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Judge RA, Sridar J, Tunyasunvunakool K, Jain R, Wang JCK, Ouch C, Xu J, Mafi A, Nile AH, Remarcik C, Smith CL, Ghosh C, Xu C, Stoll V, Jumper J, Singh AH, Eaton D, Hao Q. Structure of the PAPP-A BP5 complex reveals mechanism of substrate recognition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5500. [PMID: 36127359 PMCID: PMC9489782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is highly conserved and tightly regulated by proteases including Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A). PAPP-A and its paralog PAPP-A2 are metalloproteases that mediate IGF bioavailability through cleavage of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM structures of the catalytically inactive mutant PAPP-A (E483A) in complex with a peptide from its substrate IGFBP5 (PAPP-ABP5) and also in its substrate-free form, by leveraging the power of AlphaFold to generate a high quality predicted model as a starting template. We show that PAPP-A is a flexible trans-dimer that binds IGFBP5 via a 25-amino acid anchor peptide which extends into the metalloprotease active site. This unique IGFBP5 anchor peptide that mediates the specific PAPP-A-IGFBP5 interaction is not found in other PAPP-A substrates. Additionally, we illustrate the critical role of the PAPP-A central domain as it mediates both IGFBP5 recognition and trans-dimerization. We further demonstrate that PAPP-A trans-dimer formation and distal inter-domain interactions are both required for efficient proteolysis of IGFBP4, but dispensable for IGFBP5 cleavage. Together the structural and biochemical studies reveal the mechanism of PAPP-A substrate binding and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janani Sridar
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rinku Jain
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christna Ouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Crystal Ghosh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Stoll
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Amoolya H Singh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,GRAIL, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dan Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Kumar A, Jain V, Chowdhury MR, Kumar M, Kaur P, Kabra M. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the SHOX, GHR and IGFALS genes among Indian children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:79-88. [PMID: 31834863 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the SHOX, GHR, and IGFALS genes among Indian children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), and assess the genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods We recruited 61 children with short stature, who were born appropriate for gestational age, had no obvious dysmorphism or disproportion, and in whom step-wise investigative work-up (including provocative growth hormone test) was normal. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was undertaken for identifying deletions/duplications in the SHOX gene. Bidirectional sequencing was performed for identifying variants in the SHOX and GHR genes in all, and for the IGFALS gene in those with serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) <-1 standard deviation. The genotype-phenotype correlation was studied. Results Four children (6.5%) had pathogenic heterozygous variants in the SHOX gene, with one child each having duplication of exon 5, splice site point variant c.278-1G > C in exon 3, partial deletion and complete deletion. None of the patients had pathogenic variants in the GHR gene. Of the 39 patients in whom the IGFALS gene was sequenced, novel heterozygous likely pathogenic variants were found in two children. One had the frameshift variant c.764_765insT, p.A265Gfs*114. The second had the missense variant c.1793G > A, p.R598H predicted by MutationTaster as 'disease causing', and indicated by the protein-modelling study as having compromised binding with IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) due to altered conformation of the interacting loop. Conclusions Pathogenic variants in the SHOX and IGFALS genes account for a significant proportion of Indian children with ISS. Further molecular studies using next generation sequencing are needed to gain insight into pathophysiological mechanisms and effective treatment strategies for ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Jain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhumita Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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3
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Storr HL, Chatterjee S, Metherell LA, Foley C, Rosenfeld RG, Backeljauw PF, Dauber A, Savage MO, Hwa V. Nonclassical GH Insensitivity: Characterization of Mild Abnormalities of GH Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:476-505. [PMID: 30265312 PMCID: PMC6607971 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GH insensitivity (GHI) presents in childhood with growth failure and in its severe form is associated with extreme short stature and dysmorphic and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, the clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of GHI and other overlapping short stature syndromes have rapidly expanded. This can be attributed to advancing genetic techniques and a greater awareness of this group of disorders. We review this important spectrum of defects, which present with phenotypes at the milder end of the GHI continuum. We discuss their clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics. The objective of this review is to clarify the definition, identification, and investigation of this clinically relevant group of growth defects. We also review the therapeutic challenges of mild GHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Chatterjee
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philippe F Backeljauw
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Martin O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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4
