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Rajesh A, Ju EDE, Oxford KA, Harman RM, Van de Walle GR. The mesenchymal stromal cell secretome promotes tissue regeneration and increases macrophage infiltration in acute and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected skin wounds in vivo. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00758-8. [PMID: 38944795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The prevalence of chronic wounds continues to be a burden in human medicine. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is commonly isolated from infected wounds. MRSA infections primarily delay healing by impairing local immune cell functions. This study aimed to investigate the potential of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-secreted bioactive factors, defined as the secretome, to improve innate immune responses in vivo. MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of horses, which serve as valuable translational models for wound healing. The MSC secretome, collected as conditioned medium (CM), was evaluated in vivo using mouse models of acute and MRSA-infected skin wounds. METHODS Punch biopsies were used to create two full-thickness skin wounds on the back of each mouse. Acute wounds were treated daily with control medium or bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) CM. The antibiotic mupirocin was administered as a positive control for the MRSA-infected wound experiments. Wounds were photographed daily, and wound images were measured to determine the rate of closure. Trichrome staining was carried out to examine wound tissue histologically, and immunofluorescence antibody binding was used to assess immune cell infiltration. Wounds in the MRSA-infected model were swabbed for quantification of bacterial load. RESULTS Acute wounds treated with BM-MSC CM showed accelerated wound closure compared with controls, as illustrated by enhanced granulation tissue formation and resolution, increased vasculature and regeneration of hair follicles. This treatment also led to increased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. Chronic MRSA-infected wounds treated with BM-MSC CM showed reduced bacterial load accompanied by better resolution of granulation tissue formation and increased infiltration of pro-healing M2 macrophages compared with control-treated infected wounds. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings indicate that BM-MSC CM exerts pro-healing, immunomodulatory and anti-bacterial effects on wound healing in vivo, validating further exploration of the MSC secretome as a novel treatment option to improve healing of both acute and chronic wounds, especially those infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Rajesh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Esther Da Eun Ju
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kelly A Oxford
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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Cha J, Kim TG, Bhae E, Gwak HJ, Ju Y, Choe YH, Jang IH, Jung Y, Moon S, Kim T, Lee W, Park JS, Chung YW, Yang S, Kang YK, Hyun YM, Hwang GS, Lee WJ, Rho M, Ryu JH. Skin microbe-dependent TSLP-ILC2 priming axis in early life is co-opted in allergic inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:244-260.e11. [PMID: 38198924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Although early life colonization of commensal microbes contributes to long-lasting immune imprinting in host tissues, little is known regarding the pathophysiological consequences of postnatal microbial tuning of cutaneous immunity. Here, we show that postnatal exposure to specific skin commensal Staphylococcus lentus (S. lentus) promotes the extent of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammation in adults through priming of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Early postnatal skin is dynamically populated by discrete subset of primed ILC2s driven by microbiota-dependent induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in keratinocytes. Specifically, the indole-3-aldehyde-producing tryptophan metabolic pathway, shared across Staphylococcus species, is involved in TSLP-mediated ILC2 priming. Furthermore, we demonstrate a critical contribution of the early postnatal S. lentus-TSLP-ILC2 priming axis in facilitating AD-like inflammation that is not replicated by later microbial exposure. Thus, our findings highlight the fundamental role of time-dependent neonatal microbial-skin crosstalk in shaping the threshold of innate type 2 immunity co-opted in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Euihyun Bhae
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Gwak
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Yeajin Ju
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wuseong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Development and Differentiation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yong-Kook Kang
- Development and Differentiation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mina Rho
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Ersanli C, Tzora A, Voidarou C(C, Skoufos S, Zeugolis DI, Skoufos I. Biodiversity of Skin Microbiota as an Important Biomarker for Wound Healing. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1187. [PMID: 37759587 PMCID: PMC10525143 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a natural and complex repair process that is implicated within four stages. However, microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) can easily penetrate through the skin tissue from the wound bed, which may lead to disbalance in the skin microbiota. Although commensal and pathogenic bacteria are in equilibrium in normal skin, their imbalance in the wound area can cause the delay or impairment of cutaneous wounds. Moreover, skin microbiota is in constant crosstalk with the immune system and epithelial cells, which has significance for the healing of a wound. Therefore, understanding the major bacteria species in the cutaneous wound as well as their communication with the immune system has gained prominence in a way that allows for the emergence of a new perspective for wound healing. In this review, the major bacteria isolated from skin wounds, the role of the crosstalk between the cutaneous microbiome and immune system to heal wounds, the identification techniques of these bacteria populations, and the applied therapies to manipulate the skin microbiota are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Ersanli
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.E.); (I.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.V.)
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.V.)
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.V.)
| | - Stylianos Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.V.)
| | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece; (C.E.); (I.S.)
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Gannesen AV, Ziganshin RH, Ovcharova MA, Nevolina ED, Klimko AI, Martyanov SV, Plakunov VK. Epinephrine Affects Ribosomes, Cell Division, and Catabolic Processes in Micrococcus luteus Skin Strain C01: Revelation of the Conditionally Extensive Hormone Effect Using Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2181. [PMID: 37764026 PMCID: PMC10535722 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, extensive Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis was conducted for skin strain Micrococcus luteus C01 planktonic cultures and biofilms after 24 h and 72 h of incubation either in the presence of epinephrine or without any implementations. The investigation revealed the complex and conditionally extensive effect of epinephrine at concentrations closer to normal blood plasma concentrations on both planktonic cultures and biofilms of skin strain M. luteus C01. The concentrations of hundreds of proteins changed during the shift from planktonic growth mode to biofilm and hundreds of proteins were downregulated or upregulated in the presence of epinephrine. Ribosomal, TCA, and cell division proteins appear to be the most altered in their amounts in the presence of the hormone. Potentially, the regulatory mechanism of this process is connected with c-di-GMP and histidine kinases, which were affected by epinephrine in different samples. The phenomenon of epinephrine-based biofilm regulation in M. luteus C01 has wide implications for microbial endocrinology and other research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Gannesen
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Ovcharova
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Ekaterina D. Nevolina
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Alena I. Klimko
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Sergey V. Martyanov
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
| | - Vladimir K. Plakunov
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.O.); (E.D.N.); (A.I.K.); (S.V.M.); (V.K.P.)
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Konina K, Freeman TA, Kushner MJ. Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of skin: penetration into hair follicles. PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 32:085020. [PMID: 37654601 PMCID: PMC10466460 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/acef59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Sterilization of skin prior to surgery is challenged by the reservoir of bacteria that resides in hair follicles. Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) have been proposed as a method to treat and deactivate these bacteria as atmospheric plasmas are able to penetrate into structures and crevices with dimensions similar to those found in hair follicles. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of an APPJ sustained in helium flowing into ambient air, and incident onto a layered dielectric similar to human skin in which there are idealized hair follicles. We found that, depending on the location of the follicle, the bulk ionization wave (IW) incident onto the skin, or the surface IW on the skin, are able to launch IWs into the follicle. The uniformity of treatment of the follicle depends on the location of the first entry of the plasma into the follicle on the top of the skin. Typically, only one side of the follicle is treated on for a given plasma pulse, with uniform treatment resulting from rastering the plasma jet across the follicle over many pulses. Plasma treatment of the follicle is sensitive to the angle of the follicle with respect to the skin, width of the follicle pocket, conductivity of the dermis and thickness of the underlying subcutaneous fat layer, the latter due to the change in capacitance of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Konina
- Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Department, University of Michigan, 2355 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2104, United States of America
| | - Theresa A Freeman
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Mark J Kushner
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States of America
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De Almeida CV, Antiga E, Lulli M. Oral and Topical Probiotics and Postbiotics in Skincare and Dermatological Therapy: A Concise Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1420. [PMID: 37374920 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin microbiota is a pivotal contributor to the maintenance of skin homeostasis by protecting it from harmful pathogens and regulating the immune system. An imbalance in the skin microbiota can lead to pathological conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne. The balance of the skin microbiota components can be disrupted by different elements and dynamics such as changes in pH levels, exposure to environmental toxins, and the use of certain skincare products. Some research suggests that certain probiotic strains and their metabolites (postbiotics) may provide benefits such as improving the skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and improving the appearance of acne-prone or eczema-prone skin. Consequently, in recent years probiotics and postbiotics have become a popular ingredient in skincare products. Moreover, it was demonstrated that skin health can be influenced by the skin-gut axis, and imbalances in the gut microbiome caused by poor diet, stress, or the use of antibiotics can lead to skin conditions. In this way, products that improve gut microbiota balance have been gaining attention from cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. The present review will focus on the crosstalk between the SM and the host, and its effects on health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiliano Antiga
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Ovcharova MA, Schelkunov MI, Geras’kina OV, Makarova NE, Sukhacheva MV, Martyanov SV, Nevolina ED, Zhurina MV, Feofanov AV, Botchkova EA, Plakunov VK, Gannesen AV. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Acts as a Microorganism-Activated Regulator of the Skin Commensals Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes in Dual-Species Biofilms. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:436. [PMID: 36979128 PMCID: PMC10045295 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of C-type natriuretic peptide in a concentration closer to the normal level in human blood plasma was studied on the mono-species and dual-species biofilms of the skin commensal bacteria Cutibacterium acnes HL043PA2 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC14990. Despite the marginal effect of the hormone on cutibacteria in mono-species biofilms, the presence of staphylococci in the community resulted in a global shift of the CNP effect, which appeared to increase the competitive properties of C. acnes, its proliferation and the metabolic activity of the community. S. epidermidis was mostly inhibited in the presence of CNP. Both bacteria had a significant impact on the gene expression levels revealed by RNA-seq. CNP did not affect the gene expression levels in mono-species cutibacterial biofilms; however, in the presence of staphylococci, five genes were differentially expressed in the presence of the hormone, including two ribosomal proteins and metal ABC transporter permease. In staphylococci, the Na-translocating system protein MpsB NADH-quinone oxidoreductase subunit L was downregulated in the dual-species biofilms in the presence of CNP, while in mono-species biofilms, two proteins of unknown function were downregulated. Hypothetically, at least one of the CNP mechanisms of action is via the competition for zinc, at least on cutibacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Ovcharova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Schelkunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127051, Russia
| | - Olga V. Geras’kina
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | | | - Marina V. Sukhacheva
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Martyanov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Ekaterina D. Nevolina
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Marina V. Zhurina
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Feofanov
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Botchkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir K. Plakunov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Gannesen
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Fan D, Ma J, Liu X, Zhang S, Sun J, Li Y, Jiang B, Zhang L. The safety and efficiency of benzoyl peroxide for reducing Cutibacterium acnes in the shoulder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg 2023; 10:1015490. [PMID: 36969754 PMCID: PMC10036352 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1015490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a common pathogen, contributes significantly to infections in shoulder surgery. Prevention of shoulder infection is crucial to improve postoperative functional recovery and reduce costs. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and efficacy of 5% benzoyl peroxide (BPO) application in the shoulder to decrease C. acnes.MethodsThree electronic databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. Data extraction for this study was performed by two independent reviewers, and only level I and level II studies were included. The outcome data sources of individual studies were pooled. The fixed-effect model was used to determine the meta-analysis.ResultsThere were five level I studies and five level II studies. The results showed that the 5% BPO group had a lower risk of C. acnes positivity [OR, 0.21 (0.15, 0.30), I2 = 24, p < 0.00001]. The pooled analysis results showed that there was no significant difference in the ability of 5% BPO and 5% BPO + clindamycin to reduce C. acnes. However, the lower rate of adverse events was significantly in favour of the non-BPO group compared with the 5% BPO group.ConclusionBPO can decrease C. acnes in the shoulder to prevent infection. However, the combination of BPO and clindamycin does not enhance this effect further.Level of evidenceII, Systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DingYuan Fan
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoHua Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Lei Zhang
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9
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Trompette A, Ubags ND. Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:194-207. [PMID: 36868478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body's protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely and sharing many similarities with key mucosal barrier sites, such as the gut and the lung, the skin also provides protection for internal tissues and organs and has a distinct lipid and chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time and is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Alterations in early life skin immune and structural development may have long-term consequences for skin health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cutaneous barrier and immune development from early life to adulthood, with an overview of skin physiology and immune responses. We specifically highlight the influence of the skin microenvironment and other host intrinsic, host extrinsic (e.g. skin microbiome), and environmental factors on early life cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Rudolph T, Floccari L, Crawford H, Field A. A microbiology study on the wounds of pediatric patients undergoing spinal fusion for scoliosis. Spine Deform 2023; 11:305-312. [PMID: 36151443 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surgical site infection is a significant complication in posterior spinal fusion for scoliosis in pediatric and adolescent patients. Current literature demonstrates a lack of consensus regarding best prophylactic systemic and topical antibiotic regimens for reducing infection rates. This study aims to identify which common microbes are present at particular locations in the spine, and whether these are covered by our current systemic and topical antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. METHODS A prospective observational study at a National Children's Hospital was conducted on 21 consecutive patients who underwent elective surgery for spinal deformity. Swabs were taken from four layers of the spine, including the superficial skin surface at the start of the case (after surgical site preparation with povidone-iodine), the deep dermis, and the deep surgical bed at the end of exposure and again after the corrective maneuver prior to closure. At each layer, swabs were taken from the proximal, middle, and distal portion of the wound. Swabs were sent to the laboratory for culture and susceptibility testing. RESULTS Thirteen (62%) of patients had positive microbial growth. Two microbes were identified, Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.5% of patients) and Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) (52% of patients). 100% of these microbes were sensitive to cefazolin and vancomycin. 3% of patients had positive growth at the skin layer, 32% positive at the dermal layer, 17% positive after exposure, and 40% positive at the conclusion of the case (p = 0.006). No difference was observed in microbial presence in the upper thoracic, lower thoracic and lumbar spine. CONCLUSION Despite adequate surgical site preparation and sterile procedure, microbial contamination remains abundant in the dermal layer and deeper in the spinal wound throughout the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Rudolph
- Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Antony Field
- Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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Busch L, Hanuschik AM, Avlasevich Y, Darm K, Hochheiser EF, Kohler C, Idelevich EA, Becker K, Rotsch P, Landfester K, Darvin ME, Meinke MC, Keck CM, Kramer A, Zwicker P. Advanced Skin Antisepsis: Application of UVA-Cleavable Hydroxyethyl Starch Nanocapsules for Improved Eradication of Hair Follicle-Associated Microorganisms. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:609. [PMID: 36839931 PMCID: PMC9966858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles constitute important drug delivery targets for skin antisepsis since they contain ≈25% of the skin microbiome. Nanoparticles are known to penetrate deeply into hair follicles. By massaging the skin, the follicular penetration process is enhanced based on a ratchet effect. Subsequently, an intrafollicular drug release can be initiated by various trigger mechanisms. Here, we present novel ultraviolet A (UVA)-responsive nanocapsules (NCs) with a size between 400 and 600 nm containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) functionalized by an o-nitrobenzyl linker. A phase transfer into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and ethanol was carried out, during which an aggregation of the particles was observed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The highest stabilization for the target medium ethanol as well as UVA-dependent release of ethanol from the HES-NCs was achieved by adding 0.1% betaine monohydrate. Furthermore, sufficient cytocompatibility of the HES-NCs was demonstrated. On ex vivo porcine ear skin, a strong UVA-induced release of the model drug sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) could be demonstrated after application of the NCs in cyclohexane using laser scanning microscopy. In a final experiment, a microbial reduction comparable to that of an ethanol control was demonstrated on ex vivo porcine ear skin using a novel UVA-LED lamp for triggering the release of ethanol from HES-NCs. Our study provides first indications that an advanced skin antisepsis based on the eradication of intrafollicular microorganisms could be achieved by the topical application of UVA-responsive NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Busch
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Hanuschik
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yuri Avlasevich
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Darm
- Friedrich Loeffler—Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elisa F. Hochheiser
- Friedrich Loeffler—Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler—Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Evgeny A. Idelevich
- Friedrich Loeffler—Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler—Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Rotsch
- OSA Opto Light GmbH, Köpenicker Str. 325, 12555 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maxim E. Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C. Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Paula Zwicker
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Mehrabi MR, Soltani M, Chiani M, Raahemifar K, Farhangi A. Nanomedicine: New Frontiers in Fighting Microbial Infections. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:483. [PMID: 36770443 PMCID: PMC9920255 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have dominated life on Earth for the past two billion years, despite facing a variety of obstacles. In the 20th century, antibiotics and immunizations brought about these changes. Since then, microorganisms have acquired resistance, and various infectious diseases have been able to avoid being treated with traditionally developed vaccines. Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity have surpassed antibiotic discovery in terms of importance over the course of the past few decades. These shifts have resulted in tremendous economic and health repercussions across the board for all socioeconomic levels; thus, we require ground-breaking innovations to effectively manage microbial infections and to provide long-term solutions. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors have been radically altered as a result of nanomedicine, and this trend is now spreading to the antibacterial research community. Here, we examine the role that nanomedicine plays in the prevention of microbial infections, including topics such as diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, pharmaceutical administration, and immunizations, as well as the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mehrabi
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Madjid Soltani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 19967-15433, Iran
- Advanced Bioengineering Initiative Center, Multidisciplinary International Complex, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CBB), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mohsen Chiani
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Kaamran Raahemifar
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Program, College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST), Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Farhangi
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
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13
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Zhong C, Liang G, Li P, Shi K, Li F, Zhou J, Xu D. Inflammatory response: The target for treating hyperpigmentation during the repair of a burn wound. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1009137. [PMID: 36817442 PMCID: PMC9929571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1009137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common complication in patients with burn injuries during wound healing; however, the mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain unclear. Recently, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) was found to result from overproduction of melanin. Local or systemic inflammatory responses are often observed in patients who develop hyperpigmentation. However, we lack studies on the relationship between PIH and burn injury. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the existing literature on the melanogenesis of the skin, inflammatory mechanisms in pigmentation, and local or systemic alteration in inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from burn trauma to elucidate the relationship between PIH and burn injury. We believe that this review will guide further research on regulating melanin production in the burn management process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Geao Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiting Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuyin Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Gannesen AV, Ziganshin RH, Zdorovenko EL, Klimko AI, Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Tereshina VM, Gorbachevskii MV, Ovcharova MA, Nevolina ED, Martyanov SV, Shashkov AS, Dmitrenok AS, Novikov AA, Zhurina MV, Botchkova EA, Toukach PV, Plakunov VK. Epinephrine extensively changes the biofilm matrix composition in Micrococcus luteus C01 isolated from human skin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003942. [PMID: 36204611 PMCID: PMC9530943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the impact of human hormones on commensal microbiota and microbial biofilms is established in lots of studies. In the present investigation, we continued and extended the research of epinephrine effects on the skin commensal Micrococcus luteus C01 and its biofilms, and also the matrix changes during the biofilm growth. Epinephrine in concentration 4.9 × 10-9 M which is close to normal blood plasma level increased the amount of polysaccharides and extracellular DNA in the matrix, changed extensively its protein, lipid and polysaccharide composition. The Ef-Tu factor was one of the most abundant proteins in the matrix and its amount increased in the presence of the hormone. One of the glucose-mannose polysaccharide was absent in the matrix in presence of epinephrine after 24 h of incubation. The matrix phospholipids were also eradicated by the addition of the hormone. Hence, epinephrine has a great impact on the M. luteus biofilms and their matrix composition, and this fact opens wide perspectives for the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Gannesen
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evelina L. Zdorovenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena I. Klimko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera M. Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria A. Ovcharova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina D. Nevolina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Martyanov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei A. Novikov
- Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Gubkin University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Zhurina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Botchkova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Gubkin University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Philipp V. Toukach
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir K. Plakunov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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15
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El-Salamouni NS, Gowayed MA, Younis SE, Abdel-Bary A, Kamel MA, Labib GS. Pentoxifylline/Valsartan co-delivery in liposomal gel alters the inflammatory HMGB-1/ TLR pathway and promotes faster healing in burn wounds: A promising repurposed approach. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122129. [PMID: 36007851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Burn wounds are one of the most severe complex forms of trauma. Hence, new treatment strategies that facilitate the healing process; reduce the severity and the healing time is the main concern of the health care systems. In this work, pentoxifylline-valsartan, (PTX- VAL), loaded liposomes integrated into gel were designed for the first time as a novel co-delivery carrier for the treatment of burn wounds. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of the nano-based liposomal system to co-entrap two repurposed drugs; hydrophilic pentoxifylline and lipophilic valsartan for topical treatment of burn wounds. The impact of increasing the phospholipid amount to enhance the co-entrapment of PTX and VAL was investigated and in-vitro evaluation of the prepared formulations was conducted to choose the optimum composition with the highest entrapment of both drugs adopting a simple, reliable derivative spectrophotometric method. Structure elucidation was also performed using a transmission electron microscope. In addition, A simple selected derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for the assay of PTX-VAL novel combination. The proven selectivity, precision and accuracy assured the reliability of this analytical method. Being economic and fast makes routine application of the developed analytical method is recommended in pharmaceutical industry. The selected liposomal formulation integrated into gel matrix (PTX-VAL-LG) showed; nanometric size, acceptable entrapment efficiency of both PTX and VAL as well as sustained release profiles and thus, enhanced action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S El-Salamouni
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mennatallah A Gowayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sameh E Younis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Bary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Andrology and Dermatopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Gihan S Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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16
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A 3D-printed transepidermal microprojection array for human skin microbiome sampling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203556119. [PMID: 35867832 PMCID: PMC9335308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203556119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin microbiome sampling is currently performed with tools such as swabs and tape strips to collect microbes from the skin surface. However, these conventional approaches may be unable to detect microbes deeper in the epidermis or in epidermal invaginations. We describe a sampling tool with a depth component, a transepidermal microprojection array (MPA), which captures microbial biomass from both the epidermal surface and deeper skin layers. We leveraged the rapid customizability of 3D printing to enable systematic optimization of MPA for human skin sampling. Evaluation of sampling efficacy on human scalp revealed the optimized MPA was comparable in sensitivity to swab and superior to tape strip, especially for nonstandard skin surfaces. We observed differences in species diversity, with the MPA detecting clinically relevant fungi more often than other approaches. This work delivers a tool in the complex field of skin microbiome sampling to potentially address gaps in our understanding of its role in health and disease.
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17
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Kakadia PG, Conway BR. Design and development of essential oil based nanoemulsion for topical application of triclosan for effective skin antisepsis. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:554-564. [PMID: 35666086 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2087085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin acts as physical barrier to protect the body from external physical and chemical environment. When skin is infected, the outer epidermal barrier is compromised and colonized with microbial growth. Wound infection presents an immense burden in healthcare costs and decreased quality of life for patients. Topical application of nanoemulsions (NE) at pathological sites offers the potential advantage of direct drug delivery to the skin including potential for follicular targeting. This may have application in the improvement of skin antisepsis. In this study, NEs of triclosan (TSN) were prepared using hot high shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication. The oil phases comprised eucalyptus oil (EO) and olive oil (OO) and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams used to select optimum concentrations of surfactant. EO-based NEs had smaller droplet size and higher entrapment efficiency compared to OO-based NEs. Skin permeation was higher for EO-containing formulations, likely due to higher solubility of TSN in EO, smaller droplet size, low viscosity, and permeation enhancement effects of EO. Significantly, TSN was retained within the skin, demonstrating the potential of NEs for targeting hair follicular delivery within the skin, which may help improve the success of topical antisepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha G Kakadia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Barbara R Conway
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.,Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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18
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Effect of β-Estradiol on Mono- and Mixed-Species Biofilms of Human Commensal Bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei AK508 and Micrococcus luteus C01 on Different Model Surfaces. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of steroid hormones, and particularly estradiol, on human microbiota could be recognized as a substantial part of human-microbiota interactions. However, an area that remains poorly investigated is that of the skin and vaginal microbial communities and biofilms, which contain non-pathogenic bacteria of phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, especially probiotic bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and the widespread, safe skin genus, Micrococcus. Experiments with Lactobacillus paracasei AK508 and Micrococcus luteus C01 biofilms on PTFE cubes showed dose-dependent effects of estradiol at concentrations of 0.22 nM and 22 nM. The hormone mostly inhibits L. paracasei growth and stimulates M. luteus. The presented studies of colony-forming unit (CFU) amountsand cell aggregation in biofilms on glass fiber filters showed the same general tendencies. Estradiol generally increased the aggregation of cells in monospecies communities and potentially changed the synthesis of antibacterial metabolites in L. paracasei. The balance between two bacteria in mixed-species biofilms depended on the initial adhesion stage, and when this stage was reduced, micrococci were more resistant to the antagonistic action of L. paracasei. Moreover, in mixed-species biofilms, the effect of estradiol on lactobacilli altered from inhibition to stimulation, potentially due to the presence of M. luteus. At the same time, ethanol as a solvent for estradiol at the concentration 0.6% acted mostly as an antagonist of the hormone and had an opposite effect on bacteria; nevertheless, the overlapping of ethanol and estradiol effects was shown to be minimal. The data obtained prove the complexity of microbial interactions and the regulatory effect of estradiol on commensal bacteria biofilms.
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19
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Senker W, Aspalter S, Radl C, Pichler J, Doppler S, Weis S, Webersinke C, Wagner H, Hermann P, Aichholzer M, Aufschnaiter-Hießböck K, Thomae W, Stroh N, Hauser T, Gruber A. Frequency and characteristics of bacterial and viral low-grade infections of the intervertebral discs: a prospective, observational study. J Orthop Traumatol 2022; 23:15. [PMID: 35303173 PMCID: PMC8933588 DOI: 10.1186/s10195-022-00633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Study design Monocentric, prospective, observational study. Objective The clinical relevance of bacterial colonization of intervertebral discs is controversial. This study aimed to determine a possible relationship between bacterial and viral colonization and low-grade infection of the discs. Methods We investigated 447 disc samples from 392 patients. Microbiological culture was used to examine the samples for bacterial growth, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and histopathological analysis was used to detect signs of inflammation. The results were compared between subgroups organized according to gender, age, location of the samples, surgical approach, preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP), preoperative and 6 months postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Modic changes (MC) of the corresponding endplates. Also, we assessed the occurrence of postoperative infections within 6 months. Results Microbiological culture was positive in 38.78% of the analyzed intervertebral discs. Altogether, 180 bacteria were isolated. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) (23.41%) and Cutibacterium acnes (18.05%) were the most frequently detected microorganisms. None of HSV-1, HSV-2, or CMV were detected. Male patients (p = 0.00036) and cervical segments (p = 0.00001) showed higher rates of positive culture results. Ventral surgical approaches ( p < 0.001) and Type 2 MC (p = 0.0127) were significantly associated with a positive microbiological result ( p< 0.001). Neither pre- nor postoperative ODI and NDI are associated with positive culture results. In 4 (1.02%) patients, postoperative spondylodiscitis occurred. Conclusions With 447 segments from 392 patients, we present one of the largest studies to date. While disc degeneration caused by HSV-1, HSV-2, and CMV seems unlikely, we found positive microbiological culture results in 38.78% of all discs. The role of local skin flora and sample contamination should be the focus of further investigations. Level of Evidence III. Trial registration: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04712487, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04712487). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10195-022-00633-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Senker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Aspalter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria.
| | - Christian Radl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Josef Pichler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Stefan Doppler
- Institute of Pathology and Microbiology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Serge Weis
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christine Webersinke
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Helga Wagner
- Center for Clinical Studies (CCS Linz), Johannes Kepler University, Huemerstrasse 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria.,Department of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Institute of Applied Statistics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Hermann
- Center for Clinical Studies (CCS Linz), Johannes Kepler University, Huemerstrasse 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Martin Aichholzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Aufschnaiter-Hießböck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Thomae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Nico Stroh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Hauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Gruber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, 4020, Linz, Austria
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20
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Bay L, Ring HC. Human skin microbiota in health and disease: The cutaneous communities' interplay in equilibrium and dysbiosis: The cutaneous communities' interplay in equilibrium and dysbiosis. APMIS 2021; 130:706-718. [PMID: 34919288 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous microbial composition is driven by the microenvironment of the skin, as well as by internal and external factors. Local changes in the microenvironment can affect the configuration of the community, which may lead toward an imbalance of microbiota. Alterations in the microbial profile are common in both inflammatory skin diseases and chronic infections. A shift in balance within the microbiota, toward limited variation and a greater abundance of specific pathogens, may further worsen the pathogenicity of the diseases. These alterations may be prevented by topical treatment of probiotic solutions stimulating a balanced multispecies community. Compositional variations may further constitute potential biomarkers to predict flares or monitor efficacy during therapy. New approaches such as machine learning may contribute to this prediction of microbial alterations prior to the development of chronic infections and flares. This review provides insight into the composition and distribution of a healthy community of microorganisms in the skin and draws parallels with the community in chronic infections and chronic inflammatory skin diseases such acne vulgaris and Hidradenitis Suppurativa. We discuss the potential role of specific species in the pathogenesis and the possible prevention of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Bay
- Bacterial Infection Biology, Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Ring
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Dhariwala MO, Scharschmidt TC. Baby's skin bacteria: first impressions are long-lasting. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1088-1099. [PMID: 34743922 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early life is a dynamic period for skin microbial colonization and immune development. We postulate that microbial exposures in this period durably alter the skin immune trajectory and later disease susceptibility. Bacteria contribute to infant skin immune imprinting via interactions with microbes as well as with cutaneous epithelial and immune cells. Excellent research is underway at the skin microbiome-immune interface, both in deciphering basic mechanisms and implementing their therapeutic applications. As emphasized herein, focusing on the unique opportunities and challenges presented by microbial immune modulation in early life will be important. In our view, only through dedicated study of skin-microbe crosstalk in this developmental window can we elucidate the molecular underpinnings of pivotal events that contribute to sustained host-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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22
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Comparison of non-invasive Staphylococcus aureus sampling methods on lesional skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 41:245-252. [PMID: 34734346 PMCID: PMC8770445 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that Staphylococcus aureus colonisation is linked to severity of atopic dermatitis. As no gold standard for S. aureus sampling on atopic dermatitis skin lesions exists, this study compared three commonly used methods. In addition, effectiveness of standard skin disinfection to remove S. aureus colonisation from these inflamed skin lesions was investigated. In 30 atopic dermatitis patients, three different S. aureus sampling methods, i.e. detergent scrubbing, moist swabbing and tape stripping, were performed on naïve and disinfected skin lesions. Two different S. aureus selective media, mannitol salt agar and chromID agar, were used for bacterial growing. Quantifying the S. aureus load varied significantly between the different sampling methods on naïve skin lesions ranging from mean 51 to 1.5 × 104 CFU/cm2 (p < 0.001). The qualitative detection on naïve skin was highest with the two detergent-based techniques (86% each), while for tape stripping, this value was 67% (all on chromID agar). In comparison, mannitol salt agar was less sensitive (p < 0.001). The disinfection of the skin lesions led to a significant reduction of the S. aureus load (p < 0.05) but no complete eradication in the case of previously positive swab. The obtained data highlight the importance of the selected sampling method and consecutive S. aureus selection agar plates to implement further clinical studies for the effectiveness of topical anti-staphylococcal antibiotics. Other disinfection regimes should be considered in atopic dermatitis patients when complete de-colonisation of certain skin areas is required, e.g. for surgical procedures.
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23
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Gannesen A, Schelkunov M, Geras'kina O, Makarova N, Sukhacheva M, Danilova N, Ovcharova M, Mart'yanov S, Pankratov T, Muzychenko D, Zhurina M, Feofanov A, Botchkova E, Plakunov V. Epinephrine affects gene expression levels and has a complex effect on biofilm formation in M icrococcus luteus strain C01 isolated from human skin. Biofilm 2021; 3:100058. [PMID: 34729469 PMCID: PMC8543384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of epinephrine on the biofilm formation of Micrococcus luteus C01 isolated from human skin was investigated in depth for the first time. This hormone has a complex effect on biofilms in various systems. In a system with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cubes, treatment with epinephrine at a physiological concentration of 4.9 × 10-9 M increased the total amount of 72-h biofilm biomass stained with crystal violet and increased the metabolic activity of biofilms, but at higher and lower concentrations, the treatment had no significant effect. On glass fiber filters, treatment with the hormone decreased the number of colony forming units (CFUs) and changed the aggregation but did not affect the metabolic activity of biofilm cells. In glass bottom plates examined by confocal microscopy, epinephrine notably inhibited the growth of biofilms. RNA-seq analysis and RT-PCR demonstrated reproducible upregulation of genes encoding Fe-S cluster assembly factors and cyanide detoxification sulfurtransferase, whereas genes encoding the co-chaperone GroES, the LysE superfamily of lysine exporters, short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase and the potential c-di-GMP phosphotransferase were downregulated. Our results suggest that epinephrine may stimulate matrix synthesis in M. luteus biofilms, thereby increasing the activity of NAD(H) oxidoreductases. Potential c-di-GMP pathway proteins are essential in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Gannesen
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Corresponding author.
| | - M.I. Schelkunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - O.V. Geras'kina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.E. Makarova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.V. Sukhacheva
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.D. Danilova
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Ovcharova
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S.V. Mart'yanov
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.A. Pankratov
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D.S. Muzychenko
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.V. Zhurina
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.V. Feofanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E.A. Botchkova
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.K. Plakunov
- Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Commensal-Related Changes in the Epidermal Barrier Function Lead to Alterations in the Benzo[ a]Pyrene Metabolite Profile and Its Distribution in 3D Skin. mBio 2021; 12:e0122321. [PMID: 34579573 PMCID: PMC8546866 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01223-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are among the most abundant environmental pollutants, resulting in continuous exposure of human skin and its microbiota. However, effects of the latter on B[a]P toxicity, absorption, metabolism, and distribution in humans remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the skin microbiota does metabolize B[a]P on and in human skin in situ, using a recently developed commensal skin model. In this model, microbial metabolism leads to high concentrations of known microbial B[a]P metabolites on the surface as well as in the epidermal layers. In contrast to what was observed for uncolonized skin, B[a]P and its metabolites were subject to altered rates of skin penetration and diffusion, resulting in up to 58% reduction of metabolites recovered from basal culture medium. The results indicate the reason for this altered behavior to be a microbially induced strengthening of the epidermal barrier. Concomitantly, colonized models showed decreased formation and penetration of the ultimate carcinogen B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), leading, in consequence, to fewer BPDE-DNA adducts being formed. Befittingly, transcript and expression levels of key proteins for repairing environmentally induced DNA damage such as xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) were also found to be reduced in the commensal models, as was expression of B[a]P-associated cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs). The results show that the microbiome can have significant effects on the toxicology of external chemical impacts. The respective effects rely on a complex interplay between microbial and host metabolism and microbe-host interactions, all of which cannot be adequately assessed using single-system studies.
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25
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The Antibiofilm Nanosystems for Improved Infection Inhibition of Microbes in Skin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216392. [PMID: 34770799 PMCID: PMC8587837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor for the opportunistic microorganisms that elicit skin infections. The recalcitrant feature of biofilms and their antibiotic tolerance impose a great challenge on the use of conventional therapies. Most antibacterial agents have difficulty penetrating the matrix produced by a biofilm. One novel approach to address these concerns is to prevent or inhibit the formation of biofilms using nanoparticles. The advantages of using nanosystems for antibiofilm applications include high drug loading efficiency, sustained or prolonged drug release, increased drug stability, improved bioavailability, close contact with bacteria, and enhanced accumulation or targeting to biomasses. Topically applied nanoparticles can act as a strategy for enhancing antibiotic delivery into the skin. Various types of nanoparticles, including metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and lipid-based nanoparticles, have been employed for topical delivery to treat biofilm infections on the skin. Moreover, nanoparticles can be designed to combine with external stimuli to produce magnetic, photothermal, or photodynamic effects to ablate the biofilm matrix. This study focuses on advanced antibiofilm approaches based on nanomedicine for treating skin infections. We provide in-depth descriptions on how the nanoparticles could effectively eliminate biofilms and any pathogens inside them. We then describe cases of using nanoparticles for antibiofilm treatment of the skin. Most of the studies included in this review were supported by in vivo animal infection models. This article offers an overview of the benefits of nanosystems for treating biofilms grown on the skin.
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26
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Lunjani N, Ahearn-Ford S, Dube FS, Hlela C, O'Mahony L. Mechanisms of microbe-immune system dialogue within the skin. Genes Immun 2021; 22:276-288. [PMID: 33993202 PMCID: PMC8497273 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of dermatological conditions such as atopic dermatitis have increased dramatically during recent decades. Many of the factors associated with an altered risk of developing inflammatory skin disorders have also been shown to alter the composition and diversity of non-pathogenic microbial communities that inhabit the human host. While the most densely microbial populated organ is the gut, culture and non-culture-based technologies have revealed a dynamic community of bacteria, fungi, viruses and mites that exist on healthy human skin, which change during disease. In this review, we highlight some of the recent findings on the mechanisms through which microbes interact with each other on the skin and the signalling systems that mediate communication between the immune system and skin-associated microbes. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical studies that are targeting the microbiome in patients with skin disorders. While significant efforts are still required to decipher the mechanisms underpinning host-microbe communication relevant to skin health, it is likely that disease-related microbial communities, or Dermatypes, will help identify personalized treatments and appropriate microbial reconstitution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Felix S Dube
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carol Hlela
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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27
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Mangion SE, Holmes AM, Roberts MS. Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9730. [PMID: 34575891 PMCID: PMC8465279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Mangion
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Amy M. Holmes
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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28
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Danilova ND, Geraskina OV, Diuvenji EV, Feofanov AV, Plakunov VK, Gannesen AV. Inhibitory Effect of Norepinephrine on Biofilm Growth of the Human Skin Commensal Kytococcus schroeteri H01. Microbiology (Reading) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261721050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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29
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Zdorovenko EL, Gannesen AV, Dmitrenok AS, Zhurina MV, Mart'yanov SV, Shashkov AS. Structure of cell-wall glycopolymers of Micrococcus luteus C01. Carbohydr Res 2021; 506:108356. [PMID: 34087653 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycopolymers of two types were isolated from the cell wall of Micrococcus luteus C01 by stepwise extraction with cold and hot 10% aq CCl3CO2H. The following structures of the glycopolymers were established by compositional analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy: where L-Glu indicates glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Gannesen
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Zhurina
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Mart'yanov
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Boero E, Mnich ME, Manetti AGO, Soldaini E, Grimaldi L, Bagnoli F. Human Three-Dimensional Models for Studying Skin Pathogens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:3-27. [PMID: 32601967 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the most exposed surface of the human body, separating the microbe-rich external environment, from the sterile inner part. When skin is breached or its homeostasis is perturbed, bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens can cause local infections or use the skin as an entry site to spread to other organs. In the last decades, it has become clear that skin provides niches for permanent microbial colonization, and it actively interacts with microorganisms. This crosstalk promotes skin homeostasis and immune maturation, preventing expansion of harmful organisms. Skin commensals, however, are often found to be skin most prevalent and dangerous pathogens. Despite the medical interest, mechanisms of colonization and invasion for most skin pathogens are poorly understood. This limitation is due to the lack of reliable skin models. Indeed, animal models do not adequately mimic neither the anatomy nor the immune response of human skin. Human 3D skin models overcome these limitations and can provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Herein, we address the strengths and weaknesses of different types of human skin models and we review the main findings obtained using these models to study skin pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luca Grimaldi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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31
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Souak D, Barreau M, Courtois A, André V, Duclairoir Poc C, Feuilloley MGJ, Gault M. Challenging Cosmetic Innovation: The Skin Microbiota and Probiotics Protect the Skin from UV-Induced Damage. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050936. [PMID: 33925587 PMCID: PMC8145394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies performed in the last decade have focused on the cutaneous microbiota. It has been shown that this microbiota plays a key role in skin homeostasis. Considered as “a second barrier” to the environment, it is very important to know how it reacts to exogenous aggressions. The cosmetics industry has a started to use this microbiota as a source of natural ingredients, particularly ones that confer photoprotection against ultraviolet (UV) rays. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that bacterial molecules can block UV rays or reverse their harmful effects. Oral probiotics containing living microorganisms have also shown promising results in restoring skin homeostasis and reversing the negative effects of UV rays. Microbial-based active sunscreen compounds have huge potential for use as next-generation photoprotection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djouhar Souak
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France; (D.S.); (A.C.); (V.A.)
- LMSM EA4312, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France;
| | - Magalie Barreau
- LMSM EA4312, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France;
| | - Aurélie Courtois
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France; (D.S.); (A.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Valérie André
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France; (D.S.); (A.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Cécile Duclairoir Poc
- LMSM EA4312, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France;
- Correspondence: (C.D.P.); (M.G.J.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- LMSM EA4312, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France;
- Correspondence: (C.D.P.); (M.G.J.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Manon Gault
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France; (D.S.); (A.C.); (V.A.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.P.); (M.G.J.F.); (M.G.)
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32
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Hughes AJ, Tawfik SS, Baruah KP, O'Toole EA, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Tape strips in dermatology research. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:26-35. [PMID: 33370449 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tape strips have been used widely in dermatology research as a minimally invasive method to sample the epidermis, avoiding the need for skin biopsies. Most research has focused on epidermal pathology, such as atopic eczema, but there is increasing research into the use of tape strips in other dermatoses, such as skin cancer, and the microbiome. This review summarizes the technique of tape stripping, and discusses which dermatoses have been studied by tape stripping and alternative minimally invasive sampling methods. We review the number of tape strips needed from each patient and the components of the epidermis that can be obtained by tape stripping. With a focus on protein and RNA extraction, we address the techniques used to process tape strips. There is no optimal protocol to extract protein, as this depends on the abundance of the protein studied, its level of expression in the epidermis and its solubility. Many variables can alter the amount of protein obtained from tape strips, which must be standardized to ensure consistency between samples. No study has compared different RNA extraction techniques, but our own experience is that RNA yield is optimized by using 20 tape strips and the use of a cell scraper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hughes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S S Tawfik
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - K P Baruah
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - R F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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33
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Ubags ND, Trompette A, Pernot J, Nibbering B, Wong NC, Pattaroni C, Rapin A, Nicod LP, Harris NL, Marsland BJ. Microbiome-induced antigen-presenting cell recruitment coordinates skin and lung allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1049-1062.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Ogai K, Shibata K, Takahashi N, Ogura K, Okamoto S, Sugama J. Amplicon-based skin microbiome profiles collected by tape stripping with different adhesive film dressings: a comparative study. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 33602131 PMCID: PMC7891171 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical film dressings have been used to obtain skin microbiota for skin microbiome studies, although their adhesive force may be so strong that the skin could be injured when applied to those who have fragile skin, such as older people. Several products with less adhesive force are available, although their applicability for skin microbiome studies remains unknown. This study aimed to test whether the dressings with less adhesive force could be used for amplicon-based skin microbiome studies. A set of three different film dressings, with acrylic, urethane, or silicone adhesive, was applied to the back skin of nine healthy young participants. The copy number of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, microbial compositions, and alpha and beta diversity indices were analyzed by amplicon analysis of the 16S rRNA gene using next-generation sequencing and were compared among the three film dressings. Results The dressing with acrylic adhesive yielded the highest copy number of 16S rRNA genes, followed by that with urethane adhesive. The silicone-adhesive dressing yielded a significantly lower copy number of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbial composition of skin microbiota was similar among the three film dressings, although significant differences in the relative abundance of Pseudomonas species and alpha diversity indices were found in the silicone-adhesive dressing. The Bray–Curtis dissimilarity was significantly higher between the acrylic- and silicone-adhesive dressings than between the acrylic- and urethane-adhesive dressings. No adverse effects related to tape stripping were observed for any of the film dressings. Conclusion We recommend dressings with acrylic or urethane adhesive for amplicon-based skin microbiome studies. An acrylic adhesive has an advantage in the yield of skin microbiota, and a urethane adhesive should be chosen when applied to fragile skin. The adhesive force of the dressing with silicone adhesive was too weak to be used for collecting skin microbiota. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02122-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ogai
- AI Hospital/Macro Signal Dynamics Research and Development Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan. .,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan.
| | - Kana Shibata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan
| | - Natsuki Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan
| | - Junko Sugama
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan. .,Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 9200942, Japan.
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Busch L, Avlasevich Y, Zwicker P, Thiede G, Landfester K, Keck CM, Meinke MC, Darvin ME, Kramer A, Müller G, Kerscher M, Lademann J, Patzelt A. Release of the model drug SR101 from polyurethane nanocapsules in porcine hair follicles triggered by LED-derived low dose UVA light. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120339. [PMID: 33545278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) are important drug delivery targets for the therapy of miscellaneous skin diseases and for skin antisepsis. Furthermore, HFs significantly contribute to drug delivery of topically applied substances. Nanoparticulate systems are excellently suited for follicular drug delivery as they entail the opportunity of directed drug transport into HFs. Moreover, they involve the possibility of an intrafollicular drug release initiated by extrinsic or intrinsic trigger mechanisms. In this study, we present a novel preclinical model for an anatomically and temporally targeted intrafollicular drug release. In vitro release kinetics of the model drug sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) from newly synthesized ultraviolet A (UVA)-responsive polyurethane nanocapsules (NCs) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Low power density UVA radiation provided by a UVA light emitting diode (LED) induced a drug release of over 50% after 2 min. We further utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to investigate follicular penetration as well as intrafollicular drug release on an ex vivo porcine ear skin model. UVA-responsive degradation of the NCs at a mean follicular penetration depth of 509 ± 104 µm ensured liberation of SR101 in the right place and at the right time. Thus, for the first time a UVA-triggered drug release from NCs within HFs was demonstrated in the present study. Cytotoxicity tests revealed that NCs synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate show sufficient biocompatibility after UVA-induced cleavage. A considerable and controllable release of various water-soluble therapeutics could be reached by means of the presented system without risking any radiation-related tissue damage. Therefore, the implementation of the presented system into clinical routine, e.g. for preoperative antisepsis of HFs, appears very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Busch
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Paula Zwicker
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gisela Thiede
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Müller
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Kerscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Mesler AL, Benedeck RE, Wong SY. Preparing the hair follicle canal for hair shaft emergence. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:472-478. [PMID: 33025661 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of hair is a defining event during mammalian skin development, but the cellular mechanisms leading to the opening of the hair follicle canal remain poorly characterized. Our previous studies have shown that early hair buds possess a central column of differentiated keratinocytes expressing Keratin 79 (K79), which marks the future hair follicle opening. Here, we report that during late embryogenesis and early postnatal development, K79+ cells at the distal tips of these columns downregulate E-cadherin, change shape, recede and undergo cell death. These changes likely occur independently of sebaceous glands and the growing hair shaft, and serve to create an orifice for hair to subsequently emerge. Defects in this process may underlie phenomena such as ingrown hair or may potentially contribute to upper hair follicle pathologies including acne, hidradenitis suppurativa and infundibular cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlee L Mesler
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel E Benedeck
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Departments of Dermatology, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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O'Sullivan JN, Rea MC, Hill C, Ross RP. Protecting the outside: biological tools to manipulate the skin microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5836215. [PMID: 32396198 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest surrounding the role that skin microbes play in various aspects of human health has recently experienced a timely surge, particularly among researchers, clinicians and consumer-focused industries. The world is now approaching a post-antibiotic era where conventional antibacterial therapeutics have shown a loss in effectiveness due to overuse, leading to the looming antibiotic resistance crisis. The increasing threat posed by antibiotic resistance is compounded by an inadequate discovery rate of new antibiotics and has, in turn, resulted in global interest for alternative solutions. