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Johnston DGW, Kirby B, Tobin DJ. Hidradenitis suppurativa: A folliculotropic disease of innate immune barrier dysfunction? Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1554-1568. [PMID: 34418166 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system of human skin consists of a multi-layered barrier consisting of cells and soluble effector molecules charged with maintaining homeostasis and responding to insults and infections. It has become increasingly clear that these barrier layers become compromised in skin diseases, especially in disorders of an (auto)inflammatory nature. In the case of hidradenitis suppurativa, great strides have been made in recent years in characterizing the underlying breakdown in homeostatic innate immunity, including an increasing understanding of the central role of the hair follicle in this process. This breakdown appears to occur at multiple levels: the pilosebaceous unit, associated epithelium, the cutaneous microbiome, alteration of immune cell function and local molecular events such as complement activation. This review seeks to summarize, contextualize and analyse critically our current understanding of how these innate immune barriers become dysregulated in the early stage(s) of hidradenitis suppurativa, and to speculate on where potential hidradenitis suppurativa research could be most fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G W Johnston
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Charles Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Scarborough JA, Paul JR, Spencer JV. Evolution of the ability to modulate host chemokine networks via gene duplication in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:46-53. [PMID: 28315475 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that is particularly skillful at evading immune detection and defense mechanisms, largely due to extensive co-evolution with its host. One aspect of this co-evolution involves the acquisition of virally encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with homology to the chemokine receptor family. GPCRs are the largest family of cell surface proteins, found in organisms from yeast to humans, and they regulate a variety of cellular processes including development, sensory perception, and immune cell trafficking. The US27 and US28 genes are encoded by human and primate CMVs, but homologs are not found in the genomes of viruses infecting rodents or other species. Phylogenetic analysis was used to investigate the US27 and US28 genes, which are adjacent in the unique short (US) region of the HCMV genome, and their relationship to one another and to human chemokine receptor genes. The results indicate that both US27 and US28 share the same common ancestor with human chemokine receptor CX3CR1, suggesting that a single host gene was captured and a subsequent viral gene duplication event occurred. The US28 gene product (pUS28) has maintained the function of the ancestral gene and has the ability to bind and signal in response to CX3CL1/fractalkine, the natural ligand for CX3CR1. In contrast, pUS27 does not bind to any known chemokine ligand, and the sequence has diverged significantly, highlighted by the fact that pUS27 currently exhibits greater sequence similarity to human CCR1. While the evolutionary advantage of the gene duplication and neofunctionalization event remains unclear, the US27 and US28 genes are highly conserved among different HCMV strains and retained even in laboratory strains that have lost many virulence genes, suggesting that US27 and US28 have each evolved distinct, important functions during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Scarborough
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - John R Paul
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA.
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3
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Khan MI, Sobocińska AA, Czarnecka AM, Król M, Botta B, Szczylik C. The Therapeutic Aspects of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) for Cancer and their Development: From Nature to Laboratory. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:1756-66. [PMID: 26654588 PMCID: PMC5412000 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666151211094901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors, which are widely distributed in mammalian tissues. ECS regulates various cardiovascular, nervous, and immune system functions inside cells. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence for the use of synthetic and natural cannabinoids as potential anticancer agents. For instance, the CB1 and CB2 receptors are assumed to play an important role inside the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are abundantly expressed in the brain and fatty tissue of the human body. Despite recent developments in molecular biology, there is still a lack of knowledge about the distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors in the human kidney and their role in kidney cancer. To address this gap, we explore and demonstrate the role of the endocannabinoid system in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this brief overview, we elucidate the therapeutic aspects of the endocannabinoid system for various cancers and explain how this system can be used for treating kidney cancer. Overall, this review provides new insights into cannabinoids' mechanisms of action in both in vivo and in vitro models, and focuses on recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Pucci S, Fisco T, Zonetti MJ, Bonanno E, Mazzarelli P, Mauriello A. PTX3: a modulator of human coronary plaque vulnerability acting by macrophages type 2. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:710-7. [PMID: 25131923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is related to a diffuse active inflammation of the coronary tree associated with rupture of one of the multiple vulnerable plaques. The presence of soluble mediators of inflammation with their synergic or antagonistic actions coordinates the physiological response determining the plaque fate and the fatal event. The present study focus on the cytokines network operating in human coronary plaques of patients died from AMI and controls, pointing out that coronaries of AMI patients produce PTX3 protein twice as that of controls and express high level of PTX3 mRNA. RESULTS The presence of CX3CR1 polymorphisms is significantly correlated with the incidence and the outcome of acute myocardial infarction inducing in the whole coronary tree a strong recruitment of Th1 polarized inflammation that is directly correlated to PTX3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Moreover we found a positive correlation between the expression of PTX3 in the plaque and the content of macrophage cells showing a M2 polarization indicating the possible role of this chemokine as mediator of immune response that would orchestrate plaque evolution and inflammatory cell type activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pucci
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy.
