumorigenesis and tissue overgrowth and to test potential therapeutic interventions for these conditions, model systems are essential. In this review we discuss the various mouse models currently available for preclinical studies into the biological consequences and clinical significance of PIK3CA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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22
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Specific inhibition of PI3Kδ/γ enhances the efficacy of anti-PD1 against osteosarcoma cancer. J Bone Oncol 2018; 16:100206. [PMID: 31334002 PMCID: PMC6617297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impressive responses have been observed in patients with cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitory anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies through disinhibiting the immune system. However, tumors possess complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to present therapeutic obstacles and the response rates to immune checkpoint inhibition remain low. One significant barrier to the efficacy of anti-PD1 treatment is the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into the tumor. MDSCs dramatically increased in peripheral blood of patients with osteosarcoma and prohibited both T-cell activation and infiltration. Here we demonstrated functional inhibition of G-MDSCs with (S)-(-)-N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-methyl]-acetamide (SNA), a specific inhibitor of PI3Kδ/γ, could prime tumor microenvironment, resultantly enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 treatment in a syngeneic osteosarcoma tumor model. Combining SNA with anti-PD1 dramatically slowed osteosarcoma tumor growth and prolonged survival time of tumor-bearing mice, at least in part mediated through CD8+ T cells. Our results demonstrated that addition of SNA to anti-PD1 significantly altered infiltration and function of innate immune cells, providing the rationale for combination therapy in patients with osteosarcoma through inhibiting the function of MDSCs with a selective PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor to enhance responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
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23
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Capparelli C, Purwin TJ, Heilman SA, Chervoneva I, McCue PA, Berger AC, Davies MA, Gershenwald JE, Krepler C, Aplin AE. ErbB3 Targeting Enhances the Effects of MEK Inhibitor in Wild-Type BRAF/NRAS Melanoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5680-5693. [PMID: 30115691 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MEK-ERK1/2 signaling is elevated in melanomas that are wild-type for both BRAF and NRAS (WT/WT), but patients are insensitive to MEK inhibitors. Stromal-derived growth factors may mediate resistance to targeted inhibitors, and optimizing the use of targeted inhibitors for patients with WT/WT melanoma is a clinical unmet need. Here, we studied adaptive responses to MEK inhibition in WT/WT cutaneous melanoma. The Cancer Genome Atlas data set and tumor microarray studies of WT/WT melanomas showed that high levels of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) were associated with stromal content and ErbB3 signaling. Of growth factors implicated in resistance to targeted inhibitors, NRG1 was effective at mediating resistance to MEK inhibitors in patient-derived WT/WT melanoma cells. Furthermore, ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling was adaptively upregulated following MEK inhibition. Patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblast studies demonstrated that stromal-derived NRG1 activated ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling and enhanced resistance to a MEK inhibitor. ErbB3- and ErbB2-neutralizing antibodies blocked the protective effects of NRG1 in vitro and cooperated with the MEK inhibitor to delay tumor growth in both cell line and patient-derived xenograft models. These results highlight tumor microenvironment regulation of targeted inhibitor resistance in WT/WT melanoma and provide a rationale for combining MEK inhibitors with anti-ErbB3/ErbB2 antibodies in patients with WT/WT cutaneous melanoma, for whom there are no effective targeted therapy options.Significance: This work suggests a mechanism by which NRG1 regulates the sensitivity of WT NRAS/BRAF melanomas to MEK inhibitors and provides a rationale for combining MEK inhibitors with anti-ErbB2/ErbB3 antibodies in these tumors. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5680-93. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Capparelli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shea A Heilman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter A McCue
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam C Berger
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Clemens Krepler
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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24
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Arozarena I, Wellbrock C. Overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibitors. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:387. [PMID: 29114545 PMCID: PMC5653517 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of activating mutations in the serine/threonine (S/T) kinase BRAF followed by a wave of follow-up research manifested that the MAPK-pathway plays a critical role in melanoma initiation and progression. BRAF and MEK inhibitors produce an unparalleled response rate in melanoma, but it is now clear that most responses are transient, and while some patients show long lasting responses the majority progress within 1 year. In accordance with the key role played by the MAPK-pathway in BRAF mutant melanomas, disease progression is mostly due to the appearance of drug-resistance mechanisms leading to restoration of MAPK-pathway activity. In the present article we will review the development, application and clinical effects of BRAF and MEK inhibitors both, as single agent and in combination in the context of targeted therapy in melanoma. We will then describe the most prominent mechanisms of resistance found in patients progressed on these targeted therapies. Finally we will discuss strategies for further optimizing the use of MAPK inhibitors and will describe the potential of alternative combination therapies to either delay the onset of resistance to MAPK inhibitors or directly target specific mechanisms of resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanol Arozarena
