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Torres-Pérez M, Herrera ML, Rosillo JC, Berrosteguieta I, Casanova G, Olivera-Bravo S, Fernández AS. Brain atlas of the annual Garcialebias charrua fish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38504626 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Annual fish have become attractive study models for a wide range of disciplines, including neurobiology. These fish have developed different survival strategies. As a result, their nervous system is under considerable selective pressure when facing extreme environmental situations. Fish from the Austrolebias group exhibit rapid neurogenesis in different brain regions, possibly as a result of the demanding conditions of a changing habitat. Knowledge of cerebral histology is essential for detecting ontogenic, anatomical, or cytoarchitectonic changes in the brain during the short lifespan of these fish, such as those reflecting functional adaptive plasticity in different systems, including sensory structures. The generation of an atlas of Garcialebias charrua (previously known as Austrolebias charrua) establishes its anatomical basis as a representative of a large group of fish that share similarities in their way of life. In this work, we present a detailed study of both gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy obtained through serial sections stained with the Nissl technique in three orientations: transverse, horizontal, and parasagittal planes. This atlas includes accurate drawings of the entire adult brain of the male fish Garcialebias charrua, showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, including where emergence and origin of cranial nerves. This brain atlas allows us to understand histoarchitecture as well as the location of neural structures that change during adult neurogenesis, enabling comparisons within the genus. Simultaneously, this atlas constitutes a valuable tool for comparing the brains of other fish species with different behaviors and neuroecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Torres-Pérez
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Herrera
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Carlos Rosillo
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Berrosteguieta
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Casanova
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera-Bravo
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurobiología y Neuropatología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabel Sonia Fernández
- División Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Deng X, Wagner HJ, Popper AN. Comparison of the saccules and lagenae in six macrourid fishes from different deep-sea habitatsa). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 154:2937-2949. [PMID: 37938046 PMCID: PMC10769568 DOI: 10.1121/10.0022354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
There are substantial interspecific differences in the morphology of the ears of the more than 34 000 living fish species. However, almost nothing is known about the functional significance of these differences. One reason is that most comparative studies have been conducted on shallow-water species with far less focus on the numerous species that inhabit the depths of the oceans. Thus, to get a better sense of ear diversity in fishes and its potential role in hearing, this study focuses on the saccule and lagena, the primary auditory end organs, in six species of the family Macrouridae (rattails), a large group of fishes that typically inhabit depths from 1000 to 4000 m. The inner ears and, particularly, the saccules and lagenae in these species are large with the saccule resembling that of other Gadiformes. The lagenae of all macrourids studied here have serrated edge otoliths and highly diverse hair cell ciliary bundle shapes. The differences found in the inner ear anatomy of macrourids likely reflect the sensory advantages in different habitats that are related to the benefits and constraints at different depths, the fish's particular lifestyle, and the trade-off among different sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Deng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - Arthur N Popper
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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3
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Abrahão VP, Ballen GA, Pastana MNL, Shibatta OA. Ontogeny of the brain of Microglanis garavelloi Shibatta and Benine 2005 (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae). J Morphol 2021; 282:489-499. [PMID: 33432686 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The gross brain morphology and the peripheral olfactory organ of Microglanis garavelloi are described throughout development, and the relationship of these organs to the general behaviour of the species is discussed. During the development, the main brain subdivisions undergo a series of morphological changes keeping a relatively constant volume increase. However, we observed different growth rates in the brains of males and females when these were compared. During the maturation process, a series of hormonal events result in the development of some secondary sexual traits in the brain of male specimens, like faster growth rate of brain areas linked to motor control, olfactory and visual responses. The number of olfactory-organ lamellae increases continuously in both males and females, during their maturation period. These results suggest that changes may be caused by cognitive demands that this species is exposed to throughout its lifespan. The gross morphological arrangement of the central nervous system indicates shared patterns with other members of the family Pseudopimelodidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor P Abrahão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Ballen
- Ichthyology Department, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo N L Pastana
- Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Oscar A Shibatta
- Museu de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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4
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Eastman JT, La Mesa M. Neuromorphological disparity in deep-living sister species of the Antarctic fish genus Trematomus. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Camilieri-Asch V, Yopak KE, Rea A, Mitchell JD, Partridge JC, Collin SP. Convergence of Olfactory Inputs within the Central Nervous System of a Cartilaginous and a Bony Fish: An Anatomical Indicator of Olfactory Sensitivity. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2020; 95:139-161. [PMID: 33171468 DOI: 10.1159/000510688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The volume of the olfactory bulbs (OBs) relative to the brain has been used previously as a proxy for olfactory capabilities in many vertebrate taxa, including fishes. Although this gross approach has predictive power, a more accurate assessment of the number of afferent olfactory inputs and the convergence of this information at the level of the telencephalon is critical to our understanding of the role of olfaction in the behaviour of fishes. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the number of first-order axons within the olfactory nerve (ON) and the number of second-order axons in the olfactory peduncle (OP) in established model species within cartilaginous (brownbanded bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum [CP]) and bony (common goldfish, Carassius auratus [CA]) fishes. The total number of axons varied from a mean of 18.12 ± 7.50 million in the ON to a mean of 0.38 ± 0.21 million in the OP of CP, versus 0.48 ± 0.16 million in the ON and 0.09 ± 0.02 million in the OP of CA. This resulted in a convergence ratio of approximately 50:1 and 5:1, respectively, for these two species. Based on astroglial ensheathing, axon type (unmyelinated [UM] and myelinated [M]) and axon size, we found no differentiated tracts in the OP of CP, whereas a lateral and a medial tract (both of which could be subdivided into two bundles or areas) were identified for CA, as previously described. Linear regression analyses revealed significant differences not only in axon density between species and locations (nerves and peduncles), but also in axon type and axon diameter (p < 0.05). However, UM axon diameter was larger in the OPs than in the nerve in both species (p = 0.005), with no significant differences in UM axon diameter in the ON (p = 0.06) between species. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in two fish taxa and a quantitative anatomical comparison of the summation of olfactory information. Our results support the assertion that relative OB volume is a good indicator of the level of olfactory input and thereby a proxy for olfactory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Camilieri-Asch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia, .,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia,
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alethea Rea
- Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Julian C Partridge
