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Grujić-Milanović J, Rajković J, Milanović S, Jaćević V, Miloradović Z, Nežić L, Novaković R. Natural Substances vs. Approved Drugs in the Treatment of Main Cardiovascular Disorders-Is There a Breakthrough? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2088. [PMID: 38136208 PMCID: PMC10740850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases with a very high rate of morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation of CVDs can vary from asymptomatic to classic symptoms such as chest pain in patients with myocardial infarction. Current therapeutics for CVDs mainly target disease symptoms. The most common CVDs are coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, and valvular heart disease. In their treatment, conventional therapies and pharmacological therapies are used. However, the use of herbal medicines in the therapy of these diseases has also been reported in the literature, resulting in a need for critical evaluation of advances related to their use. Therefore, we carried out a narrative review of pharmacological and herbal therapeutic effects reported for these diseases. Data for this comprehensive review were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Conventional therapy requires an individual approach to the patients, as when patients do not respond well, this often causes allergic effects or various other unwanted effects. Nowadays, medicinal plants as therapeutics are frequently used in different parts of the world. Preclinical/clinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common CVDs. The natural products analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in CVDs pharmacotherapy, and some of them have already been approved by the FDA. There are insufficient clinical studies to compare the effectiveness of natural products compared to approved therapeutics for the treatment of CVDs. Further long-term studies are needed to accelerate the potential of using natural products for these diseases. Despite this undoubted beneficence on CVDs, there are no strong breakthroughs supporting the implementation of natural products in clinical practice. Nevertheless, they are promising agents in the supplementation and co-therapy of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Grujić-Milanović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Rajković
- Institute for Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjan Milanović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department for Biomechanics, Biomedical Engineering and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 002 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zoran Miloradović
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Radmila Novaković
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Center for Genome Sequencing and Bioinformatics, University of Belgrade, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Cai N, Li C, Gu X, Zeng W, Liu J, Zeng G, Zhong J, Zhu J, Hong H. ALDH2 rs671 and MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphisms are risk factors for arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:319. [PMID: 37355582 PMCID: PMC10290786 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries has long been associated with heightened cardiovascular risk. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) play an important role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis by participating in the oxidation and reduction reactions in vascular endothelial cells. The purpose was to investigate the relationship of ALDH2 and MTHFR gene polymorphisms with arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries. METHODS 410 patients with arteriosclerosis in single artery and 472 patients with arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries were included. The relationship between ALDH2 rs671 and MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphisms and arteriosclerosis in single artery and arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries was analyzed. RESULTS The proportion of ALDH2 rs671 A allele (35.6% vs. 30.9%, P = 0.038) and MTHFR rs1801133 T allele (32.6% vs. 27.1%, P = 0.012) in patients with arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries was significantly higher than that in arteriosclerosis in single artery, respectively. The proportion of history of alcohol consumption in patients with ALDH2 rs671 G/G genotype was higher than those in ALDH2 rs671 G/A genotype and A/A genotype (P < 0.001). The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that ALDH2 rs671 A/A genotype (A/A vs. G/G: OR 1.996, 95% CI: 1.258-3.166, P = 0.003) and MTHFR rs1801133 T/T genotype (T/T vs. C/C: OR 1.943, 95% CI: 1.179-3.203, P = 0.009) may be independent risk factors for arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries (adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes). CONCLUSIONS ALDH2 rs671 A/A and MTHFR rs1801133 T/T genotypes may be independent risk factors for arteriosclerosis in multiple arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cai
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China.
| | - Cunren Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Xianfang Gu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Zeng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Guopeng Zeng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Junxing Zhu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
| | - Haifeng Hong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, China
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Wali H, Rehman FU, Umar A, Ahmed S. Cholesterol Degradation and Production of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase from Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1359528. [PMID: 31183360 PMCID: PMC6512041 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1359528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Wali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Umar
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Zhang L, Zeng Y, Qi J, Xu Y, Zhang S, Zhou X, Ping R, Fu S. A cynomolgus monkey model of carotid atherosclerosis induced by puncturing and scratching of the carotid artery combined with a high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:113-120. [PMID: 29977359 PMCID: PMC6030911 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-cerebrovascular disease is one of the three major causes of mortality in humans and constitutes a major socioeconomic burden. Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) is a very common lesion of the arterial walls, which leads to narrowing of the arteries, in some cases occluding them entirely, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a cynomolgus monkey model of carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) induced by puncturing and scratching combined with a high-fat diet. A total of 12 cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into four groups: A, puncturing and scratching carotid artery intimas + high-fat diet (n=3); B, puncturing and scratching carotid artery intimas + regular diet (n=3); C, high-fat diet only (n=3); and D, regular diet only (n=3). Blood was harvested at weeks 4, 6 and 8 and plasma lipid levels were assessed. At week 8, monkeys were sacrificed and carotid arteries were harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe pathological changes. The results revealed that a high-fat diet led to increased plasma lipid levels and accelerated plaque formation. Carotid color Doppler ultrasonography was performed and, along with H&E staining, revealed plaque formation in group A. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that a cynomolgus monkey model of CAS model may be successfully constructed by puncturing and scratching of the carotid artery intimas in combination with a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, P.R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanxiao Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyue Ping
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510403, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Fu
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646600, P.R. China
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Rodríguez-Azúa R, Quinteros EF, Olate-Briones A, Moore-Carrasco R. Phaseolus vulgaris Exerts an Inhibitory Effect on Platelet Aggregation through AKT Dependent Way. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:102-107. [PMID: 30018887 PMCID: PMC6047876 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), a worldwide vegetable of high consumption, can act as a nutritional supplement in the diet of oversized individuals to reduce weight. Studies have demonstrated the existence of molecules capable of inhibiting the breakdown of carbohydrates via inhibition of both α-amylases and glycosidases. Here, we describe a novel property of the Phaseolus vulgaris: inhibition of thrombotic cardiovascular events. Using assays to test platelet aggregation and secretion, and flow cytometry against the surface expression of P-Selectin. We show that bean extracts significantly reduced adenosine 5′-diphosphate and arachidonic acid induced-platelet aggregation. The mechanism underlying such effect appears to be mediated by AKT, since AKT hypo-phosphorylation decreases the “inside out” activation of platelets. In sum, our results support the hypothesis that common beans are nutritional ingredients that help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with platelet hyper-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosio Rodríguez-Azúa
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-regional, Gore Maule, Talca R09I2001, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes Quinteros
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Alexandra Olate-Briones
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile.,Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico (PIA-CG), University of Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-regional, Gore Maule, Talca R09I2001, Chile.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile.,Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico (PIA-CG), University of Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
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Kaji H. Adipose Tissue‐Derived Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 Function and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1873-1896. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fructose rich diet-induced high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production in the adult female rat: protective effect of progesterone. Nutrients 2012; 4:1137-50. [PMID: 23016136 PMCID: PMC3448091 DOI: 10.3390/nu4081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of progesterone (P4) on fructose rich diet (FRD) intake-induced metabolic, endocrine and parametrial adipose tissue (PMAT) dysfunctions was studied in the adult female rat. Sixty day-old rats were i.m. treated with oil alone (control, CT) or containing P4 (12 mg/kg). Rats ate Purina chow-diet ad libitum throughout the entire experiment and, between 100 and 120 days of age drank ad libitum tap water alone (normal diet; CT-ND and P4-ND) or containing fructose (10% w/v; CT-FRD and P4-FRD). At age 120 days, animals were subjected to a glucose tolerance test or decapitated. Plasma concentrations of various biomarkers and PMAT gene abundance were monitored. P4-ND (vs. CT-ND) rats showed elevated circulating levels of lipids. CT-FRD rats displayed high (vs. CT-ND) plasma concentrations of lipids, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Lipidemia and adiponectinemia were high (vs. P4-ND) in P4-FRD rats. Although P4 failed to prevent FRD-induced hyperleptinemia, it was fully protective on FRD-enhanced plasma PAI-1 levels. PMAT leptin and adiponectin mRNAs were high in CT-FRD and P4-FRD rats. While FRD enhanced PMAT PAI-1 mRNA abundance in CT rats, this effect was absent in P4 rats. Our study supports that a preceding P4-enriched milieu prevented the enhanced prothrombotic risk induced by FRD-elicited high PAI-1 production.
