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A Diagnostic Impact of Serum Autotaxin Levels in Patients with Bone Marrow Fibrosis. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:e117-e124. [PMID: 36567212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis is a condition characterized by deposition of reticulin and collagen fibers in BM. It may confer a poor prognosis in some of hematological malignancies. However, the relationship between fibrosis and the disease pathology is not fully understood and no biomarkers for BM fibrosis are available in clinical practice. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that is associated with various pathophysiological responses, including fibrosis. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the serum ATX levels in various hematological disorders in patients with or without BM fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum levels of ATX in a total of 198 patients with hematological disorders and 160 healthy subjects were analyzed. Because of sexual difference in ATX level, the ATX ratio-determined by dividing the ATX level by the mean value of ATX of control subjects of the same sex-was calculated for further comparative analysis. A trephine biopsy samples from 53 patients were also evaluated to determine the Reticulin Fibrosis Index and Collagen Fibrosis Index of each sample. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, the ATX ratio was significantly higher in patients, especially those with malignant lymphoma. The ATX ratio in lymphoma patients with BM fibrosis was significantly higher than that in patients without BM fibrosis. The Collagen Fibrosis Index showed statistically significant negative correlation with the ATX ratio. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the ATX ratio may be a candidate diagnostic biomarker for BM fibrosis in selected patients, including those with malignant lymphoma.
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Longhitano L, Tibullo D, Vicario N, Giallongo C, La Spina E, Romano A, Lombardo S, Moretti M, Masia F, Coda ARD, Venuto S, Fontana P, Parenti R, Li Volti G, Di Rosa M, Palumbo GA, Liso A. IGFBP-6/sonic hedgehog/TLR4 signalling axis drives bone marrow fibrotic transformation in primary myelofibrosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25055-25071. [PMID: 34905501 PMCID: PMC8714138 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis is a Ph-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis and associated with the involvement of several pathways, in addition to bone marrow microenvironment alterations, mostly driven by the activation of the cytokine receptor/JAK2 pathway. Identification of driver mutations has led to the development of targeted therapy for myelofibrosis, contributing to reducing inflammation, although this currently does not translate into bone marrow fibrosis remission. Therefore, understanding the clear molecular cut underlying this pathology is now necessary to improve the clinical outcome of patients. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of IGFBP-6/sonic hedgehog /Toll-like receptor 4 axis in the microenvironment alterations of primary myelofibrosis. We observed a significant increase in IGFBP-6 expression levels in primary myelofibrosis patients, coupled with a reduction to near-normal levels in primary myelofibrosis patients with JAK2V617F mutation. We also found that both IGFBP-6 and purmorphamine, a SHH activator, were able to induce mesenchymal stromal cells differentiation with an up-regulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts markers. Furthermore, TLR4 signaling was also activated after IGFBP-6 and purmorphamine exposure and reverted by cyclopamine exposure, an inhibitor of the SHH pathway, confirming that SHH is involved in TLR4 activation and microenvironment alterations. In conclusion, our results suggest that the IGFBP-6/SHH/TLR4 axis is implicated in alterations of the primary myelofibrosis microenvironment and that IGFBP-6 may play a central role in activating SHH pathway during the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Sofia Lombardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Marina Moretti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Francesco Masia
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | | | - Santina Venuto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Palumbo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71100, Italy
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Kong LZ, Li J, Wang RC, Kang L, Wei Q, Li Y. Simultaneous Follicular Lymphoma and Myelofibrosis: Report of a Case with Review of the Literature. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4551-4559. [PMID: 34466001 PMCID: PMC8403076 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s313428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelofibrosis (MF) is often associated with chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and primary myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), but few number cases of malignant lymphoma with myelofibrosis was reported, and a few cases about follicular lymphoma with MF were found. Here we described a case of follicular lymphoma (FL) complicated by myelofibrosis. Case Presentation A 43-year-old man was diagnosed with follicular lymphoma (FL) complicated by MF, besides, the lymphoma staging of this patient was AnnArbor IV B. The cytokines of plated-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were positive, while JAK2V617F, MPL, and CALR mutations were negative. After first course of chemotherapy, the peripheral blood and MF improved. The systemic superficial lymph nodes and spleen were significantly narrowed after the third cycle of chemotherapy. Conclusion The production of various cytokines, such as b-FGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, PDGF, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, may contribute to the development of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhijie Kong
- Department of Haematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hematology, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Cang Wang
- Department of Haematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Haematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Waza AA, Tarfeen N, Majid S, Hassan Y, Mir R, Rather MY, Shah NUD. Metastatic Breast Cancer, Organotropism and Therapeutics: A Review. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:813-828. [PMID: 34365922 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210806094410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The final stage of breast cancer involves spreading breast cancer cells to the vital organs like the brain, liver lungs and bones in the process called metastasis. Once the target organ is overtaken by the metastatic breast cancer cells, its usual function is compromised causing organ dysfunction and death. Despite the significant research on breast cancer metastasis, it's still the main culprit of breast cancer-related deaths. Exploring the complex molecular pathways associated with the initiation and progression of breast cancer metastasis could lead to the discovery of more effective ways of treating the devastating phenomenon. The present review article highlights the recent advances to understand the complexity associated with breast cancer metastases, organotropism and therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz Ahmad Waza
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), Government Medical College (GMC) Srinagar, J & K, 190010. India
| | - Najeebul Tarfeen
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006 . India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College (GMC) Srinagar, J & K, 190010. India
| | - Yasmeena Hassan