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Ocean Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Peris Tamayo A, Devineau O, Præbel K, Kahilainen KK, Østbye K. A brain and a head for a different habitat: Size variation in four morphs of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in a deep oligotrophic lake. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11335-11351. [PMID: 33144968 PMCID: PMC7593136 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is the diversification of species to different ecological niches and has repeatedly occurred in different salmonid fish of postglacial lakes. In Lake Tinnsjøen, one of the largest and deepest lakes in Norway, the salmonid fish, Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)), has likely radiated within 9,700 years after deglaciation into ecologically and genetically segregated Piscivore, Planktivore, Dwarf, and Abyssal morphs in the pelagial, littoral, shallow-moderate profundal, and deep-profundal habitats. We compared trait variation in the size of the head, the eye and olfactory organs, as well as the volumes of five brain regions of these four Arctic charr morphs. We hypothesised that specific habitat characteristics have promoted divergent body, head, and brain sizes related to utilized depth differing in environmental constraints (e.g., light, oxygen, pressure, temperature, and food quality). The most important ecomorphological variables differentiating morphs were eye area, habitat, and number of lamellae. The Abyssal morph living in the deepest areas of the lake had the smallest brain region volumes, head, and eye size. Comparing the olfactory bulb with the optic tectum in size, it was larger in the Abyssal morph than in the Piscivore morph. The Piscivore and Planktivore morphs that use more illuminated habitats have the largest optic tectum volume, followed by the Dwarf. The observed differences in body size and sensory capacities in terms of vision and olfaction in shallow and deepwater morphs likely relates to foraging and mating habitats in Lake Tinnsjøen. Further seasonal and experimental studies of brain volume in polymorphic species are needed to test the role of plasticity and adaptive evolution behind the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana‐Maria Peris Tamayo
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Olivier Devineau
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
| | - Kim Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Kjartan Østbye
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and BiotechnologyInland Norway University of Applied SciencesKoppangNorway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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Camilieri-Asch V, Shaw JA, Yopak KE, Chapuis L, Partridge JC, Collin SP. Volumetric analysis and morphological assessment of the ascending olfactory pathway in an elasmobranch and a teleost using diceCT. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2347-2375. [PMID: 32870419 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The size (volume or mass) of the olfactory bulbs in relation to the whole brain has been used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capability in a range of vertebrates, including fishes. Here, we use diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) to test the value of this novel bioimaging technique for generating accurate measurements of the relative volume of the main olfactory brain areas (olfactory bulbs, peduncles, and telencephalon) and to describe the morphological organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in model fish species from two taxa, the brownbanded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum and the common goldfish Carassius auratus. We also describe the arrangement of primary projections to the olfactory bulb and secondary projections to the telencephalon in both species. Our results identified substantially larger olfactory bulbs and telencephalon in C. punctatum compared to C. auratus (comprising approximately 5.2% vs. 1.8%, and 51.8% vs. 11.8% of the total brain volume, respectively), reflecting differences between taxa, but also possibly in the role of olfaction in the sensory ecology of these species. We identified segregated primary projections to the bulbs, associated with a compartmentalised olfactory bulb in C. punctatum, which supports previous findings in elasmobranch fishes. DiceCT imaging has been crucial for visualising differences in the morphological organisation of the olfactory system of both model species. We consider comparative neuroanatomical studies between representative species of both elasmobranch and teleost fish groups are fundamental to further our understanding of the evolution of the olfactory system in early vertebrates and the neural basis of olfactory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Camilieri-Asch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Oceans Institute, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (IOMRC), The University of Western Australia, Cnr Fairway and Service Road 4, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre for Transformative Biomimetics in Bioengineering, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Q Block Level 7, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Jeremy A Shaw
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and the Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Lucille Chapuis
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Julian C Partridge
- Oceans Institute, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (IOMRC), The University of Western Australia, Cnr Fairway and Service Road 4, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- Oceans Institute, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre (IOMRC), The University of Western Australia, Cnr Fairway and Service Road 4, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Ocean Graduate School, IOMRC, The University of Western Australia, Cnr Fairway and Service Entrance 4, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Plenty Road and Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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de Busserolles F, Fogg L, Cortesi F, Marshall J. The exceptional diversity of visual adaptations in deep-sea teleost fishes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 106:20-30. [PMID: 32536437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The deep-sea is the largest and one of the dimmest habitats on earth. In this extreme environment, every photon counts and may make the difference between life and death for its inhabitants. Two sources of light are present in the deep-sea; downwelling light, that becomes dimmer and spectrally narrower with increasing depth until completely disappearing at around 1000 m, and bioluminescence, the light emitted by animals themselves. Despite these relatively dark and inhospitable conditions, many teleost fish have made the deep-sea their home, relying heavily on vision to survive. Their visual systems have had to adapt, sometimes in astonishing and bizarre ways. This review examines some aspects of the visual system of deep-sea teleosts and highlights the exceptional diversity in both optical and retinal specialisations. We also reveal how widespread several of these adaptations are across the deep-sea teleost phylogeny. Finally, the significance of some recent findings as well as the surprising diversity in visual adaptations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny de Busserolles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Lily Fogg
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Comparative Brain Morphology of the Greenland and Pacific Sleeper Sharks and its Functional Implications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10022. [PMID: 31296954 PMCID: PMC6624305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In cartilaginous fishes, variability in the size of the brain and its major regions is often associated with primary habitat and/or specific behavior patterns, which may allow for predictions on the relative importance of different sensory modalities. The Greenland (Somniosus microcephalus) and Pacific sleeper (S. pacificus) sharks are the only non-lamnid shark species found in the Arctic and are among the longest living vertebrates ever described. Despite a presumed visual impairment caused by the regular presence of parasitic ocular lesions, coupled with the fact that locomotory muscle power is often depressed at cold temperatures, these sharks remain capable of capturing active prey, including pinnipeds. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain organization of S. microcephalus and S. pacificus was assessed in the context of up to 117 other cartilaginous fish species, using phylogenetic comparative techniques. Notably, the region of the brain responsible for motor control (cerebellum) is small and lacking foliation, a characteristic not yet described for any other large-bodied (>3 m) shark. Further, the development of the optic tectum is relatively reduced, while olfactory brain regions are among the largest of any shark species described to date, suggestive of an olfactory-mediated rather than a visually-mediated lifestyle.