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Kumar A, Pal A, Kalaivani M, Gupta N, Jain V. Etiology of short stature in Indian children and an assessment of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2018; 31:1009-1017. [PMID: 30130251 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2017-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Our objectives were to evaluate the etiology of short stature, assess the prevalence of idiopathic short stature (ISS) and assess the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in children with ISS. Methods A stepwise diagnostic evaluation was done in 394 children aged 4-16 years with short stature. Children with no definitive etiology were labeled as ISS. In these children, baseline IGF-1, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and stimulated IGF-1 after administration of GH for 4 days were measured. Results Hypothyroidism (in 18.1%) and ISS (in 15.5%) were the commonest causes of short stature. In children with ISS (n=61), the mean baseline and stimulated IGF-1 standard deviation scores (SDSs) were -1.2±1.0 and -0.3±1.4, respectively, with levels below -2 SDS in 13 (21%) and six (10%) children, respectively. In 33 (54%) of the ISS patients, response to GH was suboptimal (increment in the IGF-1 level <40%). There was no difference in the mean peak GH, IGFBP-3 and baseline and stimulated IGF-1 levels between children with familial and non-familial ISS. A significant positive correlation of height SDS with baseline IGF-1 SDS (r=0.28, p=0.026), stimulated IGF-1 SDS (r=0.32, p=0.010) and ΔIGF-1 SDS (r=0.26, p=0.036) was observed in children with ISS. Conclusions Hypothyroidism and ISS were the commonest etiologies for short stature. The baseline IGF-1 was below -2 SDS in 21% and the increment after GH stimulation was suboptimal in 54% of children, indicating that a substantial proportion of children with ISS had an impaired GH-IGF axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Pal
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mani Kalaivani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandita Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Jain
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, Phone: +91-11-26594345
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5
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Al-Ashwal AA, Al-Sagheir A, Ramzan K, Al-Owain M, Allam R, Qari A, Al-Numair NS, Imtiaz F. Clinical, Endocrine, and Molecular Genetic Analysis of a Large Cohort of Saudi Arabian Patients with Laron Syndrome. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:119-126. [PMID: 28743110 DOI: 10.1159/000475991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Laron syndrome (LS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by marked short stature and very low serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels. This study assessed the clinical and endocrine features alongside determining the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) mutation in Saudi Arabian patients with LS in order to establish whether or not a genotype/phenotype correlation is evident in this large cohort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 40 Saudi Arabian patients with a suspected diagnosis of LS were recruited and subjected to a full clinical and endocrine investigation together with direct sequencing of the coding regions of the GHR gene. RESULTS GHR mutations were identified in 34 patients from 22 separate nuclear families. All 34 molecularly confirmed patients had the typical clinical and endocrinological manifestations of LS. Eleven different mutations (9 previously unreported) were detected in this cohort of patients, all inherited in an autosomal recessive homozygous form. No genotype/phenotype correlation was apparent. CONCLUSION The identification of pathogenic mutations causing LS will be of tremendous use for the molecular diagnosis of patients in Saudi Arabia and the region in general, with respect to prevention of this disease in the forms of future carrier testing, prenatal testing, premarital screening and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Al-Sagheir
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab Allam
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alya Qari
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S Al-Numair
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Physiological Adaptations to Milk Production that Affect the Fertility of High Yielding Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0263967x00040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe high yielding dairy cow is expected to produce a substantial milk output every year and at the same time to conceive and maintain a pregnancy to term. To fulfil lifetime production potential a balance between yield, fertility and other influential factors has to be achieved. Any inability on the part of the management system to identify and rectify problems or on the part of the cow to cope with metabolic demands invariably results in economic or welfare issues. Our studies of high yielding dairy cows have revealed that some animals are capable of normal reproductive function whilst others are classic repeat breeders (requiring 3+ services per conception) or simply fail to rebreed. It is well established that the somatotrophic axis (growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors) drives lactation in ruminants but it is also intimately involved in reproductive processes. An awareness of metabolic adaptations to lactation that impact on reproduction in dairy cows is needed for appropriate management.The objective of our studies was to explore the metabolic profiles of high yielding dairy cows to identify factors influencing their ovarian function and fertility, hence to characterise the physiological adaptations involved. Our studies revealed different relationships between progesterone profile categories and metabolic status post partum. Delayed ovulation (DOV) or persistent corpora lutea (PCL) may be an appropriate response to a nutritional state or physiological situation and it may therefore be inaccurate to refer to these as ‘abnormal’. Whilst associated with high milk yields, not all profile categories detrimentally affected fertility parameters. Delayed ovulation postcalving (DOV1) was identified as the most prevalent abnormal profile encountered in first lactation high yielding cows. This may have occurred because the cows were not yet physically mature and unable to sustain both milk production and growth. The condition lasted long enough (71 ± 8.3 days from calving) to have a detrimental impact on their overall fertility parameters and was