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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Li C, Ma D, Chen Y, Liu W, Jin F, Bo L. Selective inhibition of JNK located on mitochondria protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with LPS‑induced ALI/ARDS. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:85. [PMID: 35514298 PMCID: PMC9106374 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few pharmacological interventions are able to improve the mortality rate of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). The aim of this research was to elucidate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mitochondria pathways serve important roles in ALI/ARDS and to determine whether the key component Sab is a potential treatment target. The current study investigated the activation of ER stress and the JNK pathway, the content of JNK located on the mitochondria during ER stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI/ARDS by western blot analysis. The treatment effects of Tat-SabKIM1, a selective inhibitor of JNK located on mitochondria were explored by multiple methods including histopathological evaluation, lung cell apoptosis tested by TUNEL assay, mitochondrial membrane permeability and survival analysis. The results verified that ER stress was enhanced during LPS-induced ALI/ARDS and could induce activation of the JNK pathway and JNK-mitochondrial localization as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Tat-SabKIM1 alleviated LPS injection-induced lung injury and improved mouse survival rates by specifically inhibiting JNK localization to mitochondria and mito-JNK signal activation without affecting cytosolic/nuclear JNK activation. The protective effect of Tat-SabKIM1 against ALI/ARDS was partly caused by inhibition of the excessive activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy. These results showed the important role of Sab as a treatment target of ALI/ARDS and the potential treatment effect of Tat-SabKIM1. In conclusion, abnormal activation of the JNK-mitochondrial pathway could significantly disrupt the normal physiological function of lung cells, resulting in the occurrence of ALI/ARDS and selective inhibit of JNK located on mitochondria by Tat-SabKIM1 had a protective effect against the mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with LPS-induced ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Debin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Bo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Tarjányi O, Haerer J, Vecsernyés M, Berta G, Stayer-Harci A, Balogh B, Farkas K, Boldizsár F, Szeberényi J, Sétáló G. Prolonged treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 induces apoptosis in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5808. [PMID: 35388084 PMCID: PMC8987075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and morphological changes were recorded. Initially, neuronal differentiation was induced but after 24 h signs of morphological deterioration became apparent. We performed nuclear staining, flow cytometry and WST-1 assay then analyzed signal transduction pathways involving Akt, p38 MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase), c-Jun and caspase-3. Stress signaling via p38, JNK and c-Jun was active even after 24 h of MG-132 treatment, while the survival-mediating Akt phosphorylation declined and the executor of apoptosis (caspase-3) was activated by that time and apoptosis was also observable. We examined subcellular localization of stress signaling components, applied kinase inhibitors and dominant negative H-Ras mutant-expressing PC12 cells in order to decipher connections of stress-mediating pathways. Our results are suggestive of that treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 has a biphasic nature in PC12 cells. Initially, it induces neuronal differentiation but prolonged treatments lead to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktávia Tarjányi
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Julian Haerer
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vecsernyés
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Stayer-Harci
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bálint Balogh
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Institute of Bioanalysis, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Boldizsár
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - József Szeberényi
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - György Sétáló
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12., Pecs, 7624, Hungary. .,Signal Transduction Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20., Pecs, 7624, Hungary.
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Drain AP, Zahir N, Northey JJ, Zhang H, Huang PJ, Maller O, Lakins JN, Yu X, Leight JL, Alston-Mills BP, Hwang ES, Chen YY, Park CC, Weaver VM. Matrix compliance permits NF-κB activation to drive therapy resistance in breast cancer. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20191360. [PMID: 33822843 PMCID: PMC8025243 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are associated with poor survival mediated by treatment resistance. TNBCs are fibrotic, yet little is known regarding how the extracellular matrix (ECM) evolves following therapy and whether it impacts treatment response. Analysis revealed that while primary untreated TNBCs are surrounded by a rigid stromal microenvironment, chemotherapy-resistant residual tumors inhabit a softer niche. TNBC organoid cultures and xenograft studies showed that organoids interacting with soft ECM exhibit striking resistance to chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and death receptor ligand TRAIL. A stiff ECM enhanced proapoptotic JNK activity to sensitize cells to treatment, whereas a soft ECM promoted treatment resistance by elevating NF-κB activity and compromising JNK activity. Treatment-resistant residual TNBCs residing within soft stroma had elevated activated NF-κB levels, and disengaging NF-κB activity sensitized tumors in a soft matrix to therapy. Thus, the biophysical properties of the ECM modify treatment response, and agents that modulate stiffness-dependent NF-κB or JNK activity could enhance therapeutic efficacy in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison P. Drain
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- University of California, Berkeley–University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nastaran Zahir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jason J. Northey
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Po-Jui Huang
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ori Maller
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Johnathon N. Lakins
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jennifer L. Leight
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brenda P. Alston-Mills
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E. Shelley Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Catherine C. Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Xu Y, Zhou Q, Feng X, Dai Y, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Liu X, Xing X, Wang Y, Ni Y, Zheng C. Disulfiram/copper markedly induced myeloma cell apoptosis through activation of JNK and intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110048. [PMID: 32145587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF) is an FDA approved anti-alcoholism drug in use for more than 60 years. Recently, antitumor activity of the DSF/copper (DSF/Cu) complex has been identified. Its anti-multiple myeloma activity, however, has barely been investigated. In the present study, our results demonstrated that the DSF/Cu complex induced apoptosis of MM cells and MM primary cells. The results indicated that DSF/Cu significantly induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in MM.1S and RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, JC-1 and Western blot results showed that DSF/Cu disrupted mitochondrial membrane integrity and cleaved caspase-8 in MM cells, respectively, suggesting that it induced activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Interestingly, DSF/Cu induced caspase-3 activation was partly blocked by Z-VAD-FMK (zVAD), a pan-caspase inhibitor, indicating at caspase-dependent and -independent paths involved in DSF/Cu induced myeloma cell apoptosis machinery. Additionally, activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway was observed in DSF/Cu treated MM cells. More importantly, our results demonstrated that DSF/Cu significantly reduced tumor volumes and prolonged overall survival of MM bearing mice when compared with the controls. Taken together, our novel findings showed that DSF/Cu has potent anti-myeloma activity in vitro and in vivo highlighting valuable clinical potential of DSF/Cu in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China; Haemal Internal Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Yishui Country, Linyi, Shandong 276400, China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yibo Dai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangling Xing
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM) and Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17164, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihong Ni
- Department of Endocrine, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Chengyun Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Institute of Biotherapy for Hematological Malignancies, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong University-Karolinska Institute Collaboration Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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6
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Shirazi M, Eslahi A, Sharifi V, Rahimi F, Safarpour A. Evaluation of Caspase 3 Enzyme and TNF-alpha as Biomarkers in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children- a preliminary report. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:315-319. [PMID: 28523029 PMCID: PMC5432696 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.332.11934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the applicability of urinary caspase 3 enzyme and TNF-α as biomarkers in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS In this study, 31 unilateral UPJO patients and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy childrens were enrolled. The patients with UPJO consisted of 11 female and 20 male children between the ages of 2 to 62 months old. All participants were evaluated regarding anterior-posterior(AP) diameter and cortical thickness of affected kidney by ultrasonography. Technetium DTPA renal scan and voiding cystourethrogram(to assess vesicoureteral reflux) were performed, pre-operatively. Also, urinary levels of TNF-α and caspase 3 enzyme were checked. Follow-ups included measurement of aforementioned indices in patients: AP diameter and cortical thickness of the affected kidney, as well as TNF-α and caspase 3 levels in urine, three and six months after pyeloplasty. RESULTS The results showed highly significant decrease in urinary TNF-α and caspase 3 enzyme (P values < 0.01), approaching the level measured in children without UPJO after six months. Significant decrease in AP diameter and increase in cortical thickness were also noticed (P values < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of this study strongly support that TNF-α and caspase 3 levels in urine can be used for improvement monitoring in follow-up of UPJO patients after pyeloplasty and can also be potentially used as determining indices for surgical plan but more studies, especially in patients who are not surgical candidates are needed to confirm our observaitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shirazi
- Mehdi Shirazi, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Eslahi
- Ali Eslahi, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahidreza Sharifi
- Vahidreza Sharifi, Urologist, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi
- Fatemeh Rahimi, Educational Manager, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Safarpour