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Jain P, Silva A, Han HJ, Lang SS, Zhu Y, Boucher K, Smith TE, Vakil A, Diviney P, Choudhari N, Raman P, Busch CM, Delaney T, Yang X, Olow AK, Mueller S, Haas-Kogan D, Fox E, Storm PB, Resnick AC, Waanders AJ. Overcoming resistance to single-agent therapy for oncogenic BRAF gene fusions via combinatorial targeting of MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84697-84713. [PMID: 29156677 PMCID: PMC5689567 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) are frequently associated with activating BRAF gene fusions, such as KIAA1549-BRAF, that aberrantly drive the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Although RAF inhibitors (RAFi) have been proven effective in BRAF-V600E mutant tumors, we have previously shown how the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion can be paradoxically activated by RAFi. While newer classes of RAFi, such as PLX8394, have now been shown to inhibit MAPK activation by KIAA1549-BRAF, we sought to identify alternative MAPK pathway targeting strategies using clinically relevant MEK inhibitors (MEKi), along with potential escape mechanisms of acquired resistance to single-agent MAPK pathway therapies. We demonstrate effectiveness of multiple MEKi against diverse BRAF-fusions with novel N-terminal partners, with trametinib being the most potent. However, resistance to MEKi or PLX8394 develops via increased RTK expression causing activation of PI3K/mTOR pathway in BRAF-fusion expressing resistant clones. To circumvent acquired resistance, we show potency of combinatorial targeting with trametinib and everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) against multiple BRAF-fusions. While single-agent mTORi and MEKi PLGG clinical trials are underway, our study provides preclinical rationales for using MEKi and mTORi combinatorial therapy to stave off or prevent emergent drug-resistance in BRAF-fusion driven PLGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Jain
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Silva
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harry J Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shih-Shan Lang
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuankun Zhu
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katie Boucher
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tiffany E Smith
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aesha Vakil
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick Diviney
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Namrata Choudhari
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pichai Raman
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine M Busch
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tim Delaney
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Division of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Mueller
- Division of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip B Storm
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Resnick
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela J Waanders
- Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Galbán S, Apfelbaum AA, Espinoza C, Heist K, Haley H, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galbán CJ, Luker GD, Dort MV, Ross BD. A Bifunctional MAPK/PI3K Antagonist for Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2340-2350. [PMID: 28775144 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Responses to targeted therapies frequently are brief, with patients relapsing with drug-resistant tumors. For oncogenic MEK and BRAF inhibition, drug resistance commonly occurs through activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and immune checkpoint modulation, providing a robust molecular target for concomitant therapy. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a bifunctional kinase inhibitor (ST-162) that concurrently targets MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. Treatment with ST-162 produced regression of mutant KRAS- or BRAF-addicted xenograft models of colorectal cancer and melanoma and stasis of BRAF/PTEN-mutant melanomas. Combining ST-162 with immune checkpoint blockers further increased efficacy in a syngeneic KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer model. Nascent transcriptome analysis revealed a unique gene set regulated by ST-162 related to melanoma metastasis. Subsequent mouse studies revealed ST-162 was a potent inhibitor of melanoma metastasis to the liver. These findings highlight the significant potential of a single molecule with multikinase activity to achieve tumor control, overcome resistance, and prevent metastases through modulation of interconnected cell signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2340-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April A Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Heist
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Henry Haley
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig J Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary D Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcian Van Dort
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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27
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Chan XY, Singh A, Osman N, Piva TJ. Role Played by Signalling Pathways in Overcoming BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071527. [PMID: 28708099 PMCID: PMC5536016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the BRAFV600E mutation led to the development of vemurafenib (PLX4032), a selective BRAF inhibitor specific to the kinase, for the treatment of metastatic melanomas. However, initial success of the drug was dampened by the development of acquired resistance. Melanoma was shown to relapse in patients following treatment with vemurafenib which eventually led to patients' deaths. It has been proposed that mechanisms of resistance can be due to (1) reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway via secondary mutations, amplification or activation of target kinase(s), (2) the bypass of oncogenic pathway via activation of alternative signalling pathways, (3) other uncharacterized mechanisms. Studies showed that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as PDGFRβ, IGF1R, EGFR and c-Met were overexpressed in melanoma cells. Along with increased secretion of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α, this will trigger intracellular signalling cascades. This review discusses the role MAPK and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathways play in the mechanism of resistance of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yang Chan
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alamdeep Singh
