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Prenatal Hypoxia Affects Foetal Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms in a Sex- and Circadian-Dependent Manner: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052885. [PMID: 35270026 PMCID: PMC8910900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia during the prenatal period can interfere with the developmental trajectory and lead to developing hypertension in adulthood. Prenatal hypoxia is often associated with intrauterine growth restriction that interferes with metabolism and can lead to multilevel changes. Therefore, we analysed the effects of prenatal hypoxia predominantly not associated with intrauterine growth restriction using publications up to September 2021. We focused on: (1) The response of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, such as the chemoreflex, adenosine, nitric oxide, and angiotensin II on prenatal hypoxia. (2) The role of the placenta in causing and attenuating the effects of hypoxia. (3) Environmental conditions and the mother's health contribution to the development of prenatal hypoxia. (4) The sex-dependent effects of prenatal hypoxia on cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and the connection between hypoxia-inducible factors and circadian variability. We identified that the possible relationship between the effects of prenatal hypoxia on the cardiovascular regulatory mechanism may vary depending on circadian variability and phase of the days. In summary, even short-term prenatal hypoxia significantly affects cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms and programs hypertension in adulthood, while prenatal programming effects are not only dependent on the critical period, and sensitivity can change within circadian oscillations.
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Vieira-Rocha MS, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ferreira-Duarte M, Faria M, Sousa JB, Morato M, Arribas SM, Diniz C. Fetal Undernutrition Modifies Vascular RAS Balance Enhancing Oxidative Damage and Contributing to Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031233. [PMID: 35163158 PMCID: PMC8835999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal stress is known to increase susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases and hypertension in adult age in a process known as fetal programming. This study investigated the relationship between vascular RAS, oxidative damage and remodeling in fetal programming. Six-month old Sprague-Dawley offspring from mothers that were fed ad libitum (CONTROL) or with 50% intake during the second half of gestation (maternal undernutrition, MUN) were used. qPCR or immunohistochemistry were used to obtain the expression of receptors and enzymes. Plasma levels of carbonyls were measured by spectrophotometry. In mesenteric arteries from MUN rats we detected an upregulation of ACE, ACE2, AT1 receptors and NADPH oxidase, and lower expression of AT2, Mas and MrgD receptors compared to CONTROL. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma levels of carbonyls were higher in MUN than in CONTROL. Vascular morphology evidenced an increased media/lumen ratio and adventitia/lumen ratio, and more connective tissue in MUN compared to CONTROL. In conclusion, fetal undernutrition indices RAS alterations and oxidative damage which may contribute to the remodeling of mesenteric arteries, and increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Vieira-Rocha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (M.S.V.-R.); (C.D.)
| | - Pilar Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Beatriz Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Silvia Magdalena Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Carmen Diniz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.-D.); (J.B.S.); (M.M.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (M.S.V.-R.); (C.D.)
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Hypoxia alters the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 SARS-CoV-2 cell entry mediators in hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104232. [PMID: 34416267 PMCID: PMC8372440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces neurological complications remain to be elucidated. We aimed to identify possible effects of hypoxia on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry mediators, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) protein, in human brain endothelial cells, in vitro. hCMEC/D3 cells were exposed to different oxygen tensions: 20% (Control group), 8% or 2% O2 (Hypoxia groups). Cells were harvested 6-, 24- and 48 h following hypoxic challenge for assessment of mRNA and protein, using qPCR and Western Blot. The response of the brain endothelial cells to hypoxia was replicated using modular incubator chambers. We observed an acute increase (6 h, p < 0.05), followed by a longer-term decrease (48 h, p < 0.05) in ACE2 mRNA and protein expression, accompanied by reduced expression of TMPRSS2 protein levels (48 h, p < 0.05) under the more severe hypoxic condition (2% O2). No changes in levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF - an endothelial cell damage marker) or interleukin 6 (IL-6 - a pro-inflammatory cytokine) mRNA were observed. We conclude that hypoxia regulates brain endothelial cell ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in vitro, which may indicate human brain endothelial susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent brain sequelae.