- Alireza Safarpour, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kuhn H, Nieuwenhuijsen H, Karthe B, Wirtz H. Stretch-induced apoptosis in rat alveolar epithelial cells is mediated by the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:49-56. [DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1287228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bianca Karthe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hubert Wirtz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Wei J, Song J, Jiang S, Zhang G, Wheeler D, Zhang J, Wang S, Lai EY, Wang L, Buggs J, Liu R. Role of intratubular pressure during the ischemic phase in acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F1158-F1165. [PMID: 28579560 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00527.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by clamping of renal vein or pedicle is more severe than clamping of artery, but the mechanism has not been clarified. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that increased proximal tubular pressure (Pt) during the ischemic phase exacerbates kidney injury and promotes the development of AKI. We induced AKI by bilateral clamping of renal arteries, pedicles, or veins for 18 min at 37°C, respectively. Pt during the ischemic phase was measured with micropuncture. We found that higher Pt was associated with more severe AKI. To determine the role of Pt during the ischemic phase on the development of AKI, we adjusted the Pt by altering renal artery pressure. We induced AKI by bilateral clamping of renal veins, and the Pt was changed by adjusting the renal artery pressure during the ischemic phase by constriction of aorta and mesenteric artery. When we decreased renal artery pressure from 85 ± 5 to 65 ± 8 mmHg, Pt decreased from 53.3 ± 2.7 to 44.7 ± 2.0 mmHg. Plasma creatinine decreased from 2.48 ± 0.23 to 1.91 ± 0.21 mg/dl at 24 h after renal ischemia. When we raised renal artery pressure to 103 ± 7 mmHg, Pt increased to 67.2 ± 5.1 mmHg. Plasma creatinine elevated to 3.17 ± 0.14 mg·dl·24 h after renal ischemia. Changes in KIM-1, NGAL, and histology were in the similar pattern as plasma creatinine. In summary, we found that higher Pt during the ischemic phase promoted the development of AKI, while lower Pt protected from kidney injury. Pt may be a potential target for treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jiangping Song
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida.,Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donald Wheeler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida;
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9
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Zhang XF, Zhao YF, Zhu SW, Huang WJ, Luo Y, Chen QY, Ge LJ, Li RS, Wang JF, Sun M, Xiao ZC, Fan GH. CXCL1 Triggers Caspase-3 Dependent Tau Cleavage in Long-Term Neuronal Cultures and in the Hippocampus of Aged Mice: Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:89-104. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhao
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Wei Zhu
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jie Huang
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ying Chen
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ge
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Run-Sheng Li
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Fei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Platform Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Sun
- Neurodegeneration DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Shunxi-Monash Immune Regeneration and Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Guo-Huang Fan
- Neuroinflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Center, Shanghai, China
- Tongji University School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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10
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Alvey NJ, Pedley A, Rosenquist KJ, Massaro JM, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Association of fat density with subclinical atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:jah3669. [PMID: 25169793 PMCID: PMC4310364 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Ectopic fat density is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors above and beyond fat volume. Volumetric measures of ectopic fat have been associated with CVD risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fat density and subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods and Results Participants were drawn from the Multi‐Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) substudy of the Framingham Heart Study (n=3079; mean age, 50.1 years; 49.2% women). Fat density was indirectly estimated by computed tomography attenuation (Hounsfield Units [HU]) on abdominal scan slices. Visceral fat (VAT), subcutaneous fat (SAT), and pericardial fat HU and volumes were quantified using standard protocols; coronary and abdominal aortic calcium (CAC and AAC, respectively) were measured radiographically. Multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between adipose tissue HU and the presence of CAC and AAC. Overall, 17.1% of the participants had elevated CAC (Agatston score [AS]>100), and 23.3% had elevated AAC (AS>age‐/sex‐specific cutoffs). Per 5‐unit decrement in VAT HU, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated CAC was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.89; P=0.0005), even after adjustment for body mass index or VAT volume. Results were similar for SAT HU. With decreasing VAT HU, we also observed an OR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.92; P=0.004) for elevated AAC after multivariable adjustment. We found no significant associations between SAT HU and AAC. There was no significant association between pericardial fat HU and either CAC or AAC. Conclusions Lower VAT and SAT HU, indirect estimates of fat quality, are associated with a lower risk of subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Alvey
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.J.A.) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (N.J.A., A.P., K.J.R., C.J.D., C.S.F.)
| | - Alison Pedley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (N.J.A., A.P., K.J.R., C.J.D., C.S.F.)
| | - Klara J Rosenquist
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (N.J.A., A.P., K.J.R., C.J.D., C.S.F.) Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.J.R., C.S.F.) NHLBI Division of Intramural Research and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA (K.J.R., C.S.F.)
| | - Joseph M Massaro
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.M.M.)
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (N.J.A., A.P., K.J.R., C.J.D., C.S.F.) Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.J.D.) NHLBI Division of Intramural Research, Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Research, Bethesda, MD (C.J.D.)
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (U.H.)
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA (N.J.A., A.P., K.J.R., C.J.D., C.S.F.) Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.J.R., C.S.F.) NHLBI Division of Intramural Research and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA (K.J.R., C.S.F.)
