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Anber NH, Ahmed Shahin HE, Badawy HK, Oraby EA, Mohammed SA, Shaaban EIA, Attia ZR, Mohamed S, Shabana MF, El-Eshmawy MA, Elsayed R, Elsaid AM, Alalawy AI, Elshazli RM. Potential Impact of SOD2 (rs4880; p.Val16Ala) Variant with the Susceptibility for Childhood Bronchial Asthma. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10742-4. [PMID: 38522064 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a sophisticated situation that orignates from the accumulation of reactive free radicals within cellular compartments. The antioxidant mechanism of the MnSOD enzyme facilitates the removal of these lethal oxygen species from cellular components. The main goal of this pertained work is to study the contribution of the SOD2 (rs4880; p.Val16Ala) variant to the development of bronchial asthma among children. The study's design was carried out based on a total of 254 participants including 127 asthmatic children (91 atopic and 36 non-atopic) along with 127 unrelated healthy controls. Allelic discrimination analysis was executed using the T-ARMS-PCR protocol. This potential variant conferred a significant association with decreased risk of bronchial asthmatic children under allelic (OR = 0.56, P-value = 0.002), recessive (OR = 0.32, P-value = 0.011), and dominant (OR = 0.51, P-value = 0.040) models. Additionally, atopic and non-atopic asthmatic children indicated a protection against bronchial asthma development under allelic, and dominant models (p-value < 0.05). Our findings suggested that the SOD2*rs4880 variant was correlated with decreased risk of childhood bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla H Anber
- Department of Biochemistry, Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Elsayed Ahmed Shahin
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medial Sciences, Jouf University, ElQurayyat, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Maternity and Newborn Health Nursing, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Heba K Badawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Arish, Sinai, Egypt
| | - Enas A Oraby
- Department of Biochemistry, Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Esraa Ibrahim A Shaaban
- Department of Drug Delivery and Nano Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zeinab Rizk Attia
- Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mohamed
- Pediatric Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Farag Shabana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Adel El-Eshmawy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Riham Elsayed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Afaf M Elsaid
- Genetic Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt.
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Therapeutic Effect of Bilsaan, Sambucus nigra Stem Exudate, on the OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3620192. [PMID: 32617136 PMCID: PMC7313152 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3620192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by the elevated level of Th2 immune responses, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation. Bilsaan, an exudate from the stem of Sambucus nigra, has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments in Saudi Arabia. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Bilsaan against ovalbumin- (OVA-) induced allergic asthma in a mouse model. In order to induce allergic asthma, mice were intraperitoneally injected with alum-emulsified-OVA (20 μg/mouse) on days 0, 14, and 21 that is followed by an intranasal OVA exposure from days 22 to 30. During this time, mice were orally administered with Bilsaan at the doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg. The numbers of total and differential inflammatory cells and the levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and IgE were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, the therapeutic effect of Bilsaan was also assessed to analyze the oxidative stress and inflammatory changes in the lung tissues. The results demonstrated that Bilsaan treatment significantly reduced the total and differential inflammatory cell count in the BALF. The BALF from the mice treated with Bilsaan showed significantly lower levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE. Interestingly, a similar pattern was observed in IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secreted by OVA-sensitized splenocytes from the mice of various groups. Bilsaan treatment alleviated the status of oxidative stress by modulating malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase levels in the lung. Moreover, Bilsaan treatment reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, thickening of alveolar wall, and congestion in the lung tissues. The findings of the present study demonstrated an antiasthmatic effect of Bilsaan through the modulation of Th2 immune responses, inflammation, and the oxidative stress.
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Liu J, Cao Z. Protective Effect of Circular RNA (CircRNA) Ddx17 in Ovalbumin (OVA)-Induced Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Mice. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919083. [PMID: 31999672 PMCID: PMC7003661 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CircRNAs are involved in multiple biological processes, especially when they act as sponges of miRNA. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of circDdx17 on allergic rhinitis (AR) in an animal model, and determined the miRNA that was involved in this effect. Material/Methods The AR model was created by repetitive stimulation of ovalbumin (OVA). The levels of mRNAs in plasma were determined by qPCR. CircDdx17 stability was assessed using RNase R. The interaction between circDdx17 and miR-17-5p was predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed by dual luciferase assay. Moreover, the frequencies of rubbing and sneezing and pathological changes were recorded, and OVA-specific IgE, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 levels were detected by ELISA. Results Levels of circDdx17 were decreased in OVA-induced AR mice, and miR-17-5p interacted with circDdx17 in spleen cells derived from mice. Moreover, circDdx17 overexpression reduced the expression of miR-17-5p, OVA-specific IgE, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-5, as well as the frequencies of rubbing and sneezing, and alleviated pathological changes in OVA-induced AR mice. Conclusions CircDdx17 appears to have a protective effect on mice in the progression of AR. Specifically, overexpression of circDdx17 inhibited the expression of miR-17-5p and alleviated the condition of AR. Therefore, circDdx17 appears to be a good candidate for use in prevention of AR. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the circDdx17/miR-17-5p regulatory pathway requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongliao Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Yang K, Feng S, Zhang S, Yin L, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang X. Characterization of a new il-4/13 homologue in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its cooperation with M-CSF to promote macrophage proliferation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:508-516. [PMID: 31352118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new il-4/13 cDNA was isolated from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) using homologous cloning. The phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment of the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence showed that it was closer to grass carp il-4/13b (gcil-4/13b) than other homologues and therefore named gcil-4/13b-like (gcil-4/13bl). It has 399-nt coding sequence (CDS) which is less than gcil-4/13b (408 nt). In addition, the cloned gcil-4/13bl gene is approximately 1600 bp in length and has a conserved genetic structure consisting of four exons and three introns. Compared to gcil-4/13b gene, it has a variety of nucleotides variation across the CDS and contains a longer intron 3, suggesting that it is a new gcil-4/13 gene. The gcil-4/13bl transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in almost all selected tissues, and there was almost only gcil-4/13bl detected in brain and head kidney (HK). Recombinant grass carp (rgc) Il-4/13bl was prepared by using Escherichia coli (E. coli) Rosetta-gami 2 (DE3). The functional study demonstrated that rgcIl-4/13bl significantly upregulated arginase-2 gene expression and arginase activity, whilst downregulated nitric oxide (NO) production as well as the transcript levels of inducible nitric oxide synthesase (inos) and ifn-γ in freshly isolated grass carp HK monocytes/macrophages (M0/Mϕ). These data suggested that the newly cloned il-4/13bl had the conserved functions to activate M2-type but antagonize M1-type macrophages. Furthermore, rgcIl-4/13bl was able to drive the proliferation of M0/Mϕ which were pre-treated by rgcM-csf, indicating the involvement of gcIl-4/13bl in the proliferation of macrophages. Here we not only identified a new il-4/13-encoding gene in grass carp, but also for the first time revealed a novel function of fish Il-4/13 combined with M-csf engaging in M0/Mϕ proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiyu Feng
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Licheng Yin
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Center for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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5
