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Khorsandi K, Esfahani H, Ghamsari SK, Lakhshehei P. Targeting ferroptosis in melanoma: cancer therapeutics. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:337. [PMID: 37996827 PMCID: PMC10666330 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive kind of skin cancer; its rate has risen rapidly over the past few decades. Melanoma reports for only about 1% of skin cancers but leads to a high majority of skin cancer deaths. Thus, new useful therapeutic approaches are currently required, to state effective treatments to consistently enhance the overall survival rate of melanoma patients. Ferroptosis is a recently identified cell death process, which is different from autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis in terms of biochemistry, genetics, and morphology which plays an important role in cancer treatment. Ferroptosis happens mostly by accumulating iron and lipid peroxides in the cell. Recently, studies have revealed that ferroptosis has a key role in the tumor's progression. Especially, inducing ferroptosis in cells can inhibit the tumor cells' growth, leading to back warding tumorigenesis. Here, we outline the ferroptosis characteristics from its basic role in melanoma cancer and mention its possible applications in melanoma cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamics, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamics, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Lakhshehei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Marchesi E, Perrone D, Navacchia ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Strategy for Developing Artemisinin-Derived Anticancer Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2185. [PMID: 37765156 PMCID: PMC10536797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a natural compound extracted from Artemisia species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Currently, artemisinin and its derivatives are considered among the most significant small-molecule antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin and its derivatives have also been shown to possess selective anticancer properties, however, there are several limitations and gaps in knowledge that retard their repurposing as effective anticancer agents. Hybridization resulting from a covalent combination of artemisinin with one or more active pharmacophores has emerged as a promising approach to overcome several issues. The variety of hybridization partners allows improvement in artemisinin activity by tuning the ability of conjugated artemisinin to interact with various molecule targets involved in multiple biological pathways. This review highlights the current scenario of artemisinin-derived hybrids with potential anticancer activity. The synthetic approaches to achieve the corresponding hybrids and the structure-activity relationships are discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marchesi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Maria Luisa Navacchia
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Hsieh CH, Huang YW, Tsai TF. Oral Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs with Antineoplastic Potential: a Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:835-860. [PMID: 35381976 PMCID: PMC9021342 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing trend of malignancy worldwide. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the cornerstones for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), but risk of malignancy is a major concern for patients receiving DMARDs. In addition, many IMIDs already carry higher background risks of neoplasms. Recently, the black box warning of malignancies has been added for Janus kinase inhibitors. Also, the use of biologic DMARDs in patients with established malignancies is usually discouraged owing to exclusion of such patients in pivotal studies and, hence, lack of evidence. In contrast, some conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) have been reported to show antineoplastic properties and can be beneficial for patients with cancer. Among the csDMARDs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the most extensively studied, and methotrexate is an established chemotherapeutic agent. Even cyclosporine A, a well-known drug associated with cancer risk, can potentiate the effect of some chemotherapeutic agents. We review the possible mechanisms behind and clinical evidence of the antineoplastic activities of csDMARDs, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and thiopurines. This knowledge may guide physicians in the choice of csDMARDs for patients with concurrent IMIDs and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan. .,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Bano I, Horky P, Abbas SQ, Majid M, Bilal AHM, Ali F, Behl T, Hassan SSU, Bungau S. Ferroptosis: A New Road towards Cancer Management. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072129. [PMID: 35408533 PMCID: PMC9000380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently described programmed cell death mechanism that is characterized by the buildup of iron (Fe)-dependent lipid peroxides in cells and is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from other forms of cell death, having emerged to play an important role in cancer biology. Ferroptosis has significant importance during cancer treatment because of the combination of factors, including suppression of the glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), cysteine deficiency, and arachidonoyl (AA) peroxidation, which cause cells to undergo ferroptosis. However, the physiological significance of ferroptosis throughout development is still not fully understood. This current review is focused on the factors and molecular mechanisms with the diagrammatic illustrations of ferroptosis that have a role in the initiation and sensitivity of ferroptosis in various malignancies. This knowledge will open a new road for research in oncology and cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Bano
- Faculty of Bio-Sciences, SBBUVAS, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (S.S.u.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Pavel Horky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Akram Hafiz Muhammad Bilal
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Fawad Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India;
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (S.S.u.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (S.S.u.H.); (S.B.)
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5
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Tang Z, Huang Z, Huang Y, Chen Y, Huang M, Liu H, Ye QA, Zhao J, Jia B. Ferroptosis: The Silver Lining of Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765859. [PMID: 34912804 PMCID: PMC8667274 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory cell death has been a major focus area of cancer therapy research to improve conventional clinical cancer treatment (e.g. chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been receiving increasing attention since its discovery in 2012. Owing to the highly iron-dependent physiological properties of cancer cells, targeting ferroptosis is a promising approach in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarised the characteristics of ferroptotic cells, associated mechanisms of ferroptosis occurrence and regulation and application of the ferroptotic pathway in cancer therapy, including the use of ferroptosis in combination with other therapeutic modalities. In addition, we presented the challenges of using ferroptosis in cancer therapy and future perspectives that may provide a basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Adam Ye
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjiang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Chemical hybridization of sulfasalazine and dihydroartemisinin promotes brain tumor cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20766. [PMID: 34675351 PMCID: PMC8531376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors with still poor prognosis for the patients despite a combination of cytoreduction via surgery followed by a radio-chemotherapy. One strategy to find effective treatment is to combine two different compounds in one hybrid molecule via linker to add to or at best potentiate their impact on malignant cells. Here, we report on the effects of a newly synthesized hybrid of sulfasalazine (SAS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), called AC254. In previous studies, both SAS and DHA have already proved to have anti-tumor properties themselves and to have sensitizing respectively potentiating effects on other treatments against malignant tumors. We investigated the impact of individual drugs SAS and DHA, their 1:1 combination and a novel SAS-DHA hybrid compound (AC254) on rodent and human glioma cells. In our study SAS alone showed no or only a mild effect on glioma, whereas DHA led to a significant reduction of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Next we compared the efficacy of the hybrid AC254 to the combinational treatment of its parent compounds SAS and DHA. The hybrid was highly efficient in combating glioma cells compared to single treatment strategies regarding cell viability and cell death. Interestingly, AC254 showed a remarkable advantage over the combinational treatment with both parent compounds in most used concentrations. In addition to its reduction of tumor cell viability and induction of cell death, the hybrid AC254 displayed changes in cell cycle and reduction of cell migration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that clinically established compounds such as SAS and DHA can be potentiated in their anti-cancer effects by chemical hybridization. Thus, this concept provides the opportunity to devise new effective chemotherapeutic agents.