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11
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Bocanegra V, Gil Lorenzo AF, Cacciamani V, Benardón ME, Costantino VV, Vallés PG. RhoA and MAPK signal transduction pathways regulate NHE1-dependent proximal tubule cell apoptosis after mechanical stretch. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F881-9. [PMID: 25080524 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00232.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical deformation after congenital ureteral obstruction is traduced into biochemical signals leading to tubular atrophy due to epithelial cell apoptosis. We investigated whether Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) could be responsible for HK-2 cell apoptosis induction in response to mechanical stretch through its ability to function as a control point of RhoA and MAPK signaling pathways. When mechanical stretch was applied to HK-2 cells, cell apoptosis was associated with diminished NHE1 expression and RhoA activation. The RhoA signaling pathway was confirmed to be upstream from the MAPK cascade when HK-2 cells were transfected with the active RhoA-V14 mutant, showing higher ERK1/2 expression and decreased p38 activation associated with NHE1 downregulation. NHE1 participation in apoptosis induction was confirmed by specific small interfering RNA NHE1 showing caspase-3 activation and decreased Bcl-2 expression. The decreased NHE1 expression was correlated with abnormal NHE1 activity addressed by intracellular pH measurements. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial proximal tubule cell apoptosis in response to mechanical stretch is orchestrated by signaling pathways initiated by the small GTPase RhoA and followed by the opposing effects of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, regulating NHE1 decreased expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bocanegra
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Valeria Cacciamani
- Área de Fisiología Patológica, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Benardón
- Área de Fisiología Patológica, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Valeria Victoria Costantino
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Área de Fisiología Patológica, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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12
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Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Rengarajan T, Palaniswami R, Gnanadhas EN, Lakshminarasaiah U, Gopas J, Nishigaki I. Antioxidants and human diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:332-47. [PMID: 24933428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes hydrogen peroxide, hyphochlorus acid, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides, hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical are involved in growth, differentiation, progression and death of the cell. They can react with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and other small molecules. Low concentrations of ROS has an indispensable role in intracellular signalling and defence against pathogens, while, higher amounts of ROS play a role in number of human diseases, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia, failures in immunity and endocrine functions. Antioxidants presumably act as safeguard against the accumulation of ROS and their elimination from the system. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in understanding of the ROS and also to summarize the detailed impact and involvement of antioxidants in selected human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | - Natarajan Nandakumar
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Rajendran Palaniswami
- Department of Applied Zoology and Biotechnology, Vivekananda College (A Gurukula Institute of Life Training), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai 625234, India
| | - Edwinoliver Nesamony Gnanadhas
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Uppalapati Lakshminarasaiah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Oncology Department Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ikuo Nishigaki
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan.
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13
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Grabias BM, Konstantopoulos K. The physical basis of renal fibrosis: effects of altered hydrodynamic forces on kidney homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F473-85. [PMID: 24352503 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00503.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy kidneys are continuously exposed to an array of physical forces as they filter the blood: shear stress along the inner lumen of the tubules, distension of the tubular walls in response to changing fluid pressures, and bending moments along both the cilia and microvilli of individual epithelial cells that comprise the tubules. Dysregulation of kidney homeostasis via underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or glomerulonephritis fundamentally elevates the magnitudes of each principle force in the kidney and leads to fibrotic scarring and eventual loss of organ function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress made characterizing the response of kidney cells to pathological levels of mechanical stimuli. In particular, we examine important, mechanically responsive signaling cascades and explore fundamental changes in renal cell homeostasis after cyclic strain or fluid shear stress exposure. Elucidating the effects of these disease-related mechanical imbalances on endogenous signaling events in kidney cells presents a unique opportunity to better understand the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Grabias
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Univ., New Engineering Bldg. 114, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218.
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14
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Proteomic analysis of rat proximal tubule cells following stretch-induced apoptosis in an in vitro model of kidney obstruction. J Proteomics 2013; 100:125-35. [PMID: 24316357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a commonly noted disorder on prenatal ultrasound that has the potential to lead to permanent loss of renal function. To study the molecular processes of the disease, an in vitro model has been developed which involves mechanical stretch of proximal tubule cells grown on flexible plates which mimics the physiological conditions during UTO. This study employs a one dimensional SDS-PAGE fractionation procedure, followed by in-gel digest and LC-MS/MS analysis in a semi-quantitative experiment using spectral counting to relatively quantify changes in protein expression following the established model of UTO. Quantitative analysis shows 317 of the 1630 identified proteins express altered abundance, with 135 increased and 182 decreased in abundance as a result of stretch. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG annotations implicate a number of physiological processes that have been previously shown in addition to some potentially novel processes in UTO. The quantitative proteomic analysis we performed here provides a more complete characterization of changes in protein abundance as a result of stretch than previous studies, and provides a number of previously undescribed proteins in proximal tubule cells that may play a role in UTO. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a commonly noted abnormality on prenatal ultrasound that can either resolve spontaneously or require surgical intervention to prevent permanent renal damage or loss of function. While targeted studies of UTO have shown a number of pathological responses in proximal tubule cells, there are currently no large-scale quantitative studies that aim to elucidate a global cellular response. This study uses a semi-quantitative approach and applies a well characterized model of UTO to determine a number of cellular processes affected by UTO simulation and identifies a number of proteins with altered abundance that have not been noted previously in UTO. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Can Proteomics Fill the Gap Between Genomics and Phenotypes?
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15
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Signalling mechanisms involved in renal pathological changes during cisplatin-induced nephropathy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1863-74. [PMID: 23929259 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cisplatin, a coordination platinum complex, is used as a potential anti-neoplastic agent, having well recognized DNA-damaging property that triggers cell-cycle arrest and cell death in cancer therapy. Beneficial chemotherapeutic actions of cisplatin can be detrimental for kidneys. BACKGROUND Unbound cisplatin gets accumulated in renal tubular cells, leading to cell injury and death. This liable action of cisplatin on kidneys is mediated by altered intracellular signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), or C- Jun N terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK). Further, these signalling alterations are responsible for release and activation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis, which ultimately cause the renal pathogenic process. Cisplatin itself enhances the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which further leads to renal apoptosis. Cisplatin-induced nephropathy is also mediated through the p53 and protein kinase-Cδ (PKCδ) signalling pathways. OBJECTIVE This review explores these signalling alterations and their possible role in the pathogenesis of cisplatin-induced renal injury.