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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Catalanotti F, Cheng DT, Shoushtari AN, Johnson DB, Panageas KS, Momtaz P, Higham C, Won HH, Harding JJ, Merghoub T, Rosen N, Sosman JA, Berger MF, Chapman PB, Solit DB. PTEN Loss-of-Function Alterations Are Associated With Intrinsic Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1600054. [PMID: 32913971 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical use of BRAF inhibitors in patients with melanoma is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. We asked whether next-generation sequencing of pretreatment tumors could identify coaltered genes that predict for intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibitor therapy in patients with melanoma as a prelude to rational combination strategies. Patients and Methods We analyzed 66 tumors from patients with metastatic BRAF-mutant melanoma collected before treatment with BRAF inhibitors. Tumors were analyzed for > 250 cancer-associated genes using a capture-based next-generation sequencing platform. Antitumor responses were correlated with clinical features and genomic profiles with the goal of identifying a molecular signature predictive of intrinsic resistance to RAF pathway inhibition. Results Among the 66 patients analyzed, 11 received a combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors for the treatment of melanoma. Among the 55 patients treated with BRAF inhibitor monotherapy, objective responses, as assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), were observed in 30 patients (55%), with five (9%) achieving a complete response. We identified a significant association between alterations in PTEN that would be predicted to result in loss of function and reduced progression-free survival, overall survival, and response grade, a metric that combines tumor regression and duration of treatment response. Patients with melanoma who achieved an excellent response grade were more likely to have an elevated BRAF-mutant allele fraction. Conclusion These results provide a rationale for cotargeting BRAF and the PI3K/AKT pathway in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma when tumors have concurrent loss-of-function mutations in PTEN. Future studies should explore whether gain of the mutant BRAF allele and/or loss of the wild-type allele is a predictive marker of BRAFi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Catalanotti
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Donavan T Cheng
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alexander N Shoushtari
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine S Panageas
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Parisa Momtaz
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Catherine Higham
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Helen H Won
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James J Harding
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Taha Merghoub
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Neal Rosen
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael F Berger
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Paul B Chapman
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David B Solit
- , , , , , , , , , , , and , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; , , and , Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and and , Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
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29
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Silva JM, Deuker MM, Baguley BC, McMahon M. PIK3CA-mutated melanoma cells rely on cooperative signaling through mTORC1/2 for sustained proliferation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:353-367. [PMID: 28233937 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant conversion of BRAF- or NRAS-mutated melanocytes into melanoma cells can be promoted by PI3'-lipid signaling. However, the mechanism by which PI3'-lipid signaling cooperates with mutationally activated BRAF or NRAS has not been adequately explored. Using human NRAS- or BRAF-mutated melanoma cells that co-express mutationally activated PIK3CA, we explored the contribution of PI3'-lipid signaling to cell proliferation. Despite mutational activation of PIK3CA, melanoma cells were more sensitive to the biochemical and antiproliferative effects of broader spectrum PI3K inhibitors than to an α-selective PI3K inhibitor. Combined pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2 and PI3K signaling elicited more potent antiproliferative effects and greater inhibition of the cell division cycle compared to single-agent inhibition of either pathway alone. Analysis of signaling downstream of MEK1/2 or PI3K revealed that these pathways cooperate to regulate cell proliferation through mTORC1-mediated effects on ribosomal protein S6 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in an AKT-dependent manner. Although PI3K inhibition resulted in cytostatic effects on xenografted NRASQ61H /PIK3CAH1047R melanoma, combined inhibition of MEK1/2 plus PI3K elicited significant melanoma regression. This study provides insights as to how mutationally activated PIK3CA acts in concert with MEK1/2 signaling to cooperatively regulate mTORC1/2 to sustain PIK3CA-mutated melanoma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Silva
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marian M Deuker
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin McMahon
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Cheng H, Chua V, Liao C, Purwin TJ, Terai M, Kageyama K, Davies MA, Sato T, Aplin AE. Co-targeting HGF/cMET Signaling with MEK Inhibitors in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:516-528. [PMID: 28138035 PMCID: PMC5337170 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma usually die within 1 year of diagnosis, emphasizing an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies. The liver is the most common site of metastasis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors improve survival in V600 BRAF-mutated cutaneous melanoma patients but have limited efficacy in patients with uveal melanoma. Our previous work showed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling elicits resistance to MEK inhibitors in metastatic uveal melanoma. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of two BH3-only family proteins, Bim-EL and Bmf, contributes to HGF-mediated resistance to MEK inhibitors. Targeting HGF/cMET signaling with LY2875358, a neutralizing and internalizing anti-cMET bivalent antibody, and LY2801653, a dual cMET/RON inhibitor, overcomes resistance to trametinib provided by exogenous HGF and by conditioned medium from primary hepatic stellate cells. We further determined that activation of PI3Kα/γ/δ isoforms mediates the resistance to MEK inhibitors by HGF. Combination of LY2801653 with trametinib decreases AKT phosphorylation and promotes proapoptotic PARP cleavage in metastatic uveal melanoma explants. Together, our data support the notion that selectively blocking cMET signaling or PI3K isoforms in metastatic uveal melanoma may break the intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibitors provided by factors from stromal cells in the liver. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 516-28. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyin Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vivian Chua
