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Andani A, Bunge E, Kassianos G, Eeuwijk J, Mellou K, Van Damme P, Mukherjee P, Steffen R. Hepatitis A occurrence and outbreaks in Europe over the past two decades: A systematic review. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:497-511. [PMID: 36825922 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HA) is a vaccine-preventable liver disease with >170 million new cases occurring yearly. In recent outbreaks in the USA, hospitalization and case-fatality ratios were >60% and ~1%, respectively. In Europe, endemicity persists and outbreaks continue to occur. We performed a systematic literature review to understand the changes in HA occurrence in Europe over the past two decades. PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2001 and 14 April 2021 using terms covering HA, 11 selected European countries, outbreaks, outcomes and HA virus circulation. Here, we focus on HA occurrence and outbreaks in the five countries with the largest population and the most comprehensive vaccination recommendations: France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK; 118 reports included data for these five European countries. Notification rates (≤9.7/100,000 population) and percentages of men among cases (≤83.0%) peaked in 2017. The number of person-to-person-transmitted cases and outbreaks decreased in children but increased in other risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexually transmitted outbreaks in MSM clustered around 2017. Travel-related outbreaks were few; the proportion of travel-related cases decreased during the past two decades, while the number of domestic cases increased. Despite the existing risk-based vaccination recommendations, HA transmission shifted in proportions from travelers and children to other risk groups, such as MSM and older age groups. Because a substantial proportion of the European population is susceptible to HA, adherence to existing recommendations should be monitored more closely, and enhanced vaccination strategies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eveline Bunge
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer Eeuwijk
- Pallas Health Research and Consultancy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert Steffen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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Vieira CB, de Abreu Corrêa A, de Jesus MS, Luz SLB, Wyn-Jones P, Kay D, Rocha MS, Miagostovich MP. The Impact of the Extreme Amazonian Flood Season on the Incidence of Viral Gastroenteritis Cases. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:195-207. [PMID: 28160215 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the Amazonian flood season in 2012, the Negro River reached its highest level in 110 years, submerging residential and commercial areas which appeared associated with an elevation in the observed gastroenteritis cases in the city of Manaus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological water quality of the Negro River basin during this extreme flood to investigate this apparent association between the illness cases and the population exposed to the contaminated waters. Forty water samples were collected and analysed for classic and emerging enteric viruses. Human adenoviruses, group A rotaviruses and genogroup II noroviruses were detected in 100, 77.5 and 27.5% of the samples, respectively, in concentrations of 103-106 GC/L. All samples were compliant with local bacteriological standards. HAdV2 and 41 and RVA G2, P[6], and P[8] were characterised. Astroviruses, sapoviruses, genogroup IV noroviruses, klasseviruses, bocaviruses and aichiviruses were not detected. Statistical analyses showed correlations between river stage level and reported gastroenteritis cases and, also, significant differences between virus concentrations during this extreme event when compared with normal dry seasons and previous flood seasons of the Negro River. These findings suggest an association between the extreme flood experienced and gastrointestinal cases in the affected areas providing circumstantial evidence of causality between the elevations in enteric viruses in surface waters and reported illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baur Vieira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Adriana de Abreu Corrêa
- Virological Diagnosis Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology (MIP), Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Rua Professor Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Michele Silva de Jesus
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute (ILMD), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Bessa Luz
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute (ILMD), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Peter Wyn-Jones
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (DGES), Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - David Kay
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences (DGES), Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK
| | - Mônica Simões Rocha
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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Daeschlein G, Fenske C, Scholz S, Dahlke S, Jünger M, Kramer A. Filtration effects of zebra mussels on pathogens and total bacterial burden in the Odra Lagoon (South Baltic). WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:1354-1360. [PMID: 25945852 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a result of their mode of filter feeding, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha Pall.) have been observed to purify natural water bodies and in vitro. Therefore, the possibility of using zebra mussels for water purification was investigated in a slightly brackish water body of a large lagoon. In this study, water samples were taken above, near and at distance from zebra mussel beds (MB) in the Odra Lagoon in North East Germany. Near typical bacterial species like Aeromonas spp. pathogenic bacteria with potential relation to hospital wastewater pollution (Burkholderia cepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Weeksella spp.) were detected. There were no correlations found between either total bacteria or pathogens and distance to MB and no antimicrobial effect of the mussels could be deduced. For bioremediation in larger water bodies like lagoons, natural zebra MB do not seem to play a major antimicrobial role and the effect of artificial mussel grids especially against hospital pathogens should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Daeschlein
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany E-mail:
| | - C Fenske
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Str. 11-12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Equal contribution
| | - S Scholz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany E-mail: ; Equal contribution
| | - S Dahlke
- Biological Station of Hiddensee, University of Greifswald, Biologenweg 15, 18565 Kloster/Insel Hiddensee, Germany
| | - M Jünger
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, 17475 Greifswald, Germany E-mail:
| | - A Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49A, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
Seasonal variation in norovirus infection is a recognized but poorly understood phenomenon. It is likely to be based on biological, environmental and behavioural factors that regulate transmission, virulence and persistence of the virions in host populations. Understanding the seasonal dependency of norovirus infection is an important step towards understanding its epidemiology, with subsequent implementation of efficient measures of surveillance and control. Whether or not climate change could influence the seasonal patterns of norovirus infection, by impacting on its transmission, geographic distribution and prevalence, has not yet been considered. This review addresses the question.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rohayem
- The Calicilab, Institute of Virology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Detection of adenoviruses and rotaviruses in drinking water sources used in rural areas of Benin, West Africa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2798-801. [PMID: 19270143 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01807-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.
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