1
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Furdella KJ, Higuchi S, Kim K, Doetschman T, Wagner WR, Vande Geest JP. ACUTE ELUTION OF TGFβ2 AFFECTS THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN A COMPLIANCE-MATCHED VASCULAR GRAFT. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:640-650. [PMID: 35521649 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) is a pleiotropic growth factor that plays a vital role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) function. Our prior in vitro work has shown that SMC response can be modulated with TGFβ2 stimulation in a dose dependent manner. In particular, we have shown that increasing concentrations of TGFβ2 shift SMCs from a migratory to a synthetic behavior. In this work, electrospun compliance-matched and hypocompliant TGFβ2-eluting TEVGs were implanted into Sprague Dawley rats for 5 days to observe SMC population and collagen production. TEVGs were fabricated using a combined computational and experimental approach that varied the ratio of gelatin:polycaprolactone to be either compliance-matched or twice as stiff as rat aorta (hypocompliant). TGFβ2 concentrations of 0, 10, 100 ng/mg were added to both graft types (n=3 in each group) and imaged in vivo using ultrasound. Histological markers (SMC, macrophage, collagen, and elastin) were evaluated following explantation at 5 days. In vivo ultrasound showed that compliance-matched TEVGs became stiffer as TGFβ2 increased (100 ng/mg TEVGS compared to rat aorta, p<0.01) while all hypocompliant grafts remained stiffer than control rat aorta. In vivo velocity and diameter were also not significantly different than control vessels. The compliance-matched 10 ng/mg group had an elevated SMC signal (myosin heavy chain) compared to the 0 and 100 ng/mg grafts (p=0.0009 & 0.0006 ). Compliance-matched TEVGs containing 100 ng/mg TGFβ2 had an increase in collagen production (p<0.01), general immune response (p<0.05), and a decrease in SMC population to the 0 and 10 ng/mg groups. All hypocompliant groups were found to be similar, suggesting a lower rate of TGFβ2 release in these TEVGs. Our results suggest that TGFβ2 can modulate in vivo SMC phenotype over an acute implantation period, which is consistent with our prior in vitro work. To the author's knowledge, this is first in vivo rat study that evaluates a TGFβ2-eluting TEVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth John Furdella
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 110071, Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Shinichi Higuchi
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 110071, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Kang Kim
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 110071, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Tom Doetschman
- University of Arizona Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology program, 242717, Tucson, Arizona, United States;
| | - William R Wagner
- University of Pittsburgh, 6614, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Jonathan P Vande Geest
- University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 110071, Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
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2
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Garcia-Padilla C, Hernandez-Torres F, Lozano-Velasco E, Dueñas A, Muñoz-Gallardo MDM, Garcia-Valencia IS, Palencia-Vincent L, Aranega A, Franco D. The Role of Bmp- and Fgf Signaling Modulating Mouse Proepicardium Cell Fate. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:757781. [PMID: 35059396 PMCID: PMC8763981 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmp and Fgf signaling are widely involved in multiple aspects of embryonic development. More recently non coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have also been reported to play essential roles during embryonic development. We have previously demonstrated that microRNAs, i.e., miR-130, play an essential role modulating Bmp and Fgf signaling during early stages of cardiomyogenesis. More recently, we have also demonstrated that microRNAs are capable of modulating cell fate decision during proepicardial/septum transversum (PE/ST) development, since over-expression of miR-23 blocked while miR-125, miR-146, miR-223 and miR-195 enhanced PE/ST-derived cardiomyogenesis, respectively. Importantly, regulation of these microRNAs is distinct modulated by Bmp2 and Fgf2 administration in chicken. In this study, we aim to dissect the functional role of Bmp and Fgf signaling during mouse PE/ST development, their implication regulating post-transcriptional modulators such as microRNAs and their impact on lineage determination. Mouse PE/ST explants and epicardial/endocardial cell cultures were distinctly administrated Bmp and Fgf family members. qPCR analyses of distinct microRNAs, cardiomyogenic, fibrogenic differentiation markers as well as key elements directly epithelial to mesenchymal transition were evaluated. Our data demonstrate that neither Bmp2/Bmp4 nor Fgf2/Fgf8 signaling is capable of inducing cardiomyogenesis, fibrogenesis or inducing EMT in mouse PE/ST explants, yet deregulation of several microRNAs is observed, in contrast to previous findings in chicken PE/ST. RNAseq analyses in mouse PE/ST and embryonic epicardium identified novel Bmp and Fgf family members that might be involved in such cell fate differences, however, their implication on EMT induction and cardiomyogenic and/or fibrogenic differentiation is limited. Thus our data support the notion of species-specific differences regulating PE/ST cardiomyogenic lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Dueñas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | | | - Isabel S Garcia-Valencia
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Lledó Palencia-Vincent
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.,Fundación Medina, Granada, Spain
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3
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Lahrouchi N, Postma AV, Salazar CM, De Laughter DM, Tjong F, Piherová L, Bowling FZ, Zimmerman D, Lodder EM, Ta-Shma A, Perles Z, Beekman L, Ilgun A, Gunst Q, Hababa M, Škorić-Milosavljević D, Stránecký V, Tomek V, de Knijff P, de Leeuw R, Robinson JY, Burn SC, Mustafa H, Ambrose M, Moss T, Jacober J, Niyazov DM, Wolf B, Kim KH, Cherny S, Rousounides A, Aristidou-Kallika A, Tanteles G, Ange-Line B, Denommé-Pichon AS, Francannet C, Ortiz D, Haak MC, Ten Harkel AD, Manten GT, Dutman AC, Bouman K, Magliozzi M, Radio FC, Santen GW, Herkert JC, Brown HA, Elpeleg O, van den Hoff MJ, Mulder B, Airola MV, Kmoch S, Barnett JV, Clur SA, Frohman MA, Bezzina CR. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in PLD1 cause congenital right-sided cardiac valve defects and neonatal cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142148. [PMID: 33645542 DOI: 10.1172/jci142148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common type of birth defect, accounting for one-third of all congenital anomalies. Using whole-exome sequencing of 2718 patients with congenital heart disease and a search in GeneMatcher, we identified 30 patients from 21 unrelated families of different ancestries with biallelic phospholipase D1 (PLD1) variants who presented predominantly with congenital cardiac valve defects. We also associated recessive PLD1 variants with isolated neonatal cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, we established that p.I668F is a founder variant among Ashkenazi Jews (allele frequency of ~2%) and describe the phenotypic spectrum of PLD1-associated congenital heart defects. PLD1 missense variants were overrepresented in regions of the protein critical for catalytic activity, and, correspondingly, we observed a strong reduction in enzymatic activity for most of the mutant proteins in an enzymatic assay. Finally, we demonstrate that PLD1 inhibition decreased endothelial-mesenchymal transition, an established pivotal early step in valvulogenesis. In conclusion, our study provides a more detailed understanding of disease mechanisms and phenotypic expression associated with PLD1 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najim Lahrouchi
