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Altermann W, Gröpel P. Physical fitness is related to concentration performance in adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:587. [PMID: 38182759 PMCID: PMC10770038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the relationship between physical fitness and attention in a sample of adolescents. The hypothesis was that the overall fitness as well as its single components (speed, endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility) would be positively related to participants' performance in a test of attention. Participants were adolescent students (N = 140) aged 15 to 18 years. Physical fitness was measured with the German Motor Test. Attention was assessed with the d2-Test of Attention. Overall, physical fitness explained 26% of the variance in the attentional test performance. Endurance, strength, coordination, and flexibility were all positively linked to participants' attention, whereas speed was unrelated to attention. Endurance and flexibility better predicted how fast participants processed the test items, while strength and coordination better predicted the accuracy with which the participants detected the targets. Better physical fitness seems to be an advantage for adolescents' cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Altermann
- Division of Sport Psychology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Gröpel
- Division of Sport Psychology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Gambino G, Pia L, Ferraro G, Brighina F, Di Majo D, Di Giovanni F, Ciorli T, Sardo P, Giglia G. Reducing Visuospatial Pseudoneglect in Healthy Subjects by Active Video Gaming. Brain Sci 2023; 13:877. [PMID: 37371357 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoneglect phenomenon refers to a condition in which healthy subjects tend to perceive the left side of exactly bisected lines as being slightly longer than the right one. However, behavioural data showed that athletes practising an open-skill sport display less pseudoneglect than the general population. Given the fact that so-called exergames (also known as active video games) are platforms designed to fully mimic sport activity, this work intends to investigate whether and how a one-week training period of exergame open-skill sport can determine a similar decrease in pseudoneglect. Fifteen healthy participants (non-athletes) responded to a visuospatial attention task and a control memory task in basal conditions (t0: Pre-game) and after a short period (one week, one hour/day) of tennis exergaming (t1: Post-game). In the Post-game condition, subjects from this experimental group (ExerGame group: EG) reduced leftward space overestimation and made significantly fewer leftward errors compared to the Pre-game condition. Additionally, two other experimental groups were employed: one evaluated within the same conditions of the main experiment but using a non-exergame (Non-Exergame groups: NEG) and the other one without any video game stimulus (Sedentary group: SE). Our findings suggest that daily training of a tennis exergame seems to be able to improve visuospatial attention isotropy by reducing leftward space overestimation, whereas outcomes from non-exergaming and sedentary activity do not modify subjects' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pia
- SAMBA-(SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness) Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Danila Di Majo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Giovanni
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Ciorli
- SAMBA-(SpAtial, Motor & Bodily Awareness) Psychology Department & Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), Section of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Altermann W, Gröpel P. Effects of acute endurance, strength, and coordination exercise interventions on attention in adolescents: A randomized controlled study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102300. [PMID: 37665800 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare three different modes of an acute bout of exercise - endurance, strength, and coordination - in their effects on adolescents' attention. DESIGN This was a preregistered, prospective, randomized intervention study with four groups and two distinct measurement occasions. METHOD Eighty adolescent students aged 15-18 years were randomized to one of three exercise intervention groups (endurance, strength, coordination) or to a non-exercise, control group. The exercise interventions lasted for 25 min. The random assignment to the study groups was stratified according to participants' age and gender. Before and after the exercise intervention, all participants completed the revised d2-test of attention. A 4 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA with contrast-coded test was used as the main analysis method. RESULTS Attentional test performance increased from before to after the exercise intervention for all exercise groups, as compared with the control group. The three exercise groups improved equally and did not differ in their attentional scores after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS An acute bout of exercise was in general beneficial for adolescent students' attention, while the mode of the provided exercise training was not decisive. School directors and teachers are encouraged to incorporate exercise-related breaks into their school plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Altermann
- Division of Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Gröpel
