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Caixeta DC, Lima C, Xu Y, Guevara-Vega M, Espindola FS, Goodacre R, Zezell DM, Sabino-Silva R. Monitoring glucose levels in urine using FTIR spectroscopy combined with univariate and multivariate statistical methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122259. [PMID: 36584643 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel platforms for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring applied in the screening and monitoring of diabetes is crucial to improve diabetes surveillance systems. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy of urine can be an alternative as a sustainable, label-free, fast, non-invasive, and highly sensitive analysis to detect changes in urine promoted by diabetes and insulin treatment. In this study, we used ATR-FTIR to evaluate the urinary components of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D), and diabetic insulin-treated (D + I) rats. As expected, insulin treatment was capable to revert changes in glycemia, 24-h urine collection volume, urine creatinine, urea, and glucose excretion promoted by diabetes. Several differences in the urine spectra of ND, D, and D + I were observed, with urea, creatinine, and glucose analytes being related to these changes. Principal components analysis (PCA) scores plots allowed for the discrimination of ND and D + I from D with an accuracy of ∼ 99 %. The PCA loadings associated with PC1 confirmed the importance of urea and glucose vibrational modes for this discrimination. Univariate analysis of second derivative spectra showed a high correlation (r: 0.865, p < 0.0001) between the height of 1074 cm-1 vibrational mode with urinary glucose concentration. In order to estimate the amount of glucose present in the infrared spectra from urine, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) was applied and a higher predicted concentration of glucose in the urine was observed with a correlation of 78.9 % compared to urinary glucose concentration assessed using enzyme assays. In summary, ATR-FTIR combined with univariate and multivariate chemometric analyses provides an innovative, non-invasive, and sustainable approach to diabetes surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carvalho Caixeta
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil.
| | - Cassio Lima
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Yun Xu
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Marco Guevara-Vega
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil.
| | | | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Denise Maria Zezell
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil.
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David-Silva A, Esteves JV, Morais MRPT, Freitas HS, Zorn TM, Correa-Giannella ML, Machado UF. Dual SGLT1/SGLT2 Inhibitor Phlorizin Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Glucose Production in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:739-751. [PMID: 32231437 PMCID: PMC7085338 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s242282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE NAFLD is a hepatic component of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), in which impaired hepatic glucose production plays an important role. Inhibitors of sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) reduce glycemia and exert beneficial effects on diabetic complications. Recently, dual SGLT1/2 inhibition has been proposed to be more effective in reducing glycemia. We hypothesized that improving hepatic glucose metabolism induced by SGLT1/2 inhibition could be accompanied by beneficial effects on NAFLD progression. METHODS Glycemic homeostasis, hepatic glucose production and NAFLD features were investigated in obese T2D mice, treated with SGLT1/2 inhibitor phlorizin for 1 week. RESULTS T2D increased glycemia; insulinemia; hepatic expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and glucose transporter 2 (Slc2a2 gene); hepatocyte nuclear factors 1A/4A/3B-binding activity in Slc2a2; endogenous glucose production; liver weight, plasma transaminase concentration as well as hepatic inflammation markers, and induced histological signals of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, according to NASH-CRN Pathology Committee System). Phlorizin treatment restored all these parameters (mean NASH score reduced from 5.25 to 2.75 P<0.001); however, plasma transaminase concentration was partially reverted and some hepatic inflammation markers remained unaltered. CONCLUSION NAFLD accompanies altered hepatic glucose metabolism in T2D mice and that greatly ameliorated through short-term treatment with the dual SGLT1/2 inhibitor. This suggests that altered hepatic glucose metabolism participates in T2D-related NAFLD and highlights the pharmacological inhibition of SGLTs as a useful approach not only for controlling glycemia but also for mitigating development and/or progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline David-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Victor Esteves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mychel Raony P T Morais
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helayne Soares Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Maria Zorn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio, LIM-18, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: Ubiratan Fabres Machado Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo, SP05508-900, BrazilTel +55 11 30917494 Email