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Gobetto MN, Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Caniffi C, Veiras L, Elesgaray R, Gironacci M, Tomat AL, Arranz C. Fetal and postnatal zinc restriction: sex differences in the renal renin-angiotensin system of newborn and adult Wistar rats. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108385. [PMID: 32388253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate renal morphology and the renal renin-angiotensin system in 6- and 81-day-old male and female offspring exposed to zinc deficiency during fetal life, lactation and/or postnatal growth. Female Wistar rats were fed low- or control zinc diets from pregnancy to offspring weaning. Afterwards, offspring were fed a low- or a control zinc diet until 81 days of life. In 6- and/or 81-day-old offspring, we evaluated systolic blood pressure, renal morphology, renal angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 concentration, and AT1 and AT2 receptors and angiotensin-converting enzymes protein and/or mRNA expression. At 6 days, zinc-deficient male offspring showed decreased glomerular filtration areas, remodelling of renal arteries, greater number of renal apoptotic cells, increased levels of Angiotensin II, higher Angiotensin II/Angiotensin 1-7 ratio and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 1, AT1 and AT2 receptors mRNA and/or protein expression. Exacerbation of the renal Ang II/AT1 receptor axis and remodelling of renal arteries were also observed in adult zinc-deficient male offspring. An adequate zinc diet during post-weaning life did not improve all the alterations induced by zinc deficiency in early stages of development. Female offspring would appear to be less sensitive to zinc deficiency with no increase in blood pressure or significant alterations in renal morphology and the renin-angiotensin system. Moderate zinc deficiency during critical periods of prenatal and postnatal development leads to early morphological renal alterations and to permanent and long-term changes in the renal renin-angiotensin system that could predispose to renal and cardiovascular diseases in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Natalia Gobetto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Caniffi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Veiras
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Bldg., Rm. 2007.110N, George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Junín 956, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Junín 956, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Lorena Tomat
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Arranz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Junín 956, Piso 7, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Junín 956, Piso 2, CP 1113, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Insights into sympathetic nervous system and GPCR interplay in fetal programming of hypertension: a bridge for new pharmacological strategies. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:739-747. [PMID: 32032706 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death from noncommunicable diseases worldwide. In addition to the classical CVD risk factors related to lifestyle and/or genetic background, exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment compromises fetal development leading to low birth weight and increasing offspring susceptibility to develop CVDs later in life, particularly hypertension - a process known as fetal programming of hypertension (FPH). In FPH animal models, permanent alterations have been detected in gene expression, in the structure and function of heart and blood vessels, compromising cardiovascular physiology and favoring hypertension development. This review focuses on the role of the sympathetic nervous system and its interplay with G-protein-coupled receptors, emphasizing strategies that envisage the prevention and/or treatment of FPH through interventions in early life.
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Zhu Y, Cui H, Lv J, Liang H, Zheng Y, Wang S, Wang M, Wang H, Ye F. AT1 and AT2 receptors modulate renal tubular cell necroptosis in angiotensin II-infused renal injury mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19450. [PMID: 31857626 PMCID: PMC6923374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by directly mediating renal tubular cell apoptosis. Our previous study showed that necroptosis may play a more important role than apoptosis in mediating renal tubular cell loss in chronic renal injury rats, but the mechanism involved remains unknown. Here, we investigate whether blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and/or angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) beneficially alleviates renal tubular cell necroptosis and chronic kidney injury. In an angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced renal injury mouse model, we found that blocking AT1R and AT2R effectively mitigates Ang II-induced increases in necroptotic tubular epithelial cell percentages, necroptosis-related RIP3 and MLKL protein expression, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, and tubular damage scores. Furthermore, inhibition of AT1R and AT2R diminishes Ang II-induced necroptosis in HK-2 cells and the AT2 agonist CGP42112A increases the percentage of necroptotic HK-2 cells. In addition, the current study also demonstrates that Losartan and PD123319 effectively mitigated the Ang II-induced increases in Fas and FasL signaling molecule expression. Importantly, disruption of FasL significantly suppressed Ang II-induced increases in necroptotic HK-2 cell percentages, and necroptosis-related proteins. These results suggest that Fas and FasL, as subsequent signaling molecules of AT1R and AT2R, might involve in Ang II-induced necroptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that Ang II-induced necroptosis of renal tubular cell might be involved both AT1R and AT2R and the subsequent expression of Fas, FasL signaling. Thus, AT1R and AT2R might function as critical mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.
| | - Hongwang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Jie Lv
- The First Clinical College of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Haiqin Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Yanping Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China.
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Sosedova LM, Yakimova NL, Vokina VA. The Effect of Confounding Factors in Biomodeling of Intoxication. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yun K, Hurwitz AA, Perantoni AO. Constitutive metanephric mesenchyme-specific expression of interferon-gamma causes renal dysplasia by regulating Sall1 expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197356. [PMID: 29771971 PMCID: PMC5957351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplacental viral and parasitic infections have been shown to initiate an innate response in the mammalian embryo by increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (Ifng). However, the developmental consequences of an activated innate immunity and, in particular, the effects of induction of Ifng expression independent of infection have been largely overlooked. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that the conditional overexpression of Ifng in metanephric mesenchymal (MM) progenitors results in renal agenesis or hypoplasia. Cell death was observed in and around the MM region of E10.5-11.5 mutants where Ifng was constitutively expressed during early kidney development and resulted in a retardation of branching morphogenesis. Furthermore, isolated mutant or normal Ifng-treated metanephroi replicated this phenotype in culture, demonstrating the inherent nature of the aberrant morphogenesis. The expression of renal progenitor marker Sall1 was significantly decreased in the MM of mutant kidneys, suggesting that a reduction in Sall1 may be the cause of cell death in the MM during early kidney development and that, in turn, retards UB branching in the mutants. Therefore, the aberrant induction of Ifng expression, as part of an innate immune response, may contribute to renal agenesis or hypoplasia during early metanephric development by regulating the MM progenitor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsun Yun
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Arthur A. Hurwitz
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Upregulation of P53 promoted G1 arrest and apoptosis in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells from preeclampsia. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1380-8. [PMID: 27115339 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Current research has focused on endothelial dysfunction regarding pathogenesis of preeclampsia. However, very limited or no studies so far have been performed to assess possible damaged endothelial cell growth/development in the placenta-umbilical cord circulation system in human preeclampsia. METHODS We isolated and cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from normal and preeclampsia pregnancies in vitro. We used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to measure cell growth and flow cytometric analysis to determine cell-cycle distribution. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining was employed for cell apoptosis experiments. RESULTS The study showed that the cell growth was significantly suppressed, accompanied by the increased G1 arrest and apoptosis in cultured HUVECs from preeclampsia pregnancies comparing with normotensive controls. Protein P53 was upregulated in the cultured HUVECs from preeclampsia pregnancies, which induced G1 arrest, followed by upregulating P21 expression, and downregulating cyclin E expression and CDK2-cyclin E complexes. On the other hand, upregulation of P53 also activated Bax gene and repressed Bcl-2 and BIRC5 genes, resulting in an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and subsequently activating caspase cascade, ultimately led to an initiation of the apoptotic machinery. CONCLUSION These results indicated that in preeclampsia, vascular endothelial cells could be damaged and cellular proliferation was depressed in human placenta-umbilical cord circulation, adding new information on endothelial cell injury for better understanding the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Activation of Hypoxia Signaling in Stromal Progenitors Impairs Kidney Development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1496-1511. [PMID: 28527294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine hypoxia is a reason for impaired kidney development. The cellular and molecular pathways along which hypoxia exerts effects on nephrogenesis are not well understood. They are likely triggered by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), and their effects appear to be dependent on the cell compartment contributing to kidney formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIF activation in the developing renal stroma, which also essentially modulates nephron development from the metanephric mesenchyme. HIF activation was achieved by conditional deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) protein in the forkhead box FOXD1 cell lineage, from which stromal progenitors arise. The resulting kidneys showed maturation defects associated with early postnatal death. In particular, nephron formation, tubular maturation, and the differentiation of smooth muscle, renin, and mesangial cells were impaired. Erythropoietin expression was strongly enhanced. Codeletion of VHL together with HIF2A but not with HIF1A led to apparently normal kidneys, and the animals reached normal age but were anemic because of low erythropoietin levels. Stromal deletion of HIF2A or HIF1A alone did not affect kidney development. These findings emphasize the relevance of sufficient intrauterine oxygenation for normal renal stroma differentiation, suggesting that chronic activity of HIF2 in stromal progenitors impairs kidney development. Finally, these data confirm the concept that normal stroma function is essential for normal tubular differentiation.
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Figueroa H, Alvarado C, Cifuentes J, Lozano M, Rocco J, Cabezas C, Illanes SE, Eixarch E, Hernández-Andrade E, Gratacós E, Irarrazabal CE. Oxidative damage and nitric oxide synthase induction by surgical uteroplacental circulation restriction in the rabbit fetal heart. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:453-459. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinica Davila; Santiago Chile
| | - Cristobal Alvarado
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Universidad San Sebastián; Concepción Chile
- Faculty of Medicine; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Jorge Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
| | - Jocelyn Rocco
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
| | - Claudia Cabezas
- Faculty of Medicine; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Sebastian E. Illanes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Clinica Davila; Santiago Chile
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
| | - Edgar Hernández-Andrade
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
- National Institute of Perinatal Medicine; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos E. Irarrazabal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de los Andes; Santiago Chile
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12
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Figueroa H, Cifuentes J, Lozano M, Alvarado C, Cabezas C, Eixarch E, Fernández E, Contreras L, Illanes SE, Hernández-Andrade E, Gratacós E, Irarrazabal CE. Nitric oxide synthase and changes in oxidative stress levels in embryonic kidney observed in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:628-35. [PMID: 27109011 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to study the effect of uteroplacental circulation restriction on endothelial kidney damage in a fetal rabbit model. METHODS New Zealand rabbits were subjected to 40% to 50% of uteroplacental artery ligation at day 25 of pregnancy. After 5 days, surviving fetuses were harvested by cesarean section. The gene and protein expressions of selected enzymes associated with nitric oxide production and oxidative stress were analyzed in fetal kidney homogenates. RESULTS The placenta weight (6.06 ± 0.27, p < 0.0319) and fetal body (19.90 ± 1.03, p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced in the uteroplacental circulation restriction group. The kidneys from restricted fetuses presented a mild vascular congestion and glomerular capillary congestion, without inflammation or hypertrophy. We found endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation inhibition (0.23 ± 0.13, p < 0.012) and arginase-2 (0.29 ± 0.14, p < 0.023) protein induction in fetal kidneys of the circulation restriction group. Finally, the kidneys from circulation-restricted fetuses showed increased inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA (mRNA) (2.68 ± 0.24, p < 0.01) and reduced heme oxygenase-1 mRNA (23 ± 1.3, p < 0.003), with increased reactive oxygen species (1.69 ± 0.09, p < 0.001) and nitrotyrosine protein (1.74 ± 0.28, p < 0.003) levels, without changes in Nox mRNA. CONCLUSION We describe significant deregulation of vascular activity and oxidative damage in kidneys of fetal rabbits that have been exposed to restriction of the uterine circulation. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Lozano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Alvarado
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Cabezas
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellio Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Contreras
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian E Illanes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edgar Hernández-Andrade
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos E Irarrazabal
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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Zhu X, Gao Q, Tu Q, Zhong Y, Zhu D, Mao C, Xu Z. Prenatal hypoxia enhanced angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction via increased oxidative signaling in fetal rats. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 60:21-8. [PMID: 26796766 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic factors could cause in utero hypoxia, and prenatal hypoxia (PH) increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases in late life. It is unclear whether/how PH causes vascular injury during fetal life. This study found that PH significantly increased angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated vessel contractions in fetal thoracic aortas, which was blocked by losartan, not PD123319, indicating that AT1 receptors played a dominant role in the enhanced fetal vasoconstriction following hypoxia. Prenatal hypoxia increased superoxide production and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, associated with the enhanced NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4, but not Nox1 or Nox2 in fetal aortas. Ang II-increased vasoconstriction was inhibited by Nox inhibitor apocynin and SOD mimetic blocker tempol. These findings suggested that PH resulted in Ang II/AT1R-mediated fetal vascular hypertensive re-activity via pathways of Nox4-dependent oxidative stress, providing new information regarding the impact of PH on the functional and molecular development of fetal vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Tu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.
