1
|
High Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1-Associated Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-132348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) without any specific antiviral. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of inflammatory chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in ATLL patients, asymptomatic carriers (ACs), and healthy individuals to assess the role of these inflammatory markers in ATLL pathogenicity. Methods: This study was conducted from May 2021 to August 2022. The ATLL blood samples were collected from the oncology wards of Imam Khomeini, Shariati, and Imam Hossein hospitals, in Tehran, Iran. The blood samples of ACs and normal control subjects were collected from blood donors referred to blood transfusion centers of Tehran and Alborz provinces, Iran. RNA extraction, complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done in targeted sample groups to investigate the correlation and expression rate of C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), interleukin 23 subunit alpha (IL-23A), and interleukin 17 A (IL-17A). Results: A total of 30 samples were collected from 3 groups. The CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, and IL-17A messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were significantly upregulated in the ATLL groups. There was a significant difference between CCL3 expression between the ACs and ATLL groups. In addition, CCL4 and CXCL8 expression levels were more significant in the ATLL group than in the normal control group. The IL-17A expression level significantly increased between groups. The IL-23A expression levels had no significant differences between the ATLL, ACs, and normal control groups. Conclusions: This study showed significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mRNAs in HTLV-1–associated ATLL compared to the ACs and normal control groups. Conducting more experiments to investigate the therapeutic effect of chemokines/cytokines in ATLL is essential.
Collapse
|
2
|
Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neurologic, clinical, and immunologic features in a cohort of HTLV-1 carriers with high proviral loads. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:520-529. [PMID: 32385802 PMCID: PMC7438297 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A high proviral load (PVL) is recognized as a risk factor for human T cell leukemia virus-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), but there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating whether or not HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL are at risk of developing HAM/TSP or other HTLV-1-related diseases. Here, we compare the incidence of clinical manifestations and the cytokine levels in 30 HTLV-1 carriers with high (> 50,000 copies/106 PBMC) and an equal number of subjects with low proviral load. Participants were followed for 3 to 16 years (median of 11 years). The PVL, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-10 levels were quantified at entry and at the end of the follow-up. Among the self-reported symptoms in the initial evaluation, only the presence of paresthesia on the hands was more frequent in the group with high PVL (p < 0.04). The production of IFN-γ was higher in the group with high PVL group (median of 1308 versus 686 pg/ml, p < 0.011) when compared with the control group in the first assessment. There was no difference in the occurrence of urinary symptoms or erectile dysfunction, periodontal disease, Sicca syndrome, and neurologic signs between the two groups during the follow-up. The observation that none of the HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL and with exaggerated inflammatory response progressed to HAM/TSP indicates that other factors in addition to the PVL and an exaggerated immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
Collapse
|
4
|
Queiroz GAN, Mascarenhas REM, Vieillard V, Andrade RL, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR. Functional capacity of natural killer cells in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:433. [PMID: 31101076 PMCID: PMC6525417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and provide surveillance against viruses and cancers. The ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected cells depends on the balance between the effects of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic profile and the functional capacity of NK cells in the context of HTLV-1 infection. Methods This cross-sectional study sequentially recruited HTLV-1 infected individuals with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and asymptomatic HTLV-1 (AS) from the Integrated and Multidisciplinary HTLV Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples from healthy blood donors served as controls. NK cell surface receptors (NKG2D, KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3, NKp30, NKG2A, NKp46, TIM-3 and PD-1), intracellular cytolytic (Granzyme B, perforin) and functional markers (CD107a for degranulation, IFN-γ) were assayed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of standard K562 target cells. In addition, cytotoxicity assays were performed in the presence or absence of anti-NKp30. Results The frequency of NKp30+ NK cells was significantly decreased in HAM/TSP patients [58%, Interquartile Range (IQR) 30–61] compared to controls (73%, IQR 54–79, p = 0.04). The production of cytolytic (perforin, granzyme B) and functional markers (CD107a and IFN-γ) was higher in unstimulated NK cells from HAM/TSP and AS patients compared to controls. By contrast, stimulation with K562 target cells did not alter the frequency of CD107a+ NK cells in HAM/TSP subjects compared to the other groups. Blockage of the NKp30 receptor was shown to decrease cytotoxic activity (CD107a) and IFN-γ expression only in asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals. Conclusions NK cells from individuals with a diagnosis of HAM/TSP present decreased expression of the activating receptor NKp30, in addition to elevated degranulation activity that remained unaffected after blocking the NKp30 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andrade Nonato Queiroz