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Li S, Yang Y, Huang L, Kong M, Yang Z. A novel compound heterozygous mutation in SLC5A2 contributes to familial renal glucosuria in a Chinese family, and a review of the relevant literature. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4364-4376. [PMID: 30942416 PMCID: PMC6472135 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial renal glucosuria (FRG) is a rare condition that involves isolated glucosuria despite normal blood glucose levels. Mutations in the solute carrier family 5 member 2 (SLC5A2) gene, which encodes sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), have been reported to be responsible for the disease. Genetic testing of the SLC5A2 gene was conducted in a Chinese family with FRG. A number of online tools were used to predict the potential effect of the identified mutations on SGLT2 function. Additionally, the SLC5A2 mutations previously reported in PubMed were summarized. A novel compound heterozygous mutation (c.514T>C, p.W172R; c.1540C>T, p.P514S) of the SLC5A2 gene in a Chinese child with FRG was identified. In total, 86 mutations of the SLC5A2 gene have been reported to be associated with FRG. The novel compound heterozygous mutation (c.514T>C, p.W172R; c.1540C>T, p.P514S) of the SLC5A2 gene may be responsible for the onset of FRG. The present study provides a starting point for further investigation of the molecular pathogenesis of the SLC5A2 gene mutation in patients with FRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shentang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yeyi Yang
- Department of Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Central Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Min Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Park J, Kwon O, Cho SY, Cho MC, Paick JS, Kim SW. Comparison of Improving Effects for Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction according to the Anti-Glycemic Agents: Phlorizin and Insulin. World J Mens Health 2018; 37:210-218. [PMID: 30588780 PMCID: PMC6479089 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the improving effects of diabetic erectile dysfunction with two anti-glycemic agents; phlorizin and insulin. Materials and Methods Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=15 in each group): normal control (C), untreated diabetic rats (D), and diabetic rats treated by phlorizin (P) or insulin (I). Ten weeks after the diabetic induction using an injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg), four weeks of diabetic control was conducted. Erectile response, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were assessed. Results During the experiment, the C-group showed continuous weight gain, while the other groups suffered from weight loss. After start of diabetic control, the body weight of I-group was increased; whereas, there was no meaningful change in the P-group. Meanwhile, comparable blood glucose levels were achieved in the P- and I-groups. The erectile response was markedly decreased in the D-group, whereas the P- and I-groups were similar as good as the C-group. In addition, D-group showed the significant decrease in the cavernosal smooth muscle content and increased apoptosis. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein expression, phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 were significantly distorted in the D-group, while the P- and I-groups were comparable with the C-group. Conclusions Phlorizin treatment resulted in the improvement of erectile function as same as insulin despite the lack of anabolic weight gains. These results suggest that control of blood glucose level rather than a type of anti-glycemic agents is more important for the prevention and treatment of diabetic erectile dysfunction
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ohseong Kwon
- Department of Urology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Cho
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Chul Cho
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Paick
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Machado UF, Corrêa-Giannella ML. Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: navigating between Scylla and Charybdis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:5-9. [PMID: 24397354 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.875530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive pharmacopeia for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment, long-term glycemic control is far from being optimal, and morbimortality has increased. This demonstrates the importance of developing drugs with new mechanisms of actions, such as sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) inhibitors (Charybdis). Since the beginning of 2000, numerous SGLT2-inhibitors have been developed and have started to be tested (Scylla) by the pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in this race. Although reductions in hemoglobin A1c have been shown in clinical trials, several issues related to the use of SGLT2 inhibitors deserve further investigation, rendering some aspects of their true safety still uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubiratan Fabres Machado