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Lisney TJ, Wagner HJ, Collin SP. Ontogenetic Shifts in the Number of Axons in the Olfactory Tract and Optic Nerve in Two Species of Deep-Sea Grenadier Fish (Gadiformes: Macrouridae: Coryphaenoides). Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Iglesias TL, Dornburg A, Warren DL, Wainwright PC, Schmitz L, Economo EP. Eyes Wide Shut: the impact of dim-light vision on neural investment in marine teleosts. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1082-1092. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Iglesias
- Physics and Biology Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; Okinawa Japan
- Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Alex Dornburg
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Dan L. Warren
- Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F); Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | | | - Lars Schmitz
- W.M. Keck Science Department Claremont; Claremont McKenna, Scripps and Pitzer Colleges; Claremont CA USA
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; Okinawa Japan
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de Busserolles F, Marshall NJ. Seeing in the deep-sea: visual adaptations in lanternfishes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0070. [PMID: 28193815 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological and behavioural constraints play a major role in shaping the visual system of different organisms. In the mesopelagic zone of the deep- sea, between 200 and 1000 m, very low intensities of downwelling light remain, creating one of the dimmest habitats in the world. This ambient light is, however, enhanced by a multitude of bioluminescent signals emitted by its inhabitants, but these are generally dim and intermittent. As a result, the visual system of mesopelagic organisms has been pushed to its sensitivity limits in order to function in this extreme environment. This review covers the current body of knowledge on the visual system of one of the most abundant and intensely studied groups of mesopelagic fishes: the lanternfish (Myctophidae). We discuss how the plasticity, performance and novelty of its visual adaptations, compared with other deep-sea fishes, might have contributed to the diversity and abundance of this family.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in dim light'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny de Busserolles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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13
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Obando-Bulla MJ, Gómez-Ramírez E, Tovar-Bohorquez MO, Rincón L, Caldas-Martínez ML, Hurtado-Giraldo H. Estudio Morfométrico y topológico del cerebro del pez Neón Cardenal, <i>Paracheirodon axelrodi</i> (Characiformes: Characidae). ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.329216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Este trabajo consistió en identificar y describir la anatomía externa e interna del cerebro de Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956, Characiformes: Characidae). Se emplearon 28 individuos los cuales fueron sacrificados de acuerdo a protocolos de ética para investigación con animales. Las cabezas fueron conservadas en formaldehído al 4%. Posteriormente se realizó la disección de estas para la descripción morfológica del cerebro y obtención de imágenes. Asimismo, se cuantificaron medidas de longitud y área de algunos lóbulos cerebrales (bulbos olfativos, hemisferios telencefálicos, lóbulos ópticos y cerebelo) y se realizó una ANOVA para comprobar si existían diferencias de tamaño en estas regiones. Para la topología del cerebro se siguió el protocolo para la obtención de cortes en parafina y se realizó tinción de Nissl. El cerebro de P. axelrodi está conformado por varios lóbulos conservando el patrón general descrito para otros teleósteos, sin embargo como características particulares se encontró que los bulbos olfativos son sésiles; el cerebelo presentó un tamaño moderado y no se evidenció la presencia de lóbulos faciales. En el análisis morfométrico tanto en longitud como en área se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas entre las estructuras evaluadas (p < 0,001), siendo los lóbulos ópticos la región de mayor tamaño, sugiriendo una dependencia mayor del sentido de la vista. En cuanto a la topología, el cerebro de P. axelrodi presenta características similares en la disposición de núcleos a las descritas en otros grupos de teleósteos.
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14
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Angulo A, Langeani F. Gross brain morphology of the armoured catfishRineloricaria heteroptera, Isbrücker and Nijssen (1976), (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Loricariinae): A descriptive and quantitative approach. J Morphol 2017; 278:1689-1705. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Angulo
- División de Ictiología; Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Laboratório de Ictiologia; Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
- División de Ictiología; Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica; 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica; 11501-2060, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José Costa Rica
| | - Francisco Langeani
- División de Ictiología; Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Laboratório de Ictiologia; Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
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White GE, Brown C. Variation in Brain Morphology of Intertidal Gobies: A Comparison of Methodologies Used to Quantitatively Assess Brain Volumes in Fish. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 85:245-56. [DOI: 10.1159/000398781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When correlating brain size and structure with behavioural and environmental characteristics, a range of techniques can be utilised. This study used gobiid fishes to quantitatively compare brain volumes obtained via three different methods; these included the commonly used techniques of histology and approximating brain volume to an idealised ellipsoid, and the recently established technique of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). It was found that all three methods differed significantly from one another in their volume estimates for most brain lobes. The ellipsoid method was prone to over- or under-estimation of lobe size, histology caused shrinkage in the telencephalon, and although micro-CT methods generated the most reliable results, they were also the most expensive. Despite these differences, all methods depicted quantitatively similar relationships among the four different species for each brain lobe. Thus, all methods support the same conclusions that fishes inhabiting rock pool and sandy habitats have different patterns of brain organisation. In particular, fishes from spatially complex rock pool habitats were found to have larger telencephalons, while those from simple homogenous sandy shores had a larger optic tectum. Where possible we recommend that micro-CT be used in brain volume analyses, as it allows for measurements without destruction of the brain and fast identification and quantification of individual brain lobes, and minimises many of the biases resulting from the histology and ellipsoid methods.