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de Groot JC, Ten Brinke A, Bel EHD. Management of the patient with eosinophilic asthma: a new era begins. ERJ Open Res 2015; 1:00024-2015. [PMID: 27730141 PMCID: PMC5005141 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00024-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Now that it is generally accepted that asthma is a heterogeneous condition, phenotyping of asthma patients has become a mandatory part of the diagnostic workup of all patients who do not respond satisfactorily to standard therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. Late-onset eosinophilic asthma is currently one of the most well-defined asthma phenotypes and seems to have a different underlying pathobiology to classical childhood-onset, allergic asthma. Patients with this phenotype can be identified in the clinic by typical symptoms (few allergies and dyspnoea on exertion), typical lung function abnormalities (“fixed” airflow obstruction, reduced forced vital capacity and increased residual volume), typical comorbidities (nasal polyposis) and a good response to systemic corticosteroids. The definitive diagnosis is based on evidence of eosinophilia in bronchial biopsies or induced sputum, which can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by eosinophilia in peripheral blood. Until recently, patients with eosinophilic asthma had a very poor quality of life and many suffered from frequent severe exacerbations or were dependent on oral corticosteroids. Now, for the first time, novel biologicals targeting the eosinophil have become available that have been shown to be able to provide full control of this type of refractory asthma, and to become a safe and efficacious substitute for oral corticosteroids. Late-onset eosinophilic asthma has a distinct clinical and functional profile with treatment implicationshttp://ow.ly/MH7AH
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantina C de Groot
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Ten Brinke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H D Bel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Kretschmer B, Weber J, Hutloff A, Fleischer B, Breloer M, Osterloh A. Anti-CD83 promotes IgG1 isotype switch in marginal zone B cells in response to TI-2 antigen. Immunobiology 2015; 220:964-75. [PMID: 25766204 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD83 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is rapidly up-regulated on activated B cells. Although CD83 itself is incapable to transduce intracellular signaling, it acts as a negative regulator of B cell function. We have recently described that a single application of anti-CD83 antibody results in dramatically enhanced production of antigen-specific IgG1 but not other isotypes upon immunization of mice with the TI-2 model antigen (Ag) NIP-Ficoll. This effect was mediated by the binding of anti-CD83 to CD83 on the surface of B cells themselves. In the current study we show that administration of anti-CD83 enhances IgG1-production independent of IL-4. Application of anti-CD83 does not alter the proliferation and general expansion of NIP-specific B cells. In the presence of anti-CD83, immunized mice develop normal frequencies of plasmablasts in response to NIP-Ficoll of which an increased number produces IgG1. These cells localize in extrafollicular foci in the spleen of immunized mice and originate from the marginal zone B cell pool. Taken together, our results indicate that CD83 engagement in vivo does not generally enhance B cell activation but selectively promotes IgG1 class switch in marginal zone B cells in response to TI-2 Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Kretschmer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Dunn RM, Wechsler ME. Anti-interleukin therapy in asthma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 97:55-65. [PMID: 25670383 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma remains one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in the United States. Asthma accounts for a significant amount of direct medical expenditures and indirect cost from days lost at school and work. Modern understanding of its complex pathogenesis has allowed recognition of the heterogeneity of the disease across populations and the various inflammatory pathways that drive airway inflammation in asthma. Interleukins play important roles in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic asthma, and anti-interleukin therapy will allow for a targeted, personalized approach to asthma management. With the success of anti-interleukin (IL) -4, IL-5, and IL-13 therapy in recent large trials among specific populations of asthmatics, it is likely that targeted anti-interleukin therapy will be approved for use in the near future. It will be important for clinicians and pharmacists to understand their risks, benefits, and proper indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Potaczek DP, Kabesch M. Current concepts of IgE regulation and impact of genetic determinants. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:852-71. [PMID: 22909159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated immune responses seem to be directed against parasites and neoplasms, but are best known for their involvement in allergies. The IgE network is tightly controlled at different levels as outlined in this review. Genetic determinants were suspected to influence IgE regulation and IgE levels considerably for many years. Linkage and candidate gene studies suggested a number of loci and genes to correlate with total serum IgE levels, and recently genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provided the power to identify genetic determinants for total serum IgE levels: 1q23 (FCER1A), 5q31 (RAD50, IL13, IL4), 12q13 (STAT6), 6p21.3 (HLA-DRB1) and 16p12 (IL4R, IL21R). In this review, we analyse the potential role of these GWAS hits in the IgE network and suggest mechanisms of how genes and genetic variants in these loci may influence IgE regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Potaczek
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Kurup VP, Banerjee B, Kelly KJ, Fink JN. Molecular biology and immunology of fungal allergens. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 15:31-42. [PMID: 23105266 DOI: 10.1007/bf02867542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are non-chlorophyllus microorganisms, which constitutes the main source of outdoor and indoor allergens. The antigens present in the spores and fragments of hyphae induce allergic responses in sensitized patients. The frequently recognized fungi associated with asthma include Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. With the advent of molecular biology techniques a number of fungal genes encoding relevant allergens have been cloned and the expressed allergens purified and characterized. In this review, we have presented the recent developments, where recombinant allergens have been used in the precise diagnosis of fungal allergy. We have also discussed the role played by these allergens and the T- and B-cell epitopes in the immune mechanism in fungal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kurup
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Research Service, Allergy-Immunology Division, VA Medical Center, 5000 West National Avenue Milwaukee, WI, 151-1, 53295 Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA
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10
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Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Murugavel KG, Balakrishnan P, Ponmalar E, Rao UA, Velu V, Solomon S. Common protozoans as an uncommon cause of respiratory ailments in HIV-associated immunodeficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:93-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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The role of IgE and repeated challenge in the induction of persistent increases in scratching behavior in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 605:153-7. [PMID: 19248227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we indicated that athymic BALB/c-nu/nu (nude) mice that had been repeatedly treated with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) failed to exhibit chronic scratching behavior in spite of the accumulation of dermal mast cells in the lesion. The mice also failed to produce specific IgE or potent dermatitis. In the present study, therefore, we aimed to examine the role of IgE and repeated hapten treatment in the induction of scratching behavior and dermatitis using nude mice and trinitrophenol (TNP)-specific IgE-transgenic mice. The ears of nude mice were treated with TNCB 6 times at intervals of 48 h, and TNP-specific IgE was administered to the mice intravenously before the sixth TNCB treatment. The nude mice that had been supplemented with IgE exhibited a persistent increase in scratching behavior and continuous degranulation of mast cells. Furthermore, a potent immediate ear swelling was induced, although no biphasic dermatitis pattern was observed. On the other hand, the IgE-transgenic mice failed to exhibit persistent increases in scratching behavior after a single TNCB treatment, although biphasic ear swelling was observed. These results indicate that specific IgE plays an essential role in the induction of persistent increases in scratching behavior and continuous degranulation of mast cells. Furthermore, repeated challenge with the hapten also plays an important role in persistent increases in scratching behavior through accumulation and continuous activation of mast cells.