| | - T Fisco
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - M J Zonetti
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - E Bonanno
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - P Mazzarelli
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
| | - A Mauriello
- Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
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5
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CX3CR1 receptor polymorphisms, Th1 cell recruitment, and acute myocardial infarction outcome: looking for a link. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:451349. [PMID: 24307998 PMCID: PMC3838839 DOI: 10.1155/2013/451349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine is a proinflammatory chemokine that participates in atherosclerotic process
mediating the interactions of vascular cells and leukocytes and selective recruitment of
Th1 lymphocytes, through interaction with CX3CR1 receptor. The polymorphism of the
fractalkine receptor 280M-containing haplotype, which codifies for a receptor with minor
expression and with a reduced binding capability, represents a novel protective factor of
atherosclerotic disease. We investigated the association among CX3CR1 genotype, the
inflammatory infiltrate subpopulations recruited in the plaque, and the in situ expression of
fractalkine and its receptor, in patients who died of myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with
subjects who died of noncardiac causes. Patients with nonlethal AMI (AMI survivors)
were also investigated to correlate the CX3CR1 polymorphisms and the incidence of lethal AMI.
A strong T cells infiltrate was found in infarct related artery (IRA) plaques of AMI patients
presenting the V249 T280 haplotype (84%). Conversely, a decreased T cell recruitment was
associated with I249T280 haplotype in the controls (64%). The significant higher presence of
the variant allele I249 in homo- and heterozygosis, found in controls (91%) and in AMI survivors
(94%), with respect to the patients who died of AMI (48%), showed the relevance of this polymorphism
both in the onset and outcome of acute myocardial infarction. The presence of CX3CR1
polymorphisms could influence the incidence and the outcome of acute myocardial infarction,
altering the inflammation of the whole coronary tree by the impaired recruitment of Th1 polarized subpopulation in the coronary plaque.
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6
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Asare Y, Schmitt M, Bernhagen J. The vascular biology of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Expression and effects in inflammation, atherogenesis and angiogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:391-8. [PMID: 23329140 DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine-like functions. MIF is a critical mediator of the host immune and inflammatory response. Dysregulated MIF expression has been demonstrated to contribute to various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions as well as cancer development. More recently, MIF has been identified as an important pro-atherogenic factor. Its blockade could even aid plaque regression in advanced atherosclerosis. Promotion of atherogenic leukocyte recruitment processes has been recognised as a major underlying mechanism of MIF in vascular pathology. However, MIF's role in vascular biology is not limited to immune cell recruitment as recent evidence also points to a role for this mediator in neo-angiogenesis / vasculogenesis by endothelial cell activation and endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. On the basis of introducing MIF's chemokine-like functions, the current article focusses on MIF's role in vascular biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Asare
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Bari M, Rapino C, Mozetic P, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid system in gp120-mediated insults and HIV-associated dementia. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:74-84. [PMID: 20353779 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) include a group of lipid mediators that act as endogenous agonists at cannabinoid (CB(1), CB(2)) and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors. In the last two decades a number of eCBs-metabolizing enzymes have been discovered that, together with eCBs and congeners, target receptors and proteins responsible for their transport and intracellular trafficking form the so-called "endocannabinoid system" (ECS). Within the central nervous system ECS elements participate in neuroprotection against neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. More recently, a role for eCBs has been documented also in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120-mediated insults, and in HIV-associated dementia (HAD). The modulation of ECS in the latter disease conditions is the subject of this review, that will also address the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of eCBs. In particular, the interactions between neurons and glia during neuroinflammation, and the alterations of ECS in these cells upon gp120 insults and HAD will be discussed, along with the potential therapeutic exploitation of ECS-oriented drugs for the treatment of HAD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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8