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Low functional programming of renal AT 2 R mediates the developmental origin of glomerulosclerosis in adult offspring induced by prenatal caffeine exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Blackmore HL, Ozanne SE. Programming of cardiovascular disease across the life-course. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 83:122-30. [PMID: 25510678 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting both developed and developing countries. Whilst it is well recognized that our risk of CVD can be determined by the interaction between our genetics and lifestyle, this only partly explains the variability at the population level. Based on these well-known risk factors, for many years, intervention and primary prevention strategies have focused on modifying lifestyle factors in adulthood. However, research shows that our risk of CVD can be pre-determined by our early life environment and this area of research is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of mechanisms underlying the programming of CVD. This article is part of a special issue entitled CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Blackmore
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Xia S, Lv J, Gao Q, Li L, Chen N, Wei X, Xiao J, Chen J, Tao J, Sun M, Mao C, Zhang L, Xu Z. Prenatal exposure to hypoxia induced Beclin 1 signaling-mediated renal autophagy and altered renal development in rat fetuses. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:156-64. [PMID: 24872334 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114536474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia has adverse effects on renal development. This study was the first to test hypoxia-induced renal autophagy in rat fetuses. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to hypoxia or normoxia during pregnancy and fetal kidneys were collected at gestation day 21. RESULTS Fetal kidney weight and ratio of kidney-body weight were reduced. Histological analysis showed enlargement in Bowman space and wider space between interstitia in the kidneys of fetus exposed to hypoxia. Fetal renal B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) was decreased accompanied with higher 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end-labeling staining and unchanged soluble FAS in the hypoxia group. Hypoxia increased autophagic structures, including autophagosomes and autolysosomes, in fetal kidneys and increased renal APG5L. There was an increase in renal LC3-II, Beclin 1, p-S6, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), and ratio of LC3-II-LC3-I and a decrease in P62, protein kinase B (AKT), and phosphorylated AKT in the hypoxia group. Both renal mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin 1 signaling were upregulated. CONCLUSION Hypoxia-affected fetal renal development was associated with renal apoptosis and Beclin 1 signaling-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixiu Xia
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ningjing Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wei
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianping Xiao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianying Tao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Mao C, Liu R, Bo L, Chen N, Li S, Xia S, Chen J, Li D, Zhang L, Xu Z. High-salt diets during pregnancy affected fetal and offspring renal renin-angiotensin system. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:61-73. [PMID: 23620529 PMCID: PMC4406098 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine environments are related to fetal renal development and postnatal health. Influence of salty diets during pregnancy on renal functions and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was determined in the ovine fetuses and offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed high-salt diet (HSD) or normal-salt diet (NSD) for 2 months during middle-to-late gestation. Fetal renal functions, plasma hormones, and mRNA and protein expressions of the key elements of renal RAS were measured in the fetuses and offspring. Fetal renal excretion of sodium was increased while urine volume decreased in the HSD group. Fetal blood urea nitrogen was increased, while kidney weight:body weight ratio decreased in the HSD group. The altered ratio was also observed in the offspring aged 15 and 90 days. Maternal and fetal plasma antidiuretic hormone was elevated without changes in plasma renin activity and Ang I levels, while plasma Ang II was decreased. The key elements of local renal RAS, including angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, AT1, and AT2 receptor expression in both mRNA and protein, except renin, were altered following maternal high salt intake. The results suggest that high intake of salt during pregnancy affected fetal renal development associated with an altered expression of the renal key elements of RAS, some alterations of fetal origins remained after birth as possible risks in developing renal or cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China.
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Tong W, Xue Q, Li Y, Hu S, Zhang L. Fetal hypoxia results in programming of aberrant angiotensin ii receptor expression patterns and kidney development. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:532-8. [PMID: 23532764 PMCID: PMC3607238 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study tested the hypothesis that fetal hypoxia adversely affects kidney development in fetal and offspring rats and alter the expression patterns of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors. METHODS Time-dated pregnant rats were divided between normoxic and hypoxic (10.5% O2 last period of gestation) groups. Protein expression, in the offspring, was determined using western blot. RESULTS Hypoxic treatment significantly decreased body and kidney weight in 21-day fetuses (E21) and 7-day neonates (P7). In 3-month-old offspring there were no significant differences in body and kidney weight between hypoxic and control animals. Fetal hypoxia had no effect on kidney AT1R density in E21 or P7, but significantly decreased kidney AT1R protein and mRNA abundance in both male and female adults. In contrast, kidney AT2R density was not affected by fetal hypoxia throughout the developmental stages studied. The hypoxia-mediated reduction of nephron numbers was progressively from P7 worsened into the adulthood with females affected more than males. CONCLUSION The results suggest that fetal hypoxia causes programming of aberrant kidney development and accelerates the aging process of the kidney during the postnatal development, which may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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Impact of oxidative stress in fetal programming. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:582748. [PMID: 22848830 PMCID: PMC3403156 DOI: 10.1155/2012/582748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine stress induces increased risk of adult disease through fetal programming mechanisms. Oxidative stress can be generated by several conditions, such as, prenatal hypoxia, maternal under- and overnutrition, and excessive glucocorticoid exposure. The role of oxidant molecules as signaling factors in fetal programming via epigenetic mechanisms is discussed. By linking oxidative stress with dysregulation of specific target genes, we may be able to develop therapeutic strategies that protect against organ dysfunction in the programmed offspring.