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, and.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian M Salazar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Daniel M De Laughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fleur Tjong
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Lenka Piherová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Forrest Z Bowling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Dominic Zimmerman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Asaf Ta-Shma
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zeev Perles
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leander Beekman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Aho Ilgun
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Quinn Gunst
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariam Hababa
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Doris Škorić-Milosavljević
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Tomek
- Children's Heart Centre, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rick de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jamille Y Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Hiba Mustafa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health
| | - Matthew Ambrose
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, and
| | - Timothy Moss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer Jacober
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Clinic, Tulane University, University of Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Clinic, Tulane University, University of Queensland, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Barry Wolf
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolic Disorders, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine H Kim
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolic Disorders, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sara Cherny
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - George Tanteles
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bruel Ange-Line
- UMR 1231 INSERM, GAD, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle d'Innovation en Diagnostique Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Estaing (CHU), Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- UMR 1231 INSERM, GAD, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Unité Fonctionnelle d'Innovation en Diagnostique Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Estaing (CHU), Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Damara Ortiz
- Medical Genetics Department, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Arend D.J. Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Annemiek C Dutman
- Department of Pathology, Isala Women and Children's Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Katelijne Bouman
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Monia Magliozzi
- Genetic and Rare Disease Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gijs We Santen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Herkert
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Barbara Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sally-Ann Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
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4
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Zhang Y, Chen WG, Yang SZ, Qiu H, Hu X, Qiu YY, Wen X, Zhou Y, Chu TW. Up-regulation of TβRIII facilitates the osteogenesis of supraspinous ligament-derived fibroblasts from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1613-1623. [PMID: 33410269 PMCID: PMC7875912 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal supraspinous ligament (SL) osteogenesis is the key risk of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with an unclear pathogenesis. We previously found that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1), bone morphogenetic proteins (eg BMP2) and type III TGF‐β1 receptor (TβRIII) expression were markedly up‐regulated in AS‐SLs. However, the roles of these closely related molecules in AS are unknown. Here, we showed that BMP2, TGF‐β1, TβRIII and S100A4 (a fibroblast marker) were abundant in active osteogenic AS‐SL tissues. In vitro, AS‐SL fibroblasts (AS‐SLFs) showed high BMP2, TGF‐β1 and TβRIII expression and auto‐osteogenic capacity. We further evaluated the role of TβRIII in the osteogenesis of normal SLFs. BMP2 combined with TGF‐β1 induced the osteogenesis of TβRIII‐overexpressing SLFs, but the activity was lost in SLFs upon TβRIII knockdown. Moreover, our data suggested that BMP2 combined with TGF‐β1 significantly activated both TGF‐β1/Smad signalling and BMP2/Smad/RUNX2 signalling to induce osteogenesis of SLFs with TβRIII up‐regulation. Furthermore, our multi‐strategy molecular interaction analysis approach indicated that TGF‐β1 presented BMP2 to TβRIII, sequentially facilitating BMP2 recognition by BMPR1A and promoting the osteogenesis of TβRIII‐overexpressing SLFs. Collectively, our results indicate that TGF‐β1 combined with BMP2 may participate in the osteogenic differentiation of AS‐SLF by acting on up‐regulated TβRIII, resulting in excessive activation of both TGF‐β1/Smad and BMP2/BMPR1A/Smad/RUNX2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu-Gui Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Zhen Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Yun Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Wei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Xia Q, Li Y, Han D, Dong L. SMURF1, a promoter of tumor cell progression? Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:551-565. [PMID: 33204002 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with various cancers, such as glioblastoma, colon cancer, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. SMURF1 acts as a tumor promoter by ubiquitination modification and/or degradation of tumor-suppressing proteins. Combined treatment of Smurf1 knockdown with rapamycin showed collaborative antitumor effects in mice. This review described the role of HECT, WW, and C2 domains in regulating SMURF1 substrate selection. We summarized up to date SMURF1 substrates regulating different type cell signaling, thus, accelerating tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, the downregulation of SMURF1 expression, inhibition of its E3 activity and regulation of its specificity to substrates prevent tumor progression. The potential application of SMURF1 regulators, specifically, wisely choose certain drugs by blocking SMURF1 selectivity in tumor suppressors, to develop novel anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xia
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Da Han