- Division of Nursing, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, J & K. India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tabuk. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Younis Rather
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), Government Medical College (GMC) Srinagar, J & K, 190010. India
| | - Naseer Ue Din Shah
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006 . India
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The Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonist Aprepitant, a New Drug for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: Focus on Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061659. [PMID: 32492831 PMCID: PMC7355887 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy. To treat the disease successfully, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One of these strategies can be the use of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonists (e.g., aprepitant), because the substance P (SP)/NK-1R system is involved in cancer progression, including AML. AML patients show an up-regulation of the NK-1R mRNA expression; human AML cell lines show immunoreactivity for both SP and the NK-1R (it is overexpressed: the truncated isoform is more expressed than the full-length form) and, via this receptor, SP and NK-1R antagonists (aprepitant, in a concentration-dependent manner) respectively exert a proliferative action or an antileukemic effect (apoptotic mechanisms are triggered by promoting oxidative stress via mitochondrial Ca++ overload). Aprepitant inhibits the formation of AML cell colonies and, in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, is more effective in inducing cytotoxic effects and AML cell growth blockade. NK-1R antagonists also exert an antinociceptive effect in myeloid leukemia-induced bone pain. The antitumor effect of aprepitant is diminished when the NF-κB pathway is overactivated and the damage induced by aprepitant in cancer cells is higher than that exerted in non-cancer cells. Thus, the SP/NK-1R system is involved in AML, and aprepitant is a promising antitumor strategy against this hematological malignancy. In this review, the involvement of this system in solid and non-solid tumors (in particular in AML) is updated and the use of aprepitant as an anti-leukemic strategy for the treatment of AML is also mentioned (a dose of aprepitant (>20 mg/kg/day) for a period of time according to the response to treatment is suggested). Aprepitant is currently used in clinical practice as an anti-nausea medication.
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Human acute myeloid leukemia cells express Neurokinin-1 receptor, which is involved in the antileukemic effect of Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:17-26. [PMID: 29721755 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation. Neurokinin-1 receptor has been identified in different solid tumors but not frequently in hematopoietic malignant cells. We investigated the presence of the Neurokinin-1 receptor in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (KG-1 and HL-60), demonstrating that acute myeloid leukemia cell lines overexpress the truncated Neurokinin-1 receptor isoform compared with lymphocytes from healthy donors. Using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) method, we demonstrated that substance P induced cell proliferation in both acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. We also observed that four different Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists (L-733,060, L-732,138, CP 96-345 and aprepitant) elicited inhibition of acute myeloid leukemia cell growth lines in a concentration-dependent manner, while growth inhibition was only marginal in lymphocytes; the specific antitumor action of Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists occurs via the Neurokinin-1 receptor, and leukemia cell death is due to apoptosis. Finally, administration of high doses of daily intraperitoneal fosaprepitant to NOD scid gamma mice previously xenografted with the HL60 cell line increased the median survival from 4 days (control group) to 7 days (treated group) (p = 0.059). Taken together, these findings suggest that Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists suppress leukemic cell growth and may be considered to be potential antitumor drugs for the treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia.
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Choi JG, Cho HH, Kang SR, Jang SM, Yoo EH, Cho HJ, Kim SM, Cho DY. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma associated with myelofibrosis: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:798-802. [PMID: 29075489 PMCID: PMC5649006 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is often accompanied by chronic myeloid leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or certain primary myeloproliferative neoplasms, but is rarely associated with lymphoid neoplasms. We herein describe a case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) with MF. IVLBCL is a rare, aggressive type of extranodal B-cell lymphoma, defined by proliferation of lymphomatous cells within small-to medium-sized vessels. A 60-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with anemia, thrombocytopenia and fever. Bone marrow biopsy findings included trilineage hematopoiesis, increased numbers of immature cells, markedly abnormal and enlarged megakaryocytes, and diffuse fibrosis in multiple focal areas throughout the entire bone marrow space. When the patient was first hospitalized, hepatosplenomegaly was not present. Although initially considered during differential diagnosis, an aggressive lymphoma could not be diagnosed prior to colonoscopy, which was conducted 4 weeks after admission. A biopsy of the terminal ileum revealed IVLBCL with cells with atypical nuclei. Immunophenotyping of the atypical large cells yielded a positive result for CD79a and negative results for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, myeloperoxidase, CD3, CD10, CD20, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl-6 and cytomegalovirus. The patient was diagnosed with IVLBCL complicated by MF. This case may serve as a reminder that IVLBCL may be the cause of secondary MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Gwon Choi
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Hwi Cho
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Rok Kang
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Min Jang
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyung Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Moon Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeun Cho
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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Suvas S. Role of Substance P Neuropeptide in Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Tissue Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1543-1552. [PMID: 28827386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide present in the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. SP released from the peripheral nerves exerts its biological and immunological activity via high-affinity neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). SP is also produced by immune cells and acts as an autocrine or paracrine fashion to regulate the function of immune cells. In addition to its proinflammatory role, SP and its metabolites in combination with insulin-like growth factor-1 are shown to promote the corneal epithelial wound healing. Recently, we showed an altered ocular surface homeostasis in unmanipulated NK1R-/- mice, suggesting the role of SP-NK1R signaling in ocular surface homeostasis under steady-state. This review summarizes the immunobiology of SP and its effect on immune cells and immunity to microbial infection. In addition, the effect of SP in inflammation, wound healing, and corneal epithelial homeostasis in the eye is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; and .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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9