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900, São Paulo (SP) , Brazil +55 1130917494 ; +55 1130917285 ;
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David-Silva A, Freitas HS, Okamoto MM, Sabino-Silva R, Schaan BD, Machado UF. Hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α/4α and forkhead box A2 regulate the solute carrier 2A2 (Slc2a2) gene expression in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. Life Sci 2013; 93:805-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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da Silva AS, Dias LD, Borges JF, Markoski MM, de Souza MS, Irigoyen MC, Machado UF, Schaan BD. Renal GLUT1 reduction depends on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2013; 92:1174-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Deshmukh AB, Patel MC, Mishra B. SGLT2 inhibition: a novel prospective strategy in treatment of diabetes mellitus. Ren Fail 2013; 35:566-72. [PMID: 23438184 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.766560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the kidney in glucose homeostasis and the potential of the kidney as a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes is little appreciated. Hyperglycemia is an important pathogenic component in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of renal tubular glucose re-absorption that leads to glycosuria has been proposed as a new mechanism to attain normoglycemia and thus prevent and diminish these complications, thus representing an innovative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperglycemia and/or obesity in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose and energy loss through the urine. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) has a key role in re-absorption of glucose in kidney. Competitive inhibitors of SGLT2 have been discovered and a few of them have also been advanced in clinical trials for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaishwarya B Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Pharmacy, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition is a novel and promising treatment for diabetes under late-stage clinical development. It generally is accepted that SGLT2 mediates 90% of renal glucose reabsorption. However, SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical development inhibit only 30-50% of the filtered glucose load. Why are they unable to inhibit 90% of glucose reabsorption in humans? We will try to provide an explanation to this puzzle in this perspective analysis of the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical trials and examine possible mechanisms and molecular properties that may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen (Jim) Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- Corresponding authors: Jiwen (Jim) Liu, , and Ralph A. DeFronzo,
| | - TaeWeon Lee
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Corresponding authors: Jiwen (Jim) Liu, , and Ralph A. DeFronzo,
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Dias LD, Casali KR, Leguisamo NM, Azambuja F, Souza MS, Okamoto M, Machado UF, Irigoyen MC, Schaan BD. Renal denervation in an animal model of diabetes and hypertension: impact on the autonomic nervous system and nephropathy. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:33. [PMID: 21496329 PMCID: PMC3110548 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of renal denervation on cardiovascular reflexes and markers of nephropathy in diabetic-hypertensive rats have not yet been explored. Methods Aim: To evaluate the effects of renal denervation on nephropathy development mechanisms (blood pressure, cardiovascular autonomic changes, renal GLUT2) in diabetic-hypertensive rats. Forty-one male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ~250 g were injected with STZ or not; 30 days later, surgical renal denervation (RD) or sham procedure was performed; 15 days later, glycemia and albuminuria (ELISA) were evaluated. Catheters were implanted into the femoral artery to evaluate arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate variability (spectral analysis) one day later in conscious animals. Animals were killed, kidneys removed, and cortical renal GLUT2 quantified (Western blotting). Results Higher glycemia (p < 0.05) and lower mean AP were observed in diabetics vs. nondiabetics (p < 0.05). Heart rate was higher in renal-denervated hypertensive and lower in diabetic-hypertensive rats (384.8 ± 37, 431.3 ± 36, 316.2 ± 5, 363.8 ± 12 bpm in SHR, RD-SHR, STZ-SHR and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively). Heart rate variability was higher in renal-denervated diabetic-hypertensive rats (55.75 ± 25.21, 73.40 ± 53.30, 148.4 ± 93 in RD-SHR, STZ-SHR- and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively, p < 0.05), as well as the LF component of AP variability (1.62 ± 0.9, 2.12 ± 0.9, 7.38 ± 6.5 in RD-SHR, STZ-SHR and RD-STZ-SHR, respectively, p < 0.05). GLUT2 renal content was higher in all groups vs. SHR. Conclusions Renal denervation in diabetic-hypertensive rats improved previously reduced heart rate variability. The GLUT2 equally overexpressed by diabetes and renal denervation may represent a maximal derangement effect of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinara D Dias
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chen L, Wang Q, Zhang L, Tai J, Wang H, Li W, Li X, He W, Li X. A novel paradigm for potential drug-targets discovery: quantifying relationships of enzymes and cascade interactions of neighboring biological processes to identify drug-targets. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1033-41. [PMID: 21270979 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Target discovery is the most crucial step in a modern drug discovery development. Our objective in this study is to propose a novel paradigm for a better discrimination of drug-targets and non-drug-targets with minimum disruptive side-effects under a biological pathway context. We introduce a novel metric, namely, "pathway closeness centrality", for each gene that jointly considers the relationships of its neighboring enzymes and cross-talks of biological processes, to evaluate its probability of being a drug-target. This metric could distinguish drug-targets with non-drug-targets. Genes with lower pathway closeness centrality values are prone to play marginal roles in biological processes and have less lethality risk, but appear to have tissue-specific expressions. Compared with traditional metrics, our method outperforms degree, betweenness and bridging centrality under the human pathway context. Analysis of the existing top 20 drugs with the most disruptive side-effects indicates that pathway closeness centrality is an appropriate index to predict the probability of the occurrence of adverse pharmacological effects. Case studies in prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus indicate that the pathway closeness centrality metric could distinguish likely drug-targets well from human pathways. Thus, our method is a promising tool to aid target identification in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, China.
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Sabino-Silva R, Mori R, David-Silva A, Okamoto M, Freitas H, Machado U. The Na+/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1019-26. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Santer R, Calado J. Familial renal glucosuria and SGLT2: from a mendelian trait to a therapeutic target. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 5:133-41. [PMID: 19965550 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04010609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Four members of two glucose transporter families, SGLT1, SGLT2, GLUT1, and GLUT2, are differentially expressed in the kidney, and three of them have been shown to be necessary for normal glucose resorption from the glomerular filtrate. Mutations in SGLT1 are associated with glucose-galactose malabsorption, SGLT2 with familial renal glucosuria (FRG), and GLUT2 with Fanconi-Bickel syndrome. Patients with FRG have decreased renal tubular resorption of glucose from the urine in the absence of hyperglycemia and any other signs of tubular dysfunction. Glucosuria in these patients can range from <1 to >150 g/1.73 m(2) per d. The majority of patients do not seem to develop significant clinical problems over time, and further description of specific disease sequelae in these individuals is reviewed. SGLT2, a critical transporter in tubular glucose resorption, is located in the S1 segment of the proximal tubule, and, as such, recent attention has been given to SGLT2 inhibitors and their utility in patients with type 2 diabetes, who might benefit from the glucose-lowering effect of such compounds. A natural analogy is made of SGLT2 inhibition to observations with inactivating mutations of SGLT2 in patients with FRG, the hereditary condition that results in benign glucosuria. This review provides an overview of renal glucose transport physiology, FRG and its clinical course, and the potential of SGLT2 inhibition as a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Santer
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira no 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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Freitas HS, Schaan BD, David-Silva A, Sabino-Silva R, Okamoto MM, Alves-Wagner AB, Mori RC, Machado UF. SLC2A2 gene expression in kidney of diabetic rats is regulated by HNF-1alpha and HNF-3beta. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 305:63-70. [PMID: 19433262 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that, in kidney of diabetic rats, hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF-1alpha and HNF-3beta) play a critical role in the overexpression of solute carrier 2A2 (SLC2A2) gene. Diabetic rats submitted or not to rapid (up to 12h) and short-term (1, 4 and 6 days) insulin treatment were investigated. Twofold increase in GLUT2 mRNA was observed in diabetic, accompanied by significant increases in HNF-1alpha and HNF-3beta expression and binding activity. Additional 2-fold increase in GLUT2 mRNA and HNF-3beta expression/activity was observed in 12-h insulin-treated rats. Six-day insulin treatment decreased GLUT2 mRNA and HNF-1alpha expression and activity to levels of non-diabetic rats, whereas HNF-3beta decreased to levels of non-insulin-treated diabetic rats. Our results provide evidence for a link between the overexpression of SLC2A2 gene and the transcriptional activity of HNF-1alpha and HNF-3beta in kidney of diabetic rats. Furthermore, recovery of SLC2A2 gene after 6-day insulin treatment also involves HNF-1alpha and HNF-3beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, 05505-900 Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil.
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Phlorizin prevents glomerular hyperfiltration but not hypertrophy in diabetic rats. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2008; 2008:305403. [PMID: 18769499 PMCID: PMC2522335 DOI: 10.1155/2008/305403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships of renal and glomerular hypertrophies to development of hyperfiltration and proteinuria early in streptozotocin-induced diabetes were explored. Control, diabetic, phlorizin-treated controls, and diabetic male Fischer rats were used. Phlorizin (an Na+-glucose cotransport inhibitor) was given at a dose sufficient to normalize blood glucose. Inulin clearance (Cinulin) and protein excretion rate (PER) were measured. For morphometry, kidney sections were stained with periodic acid Schiff. At one week, diabetes PER increased 2.8-folds (P < .001), Cinulin increased 80% (P < .01). Kidney wet and dry weights increased 10%–12% (P < .05), and glomerular tuft area increased 9.3% (P < .001). Phlorizin prevented proteinuria, hyperfiltration, and kidney hypertrophy, but not glomerular hypertrophy. Thus, hyperfiltration, proteinuria, and whole kidney hypertrophy were related to hyperglycemia but not to glomerular growth. Diabetic glomerular hypertrophy constitutes an early event in the progression of glomerular pathology which occurs in the absence of mesangial expansion and persists even after changes in protein excretion and GFR are reversed through glycemic control.
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Souza M, Machado U, Okamoto M, Bertoluci M, Ponpermeyer C, Leguisamo N, Azambuja F, Irigoyen M, Schaan B. Reduced cortical renal GLUT1 expression induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:960-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Souza
- Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F. Azambuja
- Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brasil
| | - M.C. Irigoyen
- Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - B.D. Schaan
- Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Goestemeyer AK, Marks J, Srai SK, Debnam ES, Unwin RJ. GLUT2 protein at the rat proximal tubule brush border membrane correlates with protein kinase C (PKC)-betal and plasma glucose concentration. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2209-17. [PMID: 17694297 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS GLUT2 is the main renal glucose transporter upregulated by hyperglycaemia, when it becomes detectable at the brush border membrane (BBM). Since glucose-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the kidney is linked to diabetic nephropathy, we investigated the effect of glycaemic status on the protein levels of PKC isoforms alpha, betaI, betaII, delta and epsilon in the proximal tubule, as well as the relationship between them and changes in GLUT2 production at the BBM. METHODS Plasma glucose concentrations were modulated in rats by treatment with nicotinamide 15 min prior to induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Levels of GLUT2 protein and PKC isoforms in BBM were measured by western blotting. Additionally, the role of calcium signalling and PKC activation on facilitative glucose transport was examined by measuring glucose uptake in BBM vesicles prepared from proximal tubules that had been incubated either with thapsigargin, which increases cytosolic calcium, or with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate (PMA). RESULTS Thapsigargin and PMA enhanced GLUT-mediated glucose uptake, but had no effect on sodium-dependent glucose transport. Diabetes significantly increased the protein levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI at the BBM. Levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI correlated positively with plasma glucose concentration. Diabetes had no effect on BBM levels of alpha, betaII, delta or epsilon isoforms of PKC. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Enhanced GLUT2-mediated glucose transport across the proximal tubule BBM during diabetic hyperglycaemia is closely associated with increased PKC-betaI. Thus, altered levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI proteins in the BBM may be important factors in the pathogenic processes underlying diabetic renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Goestemeyer
- Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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