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12
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Wegmann M. Th2 cells as targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic bronchial asthma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:85-100. [PMID: 19099351 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma, since each of their characteristic cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 contributes to hallmarks of this disease, including airway eosinophilia, increased mucus production, production of allergen-specific IgE and development of airway hyper-responsiveness. Therefore, these cells are predisposed as target cells for therapeutic intervention. Experimental approaches targeted Th2-type effector cytokines, Th2-cell recruitment and Th2-cell development. Another strategy uses the immunomodulatory potential of tolerance-inducing cytokines such as IL-10 or of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-gamma that are able to induce a counterbalancing Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- Bereich Experimentelle Pneumologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
The prevalence of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases has been increasing for the last four decades. In this review determinants for an increased IgE synthesis are discussed on both an epidemiological and on an immunological level with special emphasis on the differentiation of the B cell to an IgE-producing plasma cell. Factors that favor an IgE immune response are low antigen doses and immunization via mucous membranes, but it is highly likely that other environmental factors besides exposure to the allergenic sources play a role. Important factors in the formation of the Thelper type 2 (Th2) T cell subset are the actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on dendritic cells and the OX40 ligand on CD4+ T cells. In order for a B lymphocyte to switch to IgE production it needs two signals provided by a Th2 cell in the form of the cytokines interleukin (IL-) 4/IL-13 and ligation of the CD40. In spite of a half-life of only a few days, there is evidence that the IgE response may last for years even without allergen stimulation. This is likely to be caused by long-lived IgE-producing plasma cells, and such cells may be difficult to target therapeutically thus emphasizing the need for more knowledge on preventable causes of IgE- and allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars K Poulsen
- Laboratory of Medical Allergology, Allergy Clinic, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Zhu J, Xia B, Guo Q, Cheng H, Li J, Ye M, Hu Z, Zhang X, Tan J. Distribution of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene G2964A polymorphism in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1854-7. [PMID: 17074026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) gene is located on chromosome 12q13.3-14.1 just within the IBD2 region and is a key transcription factor involved in interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13-mediated Th2 response. The aim of the present study was to determine distribution of the STAT6 gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS The G2964A polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the STAT6 gene was studied in 84 unrelated Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis and 176 healthy controls by PCR and the amplification created restriction site method. The results were then compared with those from a Dutch study published previously. RESULT Significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of the STAT6 G2964A polymorphism were not found between patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy controls. Subgroups of the patients with ulcerative colitis classified according to the age at onset, sex and location of disease did not differ significantly in the distribution of this polymorphism. However, the genotypes (P < 0.0001, chi-squared = 75.332) and allele frequencies (P < 0.0001, odds ratio = 4.298, 95% confidence interval = 3.070-6.018) were significantly different between the Chinese and Dutch populations. CONCLUSION The STAT6 G2964A polymorphism is not involved in the genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan, China
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Kraich M, Klein M, Patiño E, Harrer H, Nickel J, Sebald W, Mueller TD. A modular interface of IL-4 allows for scalable affinity without affecting specificity for the IL-4 receptor. BMC Biol 2006; 4:13. [PMID: 16640778 PMCID: PMC1479839 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a key regulator of the immune system and an important factor in the development of allergic hypersensitivity. Together with interleukin 13 (IL-13), IL-4 plays an important role in exacerbating allergic and asthmatic symptoms. For signal transduction, both cytokines can utilise the same receptor, consisting of the IL-4Ralpha and the IL-13Ralpha1 chain, offering an explanation for their overlapping biological functions. Since both cytokine ligands share only moderate similarity on the amino acid sequence level, molecular recognition of the ligands by both receptor subunits is of great interest. IL-4 and IL-13 are interesting targets for allergy and asthma therapies. Knowledge of the binding mechanism will be important for the generation of either IL-4 or IL-13 specific drugs. RESULTS We present a structure/function analysis of the IL-4 ligand-receptor interaction. Structural determination of a number of IL-4 variants together with in vitro binding studies show that IL-4 and its high-affinity receptor subunit IL-4Ralpha interact via a modular protein-protein interface consisting of three independently-acting interaction clusters. For high-affinity binding of wild-type IL-4 to its receptor IL-4Ralpha, only two of these clusters (i.e. cluster 1 centered around Glu9 and cluster 2 around Arg88) contribute significantly to the free binding energy. Mutating residues Thr13 or Phe82 located in cluster 3 to aspartate results in super-agonistic IL-4 variants. All three clusters are fully engaged in these variants, generating a three-fold higher binding affinity for IL-4Ralpha. Mutagenesis studies reveal that IL-13 utilizes the same main binding determinants, i.e. Glu11 (cluster 1) and Arg64 (cluster 2), suggesting that IL-13 also uses this modular protein interface architecture. CONCLUSION The modular architecture of the IL-4-IL-4Ralpha interface suggests a possible mechanism by which proteins might be able to generate binding affinity and specificity independently. So far, affinity and specificity are often considered to co-vary, i.e. high specificity requires high affinity and vice versa. Although the binding affinities of IL-4 and IL-13 to IL-4Ralpha differ by a factor of more than 1000, the specificity remains high because the receptor subunit IL-4Ralpha binds exclusively to IL-4 and IL-13. An interface formed by several interaction clusters/binding hot-spots allows for a broad range of affinities by selecting how many of these interaction clusters will contribute to the overall binding free energy. Understanding how proteins generate affinity and specificity is essential as more and more growth factor receptor families show promiscuous binding to their respective ligands. This limited specificity is, however, not accompanied by low binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kraich
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Klein
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Edwin Patiño
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henning Harrer
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Walter Sebald
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf-Virchow Zentrum, DFG Forschungszentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeub Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho In
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Jabara HH, Geha RS. Jun N-terminal kinase is essential for CD40-mediated IgE class switching in B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:856-63. [PMID: 15806010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40 ligation activates nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and causes immunoglobulin class-switch recombination (CSR) in B cells. Both NF-kappaB and p38 are important for CD40-mediated CSR. The role of JNK activation in CD40-mediated isotype switching is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of JNK activation in CD40-mediated isotype switching. METHODS Splenic B cells from BALB/c mice were stimulated with anti-CD40 mAb and IL-4 or with soluble CD40 ligand in the presence or absence of SP600125, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK. The following events were examined: IgE production by means of ELISA; S(mu)-S(epsilon) deletional switch recombination by means of digestion circularization PCR; Cepsilon germline, mature epsilon, and activation-induced deaminase (AID) transcription by means of RT-PCR; and proliferation by tritiated thymidine incorporation and surface expression of CD23, CD54, and CD86 by means of FACS analysis. RESULTS SP600125 at 10 microM drastically inhibited JNK phosphorylation but had little effect on CD40-mediated p38 phosphorylation and expression of the NF-kappaB dependent genes c-Myc and bcl-xL. SP600125 inhibited IgE synthesis by approximately 88% but had no effect on B-cell proliferation and survival in response to anti-CD40 + IL-4 or on upregulation of CD23, CD54, and CD86 in response to CD40 ligation. Analysis of molecular events involved in IgE class switching revealed that SP600125 had no effect on the expression of C(epsilon) germline and AID transcripts. In contrast, SP600125 severely reduced S(mu)-S(epsilon) switch recombination and expression of mature epsilon transcripts. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that JNK activation is essential for CD40-mediated CSR to IgE and suggest that JNK is important for AID activity in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa H Jabara