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16
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17
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Iribarne L, Castelló ME. Postnatal brain development of the pulse type, weakly electric gymnotid fish Gymnotus omarorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:47-60. [PMID: 24844821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts are a numerous and diverse group of fish showing great variation in body shape, ecological niches and behaviors, and a correspondent diversity in brain morphology, usually associated with their functional specialization. Weakly electric fish are a paradigmatic example of functional specialization, as these teleosts use self-generated electric fields to sense the nearby environment and communicate with conspecifics, enabling fish to better exploit particular ecological niches. We analyzed the development of the brain of the pulse type gymnotid Gymnotus omarorum, focusing on the brain regions involved directly or indirectly in electrosensory information processing. A morphometric analysis has been made of the whole brain and of brain regions of interest, based on volumetric data obtained from 3-D reconstructions to study the growth of the whole brain and the relative growth of brain regions, from late larvae to adulthood. In the smallest studied larvae some components of the electrosensory pathway appeared to be already organized and functional, as evidenced by tract-tracing and in vivo field potential recordings of electrosensory-evoked activity. From late larval to adult stages, rombencephalic brain regions (cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe) showed a positive allometric growth, mesencephalic brain regions showed a negative allometric growth, and the telencephalon showed an isometric growth. In a first step towards elucidating the role of cell proliferation in the relative growth of the analyzed brain regions, we also studied the spatial distribution of proliferation zones by means of pulse type BrdU labeling revealed by immunohistochemistry. The brain of G. omarorum late larvae showed a widespread distribution of proliferating zones, most of which were located at the ventricular-cisternal lining. Interestingly, we also found extra ventricular-cisternal proliferation zones at in the rombencephalic cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe. We discuss the role of extraventricular-cisternal proliferation in the relative growth of the latter brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Iribarne
- Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay.
| | - María E Castelló
- Departamento de Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay.
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18
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Not all sharks are "swimming noses": variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1127-43. [PMID: 24435575 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction is a universal modality by which all animals sample chemical stimuli from their environment. In cartilaginous fishes, olfaction is critical for various survival tasks including localizing prey, avoiding predators, and chemosensory communication with conspecifics. Little is known, however, about interspecific variation in olfactory capability in these fishes, or whether the relative importance of olfaction in relation to other sensory systems varies with regard to ecological factors, such as habitat and lifestyle. In this study, we have addressed these questions by directly examining interspecific variation in the size of the olfactory bulbs (OB), the region of the brain that receives the primary sensory projections from the olfactory nerve, in 58 species of cartilaginous fishes. Relative OB size was compared among species occupying different ecological niches. Our results show that the OBs maintain a substantial level of allometric independence from the rest of the brain across cartilaginous fishes and that OB size is highly variable among species. These findings are supported by phylogenetic generalized least-squares models, which show that this variability is correlated with ecological niche, particularly habitat. The relatively largest OBs were found in pelagic-coastal/oceanic sharks, especially migratory species such as Carcharodon carcharias and Galeocerdo cuvier. Deep-sea species also possess large OBs, suggesting a greater reliance on olfaction in habitats where vision may be compromised. In contrast, the smallest OBs were found in the majority of reef-associated species, including sharks from the families Carcharhinidae and Hemiscyllidae and dasyatid batoids. These results suggest that there is great variability in the degree to which these fishes rely on olfactory cues. The OBs have been widely used as a neuroanatomical proxy for olfactory capability in vertebrates, and we speculate that differences in olfactory capabilities may be the result of functional rather than phylogenetic adaptations.
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19
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Deng X, Wagner HJ, Popper AN. Interspecific Variations of Inner Ear Structure in the Deep-Sea Fish Family Melamphaidae. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1064-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Deng
- Department of Biology; Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland; College Park Maryland
| | - Hans-Joachim Wagner
- Anatomisches Institut, Medizinische Fakultät, University of Tübingen; Tübingen D-72074 Germany
| | - Arthur N. Popper
- Department of Biology; Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland; College Park Maryland
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20
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Yopak KE, Lisney TJ. Allometric scaling of the optic tectum in cartilaginous fishes. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:108-26. [PMID: 22986827 DOI: 10.1159/000339875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes; sharks, skates and rays (batoids), and holocephalans), the midbrain or mesencephalon can be divided into two parts, the dorsal tectum mesencephali or optic tectum (analogous to the superior colliculus of mammals) and the ventral tegmentum mesencephali. Very little is known about interspecific variation in the relative size and organization of the components of the mesencephalon in these fishes. This study examined the relative development of the optic tectum and the tegmentum in 75 chondrichthyan species representing 32 families. This study also provided a critical assessment of attempts to quantify the size of the optic tectum in these fishes volumetrically using an idealized half-ellipsoid approach (method E), by comparing this method to measurements of the tectum from coronal cross sections (method S). Using species as independent data points and phylogenetically independent contrasts, relationships between the two midbrain structures and both brain and mesencephalon volume were assessed and the relative volume of each brain area (expressed as phylogenetically corrected residuals) was compared among species with different ecological niches (as defined by primary habitat and lifestyle). The relatively largest tecta and tegmenta were found in pelagic coastal/oceanic and oceanic sharks, benthopelagic reef sharks, and benthopelagic coastal sharks. The smallest tecta were found in all benthic sharks and batoids and the majority of bathyal (deep-sea) species. These results were consistent regardless of which method of estimating tectum volume was used. We found a highly significant correlation between optic tectum volume estimates calculated using method E and method S. Taxon-specific variation in the difference between tectum volumes calculated using the two methods appears to reflect variation in both the shape of the optic tectum relative to an idealized half-ellipsoid and the volume of the ventricular cavity. Because the optic tectum is the principal termination site for retinofugal fibers arising from the retinal ganglion cells, the relative size of this brain region has been associated with an increased reliance on vision in other vertebrate groups, including bony fishes. The neuroecological relationships between the relative size of the optic tectum and primary habitat and lifestyle we present here for cartilaginous fishes mirror those established for bony fishes; we speculate that the relative size of the optic tectum and tegmentum similarly reflects the importance of vision and sensory processing in cartilaginous fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Yopak
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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21