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16
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Interleukin-19 mediates tissue damage in murine ischemic acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56028. [PMID: 23468852 PMCID: PMC3582636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and renal tubular injury are major features of acute kidney injury (AKI). Many cytokines and chemokines are released from injured tubular cells and acts as proinflammatory mediators. However, the role of IL-19 in the pathogenesis of AKI is not defined yet. In bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced and HgCl2-induced AKI animal models, real-time quantitative (RTQ)-PCR showed that the kidneys, livers, and lungs of AKI mice expressed significantly higher IL-19 and its receptors than did sham control mice. Immunohistochemical staining showed that IL-19 and its receptors were strongly stained in the kidney, liver, and lung tissue of AKI mice. In vitro, IL-19 upregulated MCP-1, TGF-β1, and IL-19, and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in murine renal tubular epithelial M-1 cells. IL-19 upregulated TNF-α and IL-10 in cultured HepG2 cells, and it increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression in cultured A549 cells. In vivo, after renal IRI or a nephrotoxic dose of HgCl2 treatment, IL-20R1-deficient mice (the deficiency blocks IL-19 signaling) showed lower levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum and less tubular damage than did wild-type mice. Therefore, we conclude that IL-19 mediates kidney, liver, and lung tissue damage in murine AKI and that blocking IL-19 signaling may provide a potent therapeutic strategy for treating AKI.
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17
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Hawkes WC, Alkan Z. Delayed cell cycle progression in selenoprotein W-depleted cells is regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4-p38/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-p53 pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27371-9. [PMID: 22730327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.346593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved thioredoxin-like protein whose depletion causes a transient p53- and p21(Cip1)-dependent G(1)-phase cell cycle arrest in breast and prostate epithelial cells. SEPW1 depletion increases phosphorylation of Ser-33 in p53, which is associated with decreased p53 ubiquitination and stabilization of p53. We report here that delayed cell cycle progression, Ser-33 phosphorylation, and p53 nuclear accumulation from SEPW1 depletion require mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). Silencing MKK4 rescued G(1) arrest, Ser-33 phosphorylation, and nuclear accumulation of p53 induced by SEPW1 depletion, but silencing MKK3, MKK6, or MKK7 did not. SEPW1 silencing did not change the phosphorylation state of MKK4 but increased total MKK4 protein. Silencing p38γ, p38δ, or JNK2 partially rescued G(1) arrest from SEPW1 silencing, suggesting they signal downstream from MKK4. These results imply that SEPW1 silencing increases MKK4, which activates p38γ, p38δ, and JNK2 to phosphorylate p53 on Ser-33 and cause a transient G(1) arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chris Hawkes
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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18
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Acharya A, Das I, Chandhok D, Saha T. Redox regulation in cancer: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:23-34. [PMID: 20716925 PMCID: PMC2835886 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.1.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, implicated in the etiology of cancer, results from an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell’s own antioxidant defenses. ROS deregulate the redox homeostasis and promote tumor formation by initiating an aberrant induction of signaling networks that cause tumorigenesis. Ultraviolet (UV) exposures, γ-radiation and other environmental carcinogens generate ROS in the cells, which can exert apoptosis in the tumors, thereby killing the malignant cells or induce the progression of the cancer growth by blocking cellular defense system. Cancer stem cells take the advantage of the aberrant redox system and spontaneously proliferate. Oxidative stress and gene-environment interactions play a significant role in the development of breast, prostate, pancreatic and colon cancer. Prolonged lifetime exposure to estrogen is associated with several kinds of DNA damage. Oxidative stress and estrogen receptor-associated proliferative changes are suggested to play important roles in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. BRCA1, a tumor suppressor against hormone responsive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer, plays a significant role in inhibiting ROS and estrogen mediated DNA damage; thereby regulate the redox homeostasis of the cells. Several transcription factors and tumor suppressors are involved during stress response such as Nrf2, NFκB and BRCA1. A promising strategy for targeting redox status of the cells is to use readily available natural substances from vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices. Many of the phytochemicals have already been identified to have chemopreventive potential, capable of intervening in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Acharya
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pre Clinical Science, Washington DC, USA.