- Division of Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hebisz P, Cortis C, Hebisz R. Acute Effects of Sprint Interval Training and Chronic Effects of Polarized Training (Sprint Interval Training, High Intensity Interval Training, and Endurance Training) on Choice Reaction Time in Mountain Bike Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14954. [PMID: 36429672 PMCID: PMC9690254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the acute effects of sprint interval training and chronic effects of polarized training on choice reaction time in cyclists. Twenty-six mountain bike cyclists participated in the study and were divided into experimental (E) and control (C) groups. The cyclists trained for 9-weeks and performed five training sessions each week. Types of training sessions: (1) sprint interval training (SIT) which consisted of 8-16, 30 s repetitions at maximal intensity, (2) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) included 5 to 7, 5-min efforts at an intensity of 85-95% maximal aerobic power (Pmax), and (3) endurance training (ET) performed at an intensity of 55-60% Pmax, lasting 120--180 min. In each week the cyclists performed: in group E a polarized training program, which included 2 × SIT, 1 × HIIT and 2 × ET, while in group C 2 × HIIT and 3 × ET. Before (acute effects) and after the 9-week training period (chronic effects) participants performed laboratory sprint interval testing protocol (SITP), which consisted of 12 maximal repetitions lasting 30 s. During SITP maximal and mean anaerobic power, as well as lactate ion concentration and blood pH were measured. Choice reaction time (RT) was measured 4-times: before and immediately after the SITP test-before and after the 9-week training period. Evaluated the average choice RT, minimal choice RT (shortest reaction), maximal choice RT (longest reaction), and the number of incorrect reactions. Before the training period as acute effects of SITP, it was observed: a shorter average choice RT (F = 13.61; p = 0.001; η2 = 0.362) and maximal choice RT (F = 4.71; p = 0.040; η2 = 0.164), and a decrease the number of incorrect reactions (F = 53.72; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.691), for E and C groups. After the 9-week training period, chronic effects showed that choice RT did not change in any of the cyclists' groups. Only in the E group after the polarized training period, the number of incorrect reactions decreased (F = 49.03; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.671), average anaerobic power increased (F = 8.70; p = 0.007; η2 = 0.274) and blood pH decreased (F = 27.20; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.531), compared to the value before the training period. In conclusion, a shorter choice RT and a decrease in the number of incorrect reactions as acute effects of SITP, and a decrease in the number of incorrect reactions and higher average power as chronic effects of the polarized training program are beneficial for mountain bike cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Rafal Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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Fabio RA, Giannatiempo S, Caprì T, Semino M. Repeated motor training on attention reaching skills and stereotypies in Rett Syndrome. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:637-646. [DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Economics University of Messina, Via Verdi 75 Messina Italy
| | - Samantha Giannatiempo
- Centro AIRETT Ricerca e Innovazione (CARI), Research and Innovation Airett Center Verona Italy
| | - Tindara Caprì
- Department of Life and Health Sciences Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44 00165 Rome Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB) , National Research Council of Italy (CNR) 98164 Messina Italy
| | - Martina Semino
- Centro AIRETT Ricerca e Innovazione (CARI), Research and Innovation Airett Center Verona Italy
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6
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Dodwell G, Liesefeld HR, Conci M, Müller HJ, Töllner T. EEG evidence for enhanced attentional performance during moderate-intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13923. [PMID: 34370887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research on attentional control within real-world contexts has become substantially more feasible and thus frequent over the past decade. However, relatively little is known regarding how these processes may be influenced by common naturalistic behaviors such as engaging in physical activity, which is thought to modulate the availability of neurometabolic resources. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) approach to determine whether various intensities of aerobic exercise might affect the concurrent performance of attentional control mechanisms. Participants performed an additional-singleton visual search task across three levels of aerobic activity while seated on a stationary bicycle: at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and during vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition to behavioral measures, attentional processing was assessed via lateralized ERPs referencing target selection (PCN) and distractor suppression (PD ) mechanisms. Whereas engaging in exercise resulted in speeded response times overall, moderate-intensity exercise was found to uniquely eliminate the expression of distractor interference by the PCN while also giving rise to an unanticipated distractor-elicited Ppc. These findings demonstrate workload-specific and object-selective influences of aerobic exercise on attentional processing, providing insights not only for approaching attention in real-world contexts but also for understanding how attentional resources are used overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Tsai CL, Pan CY, Tseng YT, Chen FC, Chang YC, Wang TC. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on BDNF and irisin levels and neurocognitive performance in late middle-aged and older adults. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113472. [PMID: 34274372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were (1) to explore and compare the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on neurocognitive performance and molecular biomarkers in late middle-aged and older adults, and (2) to examine the relationships of HIIT/MICE exercise-induced neurocognitive changes with changes in circulating irisin and BDNF levels elicited by different acute exercise modes. Using a within-subject design, twenty-one participants completed an acute bout of 30 min of HIIT, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The neuropsychological [i.e., accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT)] and neurophysiological [i.e., event-related potential (ERP) P3 latency and amplitude] indices were simultaneously measured when the participants performed a working memory task at baseline and after an intervention mode. Blood samples were also taken before and after the intervention mode. The results showed that, although ARs were significantly increased only via the MICE intervention mode, the acute HIIT and MICE interventions improved RT performance and increased ERP P3 amplitudes in the late middle-aged and older adults under consideration. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased with the acute HIIT and MICE interventions, and significant irisin level increases were only observed following the HIIT intervention. However, changes in the levels of Irisin and BDNF pre- and post-intervention were not correlated with changes in neurocognitive performance, with the exception of the correlation between the changes in irisin levels and RTs with acute exercise in the MICE intervention mode. The present findings suggested similar beneficial effects on neurocognitive performance (i.e., RTs and ERP P3 amplitudes) and peripheral BDNF levels following MICE and HIIT interventions in the middle-aged and older adults. In terms of ARs and irisin, the two acute exercise modes appear to induce divergent effects. Irisin may play a potential facilitating role in the neuropsychological (e.g., RT) performance of working memory in such a group. However, the mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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8
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Kunzler MR, Carpes FP. Intense Cycling Exercise Improves Acute Cognitive Responses. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:879-884. [PMID: 32599640 DOI: 10.1055/a-1114-6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Intense exercise promotes long-term gains in cognitive functions. On the other hand, intense exercise may result in acute effects not clearly determined for cognitive performance. A condition of stochastic intensity ranging from moderate to maximal efforts is part of sports like cycling, in which cognitive integrity is also important for fast decision making and information processing especially during high-speed performances. In this study we investigate the acute effect of cycling at intensities corresponding to 60%, 80% and 95% of the maximal power output (MP) on selective attention, reaction time and short-term memory in amateur trained cyclists. In this cross sectional study 20 male cyclists performed maximal and submaximal cycling tests under different exercise intensities. Cognitive measures were conducted before and after exercise. We found that short duration high intensity cycling (95%) improves selective attention but increases variability in simple reaction time responses, without significant effects on short-term memory. The high intensity exercise improves ability to manage more complex cognitive task especially when the variability in the task does not increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Kunzler
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana Campus, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana Campus, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Moratal C, Lupiáñez J, Ballester R, Huertas F. Deliberate Soccer Practice Modulates Attentional Functioning in Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32477207 PMCID: PMC7235161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explore the association between the regular practice of open-skill sports (i.e., soccer) and executive control, along with other attentional functions (i.e., alerting and orienting) during preadolescence. The study was conducted on 131 participants (70 non-athletes and 61 soccer players). To measure cognitive performance, participants performed the Attentional Network Test—Interactions (ANT-I) task. Compared to non-athletes, soccer players showed overall faster responses and better executive control (e.g., reduced interference from distractors). Overall, our results provide new empirical evidence supporting the positive association between regular sports practice and cognitive performance, and more specifically executive functions. However, is important to note that the relationship between regular sport practice and cognition is complex and multifactorial. Our findings can be partly explained by the “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” and the “cognitive component skills approach,” suggesting that an externally paced sport environment with high physical fitness and perceptual–cognitive demands may be an appropriate setting to optimize the development of cognitive functioning during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Moratal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Influence of Previous-Year Physical Activity on the Cognition of COPD Older Patients During Exacerbation. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:519-524. [PMID: 32234997 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence demonstrates the negative health impact of physical inactivity. Our aim was to examine the influence of previous-year physical activity (PA) on the cognition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients during exacerbation. METHODS Observational study. One hundred and fifty-one patients with COPD exacerbation were recruited over a period of 3 years and divided in 2 groups according to their previous activity level. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical variables were collected. Our main outcome measures were previous-year PA level, measured using the Modified Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire and cognitive status measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. RESULTS The cognitive variables that exhibited significant differences (P < .05) according to PA level were the visuoconstructional skills subscore, attention subscore, language subscore, orientation subscore, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment total score, with worse results in the sedentary group. Based on the relationships between total scores, the Baecke score was positively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment total score (r = .457). CONCLUSIONS The cognitive status of COPD patients during an exacerbation is related to previous-year PA level. Previous-year PA level should be taken into consideration when patients with a COPD exacerbation are evaluated.