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Yopak KE. Neuroecology of cartilaginous fishes: the functional implications of brain scaling. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:1968-2023. [PMID: 22497414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is a widely accepted view that neural development can reflect morphological adaptations and sensory specializations. The aim of this review is to give a broad overview of the current status of brain data available for cartilaginous fishes and examine how perspectives on allometric scaling of brain size across this group of fishes has changed within the last 50 years with the addition of new data and more rigorous statistical analyses. The current knowledge of neuroanatomy in cartilaginous fishes is reviewed and data on brain size (encephalization, n = 151) and interspecific variation in brain organization (n = 84) has been explored to ascertain scaling relationships across this clade. It is determined whether similar patterns of brain organization, termed cerebrotypes, exist in species that share certain lifestyle characteristics. Clear patterns of brain organization exist across cartilaginous fishes, irrespective of phylogenetic grouping and, although this study was not a functional analysis, it provides further evidence that chondrichthyan brain structures might have developed in conjunction with specific behaviours or enhanced cognitive capabilities. Larger brains, with well-developed telencephala and large, highly foliated cerebella are reported in species that occupy complex reef or oceanic habitats, potentially identifying a reef-associated cerebrotype. In contrast, benthic and benthopelagic demersal species comprise the group with the smallest brains, with a relatively reduced telencephalon and a smooth cerebellar corpus. There is also evidence herein of a bathyal cerebrotype; deep-sea benthopelagic sharks possess relatively small brains and show a clear relative hypertrophy of the medulla oblongata. Despite the patterns observed and documented, significant gaps in the literature have been highlighted. Brain mass data are only currently available on c. 16% of all chondrichthyan species, and only 8% of species have data available on their brain organization, with far less on subsections of major brain areas that receive distinct sensory input. The interspecific variability in brain organization further stresses the importance of performing functional studies on a greater range of species. Only an expansive data set, comprised of species that span a variety of habitats and taxonomic groups, with widely disparate behavioural repertoires, combined with further functional analyses, will help shed light on the extent to which chondrichthyan brains have evolved as a consequence of behaviour, habitat and lifestyle in addition to phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Yopak
- School of Animal Biology and the UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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22
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Ullmann JF, Cowin G, Collin SP. Quantitative Assessment of Brain Volumes in Fish: Comparison of Methodologies. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2010; 76:261-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000321467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yopak KE, Montgomery JC. Brain organization and specialization in deep-sea chondrichthyans. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2008; 71:287-304. [PMID: 18431055 DOI: 10.1159/000127048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondrichthyans occupy a basal place in vertebrate evolution and offer a relatively unexplored opportunity to study the evolution of vertebrate brains. This study examines the brain morphology of 22 species of deep-sea sharks and holocephalans, in relation to both phylogeny and ecology. Both relative brain size (expressed as residuals) and the relative development of the five major brain areas (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, and medulla) were assessed. The cerebellar-like structures, which receive projections from the electroreceptive and lateral line organs, were also examined as a discrete part of the medulla. Although the species examined spanned three major chondrichthyan groupings (Squalomorphii, Galeomorphii, Holocephali), brain size and the relative development of the major brain areas did not track phylogenetic groupings. Rather, a hierarchical cluster analysis performed on the deep-sea sharks and holocephalans shows that these species all share the common characteristics of a relatively reduced telencephalon and smooth cerebellar corpus, as well as extreme relative enlargement of the medulla, specifically the cerebellar-like lobes. Although this study was not a functional analysis, it provides evidence that brain variation in deep-sea chondichthyans shows adaptive patterns in addition to underlying phylogenetic patterns, and that particular brain patterns might be interpreted as 'cerebrotypes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Yopak
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand.
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24
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Eastman JT, Lannoo MJ. Brain and sense organ anatomy and histology of the Falkland Islands mullet, Eleginops maclovinus (Eleginopidae), the sister group of the Antarctic notothenioid fishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei). J Morphol 2008; 269:84-103. [PMID: 17902153 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The perciform notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus, representing the monotypic family Eleginopidae, has a non-Antarctic distribution in the Falkland Islands and southern South America. It is the sister group of the five families and 103 species of Antarctic notothenioids that dominate the cold shelf waters of Antarctica. Eleginops is the ideal subject for documenting the ancestral morphology of nervous and sensory systems that have not had historical exposure to the unusual Antarctic thermal and light regimes, and for comparing these systems with those of the phyletically derived Antarctic species. We present a detailed description of the brain and cranial nerves of Eleginops and ask how does the neural and sensory morphology of this non-Antarctic notothenioid differ from that seen in the phyletically derived Antarctic notothenioids? The brain of Eleginops is similar to those of visually oriented temperate and tropical perciforms. The tectum is smaller but it has well-developed olfactory and mechanoreceptive lateral line areas and a large, caudally projecting corpus cerebellum. Eye diameter is about twofold smaller in Eleginops than in many Antarctic species. Eleginops has a duplex (rod and cone) retina with single and occasional twin cones conspicuous centrally. Ocular vascular structures include a large choroid rete mirabile and a small lentiform body; a falciform process and hyaloid arteries are absent. The olfactory rosette is oval with 50-55 lamellae, a large number for notothenioids. The inconspicuous bony canals of the cephalic lateral line system are simple with membranous secondary branches that lack neuromasts. In Antarctic species, the corpus cerebellum is the most variable brain region, ranging in size from large and caudally projecting to small and round. "Stalked" brains showing reduction in the size of the telencephalon, tectum, and corpus cerebellum are present in the deep-living artedidraconid Dolloidraco longedorsalis and in most of the deep-living members of the Bathydraconini. Eye diameter is generally larger in Antarctic species but there is a phylogenetic loss of cellularity in the retina, including cone photoreceptors. Some deep-living Antarctic species have lost most of their cones. Mechanosensation is expanded in some species, most notably the nototheniid Pleuragramma antarcticum, the artedidraconid genera Dolloidraco and Pogonophryne, and the deep living members of the bathydraconid tribe Bathydraconini. Reduction in retinal cellularity, expansion of mechanoreception, and stalking are the most noteworthy departures from the morphology seen in Eleginops. These features reflect a modest depth or deep-sea effect, and they are not uniquely "Antarctic" attributes. Thus, at the level of organ system morphology, perciform brain and sensory systems are suitable for conditions on the Antarctic shelf, with only minor alterations in structure in directions exhibited by other fish groups inhabiting deep water. Notothenioids retain a relative balance among their array of senses that reflects their heritage as inshore perciforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Eastman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA.