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, KARP Building #10126, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Yang M, Wu T, Cheng L, Wang F, Wei Q, Tanguay RM. Plasma antibodies against heat shock protein 70 correlate with the incidence and severity of asthma in a Chinese population. Respir Res 2005; 6:18. [PMID: 15710045 PMCID: PMC549531 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heat shock proteins (Hsps) are induced by stresses such as allergic factors and inflammatory responses in bronchi epithelial cells and therefore may be detectable in patients with asthma. However, the etiologic link between anti-Hsps and asthma (its severity and related inflammatory responses such as interleukin-4 and immunoglobulin E) has not been established. We determined whether antibodies against Hsp60 and Hsp70 were present in patients with asthma and evaluated their associations with risk and severity of asthma. Methods We determined the levels of anti-Hsp60 and anti-Hsp70 by immunoblot and their associations with risk and symptom severity of asthma in 95 patients with asthma and 99 matched non-symptomatic controls using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared to the controls, asthma patients were more likely to have detectable anti-Hsp60 (17.2% vs 5.1%) and anti-Hsp70 (33.7% vs 8.1%) (p ≤ 0.001). In particular, the presence of anti-Hsp70 was associated with a greater than 2 fold risk for asthma (adjusted OR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.35~3.59). Furthermore, both anti-Hsp60 and anti-Hsp70 levels were positively correlated with symptom severity (p < 0.05) as well as interleukin-4 and immunoglobulin E (p < 0.05). Individuals with antibodies against anti-Hsp60 and anti-Hsp70 were more likely to have a family history of asthma (p < 0.001) and higher plasma concentrations of total immunoglobulin E (p = 0.001) and interleukin-4 (p < 0.05) than those without antibodies. Conclusions These data suggest that anti-Hsp60 and especially anti-Hsp70 correlate with the attacks and severity of asthma. The underlying molecular mechanisms linking antibodies to heat shock proteins and asthma remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Longxian Cheng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Robert M Tanguay
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Dept Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pav. C.E. Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
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19
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Bando Y, Shimizu A, Ra C. Characterization of VHepsilon gene expressed in PBL from children with atopic diseases: detection of homologous VH1-69 derived transcripts from three unrelated patients. Immunol Lett 2005; 94:99-106. [PMID: 15234541 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular background of IgE production in early infancy, we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of 36 VH-Cepsilon transcripts expressed in PBL from three infants with allergic diseases. We detected transcripts derived from VH1, VH3, VH4 gene family members, and no bias was observed in the usage of particular VH gene family. However, some VH members, VH1; 1-46, 1-69, VH3; 3-11, 3-21, VH4; 4-39, 4-59 were frequently seen and thus notable. VH4 gene was dominant in one patient with severe atopic dermatitis and food allergy, suggesting the involvement of this gene in pathogenesis of the disease. Even a limited number of clones were analyzed, we also found highly homologous VH1-69 derived sequences from all the three patients, which share the same somatic mutations or polymorphic variations in complementarity-determining region (CDR) 1, and 2 with the same CDR3 (D-JH) sequences including the junctions. These findings might suggest that a rather limited VH gene might be rearranged for specific IgE in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bando
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
NSAIDs are commonly avoided by patients with aspirin-induced asthma based on the premise that there is a significant cross-reactivity between aspirin and other NSAIDs. However, ibuprofen, a NSAID sold over the counter in most countries, is commonly given to children for relief of fever and mild-to-moderate pain. Consequently, increased risk of acute bronchospasm induced by ibuprofen in children with asthma remains a persistent concern. More recently, the assumption that children with asthma are at a greater risk for exacerbations of their disease if they take ibuprofen has been questioned. There is little evidence to measurably increases morbidity in the great majority of children with asthma. In addition, recent evidence suggest that ibuprofen measurably increases morbidity in the great majority of [corrected] children with asthma. Given the infrequent occurrence of aspirin/NSAID sensitivity in children with asthma, it seems reasonable to allow the use of ibuprofen in this population unless there is a personal or family history of aspirin-induced asthma. In addition, the inflammatory pathogenesis of asthma, anti-inflammatory effect of ibuprofen, and evidence suggesting ibuprofen may reduce morbidity in children with asthma raises the intriguing possibility that ibuprofen might actually have therapeutic benefit for at least some children with asthma.
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Cheung W, Wei CL, Seah CC, Jordan SC, Yap HK. Atopy, serum IgE, and interleukin-13 in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19:627-32. [PMID: 15064938 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated a strong association of steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), atopy, and elevated serum IgE levels. Interleukin (IL-13) gene expression is significantly increased in children with SRNS in relapse. As interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-13, and IL-4 have regulatory effects on IgE synthesis, we examined the relationship between intracellular cytokine production and serum IgE levels in children with SRNS, in order to further define the reported association with atopy. The median serum IgE levels in nephrotic patients in relapse with (492 U/ml) or without atopy (561 U/ml) were significantly higher than those in remission (221 U/ml, P<0.002 or 90 U/ml, P<0.001, respectively) and non-atopic controls (177 U/ml) (P<0.001). The percentage of CD3+ IL-13-producing cells was significantly higher in nephrotic children in relapse, and correlated with the serum IgE levels during the active phase of the disease (r=0.90, P<0.001). These data suggest that the elevated serum IgE levels during relapses of SRNS were the result of upregulation of IL-13. This probably reflects some common immune activation following various stimuli, rather than a direct association with atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Crescent, 119074 Singapore
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22
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Kelly-Welch AE, Wang HY, Wang LM, Pierce JH, Jay G, Finkelman F, Keegan AD. Transgenic Expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 in Murine B Cells Alters the Cell Density-Dependence of IgE Production In Vitro and Enhances IgE Production In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2803-10. [PMID: 14978080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1 and IRS2 mediate proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling through the IL-4R in 32D cells; however their role in regulating normal B cell responses is not clear. To investigate the role of IRS2 in normal B cell function, we developed IRS2 transgenic (Tg) mice on the C57BL/6 background. Western blot analysis revealed a 2-fold elevation in IRS2 protein levels in Tg(+) mice compared with littermate controls and a 3-fold increase in basal tyrosine phosphorylated IRS2 in the absence of IL-4 stimulation. IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS2 was elevated in Tg(+) B cells, whereas IL-4-induced phosphorylation of STAT6 was similar between Tg(+) and Tg(-) B cells. Tg expression of IRS2 had little effect on IL-4-mediated proliferation and no effect on protection from apoptosis. However, production of IgE and IgG1 by Tg(+) B cells using standard in vitro conditions was diminished 50-60%. Because Ig production in vitro is known to be highly cell concentration-dependent, we performed experiments at different cell concentrations. Interestingly, at very low B cell concentrations (1000-5000 B cells/well), IgE and IgG1 production by Tg(+) B cells was greater than that of controls, whereas at higher cell concentrations (10,000-20,000 cells/well) Ig production by Tg(+) B cells was less than controls. Furthermore, in vivo immunization with OVA-alum or goat anti-IgD resulted in elevated serum IgE levels in the Tg(+) mice. These results indicate that overexpression of IRS2 alters the B cell intrinsic density-dependence of IgE and IgG1 production in vitro and enhances IgE responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Kelly-Welch
- Department of Immunology, Jerome Holland Laboratories, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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Kajiwara K, Shinazawa M, Morishima H, Yanagihara Y. Differential effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on the expression of recombination-activating genes in mature B cells from human peripheral blood. Cell Immunol 2004; 227:121-8. [PMID: 15135294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of recombination-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) by mature human blood B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 in the presence of IL-4 or IL-13. IL-4 was an effective cofactor for RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression, whereas IL-13 was not. In addition, IL-4-dependent RAG expression combined with AID and IgE expression allowed predominant expression of newly rearranged lambda light chains on IgE+ cells generated from kappa+ cells. Although the magnitudes of IL-4- and IL-13-dependent AID and IgE expression were related to expression levels of binding subunits of the IL-4 and IL-13 receptors, IL-13 was ineffective for light chain replacement in the induced IgE+ cells due to the failure in RAG expression. Our studies using mature blood B cells indicate that IL-4-responsive cells, unlike IL-13-responsive cells, undergo lambda gene rearrangement leading to replacement in parallel with RAG expression and suggest that this replacement may contribute to the regulation of affinity maturation of IgE antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kajiwara