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Simcock JW, Penington AJ, Morrison WA, Thompson EW, Mitchell GM. Endothelial Precursor Cells Home to a Vascularized Tissue Engineering Chamber by Application of the Angiogenic Chemokine CXCL12. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:655-64. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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9
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Greene W, Kuhne K, Ye F, Chen J, Zhou F, Lei X, Gao SJ. Molecular biology of KSHV in relation to AIDS-associated oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 133:69-127. [PMID: 17672038 PMCID: PMC2798888 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46816-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KSHV has been established as the causative agent of KS, PEL, and MCD, malignancies occurring more frequently in AIDS patients. The aggressive nature of KSHV in the context of HIV infection suggests that interactions between the two viruses enhance pathogenesis. KSHV latent infection and lytic reactivation are characterized by distinct gene expression profiles, and both latency and lytic reactivation seem to be required for malignant progression. As a sophisticated oncogenic virus, KSHV has evolved to possess a formidable repertoire of potent mechanisms that enable it to target and manipulate host cell pathways, leading to increased cell proliferation, increased cell survival, dysregulated angiogenesis, evasion of immunity, and malignant progression in the immunocompromised host. Worldwide, approximately 40.3 million people are currently living with HIV infection. Of these, a significant number are coinfected with KSHV. The complex interplay between the two viruses dramatically elevates the risk for development of KSHV-induced malignancies, KS, PEL, and MCD. Although HAART significantly reduces HIV viral load, the entire T-cell repertoire and immune function may not be completely restored. In fact, clinically significant immune deficiency is not necessary for the induction of KSHV-related malignancy. Because of variables such as lack of access to therapy noncompliance with prescribed treatment, failure to respond to treatment and the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV, KSHV-induced malignancies will continue to present as major health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Greene
- Tiumor Virology Program, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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10
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11
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Yu L, Cecil J, Peng SB, Schrementi J, Kovacevic S, Paul D, Su EW, Wang J. Identification and expression of novel isoforms of human stromal cell-derived factor 1. Gene 2006; 374:174-9. [PMID: 16626895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stromal Cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a CXC chemokine that binds to the CXCR4 receptor. Recent publication indicates that the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role during development and in many patho-physiological conditions including hematopoiesis, blood vessel formation, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and HIV infection. Two human SDF-1 isoforms, SDF-1alpha and SDF-1beta, have been reported to date. Here we report the identification of four additional human SDF-1 isoforms derived from alternative splicing events, SDF-1gamma, SDF-1delta, SDF-1epsilon and SDF-1phi. These SDF-1 splice variants all share the same first three exons but contain different fourth exons. The human SDF-1 gene spans over 88 kilobase-pairs on chromosome 10. Using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR method, we determined the tissue distribution of these SDF-1 isoforms. SDF-1alpha and SDF-1beta share similar expression patterns and the highest expression were detected in liver, pancreas and spleen. SDF-1gamma seems to be the human orthologue of recently isolated rat SDF-1gamma, and its expression was only detected in the heart. SDF-1delta expression can be detected in several adult tissues but the highest expression was detected in fetal liver. When transfected into HEK293 cells, all the SDF-1 isoforms can be detected as secreted proteins in the cell culture media. The conditioned media from transfected cells can stimulate cell migration in a CXCR4-dependent manner. These data suggest that the novel SDF-1 splice variants encode functional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Cardiovascular Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, DC0434, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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12