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25
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Yopak KE, Lisney TJ, Collin SP, Montgomery JC. Variation in brain organization and cerebellar foliation in chondrichthyans: sharks and holocephalans. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 69:280-300. [PMID: 17314475 DOI: 10.1159/000100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread variation in brain size and complexity that is evident in sharks and holocephalans is related to both phylogeny and ecology. Relative brain size (expressed as encephalization quotients) and the relative development of the five major brain areas (the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, and medulla) was assessed for over 40 species from 20 families that represent a range of different lifestyles and occupy a number of habitats. In addition, an index (1-5) quantifying structural complexity of the cerebellum was created based on length, number, and depth of folds. Although the variation in brain size, morphology, and complexity is due in part to phylogeny, as basal groups have smaller brains, less structural hypertrophy, and lower foliation indices, there is also substantial variation within and across clades that does not reflect phylogenetic relationships. Ecological correlations, with the relative development of different brain areas as well as the complexity of the cerebellar corpus, are supported by cluster analysis and are suggestive of a range of 'cerebrotypes'. These correlations suggest that relative brain development reflects the dimensionality of the environment and/or agile prey capture in addition to phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Yopak
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Leigh, New Zealand.
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26
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Eastman JT, Lannoo MJ. Brain and sense organ anatomy and histology of two species of phyletically basal non-Antarctic thornfishes of the Antarctic suborder Notothenioidei (Perciformes: Bovichtidae). J Morphol 2007; 268:485-503. [PMID: 17417804 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The predominantly non-Antarctic family Bovichtidae is phyletically basal within the perciform suborder Notothenioidei, the dominant component of the Antarctic fish fauna. In this article we focus on the South Atlantic bovichtids Bovichtus diacanthus, the klipfish from tide pools at Tristan da Cunha, and Cottoperca gobio, the frogmouth from the Patagonian shelf and Falkland Islands. We document the anatomy and histology of the brains, olfactory apparatus, retina, and cephalic lateral line system. We also use the microvascular casting agent Microfil to examine ocular vascular structures. We provide detailed drawings of the brains and cranial nerves of both species. Typical of perciforms, the brains of both species have a well-developed tectum and telencephalon and robust thalamic nuclei. The telencephalon of C. gobio is prominently lobed, with the dorsomedial nucleus more conspicuous than in any other notothenioid. The corpus cerebelli is relatively small and upright and, unlike other notothenioids, has prominent transverse sulci on the dorsal and caudal surfaces. Areas for lateral line mechanoreception (eminentia granularis and crista cerebellaris) are also conspicuous but olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory areas are less prominent. The anterior lateral line nerve complex is larger than the posterior lateral line nerve in B. diacanthus, and in their cephalic lateral line systems both species possess branched membranous tubules (which do not contain neuromasts) with small pores. These are especially complex in B. diacanthus where they become increasingly branched and more highly pored in progressively larger specimens. Superficial neuromasts are sparse. Both species have duplex (cone and rod) retinae that are 1.25-fold thicker and have nearly 5-fold more photoreceptors and than those of most Antarctic notothenioids. Convergence ratios are also high for bovichtids. Bovichtus diacanthus has a yellow intraocular filter in the dorsal aspect of the cornea. Both species are unique among notothenioids in possessing all three vascular structures present in the generalized teleostean eye: the choroid rete mirabile, the lentiform body (also a rete), and the falciform process. When comparing the phyletically derived Antarctic clade exemplified by the families Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, and Channichthyidae to the phyletically basal bovichtids, we observe phyletic regression and reduction in some regions of the brain and in some sensory modalities that are well displayed in bovichtids. In the phyletically derived families the brain is less cellular and nuclei are smaller and less prominent. In some species reduction in the size of the telencephalon, tectum, and corpus cerebelli imparts a "stalked" appearance to the brain with the neural axis visible between the reduced lobes. There is also a phyletic reduction in the number of ocular vascular structures from three in bovichtids to one or none in artedidraconids, bathydraconids, and channichthyids. There are no morphological features of bovichtid brains and sense organs that presage the divergence of the phyletically derived members of the clade in the Antarctic marine environment with its cold and deep continental shelves. We conclude that this environment does not require sensory or neural morphology or capabilities beyond those provided by the basic perciform body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Eastman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA.