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Connie Liao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Kageyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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31
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Oncogenic BRAF fusions in mucosal melanomas activate the MAPK pathway and are sensitive to MEK/PI3K inhibition or MEK/CDK4/6 inhibition. Oncogene 2017; 36:3334-3345. [PMID: 28092667 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in cutaneous melanoma genomic profiling, the mutational landscape of primary mucosal melanomas (PMM) remains unclear. Forty-six PMMs underwent targeted exome sequencing of 111 cancer-associated genes. Seventy-six somatic nonsynonymous mutations in 42 genes were observed, and recurrent mutations were noted on eight genes, including TP53 (13%), NRAS (13%), SNX31 (9%), NF1 (9%), KIT (7%) and APC (7%). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; 37%), cell cycle (20%) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR (15%) pathways were frequently mutated. We biologically characterized a novel ZNF767-BRAF fusion found in a vemurafenib-refractory respiratory tract PMM, from which cell line harboring ZNF767-BRAF fusion were established for further molecular analyses. In an independent data set, NFIC-BRAF fusion was identified in an oral PMM case and TMEM178B-BRAF fusion and DGKI-BRAF fusion were identified in two malignant melanomas with a low mutational burden (number of mutation per megabase, 0.8 and 4, respectively). Subsequent analyses revealed that the ZNF767-BRAF fusion protein promotes RAF dimerization and activation of the MAPK pathway. We next tested the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vemurafenib, trametinib, BKM120 or LEE011 alone and in combination. Trametinib effectively inhibited tumor cell growth in vitro, but the combination of trametinib and BKM120 or LEE011 yielded more than additive anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo in a melanoma cells harboring the BRAF fusion. In conclusion, BRAF fusions define a new molecular subset of PMM that can be targeted therapeutically by the combination of a MEK inhibitor with PI3K or cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors.
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32
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Chen X, Dong H, Liu S, Yu L, Yan D, Yao X, Sun W, Han D, Gao G. Long noncoding RNA MHENCR promotes melanoma progression via regulating miR-425/489-mediated PI3K-Akt pathway. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:90-102. [PMID: 28123636 PMCID: PMC5250706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are frequently dysregulated and have critical roles in many tumors. However, the roles and functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in melanoma remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel lncRNA MHENCR which was upregulated in melanoma tissues and further upregulated in metastatic melanoma. Increased expression of MHENCR indicted poor survival of melanoma patients. Functional experiments revealed that MHENCR knockdown significantly inhibited melanoma cells proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and also attenuated melanoma cells migration in vitro. Furthermore, we identified MHENCR as a competitively endogenous RNA, which specifically bound to miR-425 and miR-489, upregulated their target genes IGF1 and SPIN1 expression, and further activated PI3K-Akt pathway. Statistically significant correlations were observed between MHENCR expression and IGF1 and SPIN1 in melanoma tissues. In vivo functional experiments further confirmed the pro-growth and pro-metastasis roles of MHENCR. Collectively, our findings revealed that MHENCR functions as an oncogene in melanoma via activating miR-425/489-mediated PI3K-Akt pathway, and may be a therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dexiong Yan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xingwei Yao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dezhi Han
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guozhen Gao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 253rd Hospital of PLAHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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33
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Lopez JS, Banerji U. Combine and conquer: challenges for targeted therapy combinations in early phase trials. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:57-66. [PMID: 27377132 PMCID: PMC6135233 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our increasing understanding of cancer biology has led to the development of molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. The full potential of these agents has not, however, been realised, owing to the presence of de novo (intrinsic) resistance, often resulting from compensatory signalling pathways, or the development of acquired resistance in cancer cells via clonal evolution under the selective pressures of treatment. Combinations of targeted treatments can circumvent some mechanisms of resistance to yield a clinical benefit. We explore the challenges in identifying the best drug combinations and the best combination strategies, as well as the complexities of delivering these treatments to patients. Recognizing treatment-induced toxicity and the inability to use continuous pharmacodynamically effective doses of many targeted treatments necessitates creative intermittent scheduling. Serial tumour profiling and the use of parallel co-clinical trials can contribute to understanding mechanisms of resistance, and will guide the development of adaptive clinical trial designs that can accommodate hypothesis testing, in order to realize the full potential of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita S Lopez
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Drug Development Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sycamore House, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