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Cowell RM, Xu H, Parent JM, Silverstein FS. Microglial expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 during rat forebrain development and after perinatal hypoxia–ischemia. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 173:155-65. [PMID: 16516309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (CCL3) is expressed by immune cells in the normal and injured perinatal brain. To determine whether the chemokine receptor CCR5 is a relevant target for CCL3 in the brain, we used RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry to assess changes in CCR5 expression and localization in developing normal and injured rat forebrain. CCR5 protein was expressed predominately by resting and activated microglia until 2 weeks of age. Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia increased CCR5 mRNA expression while causing CCR5 internalization, indicating receptor activation. These data implicate CCR5 in microglial recruitment and activation during brain development and after neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Son KN, Hwang J, Kwon BS, Kim J. Human CC chemokine CCL23 enhances expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and invasion of vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 340:498-504. [PMID: 16378600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human CCL23 (also known as CKbeta8, MPIF-1, or MIP-3) has been recently reported to induce endothelial cell migration and tube formation via CCR1. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and also appear to play critical roles in angiogenesis. In the present study, we have demonstrated that CCL23 enhances the expression of MMP-2 mRNA and protein levels in endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, but has no effect on the expression levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MT1-MMP. CCL23 was shown to dose-dependently activate the expression of the MMP-2/Luc reporter gene, thereby indicating that it stimulates the transcription of the MMP-2 gene. Vascular endothelial cells, when exposed to CCL23, showed a marked ability to invade through a 3D Matrigel. This increase in invasion was also correlated with enhancements in the expression and activity of MMP-2. Neutralization with anti-CCL23 and anti-CCR1 antibodies, as well as the heat-induced inactivation of CCL23, resulted in a blockage of the CCL23-activated invasion, indicating that the invasion of HUVECs was induced by CCL23 specifically. Furthermore, we showed that the CCL23-induced invasion was inhibited by MMP inhibitors such as GM6001 and a specific MMP-2 Inhibitor I. Our results indicate that CCL23 may play a direct role in angiogenesis, via the upregulation of MMP-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-No Son
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Shin YH, Son KN, Lee GW, Kwon BS, Kim J. Transcriptional regulation of human CC chemokine CCL15 gene by NF-kappaB and AP-1 elements in PMA-stimulated U937 monocytoid cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1732:38-42. [PMID: 16364464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CCL15 exerts biological effects on a variety of cells, including monocytes. NF-kappaB has been reported to be involved in the transcription of the CCL15 gene. In this study, we have identified an AP-1 element located at -76/-65, which appears to regulate the transcription of the CCL15 gene. We also confirmed that the AP-1 factor binds to the element. Specific inhibitors for MAPK pathways and expression of dominant negative MKK4 or JNK1 reduced PMA-induced transcriptional activation of CCL15. Our findings indicate that transcription of the CCL15 gene is regulated by AP-1 and NF-kappaB through MEK and JNK MAPK pathways in monocytoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Shin
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Korea
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15
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Liu L, Callahan MK, Huang D, Ransohoff RM. Chemokine receptor CXCR3: an unexpected enigma. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 68:149-81. [PMID: 16124999 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)68006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CXCR3, the receptor for CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, and CXCL11/I-TAC, is preferentially expressed on activated Th1 T cells and has been predicted to play an important role in their trafficking. However, this simplistic view of the function of CXCR3 and its ligands has not been borne out by studies of disease models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), using varied methods of receptor blockade, as well as knockout or transgenic mice. This review focuses on the current understanding of the enigmatic role of CXCR3 and its ligands in CNS inflammatory/autoimmune disorders. The conflicting results among varied models of CNS inflammation suggest complex and multiple roles for CXCR3 and its ligands in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Thus, further study is needed to determine how CXCL10 neutralizing agents or CXCR3 receptor antagonists might be applied to treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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16
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Di Marzio P, Dai WW, Franchin G, Chan AY, Symons M, Sherry B. Role of Rho family GTPases in CCR1- and CCR5-induced actin reorganization in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:909-16. [PMID: 15882964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The beta-chemokines, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5, play a critical role in the selective accumulation and activation of macrophages in inflamed tissues. Herein, we demonstrate that the binding of each of these beta-chemokines to their cognate receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, in either macrophages or in CCR1- or CCR5-transfected CHO cells, induced actin reorganization and the formation of lamellipodia that are characteristic of the activation of the Rho family GTPase, Rac. A dominant negative mutant of Rac, but not dominant negative mutants of RhoA or Cdc42, blocked MIP-1alpha-induced lamellipodia formation. Moreover, this MIP-1alpha-induced Rac activation and consequent lamellipodia formation is Gi- and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-mediated. Thus, Rac activation is critical for both CCR1- and CCR5-triggered signaling cascades mediating beta-chemokine-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, a process essential for effective recruitment and activation of macrophages in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Marzio