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Caffeine intake modulates the functioning of the attentional networks depending on consumption habits and acute exercise demands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10043. [PMID: 31296908 PMCID: PMC6624295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consume of stimulants (as caffeine) is very usual in different contexts where the performers have to take quick and accurate decisions during physical effort. Decision-making processes are mediated by the attentional networks. An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of caffeine intake on attention (alerting, orienting, and executive control) as a function of consumption habit under two physical exertion conditions (rest vs. aerobic exercise). Two groups of participants with different caffeine consumption profiles (moderate consumers vs. low consumers) performed the Attention Network Test-Interactions under four different conditions regarding activity (rest vs. exercise) and intake (caffeine vs. placebo). Results showed that whereas exercise led to faster reaction times (RT) in all cases, caffeine intake accelerated RT but only at rest and in moderate caffeine consumers. More importantly, caffeine intake reduced the alertness effect in moderate consumers only at the rest condition. No interactions between Intake and Activity were observed in the other attentional networks, with exercise reducing orienting independently of caffeine intake, which suggests that physical exercise and caffeine are different modulators of attention but can interact. Caffeine intake had differential effects on reaction speed at rest and during physical exercise depending on the individual consumption habit. On the basis of these finding it seems that mainly alertness is modulated differently by internal and external "arousing" conditions.
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12
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Engeroff T, Ingmann T, Banzer W. Physical Activity Throughout the Adult Life Span and Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data. Sports Med 2018; 48:1405-1436. [PMID: 29667159 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature suggests that physical activity might alleviate the age-related neurodegeneration and decline of cognitive function. However, most of this evidence is based on data investigating the association of exercise interventions or current physical activity behavior with cognitive function in elderly subjects. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and hypothesize that physical activity during the adult life span is connected with maintained domain-specific cognitive functions during late adulthood defined as age 60+ years. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search up to November 2017 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar without language limitations for studies analyzing the association of leisure physical activity during the adult life span (age 18+ years) and domain-specific cognitive functions in older adults (age 60+ years). RESULTS The literature review yielded 14,294 articles and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, nine cross-sectional and 14 longitudinal studies were included. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity was associated with global cognitive function and specific cognitive domains including executive functions and memory but not attention or working memory. Most studies assessed mid- to late-adulthood physical activity, thus information concerning the influence of young adult life-span physical activity is currently lacking. CONCLUSIONS Observational evidence that moderate- and vigorous-intensity leisure physical activity is beneficially associated with maintained cognitive functions during old age is accumulating. Further studies are necessary to confirm a causal link by assessing objective physical activity data and the decline of cognitive functions at multiple time points during old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engeroff
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tobias Ingmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Ginnheimer Landstrasse 39, 60487, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Hung CL, Tseng JW, Chao HH, Hung TM, Wang HS. Effect of Acute Exercise Mode on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Task Switching Performance. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100301. [PMID: 30249981 PMCID: PMC6209934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have consistently reported a positive effect of acute exercise on cognition, particularly on executive function. However, most studies have focused on aerobic and resistant forms of exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of ‘open-skill’ with ‘closed-skill’ exercise (defined in terms of the predictability of the performing environment) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and task switching performance. Twenty young adult males participated in both closed (running) and open (badminton) skill exercise sessions in a counterbalanced order on separate days. The exercise sessions consisted of 5 min of warm up exercises followed by 30 min of running or badminton. The exercise intensity was set at 60% (±5%) of the heart rate reserve level (HRR) with HR being monitored by a wireless heart rate monitor. Blood samples were taken and participation in a task-switching paradigm occurred before and after each exercise session. Results showed no differences in serum BDNF or task-switching performance at the pre-test stage, however, badminton exercise resulted in significantly higher serum BDNF levels (a proxy for levels of BDNF in the brain) and near significant smaller global switching costs relative to running. This study has provided preliminary evidence in support the relative benefits of open-skills exercises on BDNF and executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletic, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Wei Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10646, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Han Chao
- Department of Athletic, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10646, Taiwan.
| | - Ho-Seng Wang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10646, Taiwan.