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Cao Y, Khan A, Soltani A, Erfani-Moghadam V, Lup ANK, Aghaei M, Abdolahi N, Khalili M, Cordani M, Balakheyli H, Tavassoli S, Albadarin AB. Spectroscopic, density functional theory, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of sulfasalazine and naproxen drugs combination. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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8
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Yakubov E, Eibl T, Hammer A, Holtmannspötter M, Savaskan N, Steiner HH. Therapeutic Potential of Selenium in Glioblastoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:666679. [PMID: 34121995 PMCID: PMC8194316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.666679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little progress has been made in the long-term management of malignant brain tumors, leaving patients with glioblastoma, unfortunately, with a fatal prognosis. Glioblastoma remains the most aggressive primary brain cancer in adults. Similar to other cancers, glioblastoma undergoes a cellular metabolic reprogramming to form an oxidative tumor microenvironment, thereby fostering proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor cell survival. Latest investigations revealed that micronutrients, such as selenium, may have positive effects in glioblastoma treatment, providing promising chances regarding the current limitations in surgical treatment and radiochemotherapy outcomes. Selenium is an essential micronutrient with anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties. There is additional evidence of Se deficiency in patients suffering from brain malignancies, which increases its importance as a therapeutic option for glioblastoma therapy. It is well known that selenium, through selenoproteins, modulates metabolic pathways and regulates redox homeostasis. Therefore, selenium impacts on the interaction in the tumor microenvironment between tumor cells, tumor-associated cells and immune cells. In this review we take a closer look at the current knowledge about the potential of selenium on glioblastoma, by focusing on brain edema, glioma-related angiogenesis, and cells in tumor microenvironment such as glioma-associated microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Yakubov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eibl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hammer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Savaskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical School Hospital, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,BiMECON Ent., Berlin, Germany
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9
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Magri J, Gasparetto A, Conti L, Calautti E, Cossu C, Ruiu R, Barutello G, Cavallo F. Tumor-Associated Antigen xCT and Mutant-p53 as Molecular Targets for New Combinatorial Antitumor Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:108. [PMID: 33430127 PMCID: PMC7827209 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT is a tumor-associated antigen that has been newly identified in many cancer types. By participating in glutathione biosynthesis, xCT protects cancer cells from oxidative stress conditions and ferroptosis, and contributes to metabolic reprogramming, thus promoting tumor progression and chemoresistance. Moreover, xCT is overexpressed in cancer stem cells. These features render xCT a promising target for cancer therapy, as has been widely reported in the literature and in our work on its immunotargeting. Interestingly, studies on the TP53 gene have revealed that both wild-type and mutant p53 induce the post-transcriptional down modulation of xCT, contributing to ferroptosis. Moreover, APR-246, a small molecule drug that can restore wild-type p53 function in cancer cells, has been described as an indirect modulator of xCT expression in tumors with mutant p53 accumulation, and is thus a promising drug to use in combination with xCT inhibition. This review summarizes the current knowledge of xCT and its regulation by p53, with a focus on the crosstalk of these two molecules in ferroptosis, and also considers some possible combinatorial strategies that can make use of APR-246 treatment in combination with anti-xCT immunotargeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppina Barutello
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-011-670-6458 (G.B.); +39-011-670-6457 (F.C.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-011-670-6458 (G.B.); +39-011-670-6457 (F.C.)
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10
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Li Z, Chen L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Hu D, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhuo W, Mao M, Zhang X, Xu L, Wang L, Zhou J. Targeting ferroptosis in breast cancer. Biomark Res 2020; 8:58. [PMID: 33292585 PMCID: PMC7643412 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Lini Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Dengdi Hu
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Wenying Zhuo
- Cixi People’s Hospital Medical and Health Group, 315300 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Misha Mao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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11
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Gagliardi M, Saverio V, Monzani R, Ferrari E, Piacentini M, Corazzari M. Ferroptosis: a new unexpected chance to treat metastatic melanoma? Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2411-2425. [PMID: 32816618 PMCID: PMC7553499 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1806426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human skin melanoma is one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat human malignancies, with an increasing incidence over the years. While the resection of the early diagnosed primary tumor remains the best clinical approach, advanced/metastatic melanoma still remains with a poor prognosis. Indeed, although enormous progress in the therapeutic treatment of human tumors has been made in recent years, patients affected by metastatic melanoma are still poorly affected by these clinical advances. Therefore, new valuable therapeutic approaches are urgently needed, to design and define effective treatments to consistently increase the overall survival rate of patients affected by this malignancy. In this review we summarize the main signaling pathways studied to kill human skin melanoma, and introduce the ferroptotic cell death as a new pathway to be explored to eradicate this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gagliardi
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Saverio
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Romina Monzani
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marco Corazzari
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Liu J, Xia X, Huang P. xCT: A Critical Molecule That Links Cancer Metabolism to Redox Signaling. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2358-2366. [PMID: 32931751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
System xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter, composed of a light-chain subunit (xCT, SLC7A11) and a heavy-chain subunit (CD98hc, SLC3A2), is mainly responsible for the cellular uptake of cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. In recent years, the xCT molecule has been found to play an important role in tumor growth, progression, metastasis, and multidrug resistance in various types of cancer. Interestingly, xCT also exhibits an essential function in regulating tumor-associated ferroptosis. Despite significant progress in targeting the system xc- transporter in cancer treatment, the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. It is also unclear why solid tumors are more sensitive to xCT inhibitors such as sulfasalazine, as compared to hematological malignancies. This review mainly focuses on the role of xCT cystine/glutamate transporter in regard to tumor growth, chemoresistance, tumor-selective ferroptosis, and the mechanisms regulating xCT gene expression. The potential therapeutic implications of targeting the system xc- and its combination with chemotherapeutic agents or immunotherapy to suppress tumor growth and overcome drug resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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13
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Elhasany KA, Khattab SN, Bekhit AA, Ragab DM, Abdulkader MA, Zaky A, Helmy MW, Ashour HMA, Teleb M, Haiba NS, Elzoghby AO. Combination of magnetic targeting with synergistic inhibition of NF-κB and glutathione via micellar drug nanomedicine enhances its anti-tumor efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:162-176. [PMID: 32818610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is not only one of the most prevalent types of cancer, but also it is a prime cause of death in women aged between 20 and 59. Although chemotherapy is the most common therapy approach, multiple side effects can result from lack of specificity and the use of overdose as safe doses may not completely cure cancer. Therefore, we aimed in this study is to combine the merits of NF-κB inhibiting potential of celastrol (CST) with glutathione inhibitory effect of sulfasalazine (SFZ) which prevents CST inactivation and thus enhances its anti-tumor activity. Inspired by the CD44-mediated tumor targeting effect of the hydrophilic polysaccharide chondroitin sulphate (ChS), we chemically synthesized amphiphilic zein-ChS micelles. While the water insoluble SFZ was chemically coupled to zein, CST was physically entrapped within the hydrophobic zein/SFZ micellar core. Moreover, physical encapsulation of oleic acid-capped SPIONs in the hydrophobic core of micelles enabled both magnetic tumor targeting as well as MRI theranostic capacity. Combining magnetic targeting to with the active targeting effect of ChS resulted in enhanced cellular internalization of the micelles in MCF-7 cancer cells and hence higher cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In the in vivo experiments, magnetically-targeted micelles (154.4 nm) succeeded in achieving the lowest percentage increase in the tumor volume in tumor bearing mice, the highest percentage of tumor necrosis associated with significant reduction in the levels of TNF-α, Ki-67, NF-κB, VEGF, COX-2 markers compared to non-magnetically targeted micelles-, free drug-treated and positive control groups. Collectively, the developed magnetically targeted micelles pave the way for design of cancer nano-theranostic drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholod A Elhasany
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Pharmacy Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain.