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34
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Lin WM, Fisher DE. Signaling and Immune Regulation in Melanoma Development and Responses to Therapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:75-102. [PMID: 27959628 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex and genomically diverse malignancy, and new genes and signaling pathways involved in pathogenesis continue to be discovered. Mechanistic insights into gene and immune regulation in melanoma have led to the development of numerous successful and innovative pharmacologic agents over recent years. Multiple targeted therapies and immunotherapies have already entered the clinic, becoming new standards of care and transforming the prognosis for many patients with malignant melanoma. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of signaling and immune regulation in melanoma and implications for responses to treatment, organized in the framework of hallmark characteristics in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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35
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Deken MA, Gadiot J, Jordanova ES, Lacroix R, van Gool M, Kroon P, Pineda C, Geukes Foppen MH, Scolyer R, Song JY, Verbrugge I, Hoeller C, Dummer R, Haanen JBAG, Long GV, Blank CU. Targeting the MAPK and PI3K pathways in combination with PD1 blockade in melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1238557. [PMID: 28123875 PMCID: PMC5215252 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1238557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of advanced melanoma with CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade induces in a proportion of patients long durable responses. In contrast, targeting the MAPK-pathway by selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors induces high response rates, but most patients relapse. Combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy is proposed to improve the long-term outcomes of patients. Preclinical data endorsing this hypothesis are accumulating. Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway may be a promising treatment option to overcome resistance to MAPK inhibition and for additional combination with immunotherapy. We therefore evaluated to which extent dual targeting of the MAPK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways affects tumor immune infiltrates and whether it synergizes with PD-1 checkpoint blockade in a BRAFV600E/PTEN−/−-driven melanoma mouse model. Short-term dual BRAF + MEK inhibition enhanced tumor immune infiltration and improved tumor control when combined with PD-1 blockade in a CD8+ T cell dependent manner. Additional PI3K inhibition did not impair tumor control or immune cell infiltration and functionality. Analysis of on-treatment samples from melanoma patients treated with BRAF or BRAF + MEK inhibitors indicates that inhibitor-mediated T cell infiltration occurred in all patients early after treatment initiation but was less frequent found in on-treatment biopsies beyond day 15. Our findings provide a rationale for clinical testing of short-term BRAF + MEK inhibition in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, currently implemented at our institutes. Additional PI3K inhibition could be an option for BRAF + MEK inhibitor resistant patients that receive targeted therapy in combination with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Deken
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Center for Gynecologic Oncology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Lacroix
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa van Gool
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Kroon
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Pineda
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marnix H Geukes Foppen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , NSW, Australia
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Animal Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Verbrugge
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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36
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Curiel-Olmo S, García-Castaño A, Vidal R, Pisonero H, Varela I, León-Castillo A, Trillo E, González-Vela C, García-Diaz N, Almaraz C, Moreno T, Cereceda L, Madureira R, Martinez N, Ortiz-Romero P, Valdizán E, Piris MA, Vaqué JP, Piris M, Vaqué J. Individualized strategies to target specific mechanisms of disease in malignant melanoma patients displaying unique mutational signatures. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25452-65. [PMID: 26327537 PMCID: PMC4694844 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted treatment of advanced melanoma could benefit from the precise molecular characterization of melanoma samples. Using a melanoma-specific selection of 217 genes, we performed targeted deep sequencing of a series of biopsies, from advanced melanoma cases, with a Breslow index of ≥4 mm, and/or with a loco-regional infiltration in lymph nodes or presenting distant metastasis, as well of a collection of human cell lines. This approach detected 3–4 mutations per case, constituting unique mutational signatures associated with specific inhibitor sensitivity. Functionally, case-specific combinations of inhibitors that simultaneously targeted MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms were most effective at inhibiting melanoma growth, against each specific mutational background. These observations were challenged by characterizing a freshly resected biopsy from a metastatic lesion located in the skin and soft tissue and by testing its associated therapy ex vivo and in vivo using melanocytes and patient-derived xenografted mice, respectively. The results show that upon mutational characterization of advanced melanoma patients, specific mutational profiles can be used for selecting drugs that simultaneously target several deregulated genes/pathways involved in tumor generation or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Curiel-Olmo
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Vidal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Medicine School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pisonero
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alicia León-Castillo
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Pathology Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Eugenio Trillo
- Plastic Surgery Service Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Vela
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Pathology Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Diaz