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Qian H, Wu B, You S, Wu S, Lu S, Wang P, Cao L, Zhang N, Sun Y. E3 Ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 family‑regulatory network in cardiovascular disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2727-2740. [PMID: 33110392 PMCID: PMC7586430 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination represents a critical modification occurring after translation. E3 ligase catalyzes the covalent binding of ubiquitin to the protein substrate, which could be degraded. Ubiquitination as an important protein post-translational modification is closely related to cardiovascular disease. The NEDD4 family, belonging to HECT class of E3 ubiquitin ligases can recognize different substrate proteins, including PTEN, ENaC, Nav1.5, SMAD2, PARP1, Septin4, ALK1, SERCA2a, TGFβR3 and so on, via the WW domain to catalyze ubiquitination, thus participating in multiple cardiovascular-related disease such as hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiotoxicity, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and heart valve disease. However, there is currently no review comprehensively clarifying the important role of NEDD4 family proteins in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the present review summarized recent studies about NEDD4 family members in cardiovascular disease, providing novel insights into the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. In addition, assessing transgenic animals and performing gene silencing would further identify the ubiquitination targets of NEDD4. NEDD4 quantification in clinical samples would also constitute an important method for determining NEDD4 significance in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Hao Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Saien Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Staff scientist, Center for Molecular Medicine National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, the United States
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
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7
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Pires HR, Boxem M. Mapping the Polarity Interactome. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3521-3544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Yung LM, Nikolic I, Paskin-Flerlage SD, Pearsall RS, Kumar R, Yu PB. A Selective Transforming Growth Factor-β Ligand Trap Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1140-1151. [PMID: 27115515 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201510-1955oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands signal via type I and type II serine-threonine kinase receptors to regulate broad transcriptional programs. Excessive TGF-β-mediated signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, based in part on the ability of broad inhibition of activin-like kinase (ALK) receptors 4/5/7 recognizing TGF-β, activin, growth and differentiation factor, and nodal ligands to attenuate experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH). These broad inhibition strategies do not delineate the specific contribution of TGF-β versus a multitude of other ligands, and their translation is limited by cardiovascular and systemic toxicity. OBJECTIVES We tested the impact of a soluble TGF-β type II receptor extracellular domain expressed as an immunoglobulin-Fc fusion protein (TGFBRII-Fc), serving as a selective TGF-β1/3 ligand trap, in several experimental PH models. METHODS Signaling studies used cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. PH was studied in monocrotaline-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, SU5416/hypoxia-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, and SU5416/hypoxia-treated C57BL/6 mice. PH, cardiac function, vascular remodeling, and valve structure were assessed by ultrasound, invasive hemodynamic measurements, and histomorphometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TGFBRII-Fc is an inhibitor of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3, but not TGF-β2, signaling. In vivo treatment with TGFBRII-Fc attenuated Smad2 phosphorylation, normalized expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and mitigated PH and pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline-treated rats, SU5416/hypoxia-treated rats, and SU5416/hypoxia-treated mice. Administration of TGFBRII-Fc to monocrotaline-treated or SU5416/hypoxia-treated rats with established PH improved right ventricular systolic pressures, right ventricular function, and survival. No cardiac structural or valvular abnormalities were observed after treatment with TGFBRII-Fc. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with a pathogenetic role of TGF-β1/3, demonstrating the efficacy and tolerability of selective TGF-β ligand blockade for improving hemodynamics, remodeling, and survival in multiple experimental PH models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Ming Yung
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Ivana Nikolic
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Samuel D Paskin-Flerlage
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | | | - Paul B Yu
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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9
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Clark CR, Robinson JY, Sanchez NS, Townsend TA, Arrieta JA, Merryman WD, Trykall DZ, Olivey HE, Hong CC, Barnett JV. Common pathways regulate Type III TGFβ receptor-dependent cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. Cell Signal 2016; 28:688-98. [PMID: 26970186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) and the subsequent invasion of epicardial and endocardial cells during cardiac development is critical to the development of the coronary vessels and heart valves. The transformed cells give rise to cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells or valvular interstitial cells, respectively. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβR3) receptor regulates EMT and cell invasion in both cell types, but the signaling mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 are not well understood. Here we use epicardial and endocardial cells in in vitro cell invasion assays to identify common mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 that regulate cell invasion. Inhibition of NF-κB activity blocked cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. NF-κB signaling was found to be dysregulated in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells which also show impaired cell invasion in response to ligand. TGFβR3-dependent cell invasion is also dependent upon Activin Receptor-Like Kinase (ALK) 2, ALK3, and ALK5 activity. A TGFβR3 mutant that contains a threonine to alanine substitution at residue 841 (TGFβR3-T841A) induces ligand-independent cell invasion in both epicardial and endocardial cells in vitro. These findings reveal a role for NF-κB signaling in the regulation of epicardial and endocardial cell invasion and identify a mutation in TGFβR3 which stimulates ligand-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Jamille Y Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Nora S Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Todd A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Julian A Arrieta
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - W David Merryman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212.