associated with significant physiological changes, representative of tissue mobilisation. Although the incidence of persistent luteal phases (PCL1 and PCL2) in dairy cows is increasing, this condition was not found to have any substantial detrimental effects on fertility or production parameters of the primiparous or multiparous cows in these studies. The main reproductive problems in our high yielding primiparous and multiparous cows appeared to be a failure to ovulate and conceive at the expected time or to maintain a pregnancy. These situations were associated predominantly with high milk yields and low concentrations of plasma IGF-I. A failure to ovulate appears to occur when body reserves are mobilised to maintain milk yield at the expense of reproduction and seems most likely to occur in primiparous high yielding cows or those experiencing GH-resistance (low IGF-I) due to excessive body condition loss, reduced feed intakes and factors such as stress and disease. More detailed investigations of dietary means of increasing IGF-I and optimising insulin concentrations, targeted at important reproductive times, are required in high yielding dairy cows, to aid in their management.
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7
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Castilla-Cortazar I, De Ita JR, Aguirre GA, Rodríguez-Rivera J, García-Magariño M, Martín-Estal I, Flores-Caloca Ó, Diaz-Olachea C. Primary growth hormone insensitivity and psychomotor delay. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:426-431. [PMID: 29445490 PMCID: PMC5799629 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of short stature irresponsive to growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy. Low GH response to provocative tests and undetectable IGF-1 levels had suggested GH deficiency, while response to therapy indicated GH insensitivity. Molecular evaluation of the GH/IGF-1 axis should be performed in these cases to improve diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inma Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Mexico.,Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales Madrid Spain
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8
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Possible effects of an early diagnosis and treatment in patients with growth hormone deficiency: the state of art. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43:81. [PMID: 28915901 PMCID: PMC5603037 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-017-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a relatively uncommon and heterogeneous endocrine disorder presenting in childhood with short stature. However, during the neonatal period, the metabolic effects of GHD may to require prompt replacement therapy to avoid possible life-threatening complications. An increasing amount of data suggests the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment of GHD because of its auxological, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental features with respect to the patients diagnosed and treated later in life. The available results show favourable auxological outcomes for patients with GHD diagnosed and treated with r-hGH early in life compared with those from patients with GHD who do not receive this early diagnosis and treatment. Because delayed referral for GHD diagnosis and treatment is still frequent, these results highlight the need for more attention in the diagnosis and treatment of GHD. Despite these very encouraging data regarding metabolic and neurodevelopmental features, further studies are needed to better characterize these findings. Overall, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of GHD needs to be addressed.
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9
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Puche JE, Castilla-Cortázar I. Human conditions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency. J Transl Med 2012; 10:224. [PMID: 23148873 PMCID: PMC3543345 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide hormone produced mainly by the liver in response to the endocrine GH stimulus, but it is also secreted by multiple tissues for autocrine/paracrine purposes. IGF-I is partly responsible for systemic GH activities although it possesses a wide number of own properties (anabolic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions). IGF-I is a closely regulated hormone. Consequently, its logical therapeutical applications seems to be limited to restore physiological circulating levels in order to recover the clinical consequences of IGF-I deficiency, conditions where, despite continuous discrepancies, IGF-I treatment has never been related to oncogenesis. Currently the best characterized conditions of IGF-I deficiency are Laron Syndrome, in children; liver cirrhosis, in adults; aging including age-related-cardiovascular and neurological diseases; and more recently, intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this review is to summarize the increasing list of roles of IGF-I, both in physiological and pathological conditions, underlying that its potential therapeutical options seem to be limited to those proven states of local or systemic IGF-I deficiency as a replacement treatment, rather than increasing its level upper the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Puche
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Clemmons DR. Metabolic actions of insulin-like growth factor-I in normal physiology and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:425-43, vii-viii. [PMID: 22682639 PMCID: PMC3374394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is closely related to insulin but has distinct metabolic actions. IGF-I is an important stimulant of protein synthesis in muscle, but it also stimulates free fatty acid use. The administration of IGF-I to patients with extreme insulin resistance results in improvement in glycemic control, and IGF-I is associated with lowering glucose and enhancing insulin sensitivity in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. However, patients with diabetes are also sensitive to stimulation of side effects in response to IGF-I. IGF-I coordinately links growth hormone and insulin actions and has direct effects on intermediary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Clemmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7170, USA.