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Research Institute, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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17
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Melchionna R, Porcelli D, Mangoni A, Carlini D, Liuzzo G, Spinetti G, Antonini A, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M. Laminar shear stress inhibits CXCR4 expression on endothelial cells: functional consequences for atherogenesis. FASEB J 2005; 19:629-31. [PMID: 15705741 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2219fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Laminar shear stress (LSS) represents a major athero-protective stimulus. However, the mechanisms for this effect are poorly characterized. As chemokine receptors modulate endothelial cell functions, we hypothesized that at least some LSS effects on endothelial cells (ECs) may be due to LSS-dependent changes in chemokine receptor expression and function. Exposure of Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to 15 dynes/cm2/sec(-1) LSS strongly inhibited CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression at the transcriptional level and impaired stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1/CXCL12-driven chemotaxis. On the contrary, low shear stress (SS; 4 dynes/cm2/sec(-1)) only marginally affected CXCR4 expression when compared with static control cells. Differently from CXCR4, the expression of SDF-1 mRNA was not affected by LSS treatment. CXCR4 overexpression induced a dose-dependent endothelial cell apoptosis that was enhanced by SDF-1 treatment and was caspase-dependent. CXCR4 overexpression inhibited the LSS-mediated antiapoptotic effect on ECs and was associated to impairment of LSS-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that LSS-induced CXCR4 down-regulation may contribute to endothelial cell survival. Interestingly, the expression of the proatherogenic chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8 was induced by SDF-1 treatment and by CXCR4 overexpression in HUVECs. Further, the known LSS-induced inhibition of MCP-1 expression was impaired in CXCR4 overexpressing ECs. Finally, CXCR4 was abundantly expressed by human atherosclerotic plaque endothelium that is exposed to low/absent shear stress, while it was poorly expressed by minimally diseased carotid artery endothelium. In conclusion, LSS-dependent CXCR4 down-regulation may contribute to atheroprotection by favoring the integrity of the endothelial barrier and by inhibiting MCP-1 and IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Melchionna
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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18
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Hwang J, Kim CW, Son KN, Han KY, Lee KH, Kleinman HK, Ko J, Na DS, Kwon BS, Gho YS, Kim J. Angiogenic activity of human CC chemokine CCL15 in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett 2004; 570:47-51. [PMID: 15251437 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CCL15 is a novel human CC chemokine and exerts its biological activities on immune cells through CCR1 and CCR3. Because a number of chemokines induce angiogenesis and endothelial cells express CCR1 and CCR3, we investigated the angiogenic activity of CCL15. Both CCL15(1-92) and N-terminal truncated CCL15(25-92) stimulate the chemotactic endothelial cell migration and differentiation, but CCL15(25-92) is at least 100-fold more potent than CCL15(1-92). Treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX), with anti-CCR1, or with anti-CCR3 antibody inhibits the CCL15(25-92)-induced endothelial cell migration. CCL15(25-92) also stimulates sprouting of vessels from aortic rings and mediates angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Our findings demonstrate that CCL15(25-92) has in vitro and in vivo angiogenic activity, and suggest roles of the chemokine in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsu Hwang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
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19