| | - David Z Trykall
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Harold E Olivey
- Dept. of Biology, Indiana University-Northwest, Gary, IN 46408, United States.
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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10
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Allison P, Espiritu D, Camenisch TD. BMP2 rescues deficient cell migration in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells and requires Src kinase. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 10:259-68. [PMID: 26645362 PMCID: PMC4951173 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the epicardium undergoes proliferation, migration, and differentiation into several cardiac cell types which contribute to the coronary vessels. The type III transforming growth factor-β receptor (TGFβR3) is required for epicardial cell invasion and development of coronary vasculature in vivo. Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 (BMP2) is a driver of epicardial cell migration. Utilizing a primary epicardial cell line derived from Tgfbr3(+/+) and Tgfbr3(-/-) mouse embryos, we show that Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells are deficient in BMP2 mRNA expression. Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells are deficient in 2-dimensional migration relative to Tgfbr3(+/+) cells; BMP2 induces cellular migration to Tgfbr3(+/+) levels without affecting proliferation. We further demonstrate that Src kinase activity is required for BMP2 driven Tgfbr3(-/-) migration. BMP2 also requires Src for filamentous actin polymerization in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells. Taken together, our data identifies a novel pathway in epicardial cell migration required for development of the coronary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Allison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,CONTACT Patrick Allison Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 784 Wilson Rd, RmG358, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniella Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Todd D. Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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11
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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12
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Allison P, Espiritu D, Barnett JV, Camenisch TD. Type III TGFβ receptor and Src direct hyaluronan-mediated invasive cell motility. Cell Signal 2015; 27:453-9. [PMID: 25499979 PMCID: PMC5604324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the epicardium undergoes proliferation, migration, and differentiation into several cardiac cell types which contribute to the coronary vessels. This process requires epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and directed cellular invasion. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor (TGFβR3) is required for epicardial cell invasion and coronary vessel development. Using primary epicardial cells derived from Tgfbr3(+/+) and Tgfbr3(-/-) mouse embryos, high-molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWHA) stimulated cellular invasion and filamentous (f-actin) polymerization are detected in Tgfbr3(+/+) cells, but not in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells. Furthermore, HMWHA-stimulated cellular invasion and f-actin polymerization in Tgfbr3(+/+) epicardial cells are dependent on Src kinase. Src activation in HMWHA-stimulated Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells is not detected in response to HMWHA. RhoA and Rac1 also fail to activate in response to HMWHA in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells. These events coincide with defective f-actin formation and deficient cellular invasion. Finally, a T841A activating substitution in TGFβR3 drives ligand-independent Src activation. Collectively, these data define a TGFβR3-Src-RhoA/Rac1 pathway that is essential for hyaluronan-directed cell invasion in epicardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Allison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Daniella Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Joey V. Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Todd D. Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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13
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Huang T, Barnett JV, Camenisch TD. Cardiac epithelial-mesenchymal transition is blocked by monomethylarsonous acid (III). Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:225-38. [PMID: 25145660 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure during embryonic development can cause ischemic heart pathologies later in adulthood which may originate from impairment in proper blood vessel formation. The arsenic-associated detrimental effects are mediated by arsenite (iAs(III)) and its most toxic metabolite, monomethylarsonous acid [MMA (III)]. The impact of MMA (III) on coronary artery development has not yet been studied. The key cellular process that regulates coronary vessel development is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During cardiac EMT, activated epicardial progenitor cells transform to mesenchymal cells to form the cellular components of coronary vessels. Smad2/3 mediated TGFβ2 signaling, the key regulator of cardiac EMT, is disrupted by arsenite exposure. In this study, we compared the cardiac toxicity of MMA (III) with arsenite. Epicardial progenitor cells are 15 times more sensitive to MMA (III) cytotoxicity when compared with arsenite. MMA (III) caused a significant blockage in epicardial cellular transformation and invasion at doses 10 times lower than arsenite. Key EMT genes including TGFβ ligands, TβRIII, Has2, CD44, Snail1, TBX18, and MMP2 were down regulated by MMA (III) exposure. MMA (III) disrupted Smad2/3 activation at a dose 20 times lower than arsenite. Both arsenite and MMA (III) significantly inhibited Erk1/2 and Erk5 phosphorylation. Nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and Erk5 was also blocked by arsenical exposure. However, p38 activation, as well as smooth muscle differentiation, was refractory to the inhibition by the arsenicals. Collectively, these findings revealed that MMA (III) is a selective disruptor of cardiac EMT and as such may predispose to arsenic-associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Todd D Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724 Sarver Heart Center Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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14
