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Honan LE, Fraser-Spears R, Daws LC. Organic cation transporters in psychiatric and substance use disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108574. [PMID: 38072333 PMCID: PMC11052553 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric and substance use disorders inflict major public health burdens worldwide. Their widespread burden is compounded by a dearth of effective treatments, underscoring a dire need to uncover novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the literature implicating organic cation transporters (OCTs), including three subtypes of OCTs (OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3) and the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), in the neurobiology of psychiatric and substance use disorders with an emphasis on mood and anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorder, and psychostimulant use disorder. OCTs transport monoamines with a low affinity but high capacity, situating them to play a central role in regulating monoamine homeostasis. Preclinical evidence discussed here suggests that OCTs may serve as promising targets for treatment of psychiatric and substance use disorders and encourage future research into their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Honan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, USA
| | - Rheaclare Fraser-Spears
- University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Lynette C Daws
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Pharmacology, USA.
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2
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Scholl JL, Solanki RR, Watt MJ, Renner KJ, Forster GL. Chronic administration of glucocorticoid receptor ligands increases anxiety-like behavior and selectively increase serotonin transporters in the ventral hippocampus. Brain Res 2023; 1800:148189. [PMID: 36462646 PMCID: PMC9837808 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Organic cation transporter-3 (OCT3) is widely distributed in the brain with high expression in portions of the stress axis. These high capacity, polyspecific transporters function in monoamine clearance and are sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone. In rats, withdrawal from chronic amphetamine increases OCT3 expression in specific limbic brain regions involved anxiety and stress responses, including the ventral hippocampus, central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and dorsomedial hypothalamus. (DMH). Previous studies show that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists increase OCT1 mRNA and OCT2 mRNA expression in non-neural tissues. Thus, we hypothesized that corticosterone increases OCT3 expression in the brain by activating GRs. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pre-treated daily with the GR antagonist mifepristone (20 mg/kg; sc.) or vehicle followed 45 min later by injections of corticosterone or vehicle for 2 weeks. Corticosterone treatment significantly increased OCT3 expression in the ventral hippocampus and increased anxiety-like behavior. However, these effects were not blocked by mifepristone. Interestingly, treatment with mifepristone alone reduced plasma corticosterone levels and increased serotonin transporter and GR expression in the ventral hippocampus but did not significantly affect OCT3 expression or behavior. No treatment effects on OCT3, serotonin transporter or GR expression were observed in the DMH, CeA or dorsal hippocampus. Our findings suggest that corticosterone increases OCT3 expression in the ventral hippocampus by a mechanism independent of GRs, and that mifepristone and corticosterone can act in an independent manner to affect HPA axis-related physiological and behavioral parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, USA.
| | - Rajeshwari R Solanki
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, USA.
| | - Michael J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, USA; Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Gina L Forster
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, USA; Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Potential and Limits of Kidney Cells for Evaluation of Renal Excretion. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090908. [PMID: 34577608 PMCID: PMC8464824 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of therapeutic drugs, herbal components and their metabolites are excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, generally applied models for estimating renal excretion, including freshly isolated rat proximal tubule cells, cultured tubule cells and immortalized kidney cell lines MDCKII, NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1, were investigated regarding their predictive potential for active renal transport. Cultured proximal tubule cells showed an epithelial cell-like morphology and formed tight monolayers. However, mRNA expression analyses and immunohistochemical studies revealed patterns of tight junction proteins that were notably different from freshly isolated cells and distinct from those in vivo. High levels of mannitol permeation were found in NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1 cells, suggesting that they are not suitable for bidirectional transport studies. Cultured cells and freshly isolated cells also differed in proximal tubule markers and transport proteins, indicating that cultured primary cells were in a state of dedifferentiation. Cell lines MDCKII, NRK-52E, IHKE-1 and Caki-1 did not accurately reflect the characteristics of proximal tubules. The expression patterns of marker and transport proteins differed from freshly isolated primary cells. In summary, each of these models has profound disadvantages to consider when adopting them reliable models for the in vivo situation. Thus, they should not be used alone but only in combination.
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Schildknecht S, Pape R, Meiser J, Karreman C, Strittmatter T, Odermatt M, Cirri E, Friemel A, Ringwald M, Pasquarelli N, Ferger B, Brunner T, Marx A, Möller HM, Hiller K, Leist M. Preferential Extracellular Generation of the Active Parkinsonian Toxin MPP+ by Transporter-Independent Export of the Intermediate MPDP+. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1001-16. [PMID: 26413876 PMCID: PMC4649766 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is among the most widely used neurotoxins for inducing experimental parkinsonism. MPTP causes parkinsonian symptoms in mice, primates, and humans by killing a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons. Extrapolations of data obtained using MPTP-based parkinsonism models to human disease are common; however, the precise mechanism by which MPTP is converted into its active neurotoxic metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)), has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to address two unanswered questions related to MPTP toxicology: (1) Why are MPTP-converting astrocytes largely spared from toxicity? (2) How does MPP(+) reach the extracellular space? RESULTS In MPTP-treated astrocytes, we discovered that the membrane-impermeable MPP(+), which is generally assumed to be formed inside astrocytes, is almost exclusively detected outside of these cells. Instead of a transporter-mediated export, we found that the intermediate, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium (MPDP(+)), and/or its uncharged conjugate base passively diffused across cell membranes and that MPP(+) was formed predominately by the extracellular oxidation of MPDP(+) into MPP(+). This nonenzymatic extracellular conversion of MPDP(+) was promoted by O2, a more alkaline pH, and dopamine autoxidation products. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our data indicate that MPTP metabolism is compartmentalized between intracellular and extracellular environments, explain the absence of toxicity in MPTP-converting astrocytes, and provide a rationale for the preferential formation of MPP(+) in the extracellular space. The mechanism of transporter-independent extracellular MPP(+) formation described here indicates that extracellular genesis of MPP(+) from MPDP is a necessary prerequisite for the selective uptake of this toxin by catecholaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina Pape
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Metabolomics Junior Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | | | - Tobias Strittmatter
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Meike Odermatt
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erica Cirri
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anke Friemel
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Noemi Pasquarelli
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heiko M. Möller
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Metabolomics Junior Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Grün B, Kiessling MK, Burhenne J, Riedel KD, Weiss J, Rauch G, Haefeli WE, Czock D. Trimethoprim-metformin interaction and its genetic modulation by OCT2 and MATE1 transporters. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:787-96. [PMID: 23305245 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Metformin pharmacokinetics depends on the presence and activity of membrane-bound drug transporters and may be affected by transport inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trimethoprim on metformin pharmacokinetics and genetic modulation by organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) polymorphisms. METHODS Twenty-four healthy volunteers received metformin 500 mg three times daily for 10 days and trimethoprim 200 mg twice daily from day 5 to 10. Effects of trimethoprim on steady-state metformin pharmacokinetics were analysed. RESULTS In the population as a whole, trimethoprim significantly reduced the apparent systemic metformin clearance (CL/F) from 74 to 54 l h(-1) and renal metformin clearance from 31 to 21 l h(-1) , and prolonged half-life from 2.7 to 3.6 h (all P < 0.01). This resulted in an increase in the maximal plasma concentration by 38% and in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve by 37%. In volunteers polymorphic for both OCT2 and MATE1, trimethoprim had no relevant inhibitory effects on metformin kinetics. Trimethoprim was associated with a decrease in creatinine clearance from 133 to 106 ml min(-1) (P < 0.01) and an increase in plasma lactate from 0.94 to 1.2 mmol l(-1) (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The extent of inhibition by trimethoprim was moderate, but might be clinically relevant in patients with borderline renal function or high-dose metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Grün
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Membrane transporters can be major determinants of the pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profiles of drugs. This presents several key questions for drug development, including which transporters are clinically important in drug absorption and disposition, and which in vitro methods are suitable for studying drug interactions with these transporters. In addition, what criteria should trigger follow-up clinical studies, and which clinical studies should be conducted if needed. In this article, we provide the recommendations of the International Transporter Consortium on these issues, and present decision trees that are intended to help guide clinical studies on the currently recognized most important drug transporter interactions. The recommendations are generally intended to support clinical development and filing of a new drug application. Overall, it is advised that the timing of transporter investigations should be driven by efficacy, safety and clinical trial enrolment questions (for example, exclusion and inclusion criteria), as well as a need for further understanding of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of the drug molecule, and information required for drug labelling.