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Zhou Y, Zuo D, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yu M, Yang J, Yao Z. Effect of truncated neurokinin-1 receptor expression changes on the interaction between human breast cancer and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Genes Cells 2014; 19:676-91. [PMID: 25130457 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in breast cancer cell lines showed that truncated neurokinin receptor-1 (NK1R-Tr) was able to promote malignant transformation of breast cells, and NK1R-Tr may contribute to tumor progression and promote distant metastasis in human breast cancer. A co-culture model of breast cancer and bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem (HMSC-bm) cells showed that HMSC-bm inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells and entered the bone marrow at early stages. Down-regulation of NK1R-Tr may be a key factor in maintaining the quiescent phenotype of breast cancer cells among bone marrow stroma. Stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1α expression was negatively correlated with NK1R-Tr expression in breast cancer cells. Secretion of SDF-1α by HMSC-bm may maintain the quiescent phenotype of breast cancer cells among bone marrow stroma by down-regulating NK1R-Tr expression. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression was positively associated with NK1R-Tr expression in breast cancer cells. In a co-culture system, MDA-MB-231-TGF-β1I (TGF-β genes were suppressed using specific shRNA) cells were able to attach to HMSC-bm quickly, indicating that TGF-β1 was also a key factor for maintaining the quiescent phenotype of breast cancer cells in bone marrow stroma. However, the detailed mechanism still remained unclear and could involve other molecules, in addition to NK1R-Tr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Chang VT, Yook C, Rameshwar P. Synergism between fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β1 in the production of substance P in monocytes of patients with myelofibrosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:631-8. [PMID: 22906243 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.722218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), also considered a proinflammatory cytokine, as well as others such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) have been associated with the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis. SP is encoded by the TAC1 gene. The relationships among SP, TGF-β1, IL-1 and FN are poorly understood. This study determined the mechanisms for concomitant production of IL-1, TGF-β1 and SP and also determined the synergistic role of FN in SP release. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated increased levels of SP and TGF-β1 in the blood of patients with myelofibrosis. Monocytes, shown to be activated in patients with bone marrow (BM) fibrosis, expressed the TAC1 gene for SP release, in a nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-dependent manner. Reporter gene assay with the 5' regulatory region of TAC1 indicated its expression by high levels of FN and TGF-β1. Immunohistochemical studies of paraffin-embedded BM biopsies from patients with myelofibrosis, and age-matched controls without fibrosis, indicated co-localization of SP and its receptor neurokinin-1 (NK1). In summary, myelofibrotic monocytes have autocrine loops that stimulate the release of SP and TGF-β1, and that are potentiated by fibronectin. The FN-mediated induction of SP in turn stimulates monocytes through autostimulation by NK1 receptors. These findings, combined with those of previous studies, demonstrate an adhesion-mediated NFκB/IL-1/TGF-β1 axis that can be initiated by increased FN in patients with myelofibrosis for the production of SP. These findings show how TGF-β1 and SP production are coupled, and suggest new therapeutic targets to reverse immune-mediated fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T Chang
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Jacobson A, Cunningham JL. Connective tissue growth factor in tumor pathogenesis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:S8. [PMID: 23259759 PMCID: PMC3368788 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-s1-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Key roles for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) are demonstrated in the wound repair process where it promotes myofibroblast differentiation and angiogenesis. Similar mechanisms are active in tumor-reactive stroma where CTGF is expressed. Other potential roles include prevention of hypoxia-induced apoptosis and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transistion (EMT). CTGF expression in tumors has been associated to both tumor suppression and progression. For example, CTGF expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast, pancreas and gastric cancer correlates to worse prognosis whereas the opposite is true for colorectal, lung and ovarian cancer. This discrepancy is not yet understood. High expression of CTGF is a hallmark of ileal carcinoids, which are well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas with serotonin production originating from the small intestine and proximal colon. These tumors maintain a high grade of differentiation and low proliferation. Despite this, they are malignant and most patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. These tumors demonstrate several phenotypes potentially related to CTGF function namely: cell migration, absent tumor cell apoptosis, as well as, reactive and well vascularised myofibroblast rich stroma and fibrosis development locally and in distal organs. The presence of CTGF in other endocrine tumors indicates a role in the progression of well-differentiated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Jacobson
- Section of Osteoporosis and Clinical Pharmacogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Grassin-Delyle S, Buenestado A, Vallat L, Naline E, Marx S, Decocq J, Debré P, Bernard OA, Advenier C, Devillier P, Merle-Béral H. Expression and proliferative effect of hemokinin-1 in human B-cells. Peptides 2011; 32:1027-34. [PMID: 21334411 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tachykinins are a family of structurally related peptides, including substance P (SP), hemokinin-1 (HK-1), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B. SP and NKA have been shown to modulate hematopoiesis and rat/mouse HK-1 has been found to be involved in the survival and differentiation of mouse B-cells. This study was designed to assess the expression of tachykinins with a focus on human HK-1 (hHK-1) in human B lymphocytes and the role of these peptides in cell differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. Expression of tachykinin and tachykinin receptor mRNA was determined quantitatively in human B lymphoproliferative malignancies and compared to normal B-cells. Expression of hHK-1 and NK(1) receptor, but not SP, was detected in human B-lymphocytes, and was up-regulated in B-lymphocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, while it was down-regulated in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, hHK-1, in contrast to SP, was able to induce proliferation of human pre-B lymphocytes through a NK(1) receptor-independent mechanism. These data suggest a role for hHK-1 in normal and pathological B lymphopoiesis, and open the door to a better understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to lymphoproliferative malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology, UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles - Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Suresnes, France.