| | - Doaa M Ragab
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Abdulkader
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Amira Zaky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Hayam M A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Nesreen S Haiba
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Center for Engineered Therapeutics (CET), Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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14
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Sugiyama A, Ohta T, Obata M, Takahashi K, Seino M, Nagase S. xCT inhibitor sulfasalazine depletes paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells through ferroptosis in uterine serous carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2689-2700. [PMID: 32782585 PMCID: PMC7400102 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a primary antioxidant that protects cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS), and high levels of GSH promote cancer cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy. The glutamine transporter xCT is essential for the intracellular synthesis of GSH, whereby xCT determines the intracellular redox balance. However, whether xCT inhibition can overcome GSH-mediated resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) remains unclear. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of the xCT inhibitor, sulfasalazine (SAS) on cytotoxicity in paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant USC cell lines. The molecular mechanism by which SAS induces ferroptotic cell death in paclitaxel-resistant cells was assessed. The results of the cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that SAS was more cytotoxic in paclitaxel-resistant cells compared with in -sensitive cells; however, paclitaxel cytotoxicity was not enhanced in either of the USC cell lines. Immunoblotting analysis and the cell death assays performed using ferroptosis inhibitors indicated that SAS-mediated cell death was induced through ferroptosis, and not apoptosis, in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Furthermore, ROS production was increased in paclitaxel-resistant but not in -sensitive cells, even at low SAS concentration, and JNK was activated, which is a downstream target in the Ras signaling pathway. Knockdown of JNK reversed the inhibitory effect of SAS on cell proliferation and cell death. The synthetic lethal interaction between ROS accumulation and Ras effector JNK activation may be critical for enhancing the sensitivity to ferroptotic cell death mediated by xCT inhibitor, SAS. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that xCT inhibition may be an effective treatment for patients with recurrent paclitaxel-resistant USC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Miyuki Obata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Manabu Seino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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15
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Su Y, Zhao B, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Shen Y, Lv H, AlQudsy LHH, Shang P. Ferroptosis, a novel pharmacological mechanism of anti-cancer drugs. Cancer Lett 2020; 483:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Zheng Z, Luo G, Shi X, Long Y, Shen W, Li Z, Zhang X. The X c- inhibitor sulfasalazine improves the anti-cancer effect of pharmacological vitamin C in prostate cancer cells via a glutathione-dependent mechanism. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 43:95-106. [PMID: 31617161 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Traditional treatment regimens for advanced prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer, result in low survival times with severe side effects. Therefore, new treatment options are required. Vitamin C (VC) has been identified as a promising anti-cancer agent of which the effects depend on the accumulation of H2O2 that is produced through autoxidation. Sulfasalazine (SAS), a cystine transporter (Xc-) inhibitor, is known to suppress cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. Here, we hypothesized that targeting the Xc- transporter via SAS may improve the anti-cancer activity of VC through regulating GSH biosynthesis, which in turn may result in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). METHODS The anti-cancer effect of VC and/or SAS on prostate cancer cells was assessed using WST-8, colony formation and annexin V-FITC/PI FACS assays. Changes in cellular ROS and GSH levels were determined to verify our hypothesis. Finally, BALB/c nude mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts were used to assess the anti-cancer effects of single or combined VC and SAS therapies. RESULTS We found that SAS could potentiate the short- and long-term cytotoxicity of VC in prostate cancer cells. We also found that the synergistic effect of SAS and VC led to significant cellular GSH depletion, resulting in increased ROS accumulation. This synergistic effect could be reversed by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The synergistic effect of SAS and VC was also noted in prostate cancer xenografts and correlated with immunohistochemistry results. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly indicate that SAS, a relatively non-toxic drug that targets cystine transporters, in combination with VC may be superior to their single applications in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ganhua Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinchong Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yali Long
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wanqing Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhoulei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiangsong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Lv H, Zhen C, Liu J, Yang P, Hu L, Shang P. Unraveling the Potential Role of Glutathione in Multiple Forms of Cell Death in Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3150145. [PMID: 31281572 PMCID: PMC6590529 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3150145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione is the principal intracellular antioxidant buffer against oxidative stress and mainly exists in the forms of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The processes of glutathione synthesis, transport, utilization, and metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain intracellular glutathione homeostasis and redox balance. As for cancer cells, they exhibit a greater ROS level than normal cells in order to meet the enhanced metabolism and vicious proliferation; meanwhile, they also have to develop an increased antioxidant defense system to cope with the higher oxidant state. Growing numbers of studies have implicated that altering the glutathione antioxidant system is associated with multiple forms of programmed cell death in cancer cells. In this review, we firstly focus on glutathione homeostasis from the perspectives of glutathione synthesis, distribution, transportation, and metabolism. Then, we discuss the function of glutathione in the antioxidant process. Afterwards, we also summarize the recent advance in the understanding of the mechanism by which glutathione plays a key role in multiple forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Finally, we highlight the glutathione-targeting therapeutic approaches toward cancers. A comprehensive review on the glutathione homeostasis and the role of glutathione depletion in programmed cell death provide insight into the redox-based research concerning cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lijiang Hu
- Zhejiang Heye Health Technology Co. Ltd., Anji, Zhejiang 313300, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Research Centre of Microfluidic Chip for Health Care and Environmental Monitoring, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Taicang, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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18
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Zhang Y, Tan H, Daniels JD, Zandkarimi F, Liu H, Brown LM, Uchida K, O'Connor OA, Stockwell BR. Imidazole Ketone Erastin Induces Ferroptosis and Slows Tumor Growth in a Mouse Lymphoma Model. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:623-633.e9. [PMID: 30799221 PMCID: PMC6525071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that can be induced by inhibition of the cystine-glutamate antiporter, system xc-. Among the existing system xc- inhibitors, imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) is a potent, metabolically stable inhibitor of system xc- and inducer of ferroptosis potentially suitable for in vivo applications. We investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of IKE in a diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) xenograft model and demonstrated that IKE exerted an antitumor effect by inhibiting system xc-, leading to glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, and the induction of ferroptosis biomarkers both in vitro and in vivo. Using untargeted lipidomics and qPCR, we identified distinct features of lipid metabolism in IKE-induced ferroptosis. In addition, biodegradable polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles were employed to aid in IKE delivery and exhibited reduced toxicity compared with free IKE in a DLBCL xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hui Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jacob D Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fereshteh Zandkarimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hengrui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lewis M Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Owen A O'Connor
- Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Columbia University Medical Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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19
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Čolović M, Yang H, Merkens H, Colpo N, Bénard F, Schaffer P. Non-invasive Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Monitor Diethyl maleate and Radiation-Induced Changes in System x C- Activity in Breast Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:1107-1116. [PMID: 30838549 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The system xC- transporter is upregulated in cancer cells in response to oxidative stress (OS). 5-[18F]fluoroaminosuberic acid ([18F]FASu) has been reported as a novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent, targeting system xC-. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of [18F]FASu in monitoring cellular response to diethyl maleate (DEM) and radiation-induced OS fluctuations. PROCEDURES [18F]FASu uptake by breast cancer cells was studied in correlation to OS biomarkers: glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as transcriptional and translational levels of xCT (the functional subunit of xC-). System xC- inhibitor, sulfasalazine (SSZ), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown were used as negative controls. Radiotracer uptake was evaluated in three breast cancer models: MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1, at two-time points (1 h and 16 h) following OS induction. In vivo [18F]FASu imaging and biodistribution were performed using MDA-MB-231 xenograft-bearing mice at 16 and 24 h post-radiation treatment. RESULTS [18F]FASu uptake was positively correlated to intracellular GSH and SLC7A11 expression levels, and radiotracer uptake was induced both by radiation treatment and by DEM at time points longer than 3 h. In an in vivo setting, there was no statistically significant uptake difference between irradiated and control tumors. CONCLUSION [18F]FASu is a specific system xC- PET radiotracer and as such it can be used to monitor system xC- activity due to OS. As such, [18F]FASu has the potential to be used in therapy response monitoring by PET. Further optimization is required for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Čolović