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Kain KH, Miller JWI, Jones-Paris CR, Thomason RT, Lewis JD, Bader DM, Barnett JV, Zijlstra A. The chick embryo as an expanding experimental model for cancer and cardiovascular research. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:216-28. [PMID: 24357262 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long and productive history in biomedical research defines the chick as a model for human biology. Fundamental discoveries, including the description of directional circulation propelled by the heart and the link between oncogenes and the formation of cancer, indicate its utility in cardiac biology and cancer. Despite the more recent arrival of several vertebrate and invertebrate animal models during the last century, the chick embryo remains a commonly used model for vertebrate biology and provides a tractable biological template. With new molecular and genetic tools applied to the avian genome, the chick embryo is accelerating the discovery of normal development and elusive disease processes. Moreover, progress in imaging and chick culture technologies is advancing real-time visualization of dynamic biological events, such as tissue morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. A rich background of information, coupled with new technologies and relative ease of maintenance, suggest an expanding utility for the chick embryo in cardiac biology and cancer research.
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15
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Garside VC, Chang AC, Karsan A, Hoodless PA. Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-β signaling during heart valve development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2899-917. [PMID: 23161060 PMCID: PMC4996658 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. Recent literature indicates that the key factors and pathways that regulate valve development are also implicated in congenital heart defects and valve disease. Currently, there are limited options for treatment of valve disease, and therefore having a better understanding of valve development can contribute critical insight into congenital valve defects and disease. There are three major signaling pathways required for early specification and initiation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in the cardiac cushions: BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling. BMPs secreted from the myocardium set up the environment for the overlying endocardium to become activated; Notch signaling initiates EMT; and both BMP and TGF-β signaling synergize with Notch to promote the transition of endothelia to mesenchyme and the mesenchymal cell invasiveness. Together, these three essential signaling pathways help form the cardiac cushions and populate them with mesenchyme and, consequently, set off the cascade of events required to develop mature heart valves. Furthermore, integration and cross-talk between these pathways generate highly stratified and delicate valve leaflets and septa of the heart. Here, we discuss BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways during mouse cardiac cushion formation and how they together produce a coordinated EMT response in the developing mouse valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alex C. Chang
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Pamela A. Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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16
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DeLaughter DM, Christodoulou DC, Robinson JY, Seidman CE, Baldwin HS, Seidman JG, Barnett JV. Spatial transcriptional profile of the chick and mouse endocardial cushions identify novel regulators of endocardial EMT in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 59:196-204. [PMID: 23557753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Valvular Interstitial Cells (VICs) are a common substrate for congenital and adult heart disease yet the signaling mechanisms governing their formation during early valvulogenesis are incompletely understood. We developed an unbiased strategy to identify genes important in endocardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) using a spatial transcriptional profile. Endocardial cells overlaying the cushions of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) and outflow tract (OFT) undergo an EMT to yield VICs. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of gene expression between AVC, OFT, and ventricles (VEN) isolated from chick and mouse embryos at comparable stages of development (chick HH18; mouse E11.0) was performed. EMT occurs in the AVC and OFT cushions, but not VEN at this time. 198 genes in the chick (n=1) and 105 genes in the mouse (n=2) were enriched 2-fold in the cushions. Gene regulatory networks (GRN) generated from cushion-enriched gene lists confirmed TGFβ as a nodal point and identified NF-κB as a potential node. To reveal previously unrecognized regulators of EMT four candidate genes, Hapln1, Id1, Foxp2, and Meis2, and a candidate pathway, NF-κB, were selected. In vivo spatial expression of each gene was confirmed by in situ hybridization and a functional role for each in endocardial EMT was determined by siRNA knockdown in a collagen gel assay. Our spatial-transcriptional profiling strategy yielded gene lists which reflected the known biology of the system. Further analysis accurately identified and validated previously unrecognized novel candidate genes and the NF-κB pathway as regulators of endocardial cell EMT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Lencinas A, Tavares ALP, Barnett JV, Runyan RB. Collagen gel analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the embryo heart: an in vitro model system for the analysis of tissue interaction, signal transduction, and environmental effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 93:298-311. [PMID: 22271679 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellular process of epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) is a critical event in development that is reiterated in adult pathologies of metastasis and organ fibrosis. An initial understanding of the cellular and molecular events of this process emerged from an in vitro examination of heart valve development. Explants of the chick atrioventricular valve-forming region were placed on collagen gels and removed to show that EMT was regulated by a tissue interaction. Subsequent studies showed that specific TGFβ isoforms and receptors were required and steps of activation and invasion could be distinguished. The assay was modified for mouse hearts and has been used to explore signal transduction and gene expression in both species. The principle advantages of the system are a defined temporal window, when EMT takes place and the ability to isolate cells at various stages of the EMT process. These advantages are largely unavailable in other developmental or adult models. As the mesenchymal cells produced by EMT in the heart are involved in defects found in congenital heart disease, there is also a direct relevance of cardiac EMT to human birth defects. This relationship has been explored in relation to environmental exposures and in a number of genetic models. This review provides both an overview of the findings developed from the assay and protocols to enable the use of the assay by other laboratories. The assay provides a versatile platform to explore roles of specific gene products, drugs, and environmental agents on a critical cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lencinas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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18