- Clinical Research Center, National Sagamihara Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Sagamihara 228-8522, Japan
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Tezuka H, Imai S, Hidano S, Tsukidate S, Fujita K. Various types of Dirofilaria immitis polyproteins selectively induce a Th2-Type immune response. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3802-11. [PMID: 12819063 PMCID: PMC162011 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.7.3802-3811.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis polyproteins (DiAgs) are found as 15-kDa monomeric and 30-kDa dimeric forms in excretory-secretory products of the adult worm. We evaluated the ability of various types of recombinant DiAg (rDiAg; V1 and V2 as monomers and V1V2, V2V1, V1V1, and V2V2 as dimers) to influence Th1/Th2 immune responses. V1-, V1Vx- and V2-, V2Vx-driven nonspecific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production peaked at 21 and 14 days after administration, respectively. Dimer-induced IgE response was an interesting biphasic pattern with the second peaks on days 35 (V2Vx) or 42 (V1Vx). Absolute amounts of nonspecific IgE production induced with monomers were larger than those observed with dimers at the first peak. The magnitude of cell expansion and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) B-cell induced with rDiAgs was linked to the levels of the first IgE peak in vivo and IgE produced by rDiAg plus IL-4-stimulated B cells in vitro. All rDiAgs failed to augment IgG2c production. V2 and V2Vx elicited IL-4 production by MLN cells more rapidly than V1 and V1Vx. The inhibitory effect of rDiAg on gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production was stronger in monomers than in dimers. Neutralization of IL-10 restored IFN-gamma production, whereas the expression of IL-4 and IgE was partly prevented by depletion of IL-10. These results indicate that monomer rather than dimer is an efficient form of DiAg and suggest that the difference of IgE-inducing capacity among these DiAgs is closely associated with the pattern of both B-cell activation and IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Department of Internation Health Development, Division of Public Health, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Atopic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, eczema and food allergies have increased in most industrialised countries of the world during the last 20 years. The reasons for this increase are not known and different hypotheses have been assessed including increased exposure to sensitising allergens or decreased stimulation of the immune system during critical periods of development. In allergic diseases there is a polarisation of the Th2 response and an increase in the production of type 2 cytokines which are involved in the production of immunoglobulin E and the development of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils leading to inflammation and disease. The effector phase of atopy is initiated by interaction with Fc epsilon RI expressed on effector cells such as mast cells and basophils but also found on an ever increasing list of cells. Binding of a polyvalent allergen to the variable part of IgE leads to a cross-link of the receptor that triggers the cell to release histamine and pharmacological mediators of the symptomatic allergic response. Cross-linking of Fc epsilon RI by autoantibodies against the alpha-chain of the Fc epsilon RI, causing subsequent histamine release is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases such as chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). To date, most therapeutic strategies are aimed at inhibiting and controlling components of the inflammatory response. Recently, new treatment strategies have emerged that focus on the development of preventive and even curative treatments. The most promising therapeutic approaches are aimed at inhibiting the IgE-Fc epsilon RI interaction with the use of non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE or anti-Fc epsilon RIalpha autoantibodies. Clinical trials in humans using an humanised anti-IgE antibody showed that this antibody was well tolerated and reduced both symptoms and use of medication in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Thus interruption of the atopic cascade at the level of the IgE-Fc epsilon RI interaction with the use of non-anaphylactogenic antibodies is effective and represents an attractive therapy for the treatment of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia M Miescher
- Institute of Immunology, Sahlihaus 1, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Mueller TD, Zhang JL, Sebald W, Duschl A. Structure, binding, and antagonists in the IL-4/IL-13 receptor system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1592:237-50. [PMID: 12421669 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are the only cytokines known to bind to the receptor chain IL-4Ralpha. Receptor sharing by these two cytokines is the molecular basis for their overlapping biological functions. Both are key factors in the development of allergic hypersensitivity, and they also play a major role in exacerbating allergic and asthmatic symptoms. Knowledge of structure and function of this system has allowed the development of inhibitors that block the interaction between the cytokines and their shared receptor. Mutational analysis of IL-4 has revealed variants with high-affinity binding to IL-4Ralpha but no detectable affinity for the second receptor subunit, which is either (gamma)c or IL-13Ralpha1. These IL-4 antagonists fail to induce signal transduction and block IL-4 and IL-13 effects in vitro. IL-4 antagonists prevent the development of allergic disease in vivo and an antagonistic variant of human IL-4 is now in clinical trials for asthma. Detailed knowledge of the site of interaction of IL-4 and IL-4Ralpha has been gained by structure analysis of the complex of these two proteins and through functional studies employing mutants of IL-4 and its receptor subunits. Based on these new data, the hitherto elusive goal of designing small molecular mimetics may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Mueller
- Physiological Chemistry II, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
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Jabara H, Laouini D, Tsitsikov E, Mizoguchi E, Bhan A, Castigli E, Dedeoglu F, Pivniouk V, Brodeur S, Geha R. The binding site for TRAF2 and TRAF3 but not for TRAF6 is essential for CD40-mediated immunoglobulin class switching. Immunity 2002; 17:265-76. [PMID: 12354380 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To define the role of TRAF proteins in CD40-dependent isotype switching in B cells, we introduced wild-type (WT) and mutant CD40 transgenes that lacked the binding motifs for TRAF6 (CD40deltaTRAF6), TRAF2 and TRAF3 (CD40deltaTRAF2/3), or both (CD40deltaTRAFs) into B cells of CD40(-/-) mice. The in vivo isotype switch defect in CD40(-/-) mice was fully corrected by WT and CD40deltaTRAF6, partially by CD40deltaTRAF2/3, and not at all by CD40deltaTRAFs transgenes. CD40-mediated isotype switching, proliferation, and activation of p38, JNK, and NFkappaB in B cells were normal in WT and CD40deltaTRAF6 mice, severely impaired in CD40deltaTRAF2/3, and absent in CD40deltaTRAFs mice. These results suggest that binding to TRAF2 and/or TRAF3 but not TRAF6 is essential for CD40 isotype switching and activation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Jabara
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
In vitro immunoglobulin E (IgE) production was found to be sensitive to increasing cell concentration in culture wells. While class switching to IgE is intact as suggested by surface IgE staining, ELISPOT analysis provided evidence that the differentiation of IgE committed B cells to the plasma cell stage was arrested at high cell doses. In fact, splitting the cells at higher concentrations after culture initiation increased IgE production. Cells plated at higher doses were found to be more prone to apoptosis as assessed by Annexin staining. Interestingly, inhibiting apoptosis by the use of the caspase inhibitor DEVD significantly increased IgE levels implicating apoptosis in the preferential deletion of IgE expressing cells. These data not only highlight the caveat against using a single B-cell dose for IgE production in vitro but also suggest for the first time a possible IgE regulatory mechanism mediated by cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Rabah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Tezuka H, Imai S, Muto R, Furuhashi Y, Fujita K. Recombinant Dirofilaria immitis polyprotein that stimulates murine B cells to produce nonspecific polyclonal immunoglobulin E antibody. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1235-44. [PMID: 11854206 PMCID: PMC127741 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1235-1244.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is an event characteristically observed in parasitic helminth infections, but its mechanisms are still unclear. To define these mechanisms, we prepared a recombinant Dirofilaria immitis protein (rDiAg) and assessed its effect on nonspecific IgE production. rDiAg preferentially induced nonspecific IgE production, without eliciting specific IgE production, as well as a Th2-type cytokine profile (high interleukin-4 [IL-4] and IL-10 production but low gamma interferon production) in BALB/c mice. rDiAg significantly elicited the proliferative response of naive B cells. This response was not abolished by polymyxin B, an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and rDiAg normally expanded splenic B cells from LPS nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice. Thus, the mitogenic effect of rDiAg was not due to LPS contamination. rDiAg also enhanced levels of CD23 expression on splenic B cells. Splenic B cells produced marked levels of IgE when cultured with the combination of rDiAg and IL-4 (rDiAg-IL-4), whereas peritoneal B cells produced negligible levels of IgE. rDiAg-IL-4-induced IgE production by splenic B cells was synergistically increased by coculture with peritoneal B cells. rDiAg-driven IL-10 secretion was higher in peritoneal B cells than in splenic B cells. IgE production by splenic B cells cocultured with peritoneal B cells was decreased to a level comparable to that by splenic B cells in the presence of a neutralizing anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. Collectively, these results suggest that rDiAg-induced polyclonal expansion and IgE class switching of splenic B cells contribute to nonspecific IgE production and that these responses are enhanced by peritoneal B-cell-derived IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tezuka