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.,British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada. .,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada. .,Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
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20
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Ma J, Wang J, Ghoraie LS, Men X, Haibe-Kains B, Dai P. A Comparative Study of Cluster Detection Algorithms in Protein-Protein Interaction for Drug Target Discovery and Drug Repurposing. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30837876 PMCID: PMC6389713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between drugs and their target proteins induce altered expression of genes involved in complex intracellular networks. The properties of these functional network modules are critical for the identification of drug targets, for drug repurposing, and for understanding the underlying mode of action of the drug. The topological modules generated by a computational approach are defined as functional clusters. However, the functions inferred for these topological modules extracted from a large-scale molecular interaction network, such as a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, could differ depending on different cluster detection algorithms. Moreover, the dynamic gene expression profiles among tissues or cell types causes differential functional interaction patterns between the molecular components. Thus, the connections in the PPI network should be modified by the transcriptomic landscape of specific cell lines before producing topological clusters. Here, we systematically investigated the clusters of a cell-based PPI network by using four cluster detection algorithms. We subsequently compared the performance of these algorithms for target gene prediction, which integrates gene perturbation data with the cell-based PPI network using two drug target prioritization methods, shortest path and diffusion correlation. In addition, we validated the proportion of perturbed genes in clusters by finding candidate anti-breast cancer drugs and confirming our predictions using literature evidence and cases in the ClinicalTrials.gov. Our results indicate that the Walktrap (CW) clustering algorithm achieved the best performance overall in our comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Xin Men
- Shaanxi Microbiology Institute, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Penggao Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Szwed M, Sønstevold T, Øverbye A, Engedal N, Grallert B, Mørch Ý, Sulheim E, Iversen TG, Skotland T, Sandvig K, Torgersen ML. Small variations in nanoparticle structure dictate differential cellular stress responses and mode of cell death. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:761-782. [PMID: 30760074 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1576238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For optimal exploitation of nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedicine, and to predict nanotoxicity, detailed knowledge of the cellular responses to cell-bound or internalized NPs is imperative. The final outcome of NP-cell interaction is dictated by the type and magnitude of the NP insult and the cellular response. Here, this has been systematically studied by using poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) (PACA) particles differing only in their alkyl side chains; butyl (PBCA), ethylbutyl (PEBCA), or octyl (POCA), respectively. Surprisingly, these highly similar NPs induced different stress responses and modes of cell death in human cell lines. The POCA particles generally induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. In contrast, PBCA and PEBCA particles induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation depending on the level of the glutathione precursor cystine and transcription of the cystine transporter SLC7A11. The latter was induced as a protective response by the transcription factors ATF4 and Nrf2. PBCA particles strongly activated ATF4 downstream of the eIF2α kinase HRI, whereas PEBCA particles more potently induced Nrf2 antioxidant responses. Intriguingly, PBCA particles activated the cell death mechanism ferroptosis; a promising option for targeting multidrug-resistant cancers. Our findings highlight that even minor differences in NP composition can severely impact the cellular response to NPs. This may have important implications in therapeutic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tonje Sønstevold
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anders Øverbye
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Nikolai Engedal
- c Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Beata Grallert
- d Department of Radiation Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ýrr Mørch
- e Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Einar Sulheim
- e Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine , SINTEF AS , Trondheim , Norway.,f Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Tore-Geir Iversen
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tore Skotland
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Maria L Torgersen
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
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22
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Wei CW, Yu YL, Lu JY, Hung YT, Liu HC, Yiang GT. Anti-Cancer Effects of Sulfasalazine and Vitamin E Succinate in MDA-MB 231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:494-500. [PMID: 31171899 PMCID: PMC6535658 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Sulfasalazine (SSZ) displayed anti-cancer activities. Vitamin E succinate (VES) could inhibit cell growth in various cancer cells. However, chemical therapies were often not useful for triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs) treatment. Here, this study investigated the anti-cancer effects and the mechanisms on TNBCs under combination treatment with SSZ and VES. Methods: Cell viability was analyzed by using the MTT assay. The H2O2 levels were determined by using lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence method. In addition, caspase and MAPs signals were studied by using western blotting. Results: Low-dose VES antagonized the SSZ-induced cytotoxicity effects while high-dose VES promoted the SSZ-induced cytotoxicity effects on TNBCs. In addition, SSZ alone treatment activated both caspase-3 and ERK signals, however, VES alone treatment only activated JNK signals. On the other hand, activation of caspase-3, JNK, and ERK were found in SSZ plus VES-treated cells. Conclusion: Combined SSZ and VES has synergistic or antagonistic cytotoxic effects depending on VES concentration. In addition, different cytotoxic signals are induced on SSZ-treated, VES-treated and SSZ plus VES-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433.,Departments of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413
| | - Ji-Ying Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433.,Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Synthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labeled boramino acid analog of aminosuberic acid for PET imaging of the antiporter system xC−. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3579-3584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Cui Q, Wang JQ, Assaraf YG, Ren L, Gupta P, Wei L, Ashby CR, Yang DH, Chen ZS. Modulating ROS to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 41:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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In vivo combined treatment of rats with ivermectin and aged garlic extract attenuates ivermectin-induced cytogenotoxicity in bone marrow cells. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Cha YJ, Kim ES, Koo JS. Amino Acid Transporters and Glutamine Metabolism in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E907. [PMID: 29562706 PMCID: PMC5877768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are membrane transport proteins, most of which are members of the solute carrier families. Amino acids are essential for the survival of all types of cells, including tumor cells, which have an increased demand for nutrients to facilitate proliferation and cancer progression. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and is still associated with high mortality rates, despite improved treatment strategies. Recent studies have demonstrated that the amino acid metabolic pathway is altered in breast cancer and that amino acid transporters affect tumor growth and progression. In breast cancer, glutamine is one of the key nutrients, and glutamine metabolism is closely related to the amino acid transporters. In this review, we focus on amino acid transporters and their roles in breast cancer. We also highlight the different subsets of upregulated amino acid transporters in breast cancer and discuss their potential applications as treatment targets, cancer imaging tracers, and drug delivery components. Glutamine metabolism as well as its regulation and therapeutic implication in breast cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Eun-Sol Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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27
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Functional interactions of the cystine/glutamate antiporter, CD44v and MUC1-C oncoprotein in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11756-69. [PMID: 26930718 PMCID: PMC4914246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The xCT light chain of the cystine/glutamate transporter (system XC−) is of importance for the survival of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The MUC1-C transmembrane oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in TNBC and, like xCT, has been linked to maintaining glutathione (GSH) levels and redox balance. However, there is no known interaction between MUC1-C and xCT. Here we show that silencing MUC1-C is associated with decreases in xCT expression in TNBC cells. The results demonstrate that MUC1-C forms a complex with xCT and the CD44 variant (CD44v), which interacts with xCT and thereby controls GSH levels. MUC1-C binds directly with CD44v and in turn promotes stability of xCT in the cell membrane. The interaction between MUC1-C and xCT is further supported by the demonstration that targeting xCT with silencing or the inhibitor sulfasalazine suppresses MUC1 gene transcription by increasing histone and DNA methylation on the MUC1 promoter. In terms of the functional significance of the MUC1-C/xCT interaction, we show that MUC1-C protects against treatment with erastin, an inhibitor of XC− and inducer of ferroptosis, a form of non-apoptotic cell death. These findings indicate that targeting this novel MUC1-C/xCT pathway could represent a potential therapeutic approach for promoting TNBC cell death.
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28
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Hatem E, El Banna N, Huang ME. Multifaceted Roles of Glutathione and Glutathione-Based Systems in Carcinogenesis and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1217-1234. [PMID: 28537430 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione is the most abundant antioxidant molecule in living organisms and has multiple functions. Intracellular glutathione homeostasis, through its synthesis, consumption, and degradation, is an intricately balanced process. Glutathione levels are often high in tumor cells before treatment, and there is a strong correlation between elevated levels of intracellular glutathione/sustained glutathione-mediated redox activity and resistance to pro-oxidant anticancer therapy. Recent Advances: Ample evidence demonstrates that glutathione and glutathione-based systems are particularly relevant in cancer initiation, progression, and the development of anticancer drug resistance. CRITICAL ISSUES This review highlights the multifaceted roles of glutathione and glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis, anticancer drug resistance, and clinical applications. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evidence summarized here underscores the important role played by glutathione and the glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis and anticancer drug resistance. Future studies should address mechanistic questions regarding the distinct roles of glutathione in different stages of cancer development and cancer cell death. It will be important to study how metabolic alterations in cancer cells can influence glutathione homeostasis. Sensitive approaches to monitor glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments will be an indispensible step. Therapeutic perspectives should focus on mechanism-based rational drug combinations that are directed against multiple redox targets using effective, specific, and clinically safe inhibitors. This new strategy is expected to produce a synergistic effect, prevent drug resistance, and diminish doses of single drugs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1217-1234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hatem
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Nadine El Banna
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
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29
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Kazan HH, Urfali-Mamatoglu C, Gunduz U. Iron metabolism and drug resistance in cancer. Biometals 2017; 30:629-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Briggs KJ, Koivunen P, Cao S, Backus KM, Olenchock BA, Patel H, Zhang Q, Signoretti S, Gerfen GJ, Richardson AL, Witkiewicz AK, Cravatt BF, Clardy J, Kaelin WG. Paracrine Induction of HIF by Glutamate in Breast Cancer: EglN1 Senses Cysteine. Cell 2017; 166:126-39. [PMID: 27368101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The HIF transcription factor promotes adaptation to hypoxia and stimulates the growth of certain cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The HIFα subunit is usually prolyl-hydroxylated by EglN family members under normoxic conditions, causing its rapid degradation. We confirmed that TNBC cells secrete glutamate, which we found is both necessary and sufficient for the paracrine induction of HIF1α in such cells under normoxic conditions. Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine depletion. EglN1, the main HIFα prolyl-hydroxylase, undergoes oxidative self-inactivation in the absence of cysteine both in biochemical assays and in cells, resulting in HIF1α accumulation. Therefore, EglN1 senses both oxygen and cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Briggs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- The Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin A Olenchock
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hetalben Patel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gary J Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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31
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Yang H, Jenni S, Colovic M, Merkens H, Poleschuk C, Rodrigo I, Miao Q, Johnson BF, Rishel MJ, Sossi V, Webster JM, Bénard F, Schaffer P. 18F-5-Fluoroaminosuberic Acid as a Potential Tracer to Gauge Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer Models. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:367-373. [PMID: 27789715 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.180661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystine transporter (system xC-) is an antiporter of cystine and glutamate. It has relatively low basal expression in most tissues and becomes upregulated in cells under oxidative stress (OS) as one of the genes expressed in response to the antioxidant response element promoter. We have developed 18F-5-fluoroaminosuberic acid (FASu), a PET tracer that targets system xC- The goal of this study was to evaluate 18F-FASu as a specific gauge for system xC- activity in vivo and its potential for breast cancer imaging. Methods:18F-FASu specificity toward system xC- was studied by cell inhibition assay, cellular uptake after OS induction with diethyl maleate, with and without anti-xCT small interfering RNA knockdown, in vitro uptake studies, and in vivo uptake in a system xC--transduced xenograft model. In addition, radiotracer uptake was evaluated in 3 breast cancer models: MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and ZR-75-1. Results: Reactive oxygen species-inducing diethyl maleate increased glutathione levels and 18F-FASu uptake, whereas gene knockdown with anti-xCT small interfering RNA led to decreased tracer uptake. 18F-FASu uptake was robustly inhibited by system xC- inhibitors or substrates, whereas uptake was significantly higher in transduced cells and tumors expressing xCT than in wild-type HEK293T cells and tumors (P < 0.0001 for cells, P = 0.0086 for tumors). 18F-FASu demonstrated tumor uptake in all 3 breast cancer cell lines studied. Among them, triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, which has the highest xCT messenger RNA level, had the highest tracer uptake (P = 0.0058 when compared with MCF-7; P < 0.0001 when compared with ZR-75-1). Conclusion:18F-FASu as a system xC- substrate is a specific PET tracer for functional monitoring of system xC- and OS imaging. By enabling noninvasive analysis of xC- responses in vivo, this biomarker may serve as a valuable target for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of certain breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Silvia Jenni
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Milena Colovic
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Qing Miao
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and
| | | | - François Bénard
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada .,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
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32
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Zurlo G, Guo J, Takada M, Wei W, Zhang Q. New Insights into Protein Hydroxylation and Its Important Role in Human Diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:208-220. [PMID: 27663420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein hydroxylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The hydroxylation modification can take place on various amino acids, including but not limited to proline, lysine, asparagine, aspartate and histidine. A classical example of this modification is hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF-α) prolyl hydroxylation, which affects HIF-α protein stability via the Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor pathway, a Cullin 2-based E3 ligase adaptor protein frequently mutated in kidney cancer. In addition to protein stability regulation, protein hydroxylation may influence other post-translational modifications or the kinase activity of the modified protein (such as Akt and DYRK1A/B). In other cases, protein hydroxylation may alter protein-protein interaction and its downstream signaling events in vivo (such as OTUB1, MAPK6 and eEF2K). In this review, we highlight the recently identified protein hydroxylation targets and their pathophysiological roles, especially in cancer settings. Better understanding of protein hydroxylation will help identify novel therapeutic targets and their regulation mechanisms to foster development of more effective treatment strategies for various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zurlo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mamoru Takada
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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33
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Tsai WY, Tsai RY, Liu CC, Wu JL, Wong CS. Sulfasalazine attenuates ACL transection and medial menisectomy-induced cartilage destruction by inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:650-7. [PMID: 26466556 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We had previously demonstrated that excitatory amino acid glutamate plays a role in the progression and severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA), and early hyaluronic acid injection attenuates the OA progression by attenuation of knee joint glutamate level, which was also related to the cystine/glutamate antiporter system X (system XC-) expression. System XC- uptakes cystine into chondrocytes for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, but the role of system XC- in OA is rarely addressed. Sulfasalazine (SSZ) is a system XC- inhibitor; SSZ was applied intra-articularly to study the function of system XC- in the development of OA in rats subjected to anterior cruciate ligament transection and medial meniscectomy (ACLT + MMx). Moerover, the system XC- activator N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was also applied to verify the role of system XC-. The intra-articular injection of SSZ significantly attenuated knee swelling and cartilage destruction in the knees of ACLT + MMx rats and this effect was blocked by NAC. The results showed that inhibition of system XC- function can attenuate ACLT + MMx-induced cartilage destruction. In the present study, system XC- inhibitor SSZ was shown to reduce glutamate content in synovial fluid and GSH in chondrocytes. It was also showed SSZ could attenuate ACLT + MMx-induced cartilage destruction, and treatment of NAC reversed the protective effect of SSZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yuan Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yin Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Liu