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14
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Muiños M, Ballesteros S. Does physical exercise improve perceptual skills and visuospatial attention in older adults? A review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s11556-018-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Chu CH, Kramer AF, Song TF, Wu CH, Hung TM, Chang YK. Acute Exercise and Neurocognitive Development in Preadolescents and Young Adults: An ERP Study. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:2631909. [PMID: 29147585 PMCID: PMC5632908 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2631909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a single bout of exercise on neurocognitive function in preadolescent children and young adults by determining the modulatory role of age and the neuroelectrical mechanism(s) underlying the association between acute exercise and executive function. Twenty preadolescents and 20 young adults completed the Stroop test, and neuroelectrical activity was recorded during two treatment sessions performed in a counterbalanced order. Exercise treatments involved moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 20 min as the main exercise and two 5 min periods of warm-up and cool-down. The control treatment participants read for a similar duration of time. Acute exercise improved participant reaction times on the Stroop test, regardless of Stroop congruency, and greater beneficial effects were observed in young adults compared to those in preadolescents. The P3 amplitudes increased after acute exercise in preadolescents and young adults, but acute exercise induced lower conflict sustained potential (conflict SP) amplitudes in preadolescent children. Based on these findings, age influences the beneficial effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in general. Furthermore, the event-related brain potential differences attributed to acute exercise provide a potential clue to the mechanisms that differentiate the effects of acute exercise on individuals from preadolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Browne SE, Flynn MJ, O'Neill BV, Howatson G, Bell PG, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Effects of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals: A systematic review. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 234:161-187. [PMID: 29031462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity exercise is generally considered to have detrimental effects on cognition. However, high fitness levels are suggested to alleviate this effect. OBJECTIVES The specific objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals. METHODS Studies were sourced through electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles, and manual searches of relevant reviews. Included studies examined trained participants, included a high-intensity exercise bout, used a control or comparison group/condition, and assessed cognitive performance via general laboratory tasks during or ≤10min following exercise cessation. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated that the effect of acute high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance in trained individuals is dependent on the specific cognitive domain being assessed. Generally, simple tasks were not affected, while the results on complex tasks remain ambiguous. Accuracy showed little tendency to be influenced by high-intensity exercise compared to measures of speed. CONCLUSION Multiple factors influence the acute exercise-cognition relationship and thus future research should be highly specific when outlining criteria such as fitness levels, exercise intensity, and exercise mode. Furthermore, greater research is needed assessing more cognitive domains, greater exercise durations/types, and trained populations at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Browne
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Flynn
- GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Phillip G Bell
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Condello G, Forte R, Falbo S, Shea JB, Di Baldassarre A, Capranica L, Pesce C. Steps to Health in Cognitive Aging: Effects of Physical Activity on Spatial Attention and Executive Control in the Elderly. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:107. [PMID: 28321187 PMCID: PMC5337815 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether physical activity (PA) habits may positively impact performance of the orienting and executive control networks in community-dwelling aging individuals and diabetics, who are at risk of cognitive dysfunction. To this aim, we tested cross-sectionally whether age, ranging from late middle-age to old adulthood, and PA level independently or interactively predict different facets of the attentional performance. Hundred and thirty female and male individuals and 22 adults with type 2 diabetes aged 55–84 years were recruited and their daily PA (steps) was objectively measured by means of armband monitors. Participants performed a multifunctional attentional go/no-go reaction time (RT) task in which spatial attention was cued by means of informative direct