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11
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Chase CC, Elsasser TH, Spicer LJ, Riley DG, Lucy MC, Hammond AC, Olson TA, Coleman SW. Effect of growth hormone administration to mature miniature Brahman cattle treated with or without insulin on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and other metabolic hormones and metabolites. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011; 41:1-13. [PMID: 21420268 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we determined that a primary cause of proportional stunted growth in a line of Brahman cattle was related to an apparent refractoriness in metabolic response to GH in young animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of GH, insulin (INS), and GH plus INS to mature miniature Brahman cows (n = 6; 9.7 ± 2.06 y; 391 ± 48.6 kg) and bulls (n = 8; 9.4 ± 2.00 y; 441 ± 54.0 kg) on circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones and metabolites, primarily IGF-I and IGF-I binding proteins. We hypothesized that IGF-I secretion could be enhanced by concomitant administration of exogenous GH and INS, and neither alone would be effective. Animals were allotted to a modified crossover design that included four treatments: control (CON), GH, INS, and GH + INS. At the start of the study, one-half of the cattle were administered GH (Posilac; 14-d slow release) and the other one-half served as CON for 7 d. Beginning on day 8, and for 7 d, INS (Novolin L) was administered (0.125 IU/kg BW) twice daily (7:00 AM and 7:00 PM) to all animals; hence, the INS and GH + INS treatments. Cattle were rested for 14 d and then were switched to the reciprocal crossover treatments. Blood samples were collected at 12-hour intervals during the study. Compared with CON, GH treatment increased (P < 0.01) mean plasma concentrations of GH (11.1 vs 15.7 ± 0.94 ng/mL), INS (0.48 vs 1.00 ± 0.081 ng/mL), IGF-I (191.3 vs 319.3 ± 29.59 ng/mL), and glucose (73.9 vs 83.4 ± 2.12 mg/dL) but decreased (P < 0.05) plasma urea nitrogen (14.2 vs 11.5 ± 0.75 mg/dL). Compared with INS, GH + INS treatment increased (P < 0.05) mean plasma concentration of INS (0.71 vs 0.96 ± 0.081 ng/mL), IGF-I (228.7 vs 392.3 ± 29.74 ng/mL), and glucose (48.1 vs 66.7 ± 2.12 mg/dL), decreased (P < 0.01) plasma urea nitrogen (13.6 vs 10.4 ± 0.76 mg/dL), and did not affect GH (13.5 vs 12.7 ± 0.95 ng/mL). In the miniature Brahman model, both the GH and GH + INS treatments dramatically increased circulating concentrations of IGF-I in mature cattle, suggesting that this line of Brahman cattle is capable of responding to bioactive GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chase
- Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, USDA, Brooksville, FL 34601, USA.