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Cunningham JL, Tsolakis AV, Jacobson A, Janson ET. Connective tissue growth factor expression in endocrine tumors is associated with high stromal expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:691-7. [PMID: 20660557 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complications due to fibrosis development are common in patients with well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas in the small intestine (ileal carcinoids). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in ileal carcinoids may be related to this fibrosis development. This study aimed to examine CTGF expression in relation to local myofibroblast differentiation in a large series of ileal carcinoids and in different types of endocrine tumors. METHODS Immunoreactivity (IR) for CTGF and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a marker for myofibroblasts, was compared in serial tumor tissue sections from 42 patients with ileal carcinoids and from 80 patients with other endocrine tumors. Western blot was performed on an additional 21 patients with ileal carcinoids. RESULTS CTGF IR was present in >50% of tumor cells in all 42 ileal carcinoids and in 2 out of 14 endocrine pancreatic tumors, 4 out of 6 rectal carcinoids, and 1 out of 5 lung carcinoids. Tumors with abundant CTGF expression also displayed α-SMA IR in stromal fibroblast-like cells, whereas other endocrine tumors displayed less or no CTGF and α-SMA IR. Protein bands corresponding to full-length CTGF (36-42 kDa) were detected in protein lysates from ileal carcinoids. CONCLUSION CTGF is uniquely prevalent in ileal carcinoids when compared with most other endocrine tumor types. Immunoreactive cells are adjacent areas with increased fibrovascular stroma that express α-SMA. This supports a potential role for CTGF in myofibroblast-mediated fibrosis associated with ileal carcinoids, and indicates that CTGF should be investigated as a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Cunningham
- Section of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences, Lab 14, Research Department 2, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Myelofibrosis-associated lymphoproliferative disease: retrospective study of 16 cases and literature review. Adv Hematol 2009; 2009:179847. [PMID: 20049166 PMCID: PMC2798566 DOI: 10.1155/2009/179847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To better describe the clinical, biological, and the outcome of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with, at the initial presentation, bone marrow fibrosis (MF).
Patients and Methods. From January 2001 to January 2007, 16 eligible patients with NHL and MF were retrieved from the Pathology Department of the University hospital of Amiens. Median age of patients was 62 years (range 16–74) with a sex ratio male/female of 3. Results. MF is associated with all types of lymphoma predominantly with B-cell phenotype and it seems to be more associated with low-grade NHL. B-symptoms are more frequent at diagnosis and more patients presented with an elevated LDH level. JAK-2 was negative in the 10 patients analysed. Two patients presented with features of primary MF with no evidence of lymphoma. Overall response rate was 94% after the first line of therapy with regression or improvement of MF. Relapse occurred in 8 patients (47%) with recurrence of MF in all of them. After a median follow-up of 42 months, 12 patients were alive with an overall survival rate for the entire group of 75%.
Conclusions. MF-associated NHL is a rare manifestation which may be associated with all types of NHL and its presence does not seem to confer a poor prognosis. A search for lymphoproliferation should be considered when the cause of MF is not apparent.
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RE-1-silencing transcription factor shows tumor-suppressor functions and negatively regulates the oncogenic TAC1 in breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4408-13. [PMID: 19246391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809130106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women in the United States. Substance P, a peptide derived from the TAC1 gene, mediates oncogenic properties in breast and other cancers. TAC1 expression facilitates the entry of breast cancer cells into bone marrow. The transcriptional repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) has been implicated in both oncogenic and tumor-suppressor functions. REST binds to the 5' untranslated region of the TAC1 promoter and suppresses its expression. This study investigated a role for REST in TAC1 induction in breast cancer. Western blots and real-time PCR indicated that REST expression in breast cancer cells was inversely proportional to the cells' aggressiveness, for both cell lines and primary breast cancer cells. REST knockdown in low-metastatic T47D cells and nontumorigenic MCF12A cells resulted in increases in TAC1 induction, proliferation, and migration. These parameters were negatively affected by ectopic expression of REST in highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells. Together, these findings show a central role for REST in the oncogenic function of TAC1 and suggest a tumor-suppressor role for REST in breast cancer.