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Lolmède K, Durand de Saint Front V, Galitzky J, Lafontan M, Bouloumié A. Effects of hypoxia on the expression of proangiogenic factors in differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:1187-95. [PMID: 14513066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipocyte hypertrophy combined with hyperplasia, observed during the growth of adipose tissue in obesity, might promote the occurrence of hypoxic areas within the tissue. The aim of the present study is to assess the influence of hypoxia on the expression and secretion of adipocyte-derived proangiogenic factors. DESIGN AND METHODS Differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes were submitted either to ambient hypoxia (5% O(2)) or to chemically induced hypoxia by treatments with cobalt chloride or desferrioxamine. The activities of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) were determined by gelatin zymography. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), leptin, MMP-2 and -9 were studied by the use of Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses. RESULTS Low oxygen pressure exposure and hypoxia mimics treatments were associated with increased glucose consumption and release of lactate in differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes. They also led to an upregulation of the expression of leptin, VEGF and MMPs. An enhanced accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein was observed in the hypoxic adipocyte nuclei. CONCLUSION Hypoxia, in adipocytes, markedly enhances the expression of leptin, VEGF and MMPs and stimulates the HIF-1 pathway. The present data demonstrate that hypoxic adipocytes express more proangiogenic factors and suggest that hypoxia, if occurring in adipose tissue, might be a modulator of the angiogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lolmède
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U586), Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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20
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Reiss K, Mentlein R, Sievers J, Hartmann D. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 is secreted by meningeal cells and acts as chemotactic factor on neuronal stem cells of the cerebellar external granular layer. Neuroscience 2003; 115:295-305. [PMID: 12401342 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) is an unusually long-lasting neural proliferative zone positioned immediately beneath the pial surface. Its position and stability critically depend on meningeal cells, as their selective destruction leads to its rapid dispersal, creating massive cortical ectopia. Similar ectopias have recently been described as a side effect of deficiency for stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a chemoattractant for haematopoietic precursor cell migration. Here we show that SDF-1 is present in meningeal cells in vivo and in vitro, where it is secreted in functionally relevant concentrations into the medium. Correspondingly, the SDF-1 receptor (termed CXCR4) can be demonstrated on stem cells of the external granular layer, but is absent on postmitotic cells commencing their final inward migration. We show that SDF-1 is concentrated by heparan sulphate proteoglycans highly expressed in the EGL in a laminar fashion, which thus might act to locally restrict SDF-1 action to the EGL in a kind of step gradient. In vitro, SDF-1 chemotactically attracts neuronal cells isolated from the external, but not from the internal granular layer, in a Boyden chamber assay in concentrations found in meningeal cell-conditioned medium. Selective removal of SDF-1 from conditioned media by immunoprecipitation abolishes their chemoattractive action, which can be reconstituted again by the addition of recombinant SDF-1. Meningeal cells are thus an important source for the expression of SDF-1 during brain development, which--comparable to its role in haematopoiesis--appears to be a key factor attracting precursor cells to their proliferative compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reiss
- Anatomisches Institut der CAU Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, D-24 118 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Chou CC, Fine JS, Pugliese-Sivo C, Gonsiorek W, Davies L, Deno G, Petro M, Schwarz M, Zavodny PJ, Hipkin RW. Pharmacological characterization of the chemokine receptor, hCCR1 in a stable transfectant and differentiated HL-60 cells: antagonism of hCCR1 activation by MIP-1beta. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:663-75. [PMID: 12381680 PMCID: PMC1573530 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor-1 (CCR1) has been implicated in mediating a variety of inflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis and organ rejection. Although originally referred to as the MIP-1alpha/RANTES receptor, CCR1 is quite promiscuous and can be activated by numerous chemokines. We used radioligand binding and [35S]-GTPgammaS exchange assays in membranes from a cell line transfected to express CCR1 (Ba/F3-hCCR1) to characterize a panel of chemokines (HCC-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MIP-1delta, MPIF-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, and RANTES) as CCR1 ligands. In this recombinant model, these chemokines displaced 125I-MIP-1alpha with a wide range of potencies and, with the exception of MCP-2, acted as full agonists in stimulating [35S]-GTPgammaS exchange. We then assessed the utility of HL-60 cells cultured with known differentiating agents (PMA, DMSO, dibutyryl-cAMP or retinoic acid) for investigating CCR1 pharmacology. In [35S]-GTPgammaS exchange assays, membranes from cells cultured with retinoic acid (4-6 days) were the most responsive to activation by MIP-1alpha and MPIF-1. FACS analysis and comparative pharmacology confirmed that these activities were mediated by CCR1. Using [35S]-GTPgammaS exchange assays, intracellular calcium flux and/or whole cell chemotaxis assays in HL-60(Rx) cells, we validated that MIP-1alpha was the most potent CCR1 ligand (MIP-1alpha>MPIF-1>RANTES>or=MIP-1beta) although the ligands differed in their efficacy as agonists. MPIF-1 was the more efficacious (MPIF-1>RANTES=MIP-1alpha>>MIP-1beta). 125I-MIP-1beta binding in Ba/F3-hCCR1 and HL-60(Rx) membranes was competitively displaced by MIP-1alpha, MPIF-1 and MIP-1beta. The binding K(i) for these chemokines with 125I-MIP-1beta were essentially identical in the two membrane systems. Lastly, MIP-1beta antagonized [35S]-GTPgammaS exchange, Ca2+ flux and chemotaxis in HL-60(Rx) cells in response to robust agonists such as MIP-1alpha, RANTES and MPIF-1. Based on our results, we propose that MIP-1beta could function as an endogenous inhibitor of CCR1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chu Chou