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Zhongli, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neuropathic Pain and Translational Medicine Research Laboratory, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Lanzardo S, Conti L, Rooke R, Ruiu R, Accart N, Bolli E, Arigoni M, Macagno M, Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Aurisicchio L, Calogero RA, Cavallo F. Immunotargeting of Antigen xCT Attenuates Stem-like Cell Behavior and Metastatic Progression in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 76:62-72. [PMID: 26567138 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to therapy and lack of curative treatments for metastatic breast cancer suggest that current therapies may be missing the subpopulation of chemoresistant and radioresistant cancer stem cells (CSC). The ultimate success of any treatment may well rest on CSC eradication, but specific anti-CSC therapies are still limited. A comparison of the transcriptional profiles of murine Her2(+) breast tumor TUBO cells and their derived CSC-enriched tumorspheres has identified xCT, the functional subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), as a surface protein that is upregulated specifically in tumorspheres. We validated this finding by cytofluorimetric analysis and immunofluorescence in TUBO-derived tumorspheres and in a panel of mouse and human triple negative breast cancer cell-derived tumorspheres. We further show that downregulation of xCT impaired tumorsphere generation and altered CSC intracellular redox balance in vitro, suggesting that xCT plays a functional role in CSC biology. DNA vaccination based immunotargeting of xCT in mice challenged with syngeneic tumorsphere-derived cells delayed established subcutaneous tumor growth and strongly impaired pulmonary metastasis formation by generating anti-xCT antibodies able to alter CSC self-renewal and redox balance. Finally, anti-xCT vaccination increased CSC chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in vivo, indicating that xCT immunotargeting may be an effective adjuvant to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Macagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Adolfo Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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35
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Xc- inhibitor sulfasalazine sensitizes colorectal cancer to cisplatin by a GSH-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:88-96. [PMID: 26254540 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfasalazine (SSZ) is an anti-inflammatory drug that has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and tumor regression through inhibition of plasma membrane cystine transporter xc(-). Cysteine is a rate-limiting precursor for intracellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which is vital for compound detoxification and maintaining redox balance. Platinum-based chemotherapy is an important regimen used in clinics for various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that targeting xc(-) transporter by SSZ may annihilate cellular detoxification through interruption of GSH synthesis and may enhance the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin (CDDP) by increasing drug transport. In the present study, we revealed that xCT, the active subunit of xc(-), is highly expressed in CRC cell lines and human colorectal carcinoma tissues compared with their normal counterparts. SSZ effectively depleted cellular GSH, leading to significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species and growth inhibition in CRC cells. In contrast, the normal epithelial cells of colon origin were less sensitive to SSZ, showing a moderate ROS elevation. Importantly, SSZ effectively enhanced the intracellular platinum level and cytotoxicity of CDDP in CRC cells. The synergistic effect of SSZ and CDDP was reversed by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Together, these results suggest that SSZ, a relatively non-toxic drug that targets cystine transporter, may, in combination with CDDP, have effective therapy for colorectal cancer.
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36
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Chemotherapy triggers HIF-1-dependent glutathione synthesis and copper chelation that induces the breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4600-9. [PMID: 26229077 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513433112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer but is responsible for a disproportionate share of morbidity and mortality because of its aggressive characteristics and lack of targeted therapies. Chemotherapy induces enrichment of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that chemotherapy induces the expression of the cystine transporter xCT and the regulatory subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent manner, leading to increased intracellular glutathione levels, which inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) activity through copper chelation. Loss of MEK-ERK signaling causes FoxO3 nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the gene encoding the pluripotency factor Nanog, which is required for enrichment of BCSCs. Inhibition of xCT, GCLM, FoxO3, or Nanog blocks chemotherapy-induced enrichment of BCSCs and impairs tumor initiation. These results suggest that, in combination with chemotherapy, targeting BCSCs by inhibiting HIF-1-regulated glutathione synthesis may improve outcome in TNBC.
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37
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Sleire L, Skeie BS, Netland IA, Førde HE, Dodoo E, Selheim F, Leiss L, Heggdal JI, Pedersen PH, Wang J, Enger PØ. Drug repurposing: sulfasalazine sensitizes gliomas to gamma knife radiosurgery by blocking cystine uptake through system Xc-, leading to glutathione depletion. Oncogene 2015; 34:5951-9. [PMID: 25798841 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive brain tumors that always recur after radiotherapy. Cystine, mainly provided by the system X(c)(-) antiporter, is a requirement for glioma cell synthesis of glutathione (GSH) which has a critical role in scavenging free radicals, for example, after radiotherapy. Thus, we hypothesized that the X(c)(-)-inhibitor sulfasalazine (SAS) could potentiate the efficacy of radiotherapy against gliomas. Here, we show that the catalytic subunit of system X(c)(-), xCT, was uniformly expressed in a panel of 30 human GBM biopsies. SAS treatment significantly reduced cystine uptake and GSH levels, whereas it significantly increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glioma cells in vitro. Furthermore, SAS and radiation synergistically increased DNA double-strand breaks and increased glioma cell death, whereas adding the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reversed cell death. Moreover, SAS and gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) synergistically prolonged survival in nude rats harboring human GBM xenografts, compared with controls or either treatment alone. In conclusion, SAS effectively blocks cystine uptake in glioma cells in vitro, leading to GSH depletion and increased ROS levels, DNA damage and cell death. Moreover, it potentiates the anti-tumor efficacy of GKRS in rats with human GBM xenografts, providing a survival benefit. Thus, SAS may have a role as a radiosensitizer to enhance the efficacy of current radiotherapies for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sleire
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - B S Skeie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - I A Netland
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H E Førde
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Dodoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - L Leiss
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Neuro Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - J I Heggdal
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - P-H Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - J Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P Ø Enger
- Department of Biomedicine, Oncomatrix Research Lab, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Zhang W, Xiao H, Parkin KL. Apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced by S-alkenylmercaptocysteine (CySSR) species derived from Allium tissues in combination with sodium selenite. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 68:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Verschoor ML, Singh G. Ets-1 regulates intracellular glutathione levels: key target for resistant ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:138. [PMID: 24238102 PMCID: PMC3842663 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is characterized by high rates of metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Many chemotherapeutic agents rely on the induction of oxidative stress to cause cancer cell death, thus targeting redox regulation is a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance. Methods We have used a tetracycline-inducible Ets-1 overexpression model derived from 2008 ovarian cancer cells in the present study. To examine the role of Ets-1 in glutathione regulation we have measured intracellular reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels, as well as glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. Glutathione synthesis was limited using transsulfuration or Sxc- pathway blocking agents, and glutamate release was measured to confirm Sxc- blockade. Cell viability following drug treatment was assessed via crystal violet assay. Oxidative stress was induced through glucose oxidase treatment, which produces hydrogen peroxide by glucose oxidation. The protein expressions of redox-related factors were measured through western blotting. Results Overexpression of Ets-1 was associated with decreased intracellular ROS, concomitantly with increased intracellular GSH, GPX antioxidant activity, and Sxc- transporter activity. Under basal conditions, inhibition of the transsulfuration pathway resulted in decreased GSH levels and GPX activity in all cell lines, whereas inhibition of Sxc- by sulfasalazine decreased GPX activity in Ets-1-expressing cells only. However, under oxidative stress the intracellular GSH levels decreased significantly in correlation with increased Ets-1 expression following sulfasalazine treatment. Conclusions In this study we have identified a role for proto-oncogene Ets-1 in the regulation of intracellular glutathione levels, and examined the effects of the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine on glutathione depletion using an ovarian cancer cell model. The findings from this study show that Ets-1 mediates enhanced Sxc- activity to increase glutathione levels under oxidative stress, suggesting that Ets-1 could be a promising putative target to enhance conventional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario 12943, Canada.