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16
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Lim R, Morrill JM, Prushik SG, Reed KL, Gower AC, Leeman SE, Stucchi AF, Becker JM. An FDA approved neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist is effective in reducing intraabdominal adhesions when administered intraperitoneally, but not orally. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:1754-61. [PMID: 18709513 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Postoperative adhesions pose a continued healthcare problem. We previously demonstrated that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (NK-1RA) at surgery reduces intraabdominal adhesions in rats. The NK-1RA aprepitant (Emend, Merck) is clinically approved for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting; however, its effects on adhesion formation are unknown. Thus, we determined the effects of i.p. and oral administration of aprepitant on adhesion formation in a rat model. METHODS Adhesions were surgically induced in rats that were randomized to receive either one or five oral preoperative doses or a single intraoperative i.p. dose of aprepitant (50 mg/kg). Adhesions were scored at 7 days. In similar experiments using i.p. dosing, animals were sacrificed at 24 h and peritoneal fluid, and tissue were collected to assess fibrinolytic activity and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA levels, respectively. RESULTS I.p. aprepitant reduced adhesion formation by 33% (p < 0.05) compared with controls while oral aprepitant had no effect. Compared to controls i.p. aprepitant reduced tPA activity by 55% (p < 0.05), increased PAI-1 mRNA levels by 140% (p < 0.05), and had no affect on tPA mRNA levels. CONCLUSION These data suggest that aprepitant maybe a useful pharmacologic agent for reducing adhesion formation clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizal Lim
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton St. C500, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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17
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Friedman GK, Hammers Y, Reddy V, Pressey JG. Myelofibrosis in a patient with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:1260-2. [PMID: 18253962 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a unique case of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) detected in an infant who had bone marrow biopsies demonstrating myelofibrosis, a finding not previously reported in primary HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Tac1 regulation by RNA-binding protein and miRNA in bone marrow stroma: Implication for hematopoietic activity. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:442-50. [PMID: 18061399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process by which immune and blood cells are produced from a finite number of relatively few hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the adult bone marrow (BM), with the support of stromal cells. This support partly occurs through the production of hematopoietic regulators belonging to the families of cytokines and neuropeptides/neurotransmitters, which mediate their actions through specific receptors. Thus, stromal cells could be central to the neural-hematopoietic-immune axis. This study focuses on Tac1, which encodes hematopoietic regulators belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. We examined post-transcriptional regulation of Tac1 in BM stroma. Since this gene is inducible in stroma, we selected cytokines with varying hematopoietic effects: stimulator Stem Cell Factor (SCF), broad-acting IL-11 and suppressive TGF-beta1. RNA shift with Tac1 mRNA and cytoplasmic extracts from IL-11 and SCF-stimulated stroma showed RNA shift after 15min at 37 degrees C, whereas a shift was detected with extracts from TGF-beta1-stimulated stroma after 5min at room temperature. Another level of post-transcriptional regulation was observed by the detection of miRNAs that interact with the 3' untranslated region of Tac1 mRNA. In summary, this study showed that cytokine induced miRNA downregulation and RNA-binding protein(s) are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of Tac1 in BM stroma. The broad categories of cytokines as hematopoietic stimulators or inhibitors might depend on the avidity of RNA-binding protein(s) for Tac1 mRNA, as well as the ability to degrade or stabilize the specific miRNAs.
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Nowicki M, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Miskowiak B. In vitro substance P-dependent induction of bone marrow cells in common (CD10) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2008; 32:97-102. [PMID: 17588657 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to investigate the possible in vitro stimulatory effect of substance P (SP) on blasts induction in childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Bone marrow aspirates were incubated with SP receptor agonist or antagonist (spantide) and subsequently assayed for the presence of human interleukin (IL)-1b using ELISA kit. Blast cells incubated with SP receptor agonist were found to result in a significant increase of IL-1b concentration while incubated with spantide resulted in control levels of IL-1b. These findings suggest the novel possible role of SP in blasts proliferation in childhood ALL of common (CD10) origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, Swiecickiego 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
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20
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Patel N, Castillo M, Rameshwar P. An in vitro method to study the effects of hematopoietic regulators during immune and blood cell development. Biol Proced Online 2007; 9:56-64. [PMID: 18335004 PMCID: PMC2266633 DOI: 10.1251/bpo133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow (BM) through a complex process with differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to immune and blood cells. Human HSCs and their progenitors express CD34. Methods on hematopoietic regulation are presented to show the effects of the chemokine, stromal-derived growth factor (SDF)-1I and the neuropeptide, substance P (SP). SDF-1I production in BM stroma causes interactions with HSCs, thereby retaining the HSCs in regions close to the endosteum, at low oxygen. Small changes in SDF-1I levels stimulate HSC functions through direct and indirect mechanisms. The indirect method occurs by SP production, which stimulates CD34+ cells, supported by ligand-binding studies, long-term culture-initiating cell assays for HSC functions, and clonogenic assays for myeloid progenitors. These methods can be applied to study other hematopoietic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitixa Patel
- UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Rm. E-579 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USANew Jersey+(973) 972 8854Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ+(973) 972 0625
| | - Marianne Castillo
- UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Rm. E-579 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USANew Jersey+(973) 972 8854Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ+(973) 972 0625