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Toprak A, Kandavar R, Toprak D, Chen W, Srinivasan S, Xu JH, Anwar A, Berenson GS. C-reactive protein is an independent predictor for carotid artery intima-media thickness progression in asymptomatic younger adults (from the Bogalusa Heart Study). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011; 11:78. [PMID: 22208681 PMCID: PMC3264529 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conflicting information exists regarding the association between hsCRP and the progression of early stages of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association of high sensitiviy c-reactive protein (hsCRP) along with major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on early carotid atherosclerosis progression in a large, population-based cohort study. Methods The study cohort included 839 young adults (aged 24 to 43 years, 70% white, 42% men) enrolled in Bogalusa Heart Study, who in 2001-2002 attended baseline examination with measurements of CV risk factors. Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was assessed during a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. Results Carotid artery IMT progression rates were as follows: composite carotid artery = 9.2 ± 52 μm/y, common carotid artery = 0.0 ± 51 μm/y, carotid bulb = 8.8 ± 103 μm/y, and internal carotid artery = 18.9 ± 81 μm/y. Elevated baseline hsCRP, reflecting an inflammatory state, showed independent association with composite carotid artery IMT progression. Increased age, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, and current smoking were other risk associates of carotid artery IMT progression in young adults, indicating an underlying burden on the CV system by multiple risk factors. Conclusion In this population-based study, we observed independent categorical association of increased hsCRP with carotid artery IMT progression in young adults. This study underlines the importance of assesssing hsCRP levels along with smoking and traditional CV risk factor profiles in asymptomatic young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Toprak
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Lee KN, Jackson KW, Christiansen VJ, Dolence EK, McKee PA. Enhancement of fibrinolysis by inhibiting enzymatic cleavage of precursor α2-antiplasmin. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:987-96. [PMID: 21251197 PMCID: PMC4711262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Resistance of thrombi to plasmin digestion depends primarily on the amount of α(2)-antiplasmin (α(2)AP) incorporated within fibrin. Circulating prolyl-specific serine proteinase, antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme (APCE), a homologue of fibroblast activation protein (FAP), cleaves precursor Met-α(2)AP between -Pro12-Asn13- to yield Asn-α(2)AP, which is crosslinked to fibrin approximately 13× more rapidly than Met-α(2)AP and confers resistance to plasmin. We reasoned that an APCE inhibitor might decrease conversion of Met-α(2)AP to Asn-α(2)AP and thereby enhance endogenous fibrinolysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed and synthesized several APCE inhibitors and assessed each vs. plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), which have amino acid sequence similarity with APCE. Acetyl-Arg-(8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid)-D-Ala-L-boroPro selectively inhibited APCE vs. DPPIV, with an apparent K(i) of 5.7 nm vs. 6.1 μm, indicating that an approximately 1000-fold greater inhibitor concentration is required for DPPIV than for APCE. An apparent K(i) of 7.4 nm was found for POP inhibition, which is similar to 5.7 nm for APCE; however, the potential problem of overlapping FAP/APCE and POP inhibition was negated by our finding that normal human plasma lacks POP activity. The inhibitor construct caused a dose-dependent decrease of APCE-mediated Met-α(2)AP cleavage, which ultimately shortened plasminogen activator-induced plasma clot lysis times. Incubation of the inhibitor with human plasma for 22 h did not lessen its APCE inhibitory activity, with its IC(50) value in plasma remaining comparable to that in phosphate buffer. CONCLUSION These data establish that inhibition of APCE might represent a therapeutic approach for enhancing thrombolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lee
- William K. Warren Medical Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
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Schloendorn J, Webb T, Kemmish K, Hamalainen M, Jackemeyer D, Jiang L, Mathieu J, Rebo J, Sankman J, Sherman L, Tontson L, Qureshi A, Alvarez P, Rittmann B. Medical Bioremediation: A Concept Moving Toward Reality. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12:411-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Schloendorn