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Department of International Health Development, Division of Public Health, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Roever AC, Henz BM, Worm M. Wasp venom rush immunotherapy induces transient downregulation of B cell surface molecule expression. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 127:226-33. [PMID: 11979048 DOI: 10.1159/000053867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the involvement of B cells in venom immunotherapy (VIT). To elucidate changes in the B cell phenotype during this process, we examined the expression of several surface molecules on peripheral B cells before and during VIT. METHODS 15 venom-allergic patients with a history of systemic reactions after a wasp sting and venom-specific skin test reactivity as well as serum IgE were investigated before VIT (day 1), 1 day after reaching a maintenance dose of 100 microg (day 6) during inpatient rush VIT, and again on day 26 during continued outpatient maintenance therapy. Changes in the serum levels of total IgE, allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) and sIgG4 were measured by ELISA. Expression of several surface molecules on double-labelled B cells was studied by flow cytometry of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Levels of total IgE, sIgE and sIgG4 showed a significant increase after 26 days of VIT. On day 6, cell surface expression of HLA- II-DR, CD5, CD32 and CD54 was decreased in intensity and numbers of positive cells compared to day 1, while on day 26, expression of these molecules approached again baseline levels. Furthermore, a trend to decreased CD23 was noted on day 6. No changes were observed for CD40, CD86, CD95 and HLA-I-ABC. CONCLUSION These data show that during initiation of rush VIT, B cell expression of surface molecules involved in T-B cell cooperation and antigen presentation is downmodulated. B cells may thus be additional direct or indirect targets of high-dose antigen therapy and contribute to the persistence of TH1 responses during maintenance VIT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Roever
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Brady K, Fitzgerald S, Ingvarsson S, Borrebaeck CA, Moynagh PN. CD40 employs p38 MAP kinase in IgE isotype switching. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:276-81. [PMID: 11708812 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IgE switching requires the prior induction of C epsilon germline transcripts which is mediated by the concerted binding of STAT-6 and NF kappa B to the C epsilon promoter. These transcription factors are regulated by IL-4 and CD40, respectively. However the latter can effect other signaling pathways and the present study explores the role of p38 MAPK in induction of C epsilon germline transcripts. CD40 and IL-4, both alone and in synergy, were initially shown to activate the C epsilon promoter in a B cell lymphoma cell line. Under the same conditions CD40 caused activation of p38 MAPK, whereas IL-4 was ineffective. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, and a dominant negative form of p38 MAPK decreased the CD40 activation of the C epsilon promoter by reducing the ability of CD40 to increase the transactivation potential of NF kappa B. This study suggests that p38 MAPK is crucially important in mediating CD40 activation of NF kappa B which acts to induce C epsilon germline transcripts, ultimately facilitating IgE switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Foster Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Curotto de Lafaille MA, Muriglan S, Sunshine MJ, Lei Y, Kutchukhidze N, Furtado GC, Wensky AK, Olivares-Villagómez D, Lafaille JJ. Hyper immunoglobulin E response in mice with monoclonal populations of B and T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1349-59. [PMID: 11696599 PMCID: PMC2195981 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key event in the pathogenesis of allergies is the production of antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig)E class. In normal individuals the levels of IgE are tightly regulated, as illustrated by the low serum IgE concentration. In addition, multiple immunizations are usually required to generate detectable IgE responses in normal experimental animals. To define the parameters that regulate IgE production in vivo, we generated mice bearing monoclonal populations of B and T lymphocytes specific for influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and chicken ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. A single immunization of the monoclonal mice with the cross-linked OVA-HA antigen led to serum IgE levels that reached 30-200 microg/ml. This unusually high IgE response was prevented by the infusion of regulatory alpha/beta CD4(+) T cells belonging to both CD25(+) and CD25(-) subpopulations. The regulation by the infused T cells impeded the development of fully competent OVA-specific effector/memory Th2 lymphocytes without inhibiting the initial proliferative response of T cells or promoting activation-induced cell death. Our results indicate that hyper IgE responses do not occur in normal individuals due to the presence of regulatory T cells, and imply that the induction of regulatory CD4(+) T cells could be used for the prevention of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Curotto de Lafaille
- Program of Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Rabah D, Grant S, Ma C, Conrad DH. Bryostatin-1 specifically inhibits in vitro IgE synthesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4910-8. [PMID: 11673496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bryostatin-1, a macrocyclic lactone, is an antineoplastic agent that potently activates protein kinase C. Bryostatin-1 (Bryo) had an immunomodulatory effect on murine B cells in that it specifically inhibited IgE production. IgE levels were inhibited in a B cell dose-response curve, whereas IgM and IgG1 were induced by Bryo treatment. Taken together, ELISPOT and surface Ig staining data suggested that Bryo inhibition occurred at the level of class switching. RT-PCR and real time PCR data showed that this inhibition was achieved at an early step in switch recombination, namely, the appearance of Iepsilon germline transcripts. Although Bryo caused a delay in the proliferative response of IL-4/CD40 ligand trimer-stimulated B cells, CFSE studies revealed that the Bryo-mediated inhibition of class switching to IgE occurred independently of the number of division cycles. Notably, Bryo showed the same specific IgE inhibition in human B cells. This study provides evidence for a unique mechanism regulating IgE production possibly downstream of PKC by specifically modulating Iepsilon germline transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rabah
- Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Vonderheid EC, Bigler RD, Kotecha A, Boselli CM, Lessin SR, Bernengo MG, Polansky M. Variable CD7 expression on T cells in the leukemic phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (Sézary syndrome). J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:654-62. [PMID: 11564173 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD7, a molecule normally expressed on 90% of normal CD4+ T cells, is often deficient on the malignant T cells of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. To investigate the clinical and biologic implications of CD7 expression, blood lymphocytes from 42 patients with the leukemic phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CD4/CD8 ratio of 10 or more with evidence of a T cell clone in the blood) were analyzed for level of expression of CD7 by flow cytometry. CD7 expression by cells did not clearly segregate into two distinct subgroups that are either CD7 positive or CD7 negative as generally thought; however, nine of 17 patients with a predominantly CD4+CD7+ tumor population on early studies became CD4+CD7- over time whereas the converse situation was not observed. In addition, of three patients with evidence of large tumor cells in the blood coexisting with smaller cells, discordant CD7 expression was observed in one instance. In lymph node specimens, the percentage of cells expressing CD7 and other T cell markers did not correlate with histologic evidence of involvement. CD7 expression on blood lymphocytes also did not correlate with patients' survival nor to serum IgE levels or blood eosinophil counts, a finding suggesting that this marker does not identify functional cell subsets that produce serum interleukin-4 or -5, respectively. We speculate that the level of CD7 expression on malignant T cells may be the effect of sustained antigen stimulation in vivo analogous to what has been proposed to occur with normal T cells during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Vonderheid
- Department of Dermatology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA.