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, MSB, Rm. E-579 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USANew Jersey+(973) 972 8854Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ+(973) 972 0625
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21
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Rameshwar P. Is substance P central to the biology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Leuk Res 2007; 32:3-4. [PMID: 17618685 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Nowicki M, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Kondraciuk B, Miskowiak B. The significance of substance P in physiological and malignant haematopoiesis. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:749-55. [PMID: 17172475 PMCID: PMC1995773 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.041475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The role of substance P (SP) in physiological haematopoiesis is well established. However, it also seems to be important in the neoplastic transformation of bone marrow, leading to the development of acute leukaemia in children, and also metastases to bone marrow of solid tumours (particularly neuroblastoma and breast cancer) in early stages of these diseases. This review summarises the available data on SP involvement in both processes. In the future, SP antagonists may be used as anti-neoplastic drugs, for example by direct or indirect blocking of tumour cell proliferation through inhibition of growth factor production and interleukin-1b synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
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23
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Ramkissoon SH, Patel PS, Taborga M, Rameshwar P. Nuclear factor-kappaB is central to the expression of truncated neurokinin-1 receptor in breast cancer: implication for breast cancer cell quiescence within bone marrow stroma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1653-9. [PMID: 17308106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women in the United States. Tac1 and neurokinin-1 (NK1) are involved in autocrine stimulation of breast cancer cells (BCCs). The single NK1 gene produces full-length (NK1-FL) and truncated (NK1-Tr) forms. NK1-Tr mediates malignancy in breast cells. We now report a critical role for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the expression of NK1-Tr, but not NK1-FL, in human BCCs. By Western and Northern blot analyses, NK1-FL and NK1-Tr were coexpressed in BCCs but were undetectable in nontumorigenic cells. Loss of repressive activity within the 5' flanking region of the NK1 partly accounts for constitutive expression of NK1 in BCCs but could not account for the presence of NK1-Tr. Transient transfections with dominant-negative and wild-type IkappaB show that activation of NF-kappaB is required for the expression of NK1-Tr. Tac1 gene was linked to the generation of NK1-Tr because its overexpression in BCCs led to the production of multiple cytokines that can activate NF-kappaB to mediate NK1-Tr expression. Studies with Tac1 knockdown BCCs and Tac1-expressing nontumorigenic breast cells verified a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr. The quiescent phenotype of BCCs on contact with bone marrow stroma was partly explained by decreased NF-kappaB activation and undetectable NK1-Tr. In summary, this study shows a role for NF-kappaB in the expression of NK1-Tr in BCCs, which seems to be reversed by bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Ramkissoon SH, Patel HJ, Taborga M, Rameshwar P. G protein-coupled receptors in haematopoietic disruption. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:109-20. [PMID: 16436037 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is the process by which blood and immune cells are replenished from a finite number of resident bone marrow (BM) haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Regulatory molecules within the BM microenvironment contribute developmental signals to an interactive network capable of ensuring ordered biological processes. Many bioactive molecules contribute to the network through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are seven-transmembrane receptors that, following ligand binding, signal by activating coupled heterotrimeric G proteins. This review focuses on those bioactive molecules that regulate haematopoietic development through GPCRs. Chemokines (SDF-1alpha, MIP-1), opioids and tachykinins (SP, NK-A) are important G protein-coupled haematopoietic regulators. Their biology in normal and diseased haematopoiesis is discussed below, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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25
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Harrison JS, Corcoran KE, Joshi D, Sophacleus C, Rameshwar P. Peripheral monocytes and CD4+ cells are potential sources for increased circulating levels of TGF-beta and substance P in autoimmune myelofibrosis. Am J Hematol 2006; 81:51-8. [PMID: 16369977 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myelofibrosis is an uncommon phenomenon associated with a variety of neoplastic and inflammatory processes. Although there is evidence that cytokines elaborated by clonal malignant hematopoietic cells are implicated in myelofibrosis in primary hematologic disorders, there has been little data to date on the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis in autoimmune disorders. Here we report a case of autoimmune myelofibrosis with pancytopenia. Peripheral blood monocytes and CD4-positive lymphocytes produced significantly elevated levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) compared to similar cells from healthy volunteer controls. TGF-beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis associated with primary hematological malignancies. Furthermore, substance P, previously linked to myelofibrosis, was also detected in elevated levels in the patient's serum and correlated negatively with the levels of the patient's blood counts. These findings suggest a role for both TGF-beta and substance P in the pathophysiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. This is the first report of deregulated production of TGF-beta by monocytes in the pathobiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Harrison
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Abstract
There is an expanding repertoire of mammalian tachykinins produced by a variety of tachykinin genes, gene splicing events and peptide processing. Novel tachykinin-binding molecules/receptors are proposed, but only, three tachykinin receptors are identified with certainty. The question remains - do more tachykinin receptors exist or is there just the need to reappraise our understanding of the known receptors? The tachykinin NK1 receptor, the preferred receptor for both substance P and the peripheral SP-like endokinins, exists in several tissue-specific conformations and isoforms and may provide some clues. This review addresses recent advances in this exciting field and raises challenging new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Page
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK.