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27
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Pollen AA, Dobberfuhl AP, Scace J, Igulu MM, Renn SCP, Shumway CA, Hofmann HA. Environmental Complexity and Social Organization Sculpt the Brain in Lake Tanganyikan Cichlid Fish. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 70:21-39. [PMID: 17389793 DOI: 10.1159/000101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Complex brains and behaviors have occurred repeatedly within vertebrate classes throughout evolution. What adaptive pressures drive such changes? Both environmental and social features have been implicated in the expansion of select brain structures, particularly the telencephalon. East African cichlid fishes provide a superb opportunity to analyze the social and ecological correlates of neural phenotypes and their evolution. As a result of rapid, recent, and repeated radiations, there are hundreds of closely-related species available for study, with an astonishing diversity in habitat preferences and social behaviors. In this study, we present quantitative ecological, social, and neuroanatomical data for closely-related species from the (monophyletic) Ectodini clade of Lake Tanganyikan cichlid fish. The species differed either in habitat preference or social organization. After accounting for phylogeny with independent contrasts, we find that environmental and social factors differentially affect the brain, with environmental factors showing a broader effect on a range of brain structures compared to social factors. Five out of seven of the brain measures show a relationship with habitat measures. Brain size and cerebellar size are positively correlated with species number (which is correlated with habitat complexity); the medulla and olfactory bulb are negatively correlated with habitat measures. The telencephalon shows a trend toward a positive correlation with rock size. In contrast, only two brain structures, the telencephalon and hypothalamus, are correlated with social factors. Telencephalic size is larger in monogamous species compared to polygamous species, as well as with increased numbers of individuals; monogamy is also associated with smaller hypothalamic size. Our results suggest that selection or drift can act independently on different brain regions as the species diverge into different habitats and social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Pollen
- Harvard University, Bauer Center for Genomics Research, Cambridge, Mass., USA
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28
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Lannoo MJ, Eastman JT. Brain and sensory organ morphology in Antarctic eelpouts (Perciformes: Zoarcidae: Lycodinae). J Morphol 2006; 267:115-27. [PMID: 16270315 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eelpouts of the family Zoarcidae comprise a monophyletic group of marine fishes with a worldwide distribution. Centers of high zoarcid diversity occur in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, with important radiations into the Arctic, along southern South America, and into the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Along with snailfishes (Liparidae), zoarcids form an important component of the non-notothenioid fauna in the subzero shelf waters of Antarctica. We document the anatomy and histology of the brains, cranial nerves, olfactory apparatus, cephalic lateral lines, taste buds, and retinas of three Antarctic zoarcid species, living at depths of 310-939 m, representing three of the nine genera from this region. The primary emphasis is on Ophthalmolycus amberensis, and we provide a detailed drawing of the brain and cranial nerves of this species. Although this brain reflects general perciform neural morphology, it exhibits a reduction of the (optic) tecta and the eminentia granulares and crista cerebellares of the lateral line system. Interspecific differences among the three species are slight. The olfactory rosette consists of three to four lamellae and the nasal sac, contrary to the claim of Fanta et al. ([2001] Antarct Rec, Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 45:27-42), is not in communication with the cephalic lateral line system. Primary olfactory neurons are abundant and converge on branches of the olfactory nerve. Numerous taste buds are located in the lips. All three species lack an ocular choroid rete and have relatively thin retinas with a low cell density and a single bank of rods as the only type of photoreceptor. Neural diversification among Antarctic zoarcids has not involved the evolution of sensory specialists; brain and sensory organ morphologies do not approach the condition seen in primary deep-sea fishes, or even that of some sympatric non-perciform secondary deep-sea fishes, including liparids and muraenolepidids (eel cods). There may be phylogenetic constraints on brain morphology in perciforms such that we do not see extreme specialization in sensory and neural systems for deep habitats. We suggest that the brains and sensory organs of Antarctic zoarcids reflect habitation of 500-2,000-m depths and likely reflect morphologies seen in zoarcids living on continental slopes elsewhere in the world. This balance among the sensory modalities makes zoarcids relatively generalized among secondary deep-sea fishes and may be one of the reasons this opportunistic and adaptable group has been successful in colonizing a variety of emergent and ephemeral habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lannoo
- Muncie Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
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29
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Bailey DM, Genard B, Collins MA, Rees JF, Unsworth SK, Battle EJV, Bagley PM, Jamieson AJ, Priede IG. High Swimming and Metabolic Activity in the Deep‐Sea EelSynaphobranchus kaupiiRevealed by Integrated In Situ and In Vitro Measurements. Physiol Biochem Zool 2005; 78:335-46. [PMID: 15887080 DOI: 10.1086/430042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several complementary studies were undertaken on a single species of deep-sea fish (the eel Synaphobranchus kaupii) within a small temporal and spatial range. In situ experiments on swimming and foraging behaviour, muscle performance, and metabolic rate were performed in the Porcupine Seabight, northeast Atlantic, alongside measurements of temperature and current regime. Deep-water trawling was used to collect eels for studies of animal distribution and for anatomical and biochemical analyses, including white muscle citrate synthase (CS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities. Synaphobranchus kaupii demonstrated whole-animal swimming speeds similar to those of other active deep-sea fish such as Antimora rostrata. Metabolic rates were an order of magnitude higher (31.6 mL kg(-1) h(-1)) than those recorded in other deep-sea scavenging fish. Activities of CS, LDH, MDH, and PK were higher than expected, and all scaled negatively with body mass, indicating a general decrease in muscle energy supply with fish growth. Despite this apparent constraint, observed in situ burst or routine swimming performances scaled in a similar fashion to other studied species. The higher-than-expected metabolic rates and activity levels, and the unusual scaling relationships of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism enzymes in white muscle, probably reflect the changes in habitat and feeding ecology experienced during ontogeny in this bathyal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Bailey
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, United Kingdom.
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30
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Iwaniuk AN, Hurd PL. The evolution of cerebrotypes in birds. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2005; 65:215-30. [PMID: 15761215 DOI: 10.1159/000084313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate analyses of brain composition in mammals, amphibians and fish have revealed the evolution of 'cerebrotypes' that reflect specific niches and/or clades. Here, we present the first demonstration of similar cerebrotypes in birds. Using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to analyze a data set of 67 species, we demonstrate that five main cerebrotypes can be recognized. One type is dominated by galliforms and pigeons, among other species, that all share relatively large brainstems, but can be further differentiated by the proportional size of the cerebellum and telencephalic regions. The second cerebrotype contains a range of species that all share relatively large cerebellar and small nidopallial volumes. A third type is composed of two species, the tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) and an owl, both of which share extremely large Wulst volumes. Parrots and passerines, the principal members of the fourth group, possess much larger nidopallial, mesopallial and striatopallidal proportions than the other groups. The fifth cerebrotype contains species such as raptors and waterfowl that are not found at the extremes for any of the brain regions and could therefore be classified as 'generalist' brains. Overall, the clustering of species does not directly reflect the phylogenetic relationships among species, but there is a tendency for species within an order to clump together. There may also be a weak relationship between cerebrotype and developmental differences, but two of the main clusters contained species with both altricial and precocial developmental patterns. As a whole, the groupings do agree with behavioral and ecological similarities among species. Most notably, species that share similarities in locomotor behavior, mode of prey capture or cognitive ability are clustered together. The relationship between cerebrotype and behavior/ecology in birds suggests that future comparative studies of brain-behavior relationships will benefit from adopting a multivariate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Iwaniuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta T6G 2E9, Canada.