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19
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Fujita H, Hida M, Kanemoto K, Fukuda K, Nagata M, Awazu M. Cyclic stretch induces proliferation and TGF-β1-mediated apoptosis via p38 and ERK in ureteric bud cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F648-55. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00402.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and phosphorylated ERK are upregulated in cyst epithelium of human renal dysplasia and obstructive uropathy in fetal lambs (Omori S, Fukuzawa R, Hida M, Awazu M. Kidney Int 61: 899–906, 2002; Omori S, Kitagawa H, Koike J, Fujita H, Hida M, Pringle KC, Awazu M. Kidney Int 73: 1031–1037, 2008). Dysplastic epithelium is characterized by proliferation, apoptosis, and upregulation of Pax2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. In the present study, we investigated whether cyclic mechanical stretching of ureteric bud cells, a mimic of the hydrodynamic derangement after fetal urinary tract obstruction, reproduces events seen in vivo. Cyclic stretch activated p38 and ERK and upregulated Pax2 expression in a time-dependent manner in ureteric bud cells. Stretch-stimulated Pax2 expression was suppressed by a p38 inhibitor, SB203580, or a MEK inhibitor, PD98059. 5-Deoxyuridine incorporation was increased by stretch at 24 h, which was also abolished by SB203580 or PD98059. On the other hand, apoptosis was not induced at 24 h by stretch but was significantly increased at 48 h. TGF-β1 secretion was increased by stretch at 24 h, which was inhibited by SB203580 or PD98059. Inhibition of p38 or ERK as well as anti-TGF-β antibody abolished the stretch-induced apoptosis. Finally, exogenous TGF-β1 induced apoptosis of ureteric bud cells, which was inhibited by SB203580 and PD98059. In conclusion, cyclic stretch induces Pax2 upregulation, proliferation, and TGF-β1-mediated apoptosis, features characteristic of dysplastic epithelium, via p38 and ERK in ureteric bud cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katsuyoshi Kanemoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Regenerative Medicine and Advanced Cardiac Therapeutics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo; and
| | - Michio Nagata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Intratubular hydrodynamic forces influence tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:65-71. [PMID: 19851105 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32833327f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Renal epithelial cells respond to mechanical stimuli with immediate transduction events (e.g. activation of ion channels), intermediate biological responses (e.g. changes in gene expression), and long-term cellular adaptation (e.g. protein expression). Progressive renal disease is characterized by disturbed glomerular hydrodynamics that contributes to glomerulosclerosis, but how intratubular biomechanical forces contribute to tubulointerstital inflammation and fibrosis is poorly understood. RECENT FINDINGS In-vivo and in-vitro models of obstructive uropathy demonstrate that tubular stretch induces robust expression of transforming growth factor beta-1, activation of tubular apoptosis, and induction of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, which contribute to the inflammatory and fibrotic milieu. Nonobstructive structural kidney diseases associated with nephron loss follow a course characterized by compensatory increases of single nephron glomerular filtration rate and tubular flow rate. Resulting increases in tubular fluid shear stress reduce tissue-plasminogen activator and urokinase enzymatic activity, which diminishes breakdown of extracellular matrix. In models of high dietary Na intake, which increases tubular flow, urinary transforming growth factor beta-1 concentrations and renal mitogen-activated protein kinase activity are increased. SUMMARY In conclusion, intratubular biomechanical forces, stretch, and fluid shear stress generate changes in intracellular signaling and gene expression that contribute to the pathobiology of obstructive and nonobstructive kidney disease.
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21
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Preventive effects of propofol and ketamine on renal injury in unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Anesth 2010; 24:73-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-009-0861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Adipocytes are embedded in a unique extracellular matrix whose main function is to provide mechanical support, in addition to participating in a variety of signaling events. During adipose tissue expansion, the extracellular matrix requires remodeling to accommodate adipocyte growth. Here, we demonstrate a general upregulation of several extracellular matrix components in adipose tissue in the diabetic state, therefore implicating "adipose tissue fibrosis" as a hallmark of metabolically challenged adipocytes. Collagen VI is a highly enriched extracellular matrix component of adipose tissue. The absence of collagen VI results in the uninhibited expansion of individual adipocytes and is paradoxically associated with substantial improvements in whole-body energy homeostasis, both with high-fat diet exposure and in the ob/ob background. Collectively, our data suggest that weakening the extracellular scaffold of adipocytes enables their stress-free expansion during states of positive energy balance, which is consequently associated with an improved inflammatory profile. Therefore, the disproportionate accumulation of extracellular matrix components in adipose tissue may not be merely an epiphenomenon of metabolically challenging conditions but may also directly contribute to a failure to expand adipose tissue mass during states of excess caloric intake.