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Vishalakumar S, Patel H, Moharita AL, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. The anti-proliferative effect of neurokinin-A on hematopoietic progenitor cells is partly mediated by p53 activating the 5' flanking region of neurokinin-2 receptor. Cell Signal 2005; 18:422-32. [PMID: 16009534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is home to at least two stem cells, hematopoietic (HSC) and mesenchymal. Hematopoiesis is partly regulated through neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2 belonging to the family of G-protein/7-transmembrane receptors. NK-1 and NK-2 show preference for the neurotransmitters, substance P (SP) and neurokinin-A (NK-A), respectively. Hematopoietic suppression mediated by NK-A could be partly explained through the production of TGF-beta1 and MIP-1alpha. This study further characterizes mechanisms by which NK-A inhibits progenitor cell proliferation. The study addresses the hypothesis that p53 is a mediator of NK-A activation and this occurs partly through p53-mediated expression of NK-2. The studies first analyzed two consensus sequences for p53 in supershift assays. Reporter gene assays with NK-2 gene constructs and p53 expressing wild-type and mutant vectors, combined with cell proliferation assays, show NK-A activating p53 to inhibit the proliferation of K562 progenitors. These effects were reversed by hematopoietic stimulators, GM-CSF and SP. Verification studies with human CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ BM progenitors show similar mechanisms with the expression of p21. This study reports on p53 as central to NK-A-NK-2 interaction in cell cycle quiescence of hematopoietic progenitors. These effects are reversed by at least two hematopoietic stimulators, SP and GM-CSF, with concomitant downregulation of p53.
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Mukerji I, Ramkissoon SH, Reddy KKR, Rameshwar P. Autocrine proliferation of neuroblastoma cells is partly mediated through neurokinin receptors: relevance to bone marrow metastasis. J Neurooncol 2005; 71:91-8. [PMID: 15690122 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-9182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive therapy, approximately 60-80% of children who are diagnosed with metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) succumb to the disease. NB preferentially metastasizes to the bone marrow (BM). In the present study we used SY5Y and CHP212 (NB cell lines) to study the roles of the preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene and the natural receptors for PPT-I peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2, in the biology of NB. PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 were constitutively expressed in the NB cells. Functional studies, with specific NK receptor antagonists, showed that PPT-I peptides mediate autocrine proliferation of the NB cells through both NK-1 and NK-2 receptors. Full-length and truncated NK-1 receptors were detected in NB cells. Since there is one copy of the NK-1 gene, we used NK-1-specific siRNA to suppress the expression of NK-1. The NK-1-deficient NB cells showed phenotypes consistent with cell differentiation. Suppression of NK-1 did not appear to cause cell death, as demonstrated by trypan blue exclusion and by undetectable active caspase. NK-1 suppression reduced the proliferation of the NB cells beginning by 10-fold at day 1 and reached a 10(5)-fold reduction by day 10. The NK-1 deficient cells did not proliferate when they were placed as cocultures with BM stroma, which suggests that NK-1 signaling is important for the survival of NB cells in the BM. The results show potential roles for NK receptors in the proliferation of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indroneil Mukerji
- New Jersey Medical School (UMDNJ-NJMS), Department of Medicine - Hematology/Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, Room E-579, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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29
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Oh HS, Moharita A, Potian JG, Whitehead IP, Livingston JC, Castro TA, Patel PS, Rameshwar P. Bone Marrow Stroma Influences Transforming Growth Factor-β Production in Breast Cancer Cells to Regulate c-myc Activation of the Preprotachykinin-I Gene in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6327-36. [PMID: 15342422 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells (BCCs) have preference for the bone marrow (BM). This study used an in vitro coculture of BCCs and BM stroma to represent a model of early breast cancer metastasis to the BM. The overarching hypothesis states that once BCCs are in the BM, microenvironmental factors induce changes in the expression of genes for cytokines and preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) in both BCCs and stromal cells. Consequently, the expression of both PPT-I and cytokines are altered to facilitate BCC integration within BM stroma. Cytokine and transcription factor arrays strongly suggested that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and c-myc regulate the expression of PPT-I so as to facilitate BCC integration among stroma. Northern analyses and TGF-beta bioassays showed that stromal cells and BCCs influence the level of PPT-I and TGF-beta in each other. In cocultures, PPT-I and TGF-beta expressions were significantly (P < 0.05) increased and decreased, respectively. TGF-beta and PPT-I were undetectable in separate stromal cultures but were expressed as cocultures. Two consensus sequences for c-myc in the 5' flanking region of the PPT-I gene were shown to be functional using gel shift and reporter gene assays. Mutagenesis of c-myc sites, neutralization studies with anti-TGF-beta, and transient tranfections all showed that c-myc is required for TGF-beta-mediated induction of PPT-I in BCCs. TGF-beta was less efficient as a mediator of BCC integration within stroma for c-myc-BCCs. Because the model used in this study represents BCC integration within BM stroma, these studies suggest that TGF-beta is important to the regulation of PPT-I in the early events of bone invasion by BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Bellucci F, Meini S, Catalioto RM, Catalani C, Giuliani S, Quartara L, Giolitti A, Faiella A, Rotondaro L, Candenas ML, Pinto FM, Maggi CA. Pharmacological evaluation of α and β human tachykinin NK2 receptor splice variants expressed in CHO cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 499:229-38. [PMID: 15381044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated, by binding and functional experiments, the pharmacological profile of a new human tachykinin NK(2) receptor splice variant named beta isoform. Neurokinin A, nepadutant, SR48968 [(S)-N-methyl-N[4-(4-acetylamino-4-phenyl piperidino)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) butyl]benzamide] and substance P have been tested for binding on the receptor expressed in whole CHO transfected cells. Only SR48968 binds, but with an affinity about sixfold lower in respect to the alpha isoform. Moreover, neurokinin A was unable to inhibit the [(3)H]SR48968 binding to the beta isoform up to microM concentrations. In cells expressing the human tachykinin NK(2) receptor beta isoform, contrary to those expressing the alpha isoform, natural or selective tachykinin receptor agonists (1 microM) were unable to produce a significant activation of inositol phosphate (IP) production or increase of intracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i). The recently discovered tachykinins, endokinins C and D, did not activate IP production or [Ca(2+)](i) increase in cells expressing the alpha or beta isoform of the human tachykinin NK(2) receptor. The present data indicate that the human tachykinin NK(2) receptor beta isoform is poorly or not expressed on the cell membrane surface and that it may possibly act as a regulator of tachykinin NK(2) receptor function. We cannot exclude the possibility that this receptor could interact with other presently unknown ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bellucci
- Pharmacology Department, Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., via Rismondo 12A, I-50131, Florence, Italy
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31
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Rao G, Patel PS, Idler SP, Maloof P, Gascon P, Potian JA, Rameshwar P. Facilitating Role of Preprotachykinin-I Gene in the Integration of Breast Cancer Cells within the Stromal Compartment of the Bone Marrow. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2874-81. [PMID: 15087406 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite early detection of breast cancer, patients' survival may be compromised if the breast cancer cells (BCCs) enter the bone marrow (BM). It is highly probable that BCCs enter the BM long before clinical detection. An in vitro coculture model with BM stroma and BCCs (cell lines; primary cells from stage III BC, n = 7, and stage M0, n = 3) mimicked early entry of BCCs into the BM. In coculture, BCCs exhibit contact inhibition and do not require otherwise needed growth supplements. Stromal growth rate was increased 2-fold in coculture. The inclusion of BCCs in stromal support of long-term culture-initiating cell assay frequencies show no difference (38 +/- 3 versus 36 +/- 6). Nontumorigenic breast cells (patients and cell lines) did not survive in coculture, suggesting that the model could select for malignant population in surgical breast tissues. Cocultures were able to select cells with 73 +/- 7% cloning efficiencies and with the ability to form cocultures with BM stroma. Preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I), a gene that is conserved by evolution, facilitates BCC integration as part of the stromal compartment. This was deduced as follows: (a) nontumorigenic breast cells (n = 4) genetically engineered to express PPT-I and led to anchorage-independent growth, foci formation, and formation of cocultures; and (b) suppression of PPT-I in BCCs (n = 5) with pPMSKH1-PPT-I small interfering RNA reverted the cells to nontumorigenic phenotypes and was undetectable in the BM nude mice. The evidence supports that the PPT-I gene facilitates the integration of BCCs in the stromal compartment during a period before clinical detection, without disrupting hematopoietic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Rao
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Bandari PS, Qian J, Yehia G, Joshi DD, Maloof PB, Potian J, Oh HS, Gascon P, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type: a transmembrane protein that is similar to neurokinin 1 interacts with substance P. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 111:169-78. [PMID: 12609765 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin 1 (NK-1) is a member of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. NK-1 interacts with peptides belonging to the tachykinin family and showed preference for substance P (SP). NK-1 is induced in bone marrow (BM) stroma. NK-1-SP interactions could lead to changes in the functions of lymphohematopoietic stem cell (LHSC). This report describes the cloning and characterization of a cDNA clone isolated after screening of three cDNA libraries with an NK-1-specific probe. Based on its expression, the cDNA clone was designated hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type (HGFIN). Computational analyses predicted that HGFIN is transmembrane with the carboxyl terminal extracellular. Proteomic studies with purified HGFIN and SP showed noncovalent interactions. HGFIN-SP interactions were supported by transient expression of HGFIN in CHO cells. Transient expression of HGFIN in unstimulated BM fibroblasts led to the induction of endogenous NK-1. Since NK-1 expression in BM fibroblasts requires cell stimulation, these studies suggest that there might be intracellular crosstalk between NK-1 and HGFIN. Northern analyses with total RNA from different BM cell subsets showed that HGFIN was preferentially expressed in differentiated cells. This suggests that HGFIN might be involved in the maturation of LHSC. HGFIN was detected in several other tissues, but not in brain where NK-1 is constitutively expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persis S Bandari
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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