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de Vlaming A, Sauls K, Hajdu Z, Visconti RP, Mehesz AN, Levine RA, Slaugenhaupt SA, Hagège A, Chester AH, Markwald RR, Norris RA. Atrioventricular valve development: new perspectives on an old theme. Differentiation 2012; 84:103-16. [PMID: 22579502 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrioventricular valve development commences with an EMT event whereby endocardial cells transform into mesenchyme. The molecular events that induce this phenotypic change are well understood and include many growth factors, signaling components, and transcription factors. Besides their clear importance in valve development, the role of these transformed mesenchyme and the function they serve in the developing prevalve leaflets is less understood. Indeed, we know that these cells migrate, but how and why do they migrate? We also know that they undergo a transition to a mature, committed cell, largely defined as an interstitial fibroblast due to their ability to secrete various matrix components including collagen type I. However, we have yet to uncover mechanisms by which the matrix is synthesized, how it is secreted, and how it is organized. As valve disease is largely characterized by altered cell number, cell activation, and matrix disorganization, answering questions of how the valves are built will likely provide us with information of real clinical relevance. Although expression profiling and descriptive or correlative analyses are insightful, to advance the field, we must now move past the simplicity of these assays and ask fundamental, mechanistic based questions aimed at understanding how valves are "built". Herein we review current understandings of atrioventricular valve development and present what is known and what isn't known. In most cases, basic, biological questions and hypotheses that were presented decades ago on valve development still are yet to be answered but likely hold keys to uncovering new discoveries with relevance to both embryonic development and the developmental basis of adult heart valve diseases. Thus, the goal of this review is to remind us of these questions and provide new perspectives on an old theme of valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarieke de Vlaming
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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19
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Sánchez NS, Barnett JV. TGFβ and BMP-2 regulate epicardial cell invasion via TGFβR3 activation of the Par6/Smurf1/RhoA pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:539-548. [PMID: 22033038 PMCID: PMC3237859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development requires transfer of mesothelial cells to the heart surface to form the epicardium where some cells subsequently undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and invade the subepicardial matrix. Tgfbr3(-/-) mice die due to failed coronary vessel formation associated with decreased epicardial cell invasion but the mediators downstream of TGFβR3 are not well described. TGFβR3-dependent endocardial EMT stimulated by either TGFβ2 or BMP-2 requires activation of the Par6/Smurf1/RhoA 1pathway where Activin Receptor Like Kinase (ALK5) signals Par6 to act downstream of TGFβ to recruit Smurf1 to target RhoA for degradation to regulate apical-basal polarity and tight junction dissolution. Here we asked if this pathway was operant in epicardial cells and if TGFβR3 was required to access this pathway. Targeting of ALK5 in Tgfbr3(+/+) cells inhibited loss of epithelial character and invasion. Overexpression of wild-type (wt) Par6, but not dominant negative (dn) Par6, induced EMT and invasion while targeting Par6 by siRNA inhibited EMT and invasion. Overexpression of Smurf1 and dnRhoA induced loss of epithelial character and invasion. Targeting of Smurf1 by siRNA or overexpression of constitutively active (ca) RhoA inhibited EMT and invasion. In Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells which have a decreased ability to invade collagen gels in response to TGFβ2, overexpression of wtPar6, Smurf1, or dnRhoA had a diminished ability to induce invasion. Overexpression of TGFβR3 in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells, followed by siRNA targeting of Par6 or Smurf1, diminished the ability of TGFβR3 to rescue invasion demonstrating that the Par6/Smurf1/RhoA pathway is activated downstream of TGFβR3 in epicardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
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20
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Hill CR, Sanchez NS, Love JD, Arrieta JA, Hong CC, Brown CB, Austin AF, Barnett JV. BMP2 signals loss of epithelial character in epicardial cells but requires the Type III TGFβ receptor to promote invasion. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1012-22. [PMID: 22237159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development depends on a subpopulation of epicardial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and invade the subepicardial space and myocardium. These cells form the smooth muscle of the vessels and fibroblasts, but the mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Mice lacking the Type III Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor (TGFβR3) die by E14.5 due to failed coronary vessel development accompanied by reduced epicardial cell invasion. BMP2 signals via TGFβR3 emphasizing the importance of determining the relative contributions of the canonical BMP signaling pathway and TGFβR3-dependent signaling to BMP2 responsiveness. Here we examined the role of TGFβR3 in BMP2 signaling in epicardial cells. Whereas TGFβ induced loss of epithelial character and smooth muscle differentiation, BMP2 induced an ALK3-dependent loss of epithelial character and modestly inhibited TGFβ-stimulated differentiation. Tgfbr3(-/-) cells respond to BMP2 indicating that TGFβR3 is not required. However, Tgfbr3(-/-) cells show decreased invasion in response to BMP2 and overexpression of TGFβR3 in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued invasion. Invasion was dependent on ALK5, ALK2, ALK3, and Smad4. Expression of TGFβR3 lacking the 3 C-terminal amino acids required to interact with the scaffolding protein GIPC (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus) did not rescue. Knockdown of GIPC in Tgfbr3(+/+) or Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued with TGFβR3 decreased BMP2-stimulated invasion confirming a requirement for TGFβR3/GIPC interaction. Our results reveal the relative roles of TGFβR3-dependent and TGFβR3-independent signaling in the actions of BMP2 on epicardial cell behavior and demonstrate the critical role of TGFβR3 in mediating BMP2-stimulated invasion.