cues of different sizes followed by compound stimuli with local and global target features. The performance efficiency of the orienting networks was estimated by computing RT differences between validly and invalidly cued trials, that of the executive control networks by computing local switch costs that are RT differences between switch and non-switch trials in mixed blocks of global and local target trials. In regression analyses performed on the data of non-diabetic elderlies, overall RTs and orienting effects resulted jointly predicted by age and steps. Age predicted overall RTs in low-active individuals, but orienting effects and response errors in high-active individuals. Switch costs were predicted by age only, with larger costs at older age. In the analysis conducted with the 22 diabetics and 22 matched non-diabetic elderlies, diabetic status and daily steps predicted longer and shorter RTs, respectively. Results suggest that high PA levels exert beneficial, but differentiated effects on processing speed and attentional networks performance in aging individuals that partially counteract the detrimental effects of advancing age and diabetic status. In conclusion, adequate levels of overall PA may positively impinge on brain efficiency and attentional control and should be therefore promoted by actions that support lifelong PA participation and impact the built environment to render it more conducive to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Condello
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Forte
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Falbo
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - John B Shea
- Ergonomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Capranica
- Sport Performance Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Exercise and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University of Sport and Movement "Foro Italico" Rome, Italy
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Grassmann V, Alves MV, Santos-Galduróz RF, Galduróz JCF. Possible Cognitive Benefits of Acute Physical Exercise in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:367-371. [PMID: 24621460 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714526041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have suggested that even a single session of physical exercise enhances executive functions. ADHD is among the most common developmental disorders in childhood, but little is known about alternative treatments for this disorder. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature to analyze articles that evaluated the executive functions of children with ADHD after an acute exercise session. METHOD We reviewed articles indexed in the PubMed, American Psychiatric Association (APA) psychNET, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge databases between 1980 and 2013. RESULTS Of 231 articles selected, only three met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION Based on these 3 articles, we concluded that 30 min of physical exercise reportedly improved the executive functions of children with ADHD. Due to the small number of articles selected, further studies are needed to confirm these benefits.
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Chang ECH, Chu CH, Karageorghis CI, Wang CC, Tsai JHC, Wang YS, Chang YK. Relationship between mode of sport training and general cognitive performance. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:89-95. [PMID: 30356524 PMCID: PMC6188876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether athletes who engage in different modes of sports training correspondingly exhibit different patterns of performance on general cognition tasks. METHODS Sixty participants were recruited into an endurance, motorically complex, or control group, and were administered a series of physical tests and neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS Athletes in the endurance group demonstrated the highest levels of cardiovascular fitness and those in the motorically complex group exhibited the highest levels of motor fitness. Nonetheless, no differences in cognitive performance were observed between the 3 groups. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the mode of sport training, which results in either high cardiovascular or high motor fitness, bears no relationship to measures of general cognition in elite athletes. The present findings suggest that coaches and athletic trainers should be encouraged to monitor athletes' stress levels during training in order to maximize the beneficial effects of such training on general cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Chih-Hung Chang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan, China
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan County 33371, Taiwan, China
| | | | - Chun-Chih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan County 33371, Taiwan, China
| | - Jack Han-Chao Tsai
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan, China
| | - Yung-Shun Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, China
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan County 33371, Taiwan, China
- Corresponding author.