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12
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Lin WY, Hu YJ, Lee YH. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression to control postnatal body growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G542-51. [PMID: 18583462 PMCID: PMC2536778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00081.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF-1alpha) is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor and is important in postnatal growth and development in mice. In the HNF-1alpha-deficient liver, the expressions of a large set of growth hormone (GH)-responsive genes were significantly downregulated. By analyzing various HNF-1alpha mutant mice, we disclosed a mechanism by which hepatic HNF-1alpha regulates the expression of GH-responsive genes that are crucial for growth and development. We found that HNF-1alpha is required for the normal expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) specifically in livers. In the liver, GR, together with STAT5, is known to mediate the GH action by transactivating the GH-responsive genes that function in body growth and development. We further demonstrated that HNF-1alpha modulated GR gene expression by directly transactivating the GR gene promoter via a cryptic regulatory element located 3 bp upstream of the translation start site in exon 2 of the GR gene locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hue Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Wit JM, Clayton PE, Rogol AD, Savage MO, Saenger PH, Cohen P. Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:89-110. [PMID: 18182313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic short stature is a condition in which the height of the individual is more than 2 SD below the corresponding mean height for a given age, sex and population, in whom no identifiable disorder is present. It can be subcategorized into familial and non-familial ISS, and according to pubertal delay. It should be differentiated from dysmorphic syndromes, skeletal dysplasias, short stature secondary to a small birth size (small for gestational age, SGA), and systemic and endocrine diseases. ISS is the diagnostic group that remains after excluding known conditions in short children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Meyer S, Ipek M, Keth A, Minnemann T, von Mach MA, Weise A, Ittner JR, Nawroth PP, Plöckinger U, Stalla GK, Tuschy U, Weber MM, Kann PH. Short stature and decreased insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/growth hormone (GH)-ratio in an adult GH-deficient patient pointing to additional partial GH insensitivity due to a R179C mutation of the growth hormone receptor. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007; 17:307-314. [PMID: 17462934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic factors play an expanding role in understanding growth hormone (GH) disorders, therefore the German KIMS Pharmacogenetics Study was initiated with the aim of genotyping various GH-/IGF-I-axis-related genes of GH-deficient adult patients to investigate genotype:phenotype relationships and response to GH therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS 129 consecutively enrolled GH-deficient adult patients were genotyped for variant 1 (V1) of the alternatively spliced noncoding exons in the 5'-untranslated region and for the nine coding exons of the GH receptor (GHR) gene, which obviously play a striking role in the function of the GH-IGF-I-axis. After detection of a heterozygous, non-synonymous mutation R179C in exon 6 in one single patient with acquired GH-deficiency (GHD) in late adulthood, analysis of her clinical data followed, leading to the diagnosis of mild short stature (-1.5SD). For further endocrine evaluation, five pituitary stimulation tests (arginine) of this patient were statistically compared to stimulation tests (arginine) of ten GH-deficient control patients, retrospectively. RESULTS The formerly in patients with Laron syndrome and idiopathic short stature reported mutation R179C leads to an amino acid change from an arginine residue (codon CGC) to a cysteine residue (codon TGC) in position 179 of the extracellular domain of the GHR. Statistical analysis revealed significant decreased IGF-I/GH(0) ratio (p=0.004) and IGF-I/GH(max) ratio (p=0.001) of the index patient compared to the control patients, implying growth hormone resistance of the index patient at the level of the GHR, according to the detected R179C mutation. CONCLUSIONS This study reports on the unusual case of a patient with mild short stature, who acquired GHD in late adulthood due to a non-secreting pituitary adenoma and get additionally diagnosed for pre-existing growth hormone insensitivity due to a formerly in two short statured patients described, single, heterozygous, non-synonymous mutation in the GHR. Our findings support the theory that heterozygous mutations in the GHR gene can have mild phenotypical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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15
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van der Velde M, Delhanty P, van der Eerden B, van der Lely AJ, van Leeuwen J. Ghrelin and Bone. GHRELIN 2007; 77:239-58. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)77010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Martinelli CE, Sader Milani S, Previato JK, Figueira M, Rangel Montenegro AP, Miraki-Moud F, Betancourth S, Moreira AC, Savage MO, Camacho-Hübner C. Final Height in Patients with Idiopathic Short Stature and High Growth Hormone Responses to Stimulation Tests. Horm Res Paediatr 2006; 67:224-30. [PMID: 17135759 DOI: 10.1159/000097512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) may have normal or increased growth hormone (GH) responses to provocation tests and achieve a final height (FH) below -2.0 standard deviation score (SDS) if untreated. FH of subjects with high stimulated GH levels has not been studied in detail. AIM It was the aim of this study to analyse FH in ISS patients with high GH peak responses to the provocation test. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 16 patients (9 pre-pubertal) with ISS and a GH peak >or=40 mU/l to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. The patients were recalled at age 19.7 +/- 2.5 years for measurement of FH when blood samples were obtained for serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein 3, acid-labile subunit and GH binding protein measurements. GH bioactivity was determined using the Nb2 bioassay. RESULTS FH was -3.1 +/- 1.0 SDS, being significantly lower than target height (TH). At FH, IGF-I levels were within -1.5 and +1.5 SDS for age and sex in 10 patients and higher than +1.5 SDS in 6 patients. IGF binding protein 3, acid-labile subunit, GH binding protein levels and GH bioactivity values were normal. SUMMARY These data suggest that patients with ISS and high GH levels during a GH stimulation test may have a more compromised FH. The association of severe ISS with a peak GH >40 mU/l might suggest a degree of insensitivity for the GH-IGF-I axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Martinelli