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- SENS Foundation Research Center, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Tim Webb
- SENS Foundation Research Center, Sunnyvale, California
| | | | | | | | - Lijing Jiang
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jacques Mathieu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Justin Rebo
- SENS Foundation Research Center, Sunnyvale, California
- Department of Microbiology, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, Wisconsin
| | | | - Lindsey Sherman
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Lauri Tontson
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ateef Qureshi
- Department of Microbiology, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, Wisconsin
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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DeCarlo AA, Cohen JA, Aguado A, Glenn B. Isolation and characterization of human gingival microvascular endothelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:246-54. [PMID: 18221294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells have a substantial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and their dysregulation can contribute to the development of pathology. The plasminogen activators and their inhibitors may, arguably, be the single most important proteolytic system of the endothelium for vascular maintenance by controlling plasminogen activation and other proteolytic cascades that impact on clotting, hemodynamics, angiogenesis and the character of the vascular wall. In chronic periodontal disease, significant changes to the microvasculature occur in association with the severity of the disease. Investigation of the role played by endothelial cells in periodontal health and disease has been limited to in situ immunolocalization or to the use of endothelial cells of nongingival origin, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The objective of this research was to establish a replicable protocol for isolating microvascular endothelial cells from the gingiva. MATERIAL AND METHODS From inflamed gingiva, isolated cells were characterized by morphology, the expression of factor VIII-related antigen, the expression of UEA-1 ligand, the uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein, network formation on Matrigel, and by the expression levels of urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and collagen IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Gingival endothelial cells were most readily obtained from inflamed gingival tissues, and these endothelial cells, when isolated by the protocol established herein, demonstrated endothelial characteristics and constitutively secreted plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A DeCarlo
- Nova South-eastern University College of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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Nakase T, Mizuno T, Harada S, Yamada K, Nishimura T, Ozasa K, Watanabe Y, Nagata K. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphism as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14:943-7. [PMID: 17689084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While gene polymorphism for angiotensinogen (AGT) is reported to contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and salt sensitivity, its effect on the risk of ischemic stroke remains controversial. We hypothesized that polymorphism of the AGT gene could be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Major clinical risk factors and the AGT gene M235T polymorphism were examined in 147 consecutive stroke patients and 133 healthy age-matched controls. All patients were categorized into four stroke types (single lacuna, multiple lacunae, large-artery atherosclerosis and branch atheromatous disease in brainstem) and two vascular groups (large and perforating arterial lesions). The AGT gene M allele significantly increased the risk of single lacuna, multiple lacunae and small arterial lesions, in male patients (p=0.029, 0.031 and 0.026, respectively). Synergistic effects of the AGT gene polymorphism and clinical risks were not observed. In conclusion, AGT M allele may present a risk of lacunar infarctions in Japanese men, independent of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizen Nakase
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, 6-10 Senshu Kubota Machi, Akita, Japan 010-0874.