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Ma F, Liu J, Nikolic-Paterson D. The role of stress-activated protein kinase signaling in renal pathophysiology. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 42:29-37. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.Y. Ma
- Monash Medical Center, Australia
| | - J. Liu
- Monash Medical Center, Australia
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Quinlan MR, Docherty NG, Watson RWG, Fitzpatrick JM. Exploring mechanisms involved in renal tubular sensing of mechanical stretch following ureteric obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1-F11. [PMID: 18400870 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00576.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular mechanical stretch is the key primary insult in obstructive nephropathy. This review addresses how the renal tubular epithelium senses and responds to mechanical stretch. Using data from renal and nonrenal systems, we describe how sensing of stretch initially occurs via the activation of ion channels and subsequent increases in intracellular calcium levels. Calcium influxes activate a number of adaptive and proinjury responses. Key among these are 1) the activation of Rho, consequent cytoskeletal rearrangements, and downstream increases in focal adhesion assembly; and 2) phospholipase activation and resultant mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. These early signaling events culminate in adaptive cellular coupling to the extracellular matrix, a process termed the cell strengthening response. Direct links can be made between increased expression of genes involved in the development of obstructive nephropathy and initial sensing of mechanical stretch. The review illustrates the repercussions of mechanical stretch as a renal stress stimulus, specific to ureteric obstruction, and provides an insight into how tubular responses to mechanical stretch are ultimately implicated in the development of obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Quinlan
- The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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25
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Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase correlates with cyst formation and transforming growth factor-beta expression in fetal obstructive uropathy. Kidney Int 2008; 73:1031-7. [PMID: 18272960 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human renal dysplasia is frequently associated with urinary tract obstruction and the abnormal expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, we determined the renal responses and MAPK expression in developing kidneys that were obstructed in fetal lambs. Kidneys were harvested at various times after obstruction (gestation day 60) through normal term (day 145). Dilation of Bowman's capsule and proximal tubules was seen 2 days after obstruction and involved the whole cortex 18 days later, with numerous cysts present throughout the kidney at term. The proliferation marker Ki-67 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were detected 2 days after obstruction and progressively increased in tubules, cysts, and the interstitium. In control kidneys, p38 was expressed in tubules only during the fetal stage, whereas phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (P-ERK) was limited to ureteric buds and collecting ducts at all stages examined. However, Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) was absent in the fetal kidney but present in tubules at term. In obstructed kidneys, cyst epithelia were positive for p38 and P-ERK but negative for JNK throughout all stages. These studies show that P-ERK correlated spatially and temporally with Ki-67 and TGF-beta expression, which suggests that ERK may contribute to cyst formation and fibrosis in the obstructed fetal kidney.
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Ma FY, Tesch GH, Flavell RA, Davis RJ, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. MKK3-p38 signaling promotes apoptosis and the early inflammatory response in the obstructed mouse kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1556-63. [PMID: 17686961 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00010.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway induces inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. However, little is known of the contribution of the upstream kinases, MMK3 and MKK6, to activation of the p38 kinase in the kidney and consequent renal injury. This study investigated the contribution of MKK3 to p38 MAPK activation and renal injury in the obstructed kidney. Groups of eight wild-type (WT) or Mkk3−/− mice underwent unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) and were killed 3 or 7 days later. Western blotting showed a marked increase in phospho-p38 (p-p38) MAPK in UUO WT kidney. The same trend of increased p-p38 MAPK was seen in the UUO Mkk3−/− kidney, although the actual level of p-p38 MAPK was significantly reduced compared with WT, and this could not be entirely compensated for by the increase in MKK6 expression in the Mkk3−/− kidney. Apoptosis of tubular and interstitial cells in WT UUO mice was reduced by 50% in Mkk3−/− UUO mice. Furthermore, cultured Mkk3−/− tubular epithelial cells showed resistance to H2O2-induced apoptosis, suggesting a direct role for MKK3-p38 signaling in tubular apoptosis. Upregulation of MCP-1 mRNA levels and macrophage infiltration seen on day 3 in WT UUO mice was significantly reduced in Mkk3−/− mice, but this difference was not evident by day 7. The development of renal fibrosis in Mkk3−/− UUO mice was not different from that seen in WT UUO mice. In conclusion, these studies identify discrete roles for MKK3-p38 signaling in renal cell apoptosis and the early inflammatory response in the obstructed kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd., Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Burgos M, Neary JT, González FA. P2Y2 nucleotide receptors inhibit trauma-induced death of astrocytic cells. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1785-800. [PMID: 17868308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides as well as other neurotransmitters are known to be released to the extracellular space upon injury. To determine whether nucleotides acting on P2Y(2) nucleotide receptors promote protective or degenerative events after trauma in astrocytic cells, a well-established model of in vitro brain trauma was applied to 1321N1 cells expressing recombinant P2Y(2) nucleotide receptors (P2Y(2)R-1321N1). Cellular death was examined by measuring DNA fragmentation and caspase activation. Fragmented DNA was observed 48 h post-injury in 1321N1 cells, while P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor expressing cells did not show DNA fragmentation. A laddering pattern of fragmented DNA following injury was observed upon inhibition of P2Y(2) nucleotide receptors with suramin. Time-dependent increases of cleaved caspase-9, a mitochondrial-associated caspase, correlated with injury-induced cellular death. A decreased bax/bcl-2 gene expression ratio was observed in P2Y(2)R-1321N1 cells after traumatic injury, while untransfected 1321N1 cells showed a significant