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Schapschröer M, Lemez S, Baker J, Schorer J. Physical Load Affects Perceptual-Cognitive Performance of Skilled Athletes: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:37. [PMID: 27747792 PMCID: PMC5020134 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Many researchers have considered the impact of physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performance. There have also been a substantial number of studies that have examined how perceptual-cognitive skills differ between elite athletes and non-athletes. However, the knowledge on how physical exercise interacts with perceptual-cognitive skill is limited. This systematic review aims to provide detailed information on how athletes’ perceptual-cognitive performance is influenced by acute physical exercise load and whether these effects differ between elite athletes and lesser skilled groups. Methods A systematic review was conducted using different combinations of the keywords physical load, acute, exercise, perception, cognition, perceptual, cognitive, sport, and athlete with the PubMed and SportDiscus databases. Additional articles were found through screening the references of these papers. Articles had to (a) be full journal articles written in English, (b) include an athlete sample, (c) examine acute effects of physical exercise, and (d) measure a perceptual-cognitive task as the dependent variable. Results Twenty-six articles matched the inclusion criteria. Results suggested the impact of acute physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performances of athletes depends on the specificity of the induced exercise and perceptual-cognitive task. Additionally, speed and accuracy were influenced differently by physical exercise. Furthermore, skilled athletes seem to be more positively influenced by acute physical exercise than novices. Conclusion Since many factors influence perceptual-cognitive expertise, future research should be highly precise (e.g., regarding the definition of variables, the intensity of the physical exercise) and specific (e.g., regarding the tasks used, the type of the physical exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schapschröer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - S Lemez
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Schorer
- Institute of Sport Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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21
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Neurologic Changes With Aging, Physical Activity, and Sport Participation. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chang YK, Pesce C, Chiang YT, Kuo CY, Fong DY. Antecedent acute cycling exercise affects attention control: an ERP study using attention network test. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:156. [PMID: 25914634 PMCID: PMC4391039 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the after-effects of an acute bout of moderate intensity aerobic cycling exercise on neuroelectric and behavioral indices of efficiency of three attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive (conflict) control. Thirty young, highly fit amateur basketball players performed a multifunctional attentional reaction time task, the attention network test (ANT), with a two-group randomized experimental design after an acute bout of moderate intensity spinning wheel exercise or without antecedent exercise. The ANT combined warning signals prior to targets, spatial cueing of potential target locations and target stimuli surrounded by congruent or incongruent flankers, which were provided to assess three attentional networks. Event-related brain potentials and task performance were measured during the ANT. Exercise resulted in a larger P3 amplitude in the alerting and executive control subtasks across frontal, central and parietal midline sites that was paralleled by an enhanced reaction speed only on trials with incongruent flankers of the executive control network. The P3 latency and response accuracy were not affected by exercise. These findings suggest that after spinning, more resources are allocated to task-relevant stimuli in tasks that rely on the alerting and executive control networks. However, the improvement in performance was observed in only the executively challenging conflict condition, suggesting that whether the brain resources that are rendered available immediately after acute exercise translate into better attention performance depends on the cognitive task complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Caterina Pesce
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Italian University Sport and Movement “Foro Italico”Rome, Italy
| | - Yi-Te Chiang
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuh Kuo
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yang Fong
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of TechnologyTaipei, Taiwan
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23
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Kumar N, Wheaton LA, Snow TK, Millard-Stafford M. Exercise and caffeine improve sustained attention following fatigue independent of fitness status. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2015.1027553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chang YK, Chu CH, Wang CC, Wang YC, Song TF, Tsai CL, Etnier JL. Dose–Response Relation between Exercise Duration and Cognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:159-65. [PMID: 24870572 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Chang YK, Chu CH, Wang CC, Song TF, Wei GX. Effect of acute exercise and cardiovascular fitness on cognitive function: An event-related cortical desynchronization study. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:342-51. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science; National Taiwan Sport University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science; National Taiwan Sport University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chih Wang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science; National Taiwan Sport University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science; National Taiwan Sport University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Gao-Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences; Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Science; China