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21
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Hulin A, Deroanne CF, Lambert CA, Dumont B, Castronovo V, Defraigne JO, Nusgens BV, Radermecker MA, Colige AC. Metallothionein-dependent up-regulation of TGF-β2 participates in the remodelling of the myxomatous mitral valve. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:480-9. [PMID: 22180604 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although an excessive extracellular matrix remodelling has been well described in myxomatous mitral valve (MMV), the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Our goal was to identify dysregulated genes in human MMV and then to evaluate their functional role in the progression of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Dysregulated genes were investigated by transcriptomic, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analyses of the P2 segment collected from human idiopathic MMV during valvuloplasty (n = 23) and from healthy control valves (n = 17). The most striking results showed a decreased expression of two families of genes: the metallothioneins-1 and -2 (MT1/2) and members of the ADAMTS. The mechanistic consequences of the reduced level of MT1/2 were evaluated by silencing their expression in normal valvular interstitial cells (VICs) cultures. The knock-down of MT1/2 resulted in the up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). Most importantly, TGF-β2 was also found significantly increased in MMV tissues. The activation of VICs in vitro by TGF-β2 induced a down-regulation of ADAMTS-1 and an accumulation of versican as observed in human MMV. CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrate for the first time that MMV are characterized by reduced levels of MT1/2 accompanied by an up-regulation of TGF-β2. In turn, increased TGF-β2 signalling induces down-regulation of aggrecanases and up-regulation of versican, two co-operating processes that potentially participate in the development of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, B23/3, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
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Kokorina NA, Lewis JS, Zakharkin SO, Krebsbach PH, Nussenbaum B. rhBMP-2 has adverse effects on human oral carcinoma cell lines in vivo. Laryngoscope 2011; 122:95-102. [PMID: 21997819 DOI: 10.1002/lary.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To establish the relevance of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCA) cell lines and determine if there is a biologic impact of stimulating this pathway with recombinant human (rh) BMP-2. STUDY DESIGN In vitro laboratory investigations and in vivo analysis using an orthotopic animal model for oral cancer. METHODS Gene expression profiles for BMP-2 and components of the BMP-signaling pathway were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In vivo effects were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and studying histopathologic changes in established tumor xenografts with or without rhBMP-2 pretreatment. A phosphokinase array was used to detect levels of activation in signaling kinases. RESULTS The BMP-2 gene was expressed in 90% of the 30 OSCCA cell lines tested. Gene expression of all components of the BMP-signaling pathway was highly conserved. Tumor xenografts established with rhBMP-2-treated cells showed more rapid local growth that resulted in worse animal survival as compared to the control group. These tumors had a more poorly differentiated morphology. Changes in protein kinases suggested interactions of BMP-2 signaling with the Wnt-β-catenin, and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. CONCLUSIONS Human OSCCA cell lines frequently express BMP-2 and all necessary components of the BMP-signaling pathway. Exogenous treatment of human OSCCA cell lines with rhBMP-2 prior to engraftment in an orthotopic animal model caused the subsequent tumors to be more locally aggressive with worse survival. Continued caution should be used for considering rhBMP-2 for reconstruction of bone defects in oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kokorina
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Doetschman T, Barnett JV, Runyan RB, Camenisch TD, Heimark RL, Granzier HL, Conway SJ, Azhar M. Transforming growth factor beta signaling in adult cardiovascular diseases and repair. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:203-23. [PMID: 21953136 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of children with congenital heart disease now live into adulthood due to the remarkable surgical and medical advances that have taken place over the past half century. Because of this, adults now represent the largest age group with adult cardiovascular diseases. It includes patients with heart diseases that were not detected or not treated during childhood, those whose defects were surgically corrected but now need revision due to maladaptive responses to the procedure, those with exercise problems and those with age-related degenerative diseases. Because adult cardiovascular diseases in this population are relatively new, they are not well understood. It is therefore necessary to understand the molecular and physiological pathways involved if we are to improve treatments. Since there is a developmental basis to adult cardiovascular disease, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathways that are essential for proper cardiovascular development may also play critical roles in the homeostatic, repair and stress response processes involved in adult cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, we have chosen to summarize the current information on a subset of TGFβ ligand and receptor genes and related effector genes that, when dysregulated, are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases and adult cardiovascular deficiencies and/or pathologies. A better understanding of the TGFβ signaling network in cardiovascular disease and repair will impact genetic and physiologic investigations of cardiovascular diseases in elderly patients and lead to an improvement in clinical interventions.