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Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM. Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:1-96. [PMID: 20103563 PMCID: PMC2835398 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA.
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based structures that protrude from the cell surface and function as sensors for mechanical and chemical environmental cues that regulate cellular differentiation or division. In metazoans, ciliary signaling is important during organismal development and in the homeostasis controls of adult tissues, with receptors for the Hedgehog, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), Wnt, and other signaling cascades arrayed and active along the ciliary membrane. In normal cells, cilia are dynamically regulated during cell cycle progression: present in G0 and G1 cells, and usually in S/G2 cells, but almost invariably resorbed before mitotic entry, to reappear post-cytokinesis. This periodic resorption and reassembly of cilia, specified by the intrinsic cell cycle the intrinsic cell cycle machinery, influences the susceptibility of cells to the influence of extrinsic signals with cilia-associated receptors. Pathogenic conditions of mammals associated with loss of or defects in ciliary integrity include a number of developmental disorders, cystic syndromes in adults, and some cancers. With the continuing expansion of the list of human diseases associated with ciliary abnormalities, the identification of the cellular mechanisms regulating ciliary growth and disassembly has become a topic of intense research interest. Although these mechanisms are far from being understood, a number of recent studies have begun to identify key regulatory factors that may begin to offer insight into disease pathogenesis and treatment. In this chapter we will discuss the current state of knowledge regarding cell cycle control of ciliary dynamics, and provide general methods that can be applied to investigate cell cycle-dependent ciliary growth and disassembly.
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Eisner C, Faulhaber-Walter R, Wang Y, Leelahavanichkul A, Yuen PST, Mizel D, Star RA, Briggs JP, Levine M, Schnermann J. Major contribution of tubular secretion to creatinine clearance in mice. Kidney Int 2009; 77:519-26. [PMID: 20032962 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to quantify the fraction of excreted creatinine not attributable to creatinine filtration for accurately determining the glomerular filtration rate in mice. To measure this we compared creatinine filtration with the simultaneous measurement of inulin clearance using both single-bolus fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin elimination kinetics and standard FITC-inulin infusion. During anesthesia, creatinine filtration was found to be systematically higher than inulin clearance in both male and female C57BL/6J mice. The secretion fraction was significantly less in female mice. Administration of either cimetidine or para-aminohippuric acid, competitors of organic cation and anion transport respectively, significantly reduced the secretion fraction in male and female mice and both significantly increased the plasma creatinine level. Creatinine secretion in both genders was not mediated by the organic cation transporters OCT1 or OCT 2 since secretion fraction levels were identical in FVB wild-type and OCT1/2 knockout mice. Thus, secretion accounts for about 50 and 35% of excreted creatinine in male and female mice, respectively. Increasing plasma creatinine threefold by infusion further increased the secretion fraction. Renal organic anion transporter 1 mRNA expression was higher in male than in female mice, reflecting the gender difference in creatinine secretion. Hence we show that there is a major secretory contribution to creatinine excretion mediated through the organic anion transport system. This feature adds to problems associated with measuring endogenous creatinine filtration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eisner
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Kindla J, Fromm MF, König J. In vitro evidence for the role of OATP and OCT uptake transporters in drug-drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:489-500. [PMID: 19416085 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902911463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport proteins, for example the drug export pump P-glycoprotein, are important for the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. Inhibition and induction of P-glycoprotein efflux function is a well-established mechanism of drug-drug interactions. Alteration of transporter-mediated drug uptake by concomitantly administered drugs may also result in a change in drug pharmacokinetics. These uptake transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are the focus of this review. OBJECTIVE To examine the current in vitro evidence on interactions mediated by OATPs (organic anion transporting polypeptides) and OCTs (organic cation transporters). METHODS Comparing data of in vivo observed drug-drug interactions with in vitro analysed alterations in drug transport mediated by the hepatic expressed uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OCT1 and by the renal expressed OCT2 protein. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Some of the previously in vivo described drug-drug interactions could be explained by alteration in uptake transporter function demonstrating that inhibition or induction of uptake transporters is a newly recognised mechanism of potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kindla
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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