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Almaraz
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Thaidy Moreno
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Cereceda
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Rebeca Madureira
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Nerea Martinez
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Pablo Ortiz-Romero
- Dermatology Service, Instituto I+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Valdizán
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - José P Vaqué
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel Piris
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Pathology Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - José Vaqué
- Cancer Genomics Group, IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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37
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Shannan B, Chen Q, Watters A, Perego M, Krepler C, Thombre R, Li L, Rajan G, Peterson S, Gimotty PA, Wilson M, Nathanson KL, Gangadhar TC, Schuchter LM, Weeraratna AT, Herlyn M, Vultur A. Enhancing the evaluation of PI3K inhibitors through 3D melanoma models. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:317-28. [PMID: 26850518 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies for mutant BRAF metastatic melanoma are effective but not curative due to acquisition of resistance. PI3K signaling is a common mediator of therapy resistance in melanoma; thus, the need for effective PI3K inhibitors is critical. However, testing PI3K inhibitors in adherent cultures is not always reflective of their potential in vivo. To emphasize this, we compared PI3K inhibitors of different specificity in two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) melanoma models and show that drug response predictions gain from evaluation using 3D models. Our results in 3D demonstrate the anti-invasive potential of PI3K inhibitors and that drugs such as PX-866 have beneficial activity in physiological models alone and when combined with BRAF inhibition. These assays finally help highlight pathway effectors that could be involved in drug response in different environments (e.g. p4E-BP1). Our findings show the advantages of 3D melanoma models to enhance our understanding of PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Shannan
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Quan Chen
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Watters
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michela Perego
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rakhee Thombre
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geena Rajan
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa Wilson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tara C Gangadhar
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adina Vultur
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis, Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Vu HL, Aplin AE. Targeting mutant NRAS signaling pathways in melanoma. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:111-116. [PMID: 26987942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a devastating form of skin cancer and its incidence is increasing faster than any other preventable cancer in the United States. The mutant NRAS subset of melanoma is more aggressive and associated with poorer outcomes compared to non-NRAS mutant melanoma. The aggressive nature and complex molecular signaling conferred by this transformation has evaded clinically effective treatment options. This review examines the major downstream effectors of NRAS relevant in melanoma and the associated advances made in targeted therapies that focus on these effector pathways. We outline the history of MEK inhibition in mutant NRAS melanoma and recent advances with newer MEK inhibitors. Since MEK inhibitors will likely be optimized when combined with other targeted therapies, we focus on recently identified targets that can be used in combination with MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Linh Vu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Roller DG, Capaldo B, Bekiranov S, Mackey AJ, Conaway MR, Petricoin EF, Gioeli D, Weber MJ. Combinatorial drug screening and molecular profiling reveal diverse mechanisms of intrinsic and adaptive resistance to BRAF inhibition in V600E BRAF mutant melanomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2734-53. [PMID: 26673621 PMCID: PMC4823068 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of BRAFV600E melanomas display intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibitors, in part due to adaptive signaling responses. In this communication we ask whether BRAFV600E melanomas share common adaptive responses to BRAF inhibition that can provide clinically relevant targets for drug combinations. We screened a panel of 12 treatment-naïve BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines with MAP Kinase pathway inhibitors in pairwise combination with 58 signaling inhibitors, assaying for synergistic cytotoxicity. We found enormous diversity in the drug combinations that showed synergy, with no two cell lines having an identical profile. Although the 6 lines most resistant to BRAF inhibition showed synergistic benefit from combination with lapatinib, the signaling mechanisms by which this combination generated synergistic cytotoxicity differed between the cell lines. We conclude that adaptive responses to inhibition of the primary oncogenic driver (BRAFV600E) are determined not only by the primary oncogenic driver but also by diverse secondary genetic and epigenetic changes ("back-seat drivers") and hence optimal drug combinations will be variable. Because upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases is a major source of drug resistance arising from diverse adaptive responses, we propose that inhibitors of these receptors may have substantial clinical utility in combination with inhibitors of the MAP Kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G. Roller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Brian Capaldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Aaron J. Mackey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Mark R. Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Emanuel F. Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Michael J. Weber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
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40