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Townsend TA, Robinson JY, How T, DeLaughter DM, Blobe GC, Barnett JV. Endocardial cell epithelial-mesenchymal transformation requires Type III TGFβ receptor interaction with GIPC. Cell Signal 2011; 24:247-56. [PMID: 21945156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An early event in heart valve formation is the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of a subpopulation of endothelial cells in specific regions of the heart tube, the endocardial cushions. The Type III TGFβ receptor (TGFβR3) is required for TGFβ2- or BMP-2-stimulated EMT in atrioventricular endocardial cushion (AVC) explants in vitro but the mediators downstream of TGFβR3 are not well described. Using AVC and ventricular explants as an in vitro assay, we found an absolute requirement for specific TGFβR3 cytoplasmic residues, GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus (GIPC), and specific Activin Receptor-Like Kinases (ALK)s for TGFβR3-mediated EMT when stimulated by TGFβ2 or BMP-2. The introduction of TGFβR3 into nontransforming ventricular endocardial cells, followed by the addition of either TGFβ2 or BMP-2, results in EMT. TGFβR3 lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain, or only the 3C-terminal amino acids that are required to bind GIPC, fails to support EMT in response to TGFβ2 or BMP-2. Overexpression of GIPC in AVC endocardial cells enhanced EMT while siRNA-mediated silencing of GIPC in ventricular cells overexpressing TGFβR3 significantly inhibited EMT. Targeting of specific ALKs by siRNA revealed that TGFβR3-mediated EMT requires ALK2 and ALK3, in addition to ALK5, but not ALK4 or ALK6. Taken together, these data identify GIPC, ALK2, ALK3, and ALK5 as signaling components required for TGFβR3-mediated endothelial cell EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA.
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Azhar M, Brown K, Gard C, Chen H, Rajan S, Elliott DA, Stevens MV, Camenisch TD, Conway SJ, Doetschman T. Transforming growth factor Beta2 is required for valve remodeling during heart development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2127-41. [PMID: 21780244 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the function of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFβ2) in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is well studied, its role in valve remodeling remains to be fully explored. Here, we used histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical and molecular approaches and showed that significant dysregulation of major extracellular matrix (ECM) components contributed to valve remodeling defects in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. The data indicated that cushion mesenchymal cell differentiation was impaired in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. Hyaluronan and cartilage link protein-1 (CRTL1) were increased in hyperplastic valves of Tgfb2(-/-) embryos, indicating increased expansion and diversification of cushion mesenchyme into the cartilage cell lineage during heart development. Finally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses indicate that the activation of SMAD2/3 was decreased in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos during valve remodeling. Collectively, the data indicate that TGFβ2 promotes valve remodeling and differentiation by inducing matrix organization and suppressing cushion mesenchyme differentiation into cartilage cell lineage during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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DeLaughter DM, Saint-Jean L, Baldwin HS, Barnett JV. What chick and mouse models have taught us about the role of the endocardium in congenital heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:511-25. [PMID: 21538818 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Specific cell and tissue interactions drive the formation and function of the vertebrate cardiovascular system. Although much attention has been focused on the muscular components of the developing heart, the endocardium plays a key role in the formation of a functioning heart. Endocardial cells exhibit heterogeneity that allows them to participate in events such as the formation of the valves, septation of the outflow tract, and trabeculation. Here we review, the contributions of the endocardium to cardiovascular development and outline useful approaches developed in the chick and mouse that have revealed endocardial cell heterogeneity, the signaling molecules that direct endocardial cell behavior, and how these insights have contributed to our understanding of cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M DeLaughter
- Departments of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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