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Elizabeth Moreira Mascarenhas
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Local and systemic production of proinflammatory chemokines in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Cell Immunol 2018; 334:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
Verde RCL, Carneiro Neto JA, Santos SMB, Carvalho EM, Lessa MM. The relationship between atopy and neurological manifestations in HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:207-211. [PMID: 29768555 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)induces exaggerated Th1 responses, whereas atopy is associated with exacerbated Th2 responses. METHODS Here, a cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of atopy in HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients. It also compared the spontaneous cytokine production in HTLV-1-infected individuals. A retrospective cohort study evaluated the development of neurological manifestations in atopic and non-atopic carriers. RESULTS Atopic HAM/TSP patients with high IFN-γ production exhibited higher IL-5 levels than non-atopic patients. Allergic rhinitis accelerated the development of Babinski signals and overactive bladders. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal Th1 and Th2 responses coexist in HTLV-1-infected individuals and allergic diseases may worsen the clinical course of HTLV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Crisóstomo Lima Verde
- Departamento de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - José Abraão Carneiro Neto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Silvane Maria Braga Santos
- Departamento de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Edgar Marcelino Carvalho
- Departamento de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Marcus Miranda Lessa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carvalho NB, de Lourdes Bastos M, Souza AS, Netto EM, Arruda S, Santos SB, Carvalho EM. Impaired TNF, IL-1β, and IL-17 production and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HTLV-1 infected individuals. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Souza A, Carvalho N, Neves Y, Braga Santos S, Bastos MDL, Arruda S, Netto EM, Glesby MJ, Carvalho E. Association of Tuberculosis Status with Neurologic Disease and Immune Response in HTLV-1 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1126-1133. [PMID: 28540757 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 infected individuals have increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection but the influence of tuberculosis (TB) on the course of HTLV-1 infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TB on immunological, virologic, and neurologic features of HTLV-1 infection. This is a retrospective analysis of individuals enrolled in a cohort study from an HTLV-1 clinic who were evaluated for past or latent tuberculosis (LTB) and classified clinically as HTLV-1 carriers, probable HAM/TSP and definite HAM/TSP. Spontaneous cytokine production (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and interleukin[IL]-10), serum chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) and HTLV-1 proviral load were evaluated. Of 172 participants, 64 did not have histories of TB (TB- group), 81 had LTB and 27 had TB in the past (TB+ group). In the TB+ group, there was a higher frequency of HAM/TSP patients (35%) than in HTLV-1 carriers (10%) (OR = 3.8, p = .0001). HAM/TSP patients with histories of TB had higher IFN-γ/IL-10 and TNF/IL-10 ratios when compared with HAM/TSP patients without histories of TB. There were no differences in serum chemokine production and proviral load across TB groups stratified on HTLV-1 clinical status. In conclusion, TB may influence the development of HAM/TSP, and patients with these two diseases have an impairment in the modulation of immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Souza
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Yuri Neves
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvane Braga Santos
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Biological Science Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Martins Netto
- University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marshall J. Glesby