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Kemp SF, Thrailkill KM. Investigational agents for the treatment of growth hormone-insensitivity syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:409-15. [PMID: 16548790 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.4.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is usually caused by mutations in the growth hormone receptor. Recombinant IGF-I has been used to treat GHIS either alone (mecasermin) or in combination with IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 (mecasermin rinfabate). IGF-I increases the growth velocity of children with IGF deficiency, which is either as a result of GHIS or an IGF-I gene deletion. Hypoglycaemia has been reported with administration of unbound IGF-I and, in addition, the serum half-life of unbound IGF-I is shorter when administered to patients with GHIS (who have low serum concentrations of its binding protein IGFBP-3) than when administered to normal volunteers or to patients with an IGF-I gene deletion (but normal IGFBP-3 levels). The IGF-I-IGFBP-3 combination was developed to prolong the half-life and counteract the acute adverse events (particularly hypoglycaemia) that are associated with administration of IGF-I. It seems that the IGF-I-IGFBP-3 combination has a longer half-life in patients with GHIS than unbound IGF-I, with fewer reports of adverse events (including hypoglycaemia) when administered to patients with diabetes. There are no studies comparing the efficacy of mecasermin with mecasermin rinfabate; both drugs have been shown to be effective but cannot be differentiated in terms of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Kemp
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA.
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18
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Riedl S, Frisch H. Effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I therapy in patients with gene defects in the GH axis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19:229-36. [PMID: 16607923 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2006.19.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on four patients (3 F) who were diagnosed as having either a 6.7 kb GH1 gene deletion, a GH1 signalling peptide mutation, or a GH receptor mutation, with particular regard to treatment modalities (GH, rhIGF-I) and final height. Patients with GH1 gene defects developed anti-GH antibodies (GH-Ab) following GH treatment. Surprisingly, growth response to GH was unrestricted in one girl, who reached a final height within her target height range, whereas her cousin with the identical genetic defect responded far less favourably. Variability in the growth inhibiting potency of GH-Ab may therefore depend on genetic disposition, specific epitopes, or induction of immunological tolerance. Growth response during rhIGF-I treatment carried out in three of the patients was moderate, but pubertal development and bone age acceleration occurred in the two patients treated at pubertal age. GH resistance, either caused by GH-Ab or GH receptor mutations, is still difficult to treat and results in a heterogeneous outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riedl
- Pediatric Department, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Richmond EJ, Rogol AD. Individualized therapy for growth hormone deficiency. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2006; 1:83-90. [PMID: 30743771 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.1.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of human growth hormone to treat children with short stature resulting from growth hormone deficiency or insufficiency has now accrued over 40 years of clinical experience with a satisfactory safety and efficacy record. Growth hormone deficiency is the primary indication for growth hormone treatment in childhood. It is basically a clinical diagnosis, based upon auxologic features, and confirmed by biochemical testing. For assurance of compliance, dosing and, perhaps, safety considerations, a dosing algorithm based upon insulin-like growth factor-I response seems to be appropriate. Current data suggest that such algorithms reflect the true growth hormone needs of a patient, and allow optimization of growth hormone treatment. For patients who display a suboptimal growth response or in whom the insulin growth factor levels remain low with assurance of adherence to the injection schedule, it is reasonable to increase the growth hormone dose. The availability of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I treatment may provide an alternative for massively increasing the dose of growth hormone. Dose reductions should be considered for patients with serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels substantially above the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan D Rogol
- b University of Virginia, Department of Pediatrics, Box 800306, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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20
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Camacho-Hübner C, Woods KA, Clark AJL, Savage MO. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I gene deletion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2002; 3:357-61. [PMID: 12424437 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020957809082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Camacho-Hübner
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Department of Endocrinology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK.
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