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Tsai CL, Wang CH, Pan CY, Chen FC, Huang TH, Chou FY. Executive function and endocrinological responses to acute resistance exercise. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:262. [PMID: 25136300 PMCID: PMC4117935 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study had the following two aims: First, to explore the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE, i.e., using exercise machines to contract and stretch muscles) on behavioral and electrophysiological performance when performing a cognitive task involving executive functioning in young male adults; Second, to investigate the potential biochemical mechanisms of such facilitative effects using two neurotrophic factors [i.e., growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)] and the cortisol levels elicited by such an exercise intervention mode with two different exercise intensities. Sixty young male adults were recruited and randomly assigned to a high-intensity (HI) exercise group, moderate-intensity (MI) exercise group, and non-exercise-intervention (NEI) group. Blood samples were taken, and the behavioral and electrophysiological indices were simultaneously measured when individuals performed a Go/No-Go task combined with the Erikson Flanker paradigm at baseline and after either an acute bout of 30 min of moderate- or high-intensity RE or a control period. The results showed that the acute RE could not only benefit the subjects' behavioral (i.e., RTs and accuracy) performance, as found in previous studies, but also increase the P3 amplitude. Although the serum GH and IGF-1 levels were significantly increased via moderate or high intensity RE in both the MI and HI groups, the increased serum levels of neurotrophic factors were significantly decreased about 20 min after exercise. In addition, such changes were not correlated with the changes in cognitive (i.e., behavioral and electrophysiological) performance. In contrast, the serum levels of cortisol in the HI and MI groups were significantly lower after acute RE, and the changes in cortisol levels were significantly associated with the changes in electrophysiological (i.e., P3 amplitude) performance. The findings suggest the beneficial effects of acute RE on executive functioning could be due to changes in arousal, possibly modulated by the serum cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Recreational Sport and Health Promotion, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Hai Huang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ying Chou
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan ; Chi Mei Medical Center Tainan, Taiwan
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Chang YK, Huang CJ, Chen KF, Hung TM. Physical activity and working memory in healthy older adults: an ERP study. Psychophysiology 2014; 50:1174-82. [PMID: 24308044 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of physical activity on working memory in older adults using both behavioral and neuroelectric measures. Older adults were assigned to either a higher or lower physical activity group, and event-related potentials were recorded during assessments of a modified Sternberg task. The results indicated that older adults in the higher physical activity group exhibited shorter response times, independent of the working memory load. Enhanced P3 and N1 amplitudes and a decreased P3 latency were observed in the higher physical activity group. These findings suggested that physical activity facilitates working memory by allocating more attentional resources and increasing the efficiency of evaluating the stimulus during the retrieval phase as well as engaging more attentional resources for the early discriminative processes during the encoding phase of a working memory task.
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28
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Hüttermann S, Memmert D. Does the inverted-U function disappear in expert athletes? An analysis of the attentional behavior under physical exercise of athletes and non-athletes. Physiol Behav 2014; 131:87-92. [PMID: 24747278 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies document that physical exercise influences cognitive performance in a variety of ways. Some of these studies present the relationship between the workload of exercise and the activation level of the central nervous system as an inverted-U relationship. Among the factors that could be responsible for diverging results are the participants' individual fitness level and the athletic status. While athletes and non-athletes do not differ in general cognitive skills, athletes are better able to maintain these during physical exercise especially under high exercise intensities. Hence, we hypothesized that the inverted-U function applies for non-athletes but disappears in team sports experts. We compared athletes' and non-athletes' cognitive performance on a measure of attentional behavior under three different physical exercise intensities. Results showed an increase of non-athletes' attentional breadth right up to a certain level of maximal aerobic power before decreasing, as expected according to an inverted-U curve. In contrast, athletes' attentional breadth continued to increase with higher physical exercise intensities. We concluded that physical exercise influences participants' attentional behavior and that individual fitness acts as a moderator of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hüttermann
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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Impact of acute aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on visuospatial attention performance and serum BDNF levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 41:121-31. [PMID: 24495613 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to explore various behavioral and neuroelectric indices after acute aerobic exercise in young adults with different cardiorespiratory fitness levels when performing a cognitive task, and also to gain a mechanistic understanding of the effects of such exercise using the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) biochemical index. Sixty young adults were separated into one non-exercise-intervention and two exercise intervention (EI) (i.e., EIH: higher-fit and EIL: lower-fit) groups according to their maximal oxygen consumption. The participants' cognitive performances (i.e., behavioral and neuroelectric indices via an endogenous visuospatial attention task test) and serum BDNF levels were measured at baseline and after either an acute bout of 30min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise or a control period. Analyses of the results revealed that although acute aerobic exercise decreased reaction times (RTs) and increased the central Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) area in both EI groups, only the EIH group showed larger P3 amplitude and increased frontal CNV area after acute exercise. Elevated BDNF levels were shown after acute exercise for both EI groups, but this was not significantly correlated with changes in behavioral and neuroelectric performances for either group. These results suggest that both EI groups could gain response-related (i.e., RT and central CNV) benefits following a bout of moderate acute aerobic exercise. However, only higher-fit individuals could obtain particular cognition-process-related efficiency with regard to attentional resource allocation (i.e., P3 amplitude) and cognitive preparation processes (i.e., frontal CNV) after acute exercise, implying that the mechanisms underlying the effects of such exercise on neural functioning may be fitness dependent. However, the facilitating effects found in this work could not be attributed to the transient change in BDNF levels after acute exercise.
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