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Mitkov M, Joseph R, Copland J. Steroid hormone influence on melanomagenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:94-102. [PMID: 26415591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in the prognosis and incidence of melanoma between male and female patients have led clinicians to explore the influence of steroid hormones on the development and progression of this malignancy. A better understanding of the disparities of melanoma behavior between sexes and ages could lead to improved prevention and treatment options. There are multiple themes in the literature that unify the physiologic functions of estrogen and androgen receptors; herein we discuss and map their pathways. Overall, it is important to understand that the differences in melanoma behavior between the sexes are multifactorial and likely involve interactions between the immune system, endocrine system, and environment, namely UV-radiation. Melanoma deserves a spot among hormone-sensitive tumors, and if tamoxifen is re-introduced for future therapy, tissue ratios of estrogen receptors should be obtained beforehand to assess their therapeutic predictive value. Because androgens, estrogens, and their receptors are involved in signaling of commonly mutated melanoma pathways, potential synergistic properties of the recently developed molecular kinase inhibitors that target those pathways may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mitkov
- Mayo Clinic Department of Dermatology, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Richard Joseph
- Mayo Clinic Department of Oncology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John Copland
- Mayo Clinic Department of Cancer Biology, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Vu HL, Rosenbaum S, Capparelli C, Purwin TJ, Davies MA, Berger AC, Aplin AE. MIG6 Is MEK Regulated and Affects EGF-Induced Migration in Mutant NRAS Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 136:453-463. [PMID: 26967478 PMCID: PMC4789776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in NRAS are frequent driver events in cutaneous melanoma. NRAS is a GTP-binding protein, whose most well-characterized downstream effector is RAF leading to activation of MEK-ERK1/2 signaling. While there are no FDA-approved targeted therapies for melanoma patients with a primary mutation in NRAS, one form of targeted therapy that has been explored is MEK inhibition. In clinical trials, MEK inhibitors have shown disappointing efficacy in mutant NRAS patients, the reasons for which are unclear. To explore the effects of MEK inhibitors in mutant NRAS melanoma, we utilized a high-throughput reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) platform to identify signaling alterations. RPPA analysis of phospho-proteomic changes in mutant NRAS melanoma in response to trametinib indicated a compensatory increase in AKT signaling and decreased expression of mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), a negative regulator of EGFR/ERBB receptors. MIG6 expression did not alter the growth or survival properties of mutant NRAS melanoma cells. Rather, we identified a role for MIG6 as a negative regulator of EGF-induced signaling and cell migration and invasion. In MEK inhibited cells, further depletion of MIG6 increased migration and invasion, whereas MIG6 expression decreased these properties. Therefore, a decrease in MIG6 may promote the migration and invasiveness of MEK-inhibited mutant NRAS melanoma especially in response to EGF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Linh Vu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheera Rosenbaum
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudia Capparelli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adam C Berger
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Herkert B, Kauffmann A, Mollé S, Schnell C, Ferrat T, Voshol H, Juengert J, Erasimus H, Marszalek G, Kazic-Legueux M, Billy E, Ruddy D, Stump M, Guthy D, Ristov M, Calkins K, Maira SM, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Hall MN, Brachmann SM. Maximizing the Efficacy of MAPK-Targeted Treatment in PTENLOF/BRAFMUT Melanoma through PI3K and IGF1R Inhibition. Cancer Res 2015; 76:390-402. [PMID: 26577700 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of MAPK pathway inhibitors paved the road for significant advancements in the treatment of BRAF-mutant (BRAF(MUT)) melanoma. However, even BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy has failed to offer a curative treatment option, most likely because these pathways constitute a codependent signaling network. Concomitant PTEN loss of function (PTEN(LOF)) occurs in approximately 40% of BRAF(MUT) melanomas. In this study, we sought to identify the nodes of the PTEN/PI3K pathway that would be amenable to combined therapy with MAPK pathway inhibitors for the treatment of PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma. Large-scale compound sensitivity profiling revealed that PTEN(LOF) melanoma cell lines were sensitive to PI3Kβ inhibitors, albeit only partially. An unbiased shRNA screen (7,500 genes and 20 shRNAs/genes) across 11 cell lines in the presence of a PI3Kβ inhibitor identified an adaptive response involving the IGF1R-PI3Kα axis. Combined inhibition of the MAPK pathway, PI3Kβ, and PI3Kα or insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) synergistically sustained pathway blockade, induced apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma models. Notably, combined treatment with the IGF1R inhibitor, but not the PI3Kα inhibitor, failed to elevate glucose or insulin signaling. Taken together, our findings provide a strong rationale for testing combinations of panPI3K, PI3Kβ + IGF1R, and MAPK pathway inhibitors in PTEN(LOF)/BRAF(MUT) melanoma patients to achieve maximal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herkert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Kauffmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Mollé
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schnell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Ferrat
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Voshol
- NIBR, Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Juengert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Marszalek
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malika Kazic-Legueux
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Ruddy
- Novartis Pharma, OTM Translational Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Stump
- NIBR, Disease Area Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Guthy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mitko Ristov
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keith Calkins
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sauveur-Michel Maira
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesco Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland.