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Elias-Smale SE, Kardys I, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Witteman JCM. C-reactive protein is related to extent and progression of coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerosis; results from the Rotterdam study. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e195-202. [PMID: 17714718 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although prospective studies have unequivocally shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events, studies on the association between CRP and atherosclerosis have provided inconsistent results. We investigated the association of CRP with extent and progression of atherosclerosis in multiple vessel beds in a large, population-based cohort study. METHODS In the Rotterdam Study, standardized measurements of coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerosis were performed in 1962 persons and 6582 persons, respectively. Progression of extra-coronary atherosclerosis during a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years was assessed in 3757 persons. RESULTS Independent and graded associations were found of CRP with the number of carotid plaques and carotid plaque progression ((OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14-2.59) for severe progression in participants with CRP>3mg/dl versus participants with CRP<1mg/dl). Similarly, CRP was independently and graded related to ankle-brachial-index (ABI) and worsening ABI over the years ((OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.37-2.88) for severe progression in participants with CRP>3mg/dl versus participants with CRP<1mg/dl). Although CRP was independently related to the highest level of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), the association with change in IMT was not significant. Furthermore, there was an independent, graded relation between CRP and aortic calcification, but no independent association was observed with progression of aortic calcification, nor with the amount of coronary calcification. CONCLUSION In this population-based study, independent and graded associations were present of CRP with extent and progression of carotid plaques and ABI, while associations with carotid IMT and aortic and coronary calcification were less pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette E Elias-Smale
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Izumi SI, Muano T, Mori A, Kika G, Okuwaki S. Common carotid artery stiffness, cardiovascular function and lipid metabolism after menopause. Life Sci 2005; 78:1696-701. [PMID: 16266724 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in elderly women, relatively little is known regarding the influence of menopause on atherogenesis. We tried to characterize postmenopausal changes in the arterial properties. A group of 72 postmenopausal women were classified into subgroups based on duration of the postmenopausal period (PMP): Group PM1 (1-2 years; n = 16), PM4 (2-6 years; n = 16), PM8 (6-10 years; n = 25), and PM12 (10-15 years; n = 15). The control group consisted of 24 volunteers with regular menstruation (PM0). The diameter pulse waveform and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) was measured using a phase-locked echo tracking system coupled with B-mode ultrasonography. The stiffness index was calculated from the waveform and the systemic blood pressure. The cardiac contractile force and the cerebral perfusion were also estimated using the maximum incremental velocity (MIV) and the calculated blood flow, as well as the fasting lipid profile. When compared to control, significant and progressive increases were noted in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (PM1, PM4, PM8, PM12), IMT (PM8, PM12), and SI (PM1, PM4, PM8, PM12). Further significant and progressive reductions were noted in pulse amplitude of CCA diameter (PM1, PM4, PM8, PM12) and MIV and cerebral perfusion (PM8, PM12). The postmenopausal increase in CCA stiffness as well as lipid profile occurs earlier than the increase in IMT and may be a more sensitive predictor of disorder on arterial property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichiro Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Dieleman JP, van Wyk JT, van Wijk MAM, van Herpen G, Straus SMJM, Dunselman H, Sturkenboom MCJM. Differences between statins on clinical endpoints: a population-based cohort study. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21:1461-8. [PMID: 16197665 DOI: 10.1185/030079905x61866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have shown differences between statins based on surrogate endpoints, but few have studied differences in reaching clinical endpoints. This study compares the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events between atorvastatin users and other statin users in daily general practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort study was performed in the Integrated Primary Care Information project database, a longitudinal general practice research database with electronic patient records of more than 500,000 individuals in The Netherlands. All new statin users in the period 1st September 1999 to 31st December 2002 were included. Multivariate Cox-regression analysis was used to compare the occurrence of the primary endpoint between atorvastatin users and other statin users. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint was the composite outcome of fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction, admission for unstable angina pectoris, fatal or non-fatal cerebrovascular accidents, or transient ischaemic events. RESULTS 3499 new statin users were identified, including 797 patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. 1341 persons started with simvastatin (38.3%), 1154 with atorvastatin (33.0%), 811 with pravastatin (23.2%) and 193 with other statins (5.5%). The median follow-up was 1.9 years. Two hundred and thirty three patients (6.7%) experienced a primary endpoint. Atorvastatin users had a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events than users of other statins (relative risk [RR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.96). The relative risks of atorvastatin users compared to simvastatin and pravastatin users individually were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.48-1.02) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.52-1.16), respectively. The protective effect of atorvastatin was more pronounced in persons without a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin showed a more favourable effect on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in the general population than other statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne P Dieleman