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31
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Hirt B, Wagner HJ. The Organization of the Inner Retina in a Pure-Rod Deep-Sea Fish. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2005; 65:157-67. [PMID: 15677861 DOI: 10.1159/000083625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pure rod retina of a deep-sea eel species was used as a model system for the study of the differentiation of horizontal, bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. We wanted to test the hypothesis that the functional organization of the inner retina is less complex than in species with duplex, rod- and cone-containing retinae. We used immunocytochemistry, backfilling ganglion cells with fluorescent dextranes and microinjection of Lucifer Yellow, to visualize the micromorphology of the various cell types in a confocal microscope. The pure rod retina contains a single type of horizontal cell. The inner plexiform layer is 10-15 microm thick and shows three main sublayers. Bipolar terminals are found in all sublayers, but the majority are found in the inner sublamina b (PKC-immunoreactive cells, that in fish with duplex retinae receive a mixed rod-cone input). The neurochemical diversity of amacrine cells in terms of immunoreactivity does not differ from other teleosts; this similarity includes the pattern of dendritic stratification and ramification as revealed by microinjection. Ten different types of ganglion cells are distinguished based on the sizes of their perikaryon and dendritic field, and the stratification pattern in the inner plexiform layer. This is similar to the situation in catfish with retinae containing a single type of cone in addition to a majority of rods. In this respect, the differences between pure rod retinae and duplex retinae containing a single cone type were less obvious than hypothesized. In the deep-sea eel, the density of dendritic ramification in amacrine and ganglion cells was strongly reduced. This may be functionally related to the fact that vision in the deep sea environment relies exclusively on bioluminescence and is represented by burst-like emissions of point sources. This requires a mode of retinal signal processing that is less complex than in duplex retinae and involves a lower density of dendritic branching and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hirt
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, Max Planck Research School, Anatomisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, DE-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The deep sea is the largest habitat on earth. Its three great faunal environments--the twilight mesopelagic zone, the dark bathypelagic zone and the vast flat expanses of the benthic habitat--are home to a rich fauna of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the mesopelagic zone (150-1000 m), the down-welling daylight creates an extended scene that becomes increasingly dimmer and bluer with depth. The available daylight also originates increasingly from vertically above, and bioluminescent point-source flashes, well contrasted against the dim background daylight, become increasingly visible. In the bathypelagic zone below 1000 m no daylight remains, and the scene becomes entirely dominated by point-like bioluminescence. This changing nature of visual scenes with depth--from extended source to point source--has had a profound effect on the designs of deep-sea eyes, both optically and neurally, a fact that until recently was not fully appreciated. Recent measurements of the sensitivity and spatial resolution of deep-sea eyes--particularly from the camera eyes of fishes and cephalopods and the compound eyes of crustaceans--reveal that ocular designs are well matched to the nature of the visual scene at any given depth. This match between eye design and visual scene is the subject of this review. The greatest variation in eye design is found in the mesopelagic zone, where dim down-welling daylight and bio-luminescent point sources may be visible simultaneously. Some mesopelagic eyes rely on spatial and temporal summation to increase sensitivity to a dim extended scene, while others sacrifice this sensitivity to localise pinpoints of bright bioluminescence. Yet other eyes have retinal regions separately specialised for each type of light. In the bathypelagic zone, eyes generally get smaller and therefore less sensitive to point sources with increasing depth. In fishes, this insensitivity, combined with surprisingly high spatial resolution, is very well adapted to the detection and localisation of point-source bioluminescence at ecologically meaningful distances. At all depths, the eyes of animals active on and over the nutrient-rich sea floor are generally larger than the eyes of pelagic species. In fishes, the retinal ganglion cells are also frequently arranged in a horizontal visual streak, an adaptation for viewing the wide flat horizon of the sea floor, and all animals living there. These and many other aspects of light and vision in the deep sea are reviewed in support of the following conclusion: it is not only the intensity of light at different depths, but also its distribution in space, which has been a major force in the evolution of deep-sea vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Warrant
- Department of Cell & Organism Biology, University of Lund, Helgonavägen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
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Eastman JT, Lannoo MJ. Diversification of brain and sense organ morphology in antarctic dragonfishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae). J Morphol 2003; 258:130-50. [PMID: 14518008 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the subzero shelf waters of Antarctica, fishes of the perciform suborder Notothenioidei dominate the fish fauna and constitute an adaptive radiation and a species flock. The 16 species of dragonfishes of the family Bathydraconidae live from surface waters to nearly 3,000 m and have the greatest overall depth range among notothenioid families. We examined the anatomy and histology of the brain, retina, and cephalic lateral line system of nine bathydraconid species representing 8 of the 11 known genera. We evaluate these data against a cladogram identifying three clades in the family. We provide a detailed drawing of the brain and cranial nerves of Gymnodraco acuticeps and Akarotaxis nudiceps. Bathydraconid brain morphology falls into two categories. Brains of most species are similar to those of generalized perciforms and some basal notothenioids (Class I). However, brains of deep-living bathydraconids (members of the tribe Bathydraconini minus Prionodraco) have a reduced telencephalon and tectum that renders the neural axis visible - the stalked brain morphology (Class II). All bathydraconids have duplex (rod and cone) retinae but there is considerable interspecific variation in the ratio of cones:rods and in the number of cells in the internal nuclear layer. Retinal histology reflects habitat depth but is not tightly coupled to phylogeny. Although the deep-living species of Bathydraconini have rod-dominated retinae, the retinae of some sister species are photopic. An expanded cephalic lateral line system is also characteristic of all members of the Bathydraconini as exemplified by Akarotaxis. This morphology includes large lateral line pores, wide membranous canals, hypertrophied canal neuromasts, and large anterodorsal lateral line nerves, eminentia granulares, and crista cerebellares. The saccular otoliths are also enlarged in members of this tribe. Neural diversification among bathydraconids on the Antarctic shelf has not involved the evolution of sensory specialists. Brain and sense organ morphologies do not approach the specialized condition seen in primary deep-sea fishes or even that of some secondary deep-sea fishes including sympatric non-notothenioids such as liparids (snailfishes) and muraenolepidids (eel cods). The brains and sense organs of bathydraconids, including the deep-living species, reflect their heritage as perciform shorefishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Eastman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA.
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