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Edgar Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (CNPq/MCT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fuggetta MP, Bordignon V, Cottarelli A, Macchi B, Frezza C, Cordiali-Fei P, Ensoli F, Ciafrè S, Marino-Merlo F, Mastino A, Ravagnan G. Downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in HTLV-1-infected T cells by Resveratrol. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:118. [PMID: 27448598 PMCID: PMC4957876 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is a lymphotropic retrovirus associated to adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and to non-neoplastic inflammatory conditions affecting the central nervous system, lung or skin. The inflammatory disorders associated to HTLV-1 are mediated by different proinflammatory cytokines as IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α. The release and the role of IL-17 is still debated. Aims of this study were to analyze IL-17 induction by HTLV-1 infection and to determine whether resveratrol (RES) is able to down regulate the pathway of cytokines production either in HTLV-1 chronically infected MT-2 cell line or in human CD4+ cells infected in vitro with HTLV-1. METHODS MT-2 and HTLV-1 infected CD4+ cells were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine production before or after RES treatment. The concentrations of IL-17, IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured in cell culture supernatants by ELISA and SearchLight™ technology. The IL-17 mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. NF-kB activation was detected by non-radioactive, Electro Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). HTLV-1 RNA expression was detected by Real-time-PCR (RQ-PCR). RESULTS We found that RES is capable of inducing a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α production in vitro and can down regulate the expression of IL-17 at both mRNA and protein levels in HTLV-1 infected cells. This effect was associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of the of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) activity. Conversely, RES did not apparently affect HTLV-1 proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results support the anti-inflammatory properties of RES, suggesting that it might be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of HTLV-1 related inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bordignon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cottarelli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Frezza
- Department of Biochemical Science and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cordiali-Fei
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Ciafrè
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Marino-Merlo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giampietro Ravagnan
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kruschewsky RDA, Cardoso LS, Fernandes JS, Souza RDPD, Lopes DM, Carvalho OAMD, Araujo MI. Immunological Profile in Individuals with Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:157-167. [PMID: 27606627 DOI: 10.1159/000448521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR) is the most serious ectopic presentation of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The pathogenesis occurs mainly via the host inflammatory response to the eggs of the parasite that are stuck in the central nervous system, and the diagnosis is generally made by the exclusion of other neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the immune status of SMR patients and to identify a marker for SMR diagnosis. METHODS We enrolled 15 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of SMR, and the control groups included 17 patients with myelopathy associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 11 with other neurological disorders. The determination of soluble egg antigen-specific IgE and the levels of cytokines from Th1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory cell profiles and the chemokines MIP-1a and RANTES were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum using an ELISA technique. RESULTS We observed that SMR leads to an increase in IgE levels in the CSF compared to serum, and the levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α were significantly higher in the CSF and serum of the SMR patients than in the patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. The levels of MIP-1α and RANTES were higher in the CSF than in the serum of the SMR group. The ratio between levels of IL-13, MIP-1α and RANTES over IL-10 was positive in the CSF of the SMR patients. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that S. mansoni-specific IgE in the CSF is a promising marker for the diagnosis of SMR and that the cytokines and chemokines associated with the Th2 profile may be important factors in the immunopathogenesis of SMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Almeida Kruschewsky