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36
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Stolzenberger S, Haake M, Duschl A. Specific inhibition of interleukin-4-dependent Stat6 activation by an intracellularly delivered peptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4809-14. [PMID: 11532018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Stat6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is activated following stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13. Stat6 binds via a single SH2 domain first to tyrosine-phosphorylated motifs in the IL-4Ralpha chain, and then to another Stat6 molecule, which results in the formation of active dimers. We show here that a peptide derived from the Stat6-binding region of IL-4Ralpha (Stat6BP) is an effective inhibitor when it is delivered into cells by coupling with a membrane-permeable peptide. Stat6BP completely inhibited IL-4 dependent phosphorylation of Stat6, as well as basal and IL-4 stimulated transcription from a reporter gene construct with a Stat6-dependent promoter, while IL-3 and IL-4 dependent phosphorylation of Stat5 was not affected. The inhibitory effect of Stat6BP was transient, but could be prolonged by treating the cells with the phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate.
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37
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Grunewald SM, Teufel M, Erb K, Nelde A, Mohrs M, Brombacher F, Bröcker EB, Sebald W, Duschl A. Upon prolonged allergen exposure IL-4 and IL-4Ralpha knockout mice produce specific IgE leading to anaphylaxis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 125:322-8. [PMID: 11574754 DOI: 10.1159/000053833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-4 and IL-13 are key regulators in atopic disorders and both signal through the receptor chain IL-4Ralpha. IL-4 and IL-13 are also the only cytokines known to induce class switching to IgE. We sought to compare allergen-specific IgE responses and allergic reactivity of wild-type (wt) mice with IL-4-/- and IL-4Ralpha-/- mice, which lack both IL-4 and IL-13 functions. METHODS BALB/c wt, IL-4-/- and IL-4Ralpha-/- mice were immunized with ovalbumin intranasally or intraperitoneally and specific antibody titers were measured by ELISA. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and lung tissue were analyzed cytologically and histologically. Allergic reactivity was determined by active cutaneous anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock. RESULTS wt mice immunized intranasally or intraperitoneally showed high titers of specific IgE 3 and 6 weeks after primary sensitization, resulting in cutaneous anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock upon challenge. Intranasal sensitization resulted in airway eosinophilia and goblet cell metaplasia. In contrast, IL-4-/- and IL-4Ralpha-/- mice showed no specific IgE after 3 weeks, but produced high titers after 6 weeks. At this time cutaneous anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock could be induced as in wt mice, but lung pathology was absent. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that upon long-term allergen exposure, alternative switch mechanisms independent of IL-4 and IL-4Ralpha may induce IgE but not asthma-like lung pathology. This may be relevant for the development of allergic disease, since long-term allergen exposure is a frequent condition during allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Grunewald
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Haut- und Gechlechtskrankheiten, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Liebers V, Gellert B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Baur X. Does IL-4 play a role in the expansion of V beta 8a T cell receptor-bearing cells? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 125:21-31. [PMID: 11385285 DOI: 10.1159/000053793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of subjects allergic to the insect-derived allergen Chi t 1--9 are characterized by an allergen-induced pronounced proliferation and increased expression of activation markers (CD25, HLA-DR, CD23). T cell lines showed an elevated percentage of V beta 8a-positive cells following stimulation by Chi t 1--9. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether V beta 8a dominance plays an important role in PBMC short-term cultures (24 h) as well. The role of exogenous added cytokines, especially IL-4, has been determined. METHODS The T cell receptor repertoire was measured with 16 monoclonal antibodies to epitopes on the variable region of the beta chain by flow cytometry. Patients allergic to Chi t 1--9 were compared to nonallergic subjects as well as to subjects with other occupational allergies. In addition, cytokines were determined intracellulary by flow cytometry. Studies were performed with PBMC cultured for 24 h. RESULTS After cultivation for 24 h without or with different stimuli (cytokines, allergen, phytohaemagglutinin), changes in the T cell receptor profile and the cytokine profile were measurable compared to the baseline value (without cultivation). Stimulation with IL-4 revealed increased percentages of V beta 8a-expressing cells in Chi t 1--9-sensitized patients. This IL-4-induced V beta 8a increase did not occur in PBMC from the two control subject groups (non-allergic and allergic to other allergens than Chi t 1--9). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the dominance of certain T cell receptor types seems to arise due to the exposure to specific allergens and cytokine production. Some T cell receptors are often affected, for example V beta 8a, whereas others only show minor variations. V beta 8a expression obviously plays an important role in Chi t 1-9 allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Liebers
- Berufsgenossenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin, Institut an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland.