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Cho JH, Robinson JP, Arave RA, Burnett WJ, Kircher DA, Chen G, Davies MA, Grossmann AH, VanBrocklin MW, McMahon M, Holmen SL. AKT1 Activation Promotes Development of Melanoma Metastases. Cell Rep 2015; 13:898-905. [PMID: 26565903 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases are the major cause of melanoma-related mortality. Previous studies implicating aberrant AKT signaling in human melanoma metastases led us to evaluate the effect of activated AKT1 expression in non-metastatic BRAF(V600E)/Cdkn2a(Null) mouse melanomas in vivo. Expression of activated AKT1 resulted in highly metastatic melanomas with lung and brain metastases in 67% and 17% of our mice, respectively. Silencing of PTEN in BRAF(V600E)/Cdkn2a(Null) melanomas cooperated with activated AKT1, resulting in decreased tumor latency and the development of lung and brain metastases in nearly 80% of tumor-bearing mice. These data demonstrate that AKT1 activation is sufficient to elicit lung and brain metastases in this context and reveal that activation of AKT1 is distinct from PTEN silencing in metastatic melanoma progression. These findings advance our knowledge of the mechanisms driving melanoma metastasis and may provide valuable insights for clinical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Cho
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James P Robinson
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Rowan A Arave
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William J Burnett
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David A Kircher
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Allie H Grossmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew W VanBrocklin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Prasad CP, Mohapatra P, Andersson T. Therapy for BRAFi-Resistant Melanomas: Is WNT5A the Answer? Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1900-24. [PMID: 26393652 PMCID: PMC4586801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have advocated the use of targeted therapies in the form of drugs that modulate genes and proteins that are directly associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Malignant melanoma is a dreadful cancer type that has been associated with the rapid dissemination of primary tumors to multiple sites, including bone, brain, liver and lungs. The discovery that approximately 40%–50% of malignant melanomas contain a mutation in BRAF at codon 600 gave scientists a new approach to tackle this disease. However, clinical studies on patients have shown that although BRAFi (BRAF inhibitors) trigger early anti-tumor responses, the majority of patients later develop resistance to the therapy. Recent studies have shown that WNT5A plays a key role in enhancing the resistance of melanoma cells to BRAFi. The focus of the current review will be on melanoma development, signaling pathways important to acquired resistance to BRAFi, and why WNT5A inhibitors are attractive candidates to be included in combinatorial therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
| | - Purusottam Mohapatra
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
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Pazarentzos E, Giannikopoulos P, Hrustanovic G, St John J, Olivas VR, Gubens MA, Balassanian R, Weissman J, Polkinghorn W, Bivona TG. Oncogenic activation of the PI3-kinase p110β isoform via the tumor-derived PIK3CβD1067V kinase domain mutation. Oncogene 2015; 35:1198-205. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Xie X, Koh JY, Price S, White E, Mehnert JM. Atg7 Overcomes Senescence and Promotes Growth of BrafV600E-Driven Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:410-23. [PMID: 25673642 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) may promote survival and growth of spontaneous tumors, including melanoma. We utilized a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma driven by oncogenic BrafV600E and deficiency in the Pten tumor suppressor gene in melanocytes to test the functional consequences of loss of the essential autophagy gene autophagy-related-7, Atg7. Atg7 deficiency prevented melanoma development by BrafV600E and allelic Pten loss, indicating that autophagy is essential for melanomagenesis. Moreover, BrafV600E-mutant, Pten-null, Atg7-deficient melanomas displayed accumulation of autophagy substrates and growth defects, which extended animal survival. Atg7-deleted tumors showed increased oxidative stress and senescence, a known barrier to melanomagenesis. Treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib decreased tumor growth and induced senescence that was more pronounced in tumors with Atg7 deficiency. Thus, Atg7 promotes melanoma by limiting oxidative stress and overcoming senescence, and autophagy inhibition may be of therapeutic value by augmenting the antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE The essential autophagy gene Atg7 promotes development of BrafV600E-mutant, Pten-null melanomas by overcoming senescence, and deleting Atg7 facilitated senescence induction and antitumor activity of BRAF inhibition. This suggests that combinatorial BRAFV600E and autophagy inhibition may improve therapeutic outcomes in patients whose tumors have BRAFV600E/K mutations, an approach currently being explored in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Xie
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ju Yong Koh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sandy Price
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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