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lovett JK, Gallagher PJ, Rothwell PM. Reproducibility of histological assessment of carotid plaque: implications for studies of carotid imaging. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 18:117-23. [PMID: 15218276 DOI: 10.1159/000079259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboembolism from carotid plaque is an important cause of stroke. Identification of unstable plaque would therefore be clinically useful. Unfortunately, studies of carotid plaque imaging have shown poor agreement with histology. However, this may be due to inconsistent methods and the variability of assessments of carotid plaque histology, rather than inadequate imaging. METHODS We assessed the reproducibility of histological assessment in 60 plaques, and section-to-section variability along the length of 26 plaques. RESULTS Kappa values ranged from 0.35 to 0.89 and from 0.44 to 0.68, respectively, for intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. There was considerable section-to-section variability within plaques. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of imaging of carotid plaque morphology will be underestimated unless variability in the histology assessment is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lovett
- Stroke Prevention Research Unit, University Department of Clinical Neurology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
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Dressman J, Kincer J, Matveev SV, Guo L, Greenberg RN, Guerin T, Meade D, Li XA, Zhu W, Uittenbogaard A, Wilson ME, Smart EJ. HIV protease inhibitors promote atherosclerotic lesion formation independent of dyslipidemia by increasing CD36-dependent cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. J Clin Invest 2003. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200316261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Dressman J, Kincer J, Matveev SV, Guo L, Greenberg RN, Guerin T, Meade D, Li XA, Zhu W, Uittenbogaard A, Wilson ME, Smart EJ. HIV protease inhibitors promote atherosclerotic lesion formation independent of dyslipidemia by increasing CD36-dependent cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:389-97. [PMID: 12569165 PMCID: PMC151854 DOI: 10.1172/jci16261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors decrease the viral load in HIV patients, however the patients develop hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis. It has been assumed that protease inhibitor-dependent increases in atherosclerosis are secondary to the dyslipidemia. Incubation of THP-1 cells or human PBMCs with protease inhibitors caused upregulation of CD36 and the accumulation of cholesteryl esters. The use of CD36-blocking antibodies, a CD36 morpholino, and monocytes isolated from CD36 null mice demonstrated that protease inhibitor-induced increases in cholesteryl esters were dependent on CD36 upregulation. These data led to the hypothesis that protease inhibitors induce foam cell formation and consequently atherosclerosis by upregulating CD36 and cholesteryl ester accumulation independent of dyslipidemia. Studies with LDL receptor null mice demonstrated that low doses of protease inhibitors induce an increase in the level of CD36 and cholesteryl ester in peritoneal macrophages and the development of atherosclerosis without altering plasma lipids. Furthermore, the lack of CD36 protected the animals from protease inhibitor-induced atherosclerosis. Finally, ritonavir increased PPAR-gamma and CD36 mRNA levels in a PKC- and PPAR-gamma-dependent manner. We conclude that protease inhibitors contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis by promoting the upregulation of CD36 and the subsequent accumulation of sterol in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dressman
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical School, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The inflammatory response is essential in the response to pathogens. TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 are key mediators of the response. They initiate metabolic changes to provide nutrients for the immune system, from host tissues. These changes include hyperlipidemia and increased gluconeogenesis. Insulin resistance and disordering of lipid metabolism occur in obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis. This review examines recent research that links inflammation to insulin insensitivity. RECENT FINDINGS Population studies show a strong association between indices of inflammation, and abnormal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, obesity and atherosclerosis. TNF-alpha is produced, by cells of the immune system and by adipocytes. It may provide the link between inflammation and insulin sensitivity. TNF-alpha results in insulin insensitivity, indirectly by stimulating stress hormone production and directly by sustained induction of SOCS-3 which decreases insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) tyrosine phosphorylation and its association with the p85, regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; and by negative regulation of PPAR gamma. Adipose tissue produces both TNF-alpha and leptin. Production of the latter relates positively to adipose tissue mass and through its actions on immune function exerts a pro-inflammatory influence. SUMMARY Recent studies on diseases which involve insulin insensitivity (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis) also show increased cytokine production and markers of inflammation. Evidence at present favours chronic inflammation as a trigger for chronic insulin insensitivity, rather than the reverse situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Grimble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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