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Nelde A, Teufel M, Hahn C, Duschl A, Sebald W, Bröcker EB, Grunewald SM. The impact of the route and frequency of antigen exposure on the IgE response in allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 124:461-9. [PMID: 11340329 DOI: 10.1159/000053781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the factors which control IgE production is essential in order to understand the pathogenesis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. We have studied the extent to which the route and frequency of antigen application as well as different antigen amounts may influence IgE synthesis. METHODS We established sensitisation protocols in BALB/c mice, in which various doses of ovalbumin (Ova) were applied via intranasal, epicutaneous or intraperitoneal routes. Ova-specific antibodies were measured by ELISA. After 6 weeks of sensitisation, anaphylactic shock was measured following intravenous challenge with Ova. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavages were performed in intranasally sensitised mice. RESULTS We were able to show that the most efficient IgE production was achieved by long-term antigen application via the airways, leading to local allergic airway pathology. The epicutaneous route of antigen application also induced very high IgE titres, while intraperitoneal sensitisation led to significantly lower IgE levels. After intraperitoneal sensitisation, IgE synthesis was best induced by increasing the frequency of antigen application, but not by increasing the amount of antigen. In all groups of mice, Ova-specific IgE antibodies were high enough to induce systemic allergic symptoms leading to anaphylactic shock. The severity of shock correlated with the amount of specific IgE. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that antigen application via the airways or skin induces IgE synthesis more efficiently than via the intraperitoneal route. Few exposures with high-dose antigen are less efficient than multiple exposures with low doses. Our finding that both the route and the frequency of antigen application strongly influence IgE synthesis may help to understand how environmental antigens lead to allergic sensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nelde
- Biozentrum, Physiologische Chemie II, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Busse
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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41
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Strannegård O, Strannegård IL. The causes of the increasing prevalence of allergy: is atopy a microbial deprivation disorder? Allergy 2001; 56:91-102. [PMID: 11167368 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056002091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Strannegård
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Eisenmesser EZ, Kapust RB, Nawrocki JP, Mazzulla MJ, Pannell LK, Waugh DS, Byrd RA. Expression, purification, refolding, and characterization of recombinant human interleukin-13: utilization of intracellular processing. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:186-95. [PMID: 11049743 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that elicits both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses. Recent studies underscore its role in several diseases, including asthma and cancer. Solution studies of IL-13 and its soluble receptors may facilitate the design of antagonists/agonists which would require milligram quantities of specifically labeled protein. A synthetic gene encoding human IL-13 (hIL-13) was inserted into the pMAL-c2 vector with a cleavage site for the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease. Coexpression of the fusion protein and TEV protease led to in vivo cleavage, resulting in high levels of hIL-13 production. hIL-13, localized to inclusion bodies, was purified and refolded to yield approximately 2 mg per liter of bacteria grown in minimal media. Subsequent biochemical and biophysical analysis of both the unlabeled and (15)N-labeled protein revealed a bioactive helical monomer. In addition, the two disulfide bonds were unambiguously demonstrated to be Cys29-Cys57 and Cys45-Cys71 by a combined proteolytic digestion and mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Eisenmesser
- Macromolecular NMR Section, National Cancer Institute-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Aström K, Magnusson CG, Papatziamos G, Hemlin C, Scheynius A, van der Ploeg I. Analysis of epsilon germline transcripts and IL-4 mRNA expression in the adenoids suggests local IgE switching. Allergy 2000; 55:1049-55. [PMID: 11097315 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously observed more frequent occurrence of IgE+ and FcepsilonRI+ cells in adenoids of atopic than nonatopic children. To investigate the hypothesis that the adenoids are involved in IgE production, we analyzed the levels of epsilon germline (epsilonGL), IL-4, and IFN-gamma transcripts in the adenoids in relation to atopy and presence of ear disease. METHODS Adenoidectomy was performed on 19 atopic and 18 nonatopic children (median age 5 years, range 2-12 years) suffering from otitis media with effusion (OME) (n = 16) or obstructive adenoids hyperplasia (AH) (n = 21). The levels of epsilonGL transcripts, IL-4, and IFN-gamma mRNA were analyzed by competitive reverse transcriptase-PCR. RESULTS EpsilonGL transcript levels in the adenoids were found to be dependent on IL-4 mRNA expression (P < 0.01) and serum IgE levels (P < 0.05) (R2 = 0.32, n = 37). IL-4 mRNA expression was associated with epsilonGL transcript levels (rs = 0.32, P = 0.05, n = 37), especially among patients with AH (rs = 0.53, P = 0.01, n = 21). No significant differences in IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were observed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study supports an IL-4-induced class switch to IgE production in the adenoids that might be of importance for inflammatory reactions in the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Reinemer P, Sebald W, Duschl A. Der Interleukin-4-Rezeptor: vom Erkennungsmechanismus zur pharmakologischen Zielstruktur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000818)112:16<2954::aid-ange2954>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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45
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Reinemer P, Sebald W, Duschl A. The Interleukin-4-Receptor: From Recognition Mechanism to Pharmacological Target Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:2834-2846. [PMID: 11027984 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000818)39:16<2834::aid-anie2834>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis of hormone derivatives is an established route to yield pharmacologically active agents. Until recently this has only been feasible for small organic compounds, but nowadays it is also possible to produce antagonists for larger protein hormones. In particular, the interleukin-4-receptor was a well-suited target for this approach since it plays a pivotal role in the release and progression of allergic diseases. Accordingly, a strong interest and a high medical need is associated with the development of inhibitors. The structural elucidation of the ligand/receptor complex and an improved understanding of the mechanisms concerning receptor binding and activation allow for the rational design of variants that inhibit interleukin-4. Since it is possible to specifically inhibit the interleukin-4-receptor system in this way, a completely new approach to the development of new drugs against allergy and asthma has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Reinemer
- Bayer AG Pharmaforschung (PH-R LSC-NP) Postfach 101709, 42096 Wuppertal (Germany)
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Abstract
Fungal allergy including allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, and allergic bronchopulmonary mycoses results from exposure to spores. In this review we have dealt with the common allergenic fungi and allergens, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic assays, and the possible control of allergy in the future based on epitope-specific immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kurup
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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Oettgen HC, Geha RS. IgE in asthma and atopy: cellular and molecular connections. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:829-35. [PMID: 10510320 PMCID: PMC408564 DOI: 10.1172/jci8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Spergel JM, Mizoguchi E, Oettgen H, Bhan AK, Geha RS. Roles of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in a murine model of allergic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1103-11. [PMID: 10207161 PMCID: PMC408277 DOI: 10.1172/jci5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions in atopic dermatitis (AD) are characterized by hypertrophy of the dermis and epidermis, infiltration by T cells and eosinophils, and expression of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma. The role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD is not known. We took advantage of a recently described murine model of AD elicited by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) (1) and of the availability of mice with targeted deletions of the IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma cytokine genes to assess the role of these cytokines in this model.OVA-sensitized skin from IL-5(-/-) mice had no detectable eosinophils and exhibited decreased epidermal and dermal thickening. Sensitized skin from IL-4(-/-) mice displayed normal thickening of the skin layers but had a drastic reduction in eosinophils and a significant increase in infiltrating T cells. These findings were associated with a reduction in eotaxin mRNA and an increase in mRNA for the T-cell chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), MIP-1beta, and RANTES. Sensitized skin from IFN-gamma-/- mice was characterized by reduced dermal thickening. These results suggest that both the TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 and the TH1 cytokine IFN-gamma play important roles in the inflammation and hypertrophy of the skin in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Spergel
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Li Y, Simons FER, HayGlass KT. Environmental Antigen-Induced IL-13 Responses Are Elevated Among Subjects with Allergic Rhinitis, Are Independent of IL-4, and Are Inhibited by Endogenous IFN-γ Synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Human immediate hypersensitivity diseases represent the most common example of chronic excessive Th2-like activation in developed nations. While IL-13 shares many functional properties with IL-4, the intensity and regulation of environmental Ag-stimulated IL-13 synthesis by allergic vs nonallergic individuals remain ill defined. Here, we examine the intensity of polyclonally and Ag-stimulated IL-13 production by PBMC of 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Polyclonally driven IL-13 responses did not differ significantly (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.68). In contrast, the median CD4-dependent IL-13 response among atopics was markedly stronger than nonatopics in Ag-stimulated primary culture (p = 0.0031) and exhibited a strong correlation with IL-5 (r = 0.76, p = 0.0009), but not IL-4 (r = 0.14, p > 0.05), responses. IL-13 production was unaffected by blocking endogenous IL-4 or IL-5 activity or by addition of rIL-4 or rIL-5. In contrast, it was inhibited by low levels of rIFN-γ and strongly enhanced upon addition of neutralizing anti-IFN-γ mAb. Collectively, the data are consistent with a negative regulatory role for endogenous IFN-γ synthesis in controlling the intensity of systemic IL-13 responses evoked in both atopic and nonatopic populations following exposure to common Ags. They also suggest that the elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-5 characteristic of type 2-dominated responses in vivo are without detectable impact on the maintenance of recall Ag-stimulated IL-13 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Estelle R. Simons
- *Immunology and
- †Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kent T. HayGlass
- *Immunology and
- †Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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