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Timmerman LA, Holton T, Yuneva M, Louie RJ, Padró M, Daemen A, Hu M, Chan DA, Ethier SP, van 't Veer LJ, Polyak K, McCormick F, Gray JW. Glutamine sensitivity analysis identifies the xCT antiporter as a common triple-negative breast tumor therapeutic target. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:450-65. [PMID: 24094812 PMCID: PMC3931310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A handful of tumor-derived cell lines form the mainstay of cancer therapeutic development, yielding drugs with an impact typically measured as months to disease progression. To develop more effective breast cancer therapeutics and more readily understand their clinical impact, we constructed a functional metabolic portrait of 46 independently derived breast cell lines. Our analysis of glutamine uptake and dependence identified a subset of triple-negative samples that are glutamine auxotrophs. Ambient glutamine indirectly supports environmental cystine acquisition via the xCT antiporter, which is expressed on one-third of triple-negative tumors in vivo. xCT inhibition with the clinically approved anti-inflammatory sulfasalazine decreases tumor growth, revealing a therapeutic target in breast tumors of poorest prognosis and a lead compound for rapid, effective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luika A Timmerman
- UCSF/Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Inhibition of breast cancer-cell glutamate release with sulfasalazine limits cancer-induced bone pain. Pain 2013; 155:28-36. [PMID: 23999057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer in bone is frequently a result of metastases from distant sites, particularly from the breast, lung, and prostate. Pain is a common and often severe pathological feature of cancers in bone, and is a significant impediment to the maintenance of quality of life of patients living with bone metastases. Cancer cell lines have been demonstrated to release significant amounts of the neurotransmitter and cell-signalling molecule l-glutamate via the system xC(-) cystine/glutamate antiporter. We have developed a novel mouse model of breast cancer bone metastases to investigate the impact of inhibiting cancer cell glutamate transporters on nociceptive behaviour. Immunodeficient mice were inoculated intrafemorally with the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231, then treated 14days later via mini-osmotic pumps inserted intraperitoneally with sulfasalazine, (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine, or vehicle. Both sulfasalazine and (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine attenuated in vitro cancer cell glutamate release in a dose-dependent manner via the system xC(-) transporter. Animals treated with sulfasalazine displayed reduced nociceptive behaviours and an extended time until the onset of behavioural evidence of pain. Animals treated with a lower dose of (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine did not display this reduction in nociceptive behaviour. These results suggest that a reduction in glutamate secretion from cancers in bone with the system xC(-) inhibitor sulfasalazine may provide some benefit for treating the often severe and intractable pain associated with bone metastases.
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Kinoshita H, Okabe H, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, Hayashi H, Imai K, Mima K, Nakagawa S, Ishimoto T, Miyake K, Yokoyama N, Ishiko T, Baba H. Cystine/glutamic acid transporter is a novel marker for predicting poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:685-9. [PMID: 23229496 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystine/glutamic acid transporter (xCT) plays a role in tumor progression by regulating the redox status in several types of cancers. To demonstrate the importance of xCT expression for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we analyzed xCT gene expression in 130 paired HCC and non-cancerous tissues. xCT protein expression was confirmed using 7 HCC cell lines and samples from human subjects. xCT mRNA expression was detected in 34 (26%) tumor tissues. Expression of xCT was higher in HCC tissues compared to the corresponding normal tissues according to quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction findings (P<0.0001). Patients in the group presenting with xCT mRNA expression showed poorer overall and disease-free survival than did those with an absence of xCT mRNA (P=0.0130 and 0.0416, respectively). xCT mRNA expression proved to be an independent factor for poor prognosis in a multivariate analysis of overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.03-2.92). We observed xCT protein expression in both the HCC cell lines and in human tissue samples. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that xCT is useful as a predictive marker for patient prognosis and that it may be a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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HUTH CHRISTOPHER, SHI DONGLU, WANG FENG, CARRAHAR DONALD, LIAN JIE, LU FENGYUAN, ZHANG JIAMING, EWING RODNEYC, PAULETTI GIOVANNIM. PHOSPHOLIPID ASSEMBLY ON SUPERPARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR THERMORESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984410000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive nanocomposites were prepared by immobilizing a 2–3 nm thick phospholipid layer on the surface of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles via high-affinity avidin/biotin interactions. Morphological and physicochemical surface properties were assessed using transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The zeta potential of Fe3O4 colloids in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) decreased from -23.6 to -5.0 mV as a consequence of phospholipid immobilization. Nevertheless, heating properties of these superparamagnetic nanoparticles within an alternating magnetic field were not significantly affected. Hyperthermia-relevant temperatures > 40°C were achieved within 10–15 min using a 7-mT magnetic field alternating at a frequency of 1 MHz. Loading of the surface-associated phospholipid layer with the hydrophobic dye dansylcadaverine was accomplished at an efficiency of 479 ng/mg Fe3O4 . Release of this drug surrogate was temperature-dependent, resulting in a 2.5-fold greater release rate when nanoparticles were exposed to a temperature above the experimentally determined melting temperature of 39.7°C. These data underline the feasibility of preparing novel, stimulus-induced drug delivery systems where payload release from a colloid-immobilized phospholipid assembly is triggered by hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHRISTOPHER HUTH
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - DONGLU SHI
- The Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- School of Electronic and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, 493 Rhodes Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - FENG WANG
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - DONALD CARRAHAR
- School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - JIE LIAN
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - FENGYUAN LU
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - JIAMING ZHANG
- Departments of Geological Sciences, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - RODNEY C. EWING
- Departments of Geological Sciences, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - GIOVANNI M. PAULETTI
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Lo M, Ling V, Low C, Wang YZ, Gout PW. Potential use of the anti-inflammatory drug, sulfasalazine, for targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:9-16. [PMID: 20567622 DOI: 10.3747/co.v17i3.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive, drug-resistant disease; its first-line chemotherapeutic, gemcitabine, is only marginally effective. Intracellular depletion of glutathione, a major free-radical scavenger, has been associated with growth arrest and reduced drug resistance (chemosensitization) of cancer cells. In search of a new therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer, we sought to determine whether specific inhibition of the plasma membrane x(c) (-) cystine transporter could lead to reduced uptake of cysteine, a key precursor of glutathione, and subsequent glutathione depletion. Sulfasalazine (approximately 0.2 mmol/L), an anti-inflammatory drug with potent x(c) (-)-inhibitory properties, markedly reduced l¹⁴C]-cystine uptake, glutathione levels, and growth and viability of human MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These effects were shown to result primarily from inhibition of cystine uptake mediated by the x(c) (-) cystine transporter and not from inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation, another property of sulfasalazine. The efficacy of gemcitabine could be markedly enhanced by combination therapy with sulfasalazine both in vitro and in immunodeficient mice carrying xenografts of the same cell lines. No major side effects were observed in vivo.The results of the present study suggest that the x(c) (-) transporter plays a major role in pancreatic cancer by sustaining or enhancing glutathione biosynthesis, and as such, represents a potential therapeutic target. Sulfasalazine, a relatively nontoxic drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, may, in combination with gemcitabine, lead to more effective therapy of refractory pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lo