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Jay S Fine
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Catherine Pugliese-Sivo
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Waldemar Gonsiorek
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Liza Davies
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Gregory Deno
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Mary Petro
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - Paul J Zavodny
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
| | - R William Hipkin
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey, NJ 07033, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Spinetti G, Camarda G, Bernardini G, Romano Di Peppe S, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M. The chemokine CXCL13 (BCA-1) inhibits FGF-2 effects on endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:19-24. [PMID: 11708770 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several chemokines, belonging to both the CXC and CC classes, act as positive or negative regulators of angiogenesis. We sought to investigate the role of CXCL13, B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), also known as B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), on endothelial cell functions. We tested the effect of CXCL13 on HUVEC chemotaxis and proliferation in the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and found that such chemokine inhibits FGF-2-induced functions, while is not active by itself. To test whether other FGF-2-mediated biological activities may be affected, we evaluated the ability of CXCL13 to rescue HUVEC from starvation-induced apoptosis, as FGF-2 is a survival factor for endothelial cells, and found that CXCL13 partially inhibits such rescue. Multiple mechanisms may be responsible for these biological activities as CXCL13 displaces FGF-2 binding to endothelial cells, inhibits FGF-2 homodimerization, and induces the formation of CXCL13-FGF-2 heterodimers. Our data suggest that CXCL13 may modulate angiogenesis by interfering with FGF-2 activity.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL13
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Dimerization
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/chemistry
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spinetti
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome 00167, Italy
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Szabo I, Wetzel MA, Rogers TJ. Cell-density-regulated chemotactic responsiveness of keratinocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:1083-90. [PMID: 11710916 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes represent the main constituents of the epidermis and have been found to play a regulatory role in a variety of inflammatory skin diseases. The functional activity of keratinocytes is highly heterogeneous, and depends on the cell localization in the epidermal architecture, and the maturation or differentiation state of the cells. Spontaneously proliferating HaCaT cells, showing several similarities to basal epidermal keratinocytes, were found to respond to external chemoattractants, including the chemokines RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and interleukin-8 and the mu-opioid agonist DAMGO ([d-ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin) in migration assays. The chemotactic responsiveness was highly dependent on the cell density of the monolayer, with greatest chemotactic activity at the highest cell density. Whereas RANTES was found to be the most potent chemoattractant, constitutive RANTES production was also detected in the HaCaT cultures. We found an inverse correlation between constitutive RANTES production and chemotactic responsiveness toward external RANTES, suggesting a possible functional down-modulation of the RANTES receptors, CC chemokine receptor 1 and CC chemokine receptor 5, during culture. Results from confocal laser scanning microscopy showed reduced CC chemokine receptor 1, but not CC chemokine receptor 5, expression by HaCaT cells at low cell densities, which was abolished in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against RANTES. The total CC chemokine receptor 1 pool (surface and intracellular receptors), however, showed no significant change during in vitro culture. Chemotactic responsiveness toward RANTES was directly correlated with the level of CC chemokine receptor 1 surface expression. Taken together these results show that with keratinocyte proliferation and the progressive increase in cell density there are dramatic alterations in keratinocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Szabo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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