time-dependent increase of the bax/bcl-2 gene expression ratio. Activation of protein kinases was assessed to determine the signaling pathways involved in cell death and survival responses following traumatic injury. In P2Y(2)R-1321N1 and 1321N1 cells p38 phosphorylation was stimulated in a time-dependent manner but the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt was only observed in P2Y(2)R-1321N1 cells after injury. The stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling pathway was not activated by traumatic injury in either astrocytic cell line. Inhibition of p38 kinase signaling pathway by treatment with PD1693, a MKK3/6 inhibitor, abolished the expression of cleaved caspase-9, the increase in the bax/bcl-2 gene expression ratio, as well as the fragmentation of DNA that followed injury of 1321N1 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role for P2Y(2) nucleotide receptors and extracellular nucleotides in mediating survival responses to glial cells undergoing cellular death induced by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical-Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Rice KM, Desai DH, Preston DL, Wehner PS, Blough ER. Uniaxial stretch-induced regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt and p70 S6 kinase in the ageing Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rat aorta. Exp Physiol 2007; 92:963-70. [PMID: 17526558 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system contribute to substantial alterations in cellular morphology and function. The variables regulating these changes are unknown; however, one set of signalling molecules that may be of particular importance in mediating numerous cellular responses, including control of cell growth, differentiation and adaptation, are the proteins associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling systems. The MAPKs, in conjunction with the p70 S6k signalling cascade, have emerged as critical components for regulating numerous mechanotransduction-related cellular responses. Here we investigate the ability of uniaxial stretch to activate the MAPK and p70 S6k pathways in adult (6-month-old), aged (30-month-old) and very aged (36-month-old) Fischer 344/NNiaHSd x Brown Norway/BiNia (FBN) rats. Western blotting of the MAPK family proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2, p38- and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (Jnk)-MAPKs showed differential expression and activation between these proteins with age. An acute 15 min interval of 20% uniaxial stretch using an ex vivo aortic preparation demonstrated similar regulation of Erk1/2, p38- and Jnk-MAPK. However, ageing altered uniaxial induced p70 S6k pathway signalling. These observations confirm previous data demonstrating that MAPK proteins are mechanically regulated and also suggest that p70 S6k signalling expression and activation are controlled differently with ageing. Taken together, these data may help to explain, in part, the age-related changes in vascular morphology, function and response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755-1090, USA
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29
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Ma FY, Flanc RS, Tesch GH, Han Y, Atkins RC, Bennett BL, Friedman GC, Fan JH, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. A Pathogenic Role for c-Jun Amino-Terminal Kinase Signaling in Renal Fibrosis and Tubular Cell Apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:472-84. [PMID: 17202416 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis and tubular apoptosis are common mechanisms of progressive kidney disease. In vitro studies have implicated the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in these processes. Both of the major JNK isoforms, JNK1 and JNK2, are expressed in the kidney, but their relative contribution to JNK signaling is unknown. This study investigated the role of JNK signaling in renal fibrosis and tubular apoptosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction model using two different approaches: (1) Mice that were deficient in either JNK1 or JNK2 and (2) a specific inhibitor of all JNK isoforms, CC-401. Western blotting and immunostaining identified a marked increase in JNK signaling in the obstructed kidney, with substantial redundancy between JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms. Administration of CC-401 blocked JNK signaling in the rat obstructed kidney and significantly inhibited renal fibrosis in terms of interstitial myofibroblast accumulation and collagen IV deposition. This effect was attributed to suppression of gene transcription for the profibrotic molecules TGF-beta1 and connective tissue growth factor. CC-401 treatment also significantly reduced tubular apoptosis in the obstructed kidney. Genetic deletion of JNK1 or JNK2 did not protect mice from renal fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction model, but JNK1 deletion did result in a significant reduction in tubular cell apoptosis. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that JNK signaling plays a pathogenic role in renal fibrosis and tubular apoptosis. Furthermore, JNK1 plays a nonredundant role in tubular cell apoptosis. These studies identify the JNK pathway as a potential therapeutic target in progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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30
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007; 16:52-7. [PMID: 17143072 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32801271d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Kuhn JF, Hoerth P, Hoehn ST, Preckel T, Tomer KB. Proteomics study of anthrax lethal toxin-treated murine macrophages. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1584-97. [PMID: 16609935 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) is composed of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, which bind and enter the cell through a host receptor termed the anthrax toxin receptor (ATR). In the cell, LeTx targets p38, part of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. The toxin appears to initiate an apoptotic pathway in infected cells, indicating additional downstream targets of the toxin. We have applied a proteomics approach to investigate these downstream targets and the affected processes. In this study we have used an improved strategy for fractionation based on protein pI, off-gel electrophoresis, employed in conjunction with relative quantitation using the mass labeling approach. In our survey, 67 proteins were observed and quantified from the cytosol of RAW 264.7 cells with respect to control versus toxin-treated cells. Many of these proteins are involved in the oxidative stress response, as well as apoptosis, and thus likely to be relevant to the effects of anthrax in infected cells. Our results indicate that the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated pathway is compromised in intoxicated cells. The knowledge of such changes and the pathways leading to the changes should be of great value in understanding and combating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Kuhn
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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