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Gao J, Chao J, Parbhu KJK, Yu L, Xiao L, Gao F, Gao L. Ontogeny of angiotensin type 2 and type 1 receptor expression in mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:341-52. [PMID: 22526820 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312443720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current experiment, we determined angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) protein expression by western blot analysis in developing normal mice. The results indicate that: (1) in all detected brain regions and in the spinal cord, adult mice exhibited significantly higher AT2R expression and lower AT1R expression in total protein extracts compared to fetuses and neonates; (2) other major organs, including heart, lung, liver and kidney, exhibited the same expression pattern as the brain and spinal cord; (3) reciprocal changes in AT2R and AT1R expression were found in the total protein extracts from the brainstems of mice from one-day prenatal to six weeks of age, and there was a negative correlation between AT2R and AT1R protein expression; (4) in both membrane and cytosolic fractions from the brainstem, adult mice exhibited higher AT2R and lower AT1R expression than did fetuses and neonates; and (5) in the brainstem, there were no significant differences in AT2R and AT1R messenger RNA (mRNA) levels among fetal, neonatal and adult mice. The above results reconfirmed our previous finding in rats that adult animals have higher AT2R and lower AT1R expression compared to fetuses and neonates. These data imply an involvement of AT1R in fetal development and of AT2R in adult function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA
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Patterson AJ, Zhang L. Hypoxia and fetal heart development. Curr Mol Med 2011; 10:653-66. [PMID: 20712587 DOI: 10.2174/156652410792630643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hearts show a remarkable ability to develop under hypoxic conditions. The metabolic flexibility of fetal hearts allows sustained development under low oxygen conditions. In fact, hypoxia is critical for proper myocardial formation. Particularly, hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor play central roles in hypoxia-dependent signaling in fetal heart formation, impacting embryonic outflow track remodeling and coronary vessel growth. Although HIF is not the only gene involved in adaptation to hypoxia, its role places it as a central figure in orchestrating events needed for adaptation to hypoxic stress. Although "normal" hypoxia (lower oxygen tension in the fetus as compared with the adult) is essential in heart formation, further abnormal hypoxia in utero adversely affects cardiogenesis. Prenatal hypoxia alters myocardial structure and causes a decline in cardiac performance. Not only are the effects of hypoxia apparent during the perinatal period, but prolonged hypoxia in utero also causes fetal programming of abnormality in the heart's development. The altered expression pattern of cardioprotective genes such as protein kinase c epsilon, heat shock protein 70, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, likely predispose the developing heart to increased vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion injury later in life. The events underlying the long-term changes in gene expression are not clear, but likely involve variation in epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Patterson
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Wu L, Mao C, Liu Y, Shi A, Xu F, Zhang L, Xu Z. Altered dipsogenic responses and expression of angiotensin receptors in the offspring exposed to prenatal high sucrose. Peptides 2011; 32:104-11. [PMID: 20965221 PMCID: PMC3010528 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study determined water and salt intake as well as expression of AT(1) and AT(2) receptors in the brain and kidney in the adult offspring rats prenatally exposed to high sucrose. Following the exposure during pregnancy, water intake and salt intake at baseline levels were not changed in the adult offspring. However, after 24h water deprivation, consumption of water and salt was significantly increased compared to that of the control. Plasma sodium and osmolality levels remained the same between the offspring in the control and the exposed groups, while hematocrit was higher in the offspring exposed to prenatal high sucrose immediately following water deprivation. Density of renal AT(1) receptor protein was the same between the control and the exposed group, while AT(2) receptor protein in the kidney was significantly increased in the offspring exposed to prenatal high sucrose in association of thicker basal membrane of glomerular. In the forebrain, both AT(1) and AT(2) receptor levels were significantly increased in the offspring with history of prenatal high sucrose. In addition, water deprivation induced more c-fos expression in the central dipsogenic areas, including the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the offspring exposed to prenatal high sucrose. The results suggested that prenatal high intake of sucrose may affect development of pathways in regulation of dipsogenic behavior in face of dehydration, which was associated with altered expression of AT(1) or/and AT(2) receptors in the kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University & Prenatal Biology Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University & Prenatal Biology Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yujuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200540, China
| | - Aiping Shi
- Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University & Prenatal Biology Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Feichao Xu
- Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University & Prenatal Biology Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University & Prenatal Biology Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
- Correspondence: Zhice Xu, Director, Institute for Fetal Origin Diseases, First Hospital of Soochow University, Telephone: 86-512-61859998, Fax: 86-512-61850103,
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