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM/TSP. Microb Pathog 2015; 92:72-75. [PMID: 26626960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-1 infects principally CD4+ T cells that are the main reservoirs of the virus in vivo, which play an important role in the immunological response. Most of the infected patients are asymptomatic. However, 2-3% of patients will develop HAM/TSP or Adult T lymphoma. HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by unremitting myelopathic symptoms. Studies have shown that cytokines levels alterations (IFN-γ and TNF-α) were associated with tissue injury in HAM/TSP. The aims of this study were to compare the gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 of asymptomatic and HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients, and to correlate the gene expression with those of clinical symptoms. 28 subjects were included, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 and 8 with HAM/TSP. Spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the degree of walking aid was classified on a progressive scale. The relative gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by Real-Time PCR. Results showed high gene expression of IFN-γ for all patients, but it was higher among HAM/TSP. A significant correlation was observed between IFN-γ gene expression and the degree of walking aid, and IFN-γ gene expression was higher among wheelchair users compared to non-wheelchair users. No association was found with IL-4 and IL-10. These findings indicate that HAM/TSP patients express higher amounts of IFN-γ than asymptomatic patients, and more importantly, the expression of this cytokine was strongly correlated with the need of walking aid.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fuzii HT, da Silva Dias GA, de Barros RJS, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. Immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1-assoaciated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Life Sci 2014; 104:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Souza A, Tanajura D, Toledo-Cornell C, Santos S, Carvalho EMD. Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 45:545-52. [PMID: 23152334 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus identified. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding. In addition to the well-known association between HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), several diseases and neurologic manifestations have been associated with the virus. This review was conducted through a PubMed search of the terms HTLV-1, immune response and neurological diseases. Emphasis was given to the most recent data regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection. The aim of the review is to analyze the immune response and the variety of neurological manifestations associated to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 102 articles were reviewed. The literature shows that a large percentage of HTLV-1 infected individuals have others neurological symptoms than HAM/TSP. Increased understanding of these numerous others clinical manifestations associated to the virus than adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HAM/TSP has challenged the view that HTLV-1 is a low morbidity infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos SB, Oliveira P, Luna T, Souza A, Nascimento M, Siqueira I, Tanajura D, Muniz AL, Glesby MJ, Carvalho EM. Immunological and viral features in patients with overactive bladder associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1809-17. [PMID: 22997085 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) are considered carriers, but a high frequency of urinary symptoms of overactive bladder, common in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) have been documented in these patients. The aim of this study was to determine if immunological and viral factors that are seen in HAM/TSP are also observed in these patients. Participants were classified as HTLV-1 carriers (n = 45), HTLV-1 patients suffering from overactive bladder (n = 45) and HAM/TSP (n = 45). Cells from HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients produced spontaneously more proinflammatory cytokines than carriers. TNF-α and IL-17 levels were similar in HAM/TSP and HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients. High proviral load was found in patients with overactive bladder and HAM/TSP and correlated with proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast with findings in patients with HAM/TSP, serum levels of Th1 chemokines were similar in HTLV-1 overactive bladder and carriers. Exogenous addition of regulatory cytokines decreased spontaneous IFN-γ production in cell cultures from HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients. The results show that HTLV-1 overactive bladder and HAM/TSP patients have in common some immunological features as well as similar proviral load profile. The data show that HTLV-1 overactive bladder patients are still able to down regulate their inflammatory immune response. In addition, these patients express levels of chemokines similar to carriers, which may explain why they have yet to develop the same degree of spinal cord damage as seen in patients with HAM/TSP. These patients present symptoms of overactive bladder, which may be an early sign of HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvane Braga Santos
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakamura H, Horai Y, Tokuyama A, Yoshimura S, Nakajima H, Ichinose K, Yamasaki S, Nakamura T, Hayashi T, Kawakami A. HTLV-I virological and histopathological analysis in two cases of anti-centromere-antibody-seropositive Sjögren’s syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakamura
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Horai
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuko Tokuyama
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshimura
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakajima
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomayoshi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital,
Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lima LM, Santos SB, Oliveira RR, Cardoso LS, Oliveira SC, Góes AM, Loukas A, Carvalho EM, Araújo MI. Schistosoma antigens downmodulate the in vitro inflammatory response in individuals infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Neuroimmunomodulation 2013; 20:233-8. [PMID: 23752304 DOI: 10.1159/000348700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). While the immune response to HTLV-1 infection is polarized to the Th1-type, chronic helminth infections drive the Th2- and T regulatory-type, and are able to downregulate the inflammatory response in some autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether Schistosoma spp. antigens alter the in vitro cytokine response in HTLV-1 infection. METHODS The recombinant Schistosoma antigens Sm29 and ShTSP2 (tetraspanin) and PIII, a fraction of the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigen were added to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures of HTLV-1-infected individuals and the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 in the supernatants were measured using the ELISA sandwich technique. RESULTS Compared to the levels of cytokine in nonstimulated cultures, the levels of IFN-γ were reduced in 50, 47 and 50% of patients by the presence of Sm29, ShTsp2 and PIII, respectively. The downregulation of IFN-γ production in the presence of Sm29 antigen was observed mainly in subjects who had lower basal levels of this cytokine. The levels of IL-10, however, increased by the addition of the three antigens in the cultures in 74, 62 and 44% of individuals, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease in the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 levels in cultures stimulated with Sm29 and ShTSP2 when compared to nonstimulated ones. CONCLUSIONS The Schistosoma spp. antigens used in this study were able to downmodulate IFN-γ production in vitro in HTLV-1 infection. This may be associated with the increased levels of IL-10 induced by the antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Mota Lima
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bastos MDL, Santos SB, Souza A, Finkmoore B, Bispo O, Barreto T, Cardoso I, Bispo I, Bastos F, Pereira D, Riley L, Carvalho EM. Influence of HTLV-1 on the clinical, microbiologic and immunologic presentation of tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:199. [PMID: 22925731 PMCID: PMC3449207 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1 is associated with increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and severity of tuberculosis. Although previous studies have shown that HTLV-1 infected individuals have a low frequency of positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and decreasing in lymphoproliferative responses compared to HTLV-1 uninfected persons, these studies were not performed in individuals with history of tuberculosis or evidence of M. tuberculosis infection. Therefore the reasons why HTLV-1 infection increases susceptibility to infection and severity of tuberculosis are not understood.The aim of this study was to evaluate how HTLV-1 may influence the clinical, bacteriologic and immunologic presentation of tuberculosis. Methods The study prospectively enrolled and followed 13 new cases of tuberculosis associated with HTLV-1 (cases) and 25 patients with tuberculosis without HTLV-1 infection (controls). Clinical findings, bacterial load in the sputum, x-rays, immunological response and death were compared in the two groups. Results There were no differences in the demographic, clinical and TST response between the two study groups. IFN-γ and TNF-α production was higher in unstimulated cultures of mononuclear cells of case than in control patients (p < 0.01). While there was no difference in IFN-γ production in PPD stimulated cultures, TNF-α levels were lower in cases than in controls (p = 0.01). There was no difference in the bacterial load among the groups but sputum smear microscopy results became negative faster in cases than in controls. Death only occurred in two co-infected patients. Conclusion While the increased susceptibility for tuberculosis infection in HTLV-1 infected subjects may be related to impairment in TNF-α production, the severity of tuberculosis in co-infected patients may be due to the enhancement of the Th1 inflammatory response, rather than in their decreased ability to control bacterial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- Serviço de Imunologia do Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moens B, Decanine D, Menezes SM, Khouri R, Silva-Santos G, Lopez G, Alvarez C, Talledo M, Gotuzzo E, de Almeida Kruschewsky R, Galvão-Castro B, Vandamme AM, Van Weyenbergh J. Ascorbic acid has superior ex vivo antiproliferative, cell death-inducing and immunomodulatory effects over IFN-α in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1729. [PMID: 22848768 PMCID: PMC3404116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear therapeutic guidelines for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) are missing due to the lack of randomized double-blind controlled clinical trials. Moderate yet similar clinical benefit has been demonstrated for IFN-α and high-dose ascorbic acid (AA) monotherapy in a large open clinical trial. However, there is a lack of in vivo and in vitro studies exploring and comparing the effects of high-dose AA and IFN-α treatment in the context of HAM/TSP. Therefore, we performed the first comparative analysis of the ex vivo and in vitro molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of IFN-α and high-dose AA in HAM/TSP. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Through thymidine incorporation and quantification of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines, we demonstrate that high-dose AA displays differential and superior antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects over IFN-α in HAM/TSP PBMCs ex vivo. In addition, high-dose AA, but not IFN-α, induced cell death in both HAM/TSP PBMCs and HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines MT-2 and MT-4. Microarray data combined with pathway analysis of MT-2 cells revealed AA-induced regulation of genes associated with cell death, including miR-155. Since miR-155 has recently been demonstrated to up-regulate IFN-γ, this microRNA might represent a novel therapeutic target in HAM/TSP, as recently demonstrated in multiple sclerosis, another neuroinflammatory disease. On the other hand, IFN-α selectively up-regulated antiviral and immune-related genes. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to IFN-α, high-dose AA treatment has superior ex vivo and in vitro cell death-inducing, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory anti-HTLV-1 effects. Differential pathway activation by both drugs opens up avenues for targeted treatment in specific patient subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Moens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
HTLV-I virological and histopathological analysis in two cases of anti-centromere-antibody-seropositive Sjögren's syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:133-9. [PMID: 22526828 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to show the clinical and pathological characteristics of anti-centromere-antibody (ACA)-seropositive Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in two anti-human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-seropositive patients. METHODS One patient was an HTLV-I carrier whereas the other was diagnosed with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM). Background data including serum HTLV-I titers, viral loads, and cytokine profiles were recorded. Azocarmine with aniline blue (Azan)-Mallory staining and immunohistochemistry of the labial salivary glands (LSGs) and a muscle biopsy specimen from the HAM patient were performed. RESULTS Serum transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and HTLV-I viral load were high in the HAM-SS patient compared with the HTLV-I carrier. Fibrous change in LSG was prominent in the HAM-SS patient. Although TGF-β expression was similar in the two patients, expression of HTLV-I-related proteins including p12, p28, group-specific antigen (GAG), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the LSG were dominantly detected in the HAM-SS patient. Frequency of TGF-β staining in HTLV-I-seropositive SS patients without ACA, HTLV-I-seronegative SS patients with ACA, and HTLV-I-seronegative SS patients without ACA was lower than that of the previous two patients. CONCLUSION A high HTLV-I viral load in situ is supposed to promote the production of cytokines, especially TGF-β, resulting in the fibrous change of LSG in ACA-seropositive SS patients.
Collapse
|
20
|
Luna T, Santos SB, Nascimento M, Porto MAF, Muniz AL, Carvalho EM, Jesus AR. Effect of TNF-α production inhibitors on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HTLV-1-infected individuals. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1134-40. [PMID: 22011961 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a disease mediated by the immune response. HTLV-1 induces a spontaneous proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by T cells, and increasing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels are potentially involved in tissue damage in diseases related to HTLV-1. This exaggerated immune response is also due to an inability of the natural regulatory mechanisms to down-modulate the immune response in this group of patients. TNF-α inhibitors reduce inflammation and have been shown to improve chronic inflammatory diseases in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pentoxifylline, forskolin, rolipram, and thalidomide to decrease in vitro production of TNF-α and IFN-γ in cells of HTLV-1-infected subjects. Participants of the study included 19 patients with HAM/TSP (mean age, 53 ± 11; male:female ratio, 1:1) and 18 HTLV-1 carriers (mean age, 47 ± 11; male:female ratio, 1:2.6). Cytokines were determined by ELISA in supernatants of mononuclear cell cultures. Pentoxifylline inhibited TNF-α and IFN-γ synthesis with the minimum dose used (50 µM). The results with forskolin were similar to those observed with pentoxifylline. The doses of rolipram used were 0.01-1 µM and the best inhibition of TNF-α production was achieved with 1 µM and for IFN-γ production it was 0.01 µM. The minimum dose of thalidomide used (1 µM) inhibited TNF-α production but thalidomide did not inhibit IFN-γ production even when the maximum dose (50 µM) was used. All drugs had an in vitro inhibitory effect on TNF-α production and, with the exception of thalidomide, all of them also decreased IFN-γ production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Luna
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gaspar-Sobrinho FP, Souza-Machado A, Santos SB, Orge G, Lessa HA, Cruz AA, Carvalho EM. Clinical and immunological features of patients with atopy and concomitant HTLV-1 infection. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1167-72. [PMID: 21140101 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces an exacerbated type 1 immune response characterized by high spontaneous IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Allergic rhinitis and asthma are associated with the type 2 immune response, with elevated secretion of IL-4 and IL-5. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response in atopic HTLV-1 carriers. The cytokine profile of atopic HTLV-1 carriers (N = 10; all females) was compared with that of non-atopic HTLV-1 carriers (N = 14; 9 females and 5 males). Mean patient age of atopic and non-atopic groups was 45 ± 8 and 38 ± 11 years, respectively. All atopic HTLV-1 carriers had rhinitis with or without asthma and a skin prick test positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen 1 (Derp-1). There was no difference in cytokine levels between the two groups in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. In cultures stimulated with Derp-1, IFN-γ levels tended to be higher (P = 0.06) and IL-5 levels were higher (P = 0.02) in atopic HTLV-1 patients than in non-atopic subjects. In contrast, IL-10 was lower (P = 0.004) in atopic than in non-atopic HTLV-1-infected subjects. This study shows that HTLV-1 infection with an exaggerated type 1 immune response does not prevent atopy. In this case, the exacerbated type 1 and type 2 immune responses were due to a lack of IL-10 production, a cytokine that plays an important role in down-modulating type 1 and type 2 immune responses and in preventing the development of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F P Gaspar-Sobrinho
- Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nascimento MCF, Primo J, Bittencourt A, Siqueira I, de Fátima Oliveira M, Meyer R, Schriefer A, Santos SB, Carvalho EM. Infective dermatitis has similar immunological features to human T lymphotropic virus-type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:455-62. [PMID: 19438598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma and infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH). Over-production of proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in HTLV-1 proviral load are features of HAM/TSP, but the immunological basis of IDH has not been established. In addition to severe cutaneous manifestations, the importance of IDH relies on the observation that up to 30% of children with IDH develop HAM/TSP in childhood and adolescence. In this study we determined the immune response in patients with IDH measuring interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels as well as the HTLV-1 proviral load. Additionally, regulatory cytokines and anti-cytokines were added to cultures to evaluate the ability of these molecules to down-modulate TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma synthesis. HTLV-1 carriers and patients with HAM/TSP served as controls. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels were higher in IDH than in HTLV-1 carriers. There was no difference in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha concentrations in IDH and HAM/TSP patients. There was a tendency for higher IL-4 mRNA expression and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in IDH than in HTLV-1 carriers, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The HTLV-1 proviral load was significantly higher in IDH patients than in HTLV-1 carriers. IDH is characterized by an exaggerated Th1 immune response and high HTLV-1 proviral load. The similarities between the immunological response in patients with IDH and HAM/TSP and the high proviral load observed in IDH provide support that IDH is a risk factor for development of HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C F Nascimento
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ribeiro de Jesus A, Luna T, Pacheco de Almeida R, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM. Pentoxifylline down modulate in vitro T cell responses and attenuate pathology in Leishmania and HTLV-I infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1344-53. [PMID: 18687297 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to have numerous biological properties relating to inflammation. This cytokine participates in the tissue damage of chronic inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine that inhibits phosphodiesterase IV, which inhibits the degradation of the cAMP and prostanoids. The increased intracellular concentration of the cAMP leads to a negative regulation of NF-kappaB and NF-AT transcription factors and suppresses TNF-alpha production. This review describes studies that support evidences that TNF-alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. Additionally, it demonstrates the effect of pentoxifylline in vitro in inhibiting TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma spontaneous production in PBMC from HTLV-1-infected patients, as well as its in vivo effect in inhibiting TNF-alpha in sera from mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Moreover, we review the results of clinical studies from the last 10 years using pentoxifylline to treat HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|