- Department of Cancer Genetics, BC Cancer Agency, and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Venè R, Castellani P, Delfino L, Lucibello M, Ciriolo MR, Rubartelli A. The cystine/cysteine cycle and GSH are independent and crucial antioxidant systems in malignant melanoma cells and represent druggable targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2439-53. [PMID: 21529243 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer chemoresistance is often due to upregulation of antioxidant systems. Therapeutic targeting of these systems is however hampered by their redundancy. Here, we have performed a functional dissection of the antioxidant systems in different melanoma cases aimed at the identification of the most effective redox active drug. RESULTS We have identified two crucial antioxidant mechanisms: glutathione (GSH), the major intracellular redox buffer, and the cystine/cysteine cycle, which switches the extracellular redox state from an oxidized to a reduced state. The two mechanisms are independent in melanoma cells and may be substitutes for each other, but targeting both of them is lethal. Exposure to the pro-oxidant compound As(2)O(3) induces an antioxidant response. However, while in these cells the intracellular redox balance remains almost unaffected, a reduced environment is generated extracellularly. GSH depletion by buthioninesulfoximine (BSO), or cystine/cysteine cycle inhibition by (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine (sCPG), enhanced the sensitivity to As(2)O(3). Remarkably, sCPG also prevented the remodeling of the microenvironment redox state. INNOVATION We propose that the definition of the prevalent antioxidant system(s) in tumors is crucial for the design of tailored therapies involving redox-directed drugs in association with pro-oxidant drugs. CONCLUSION In melanoma cells, BSO is the best enhancer of As(2)O(3) sensitivity. However, since the strong remodeling of the microenvironmental redox state caused by As(2)O(3) may promote tumor progression, the concomitant use of cystine/cysteine cycle blockers is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- Cell Biology Unit, National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy
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Guo W, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Tan N, Zhao F, Ge C, Liang L, Jia D, Chen T, Yao M, Li J, He X. Disruption of xCT inhibits cell growth via the ROS/autophagy pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 312:55-61. [PMID: 21906871 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
xCT, the functional subunit of the system x(c)(-) which plays an important role in maintaining intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, is expressed in various malignant tumors. Here, we demonstrated that xCT expression is often elevated in HCC and is associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients; moreover, disruption of xCT suppressed HCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. xCT dysfunction has also been shown to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thus in turn led to autophagic cell death of HCC cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that xCT may be a promising therapeutic target for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Guo
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Seidlitz EP, Sharma MK, Singh G. A by-product of glutathione production in cancer cells may cause disruption in bone metabolic processes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:197-203. [PMID: 20393585 DOI: 10.1139/y09-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site for metastasis of breast and prostate cancers, often resulting in pathologic changes in bone metabolism and severe pain. The mechanisms involved are not well understood, but tumour cells may release factors that interfere with bone homeostasis. Several observations have led us to hypothesize that the functional disruptions in bone metastasis are the result of a biological process common to many cell types. The high metabolic activity characteristic of cancer cells often upregulates oxidative stress protection mechanisms such as the antioxidant molecule glutathione. In maintaining redox balance, this normal metabolic response may result in unintended pathologic effects in certain sensitive organ sites. Malignant glioma cells kill surrounding neurons in the brain specifically by secreting the amino acid glutamate, an obligatory waste product of glutathione synthesis. We suggest that glutamate release is a plausible mechanism that may account for the pathologic changes in bone metastasis, since bone, like brain, is also highly sensitive to glutamatergic disruption. This report reviews the available evidence to draw a mechanistic connection between tumour cell oxidative stress and the pathology seen in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Seidlitz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
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Ogunrinu TA, Sontheimer H. Hypoxia increases the dependence of glioma cells on glutathione. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37716-24. [PMID: 20858898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an essential antioxidant responsible for the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis. As tumors outgrow their blood supply and become hypoxic, their redox homeostasis is challenged by the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In gliomas, the sustained import of L-cystine via the L-cystine/L-glutamate exchanger, system x(c)(-), is rate-limiting for the synthesis of GSH. We show that hypoxia causes a significant increase in NO and ROS but without affecting glioma cell growth. This is explained by a concomitant increase in the utilization of GSH, which is accompanied by an increase in the cell-surface expression of xCT, the catalytic subunit of system x(c)(-), and L-cystine uptake. Growth was inhibited when GSH synthesis was blocked by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of the enzyme required for GSH synthesis, or when cells were deprived of L-cystine. These findings suggest that glioma cells show an increased requirement for GSH to maintain growth under hypoxic conditions. Therefore, approaches that limit GSH synthesis such as blocking system x(c)(-) may be considered as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Adeyemi Ogunrinu
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0021, USA
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Chintala S, Tóth K, Yin MB, Bhattacharya A, Smith SB, Ola MS, Cao S, Durrani FA, Zinia TR, Dean R, Slocum HK, Rustum YM. Downregulation of cystine transporter xc by irinotecan in human head and neck cancer FaDu xenografts. Chemotherapy 2010; 56:223-33. [PMID: 20551639 DOI: 10.1159/000316334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was: (1) to document the critical requirement of cystine for growth of human tumor cells in vitro, and (2) to determine the effect of the anticancer agent irinotecan on the cystine transporter x(c)(-) in head and neck FaDu xenografts. METHODS Cell growth was measured by sulforhodamine B assay. xCT protein, glutathione (GSH) and DNA damage were determined using Western blot, spectrophotometry, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Depletion of cystine from the medium inhibited tumor cell growth. Treatment of FaDu tumor with a therapeutic dose of irinotecan resulted in depression of xCT protein levels, leading to tumor growth retardation and downregulation of GSH with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of ROS correlated with increased DNA damage as evidenced by increased H2AX. CONCLUSION Depression of xCT protein by irinotecan resulted in downregulation of GSH and increase in ROS, which could be the other possible mechanisms of DNA damage by irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Chiang CK, Lin YW, Chen WT, Chang HT. Accurate quantitation of glutathione in cell lysates through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using gold nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:530-7. [PMID: 20138245 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method for the determination of three aminothiols--cysteine, glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine--using surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The analytes were first captured using the unmodified 14-nm gold nanoparticles; N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine-modified gold nanoparticles serving as internal standard were sequentially added, and then the sample was analyzed using SALDI-MS. This approach provided good quantitative linearity of the three analytes (R(2) = approximately 0.99), with good reproducibility (relative standard deviations: <10%), in the analyses of GSH in the lysates of human red blood cells and MCF-7 cancer breast cells in the presence and absence of the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. The internal-standard SALDI-MS approach provides simplicity, accuracy, and precision to the determination of GSH in cells under drug invasion, to open an avenue for SALDI-MS to be used for the precise quantitative determination of a variety of analytes. From the clinical editor: This paper reports the development of a surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry method to precisely determine aminothiols-cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine (HCys).
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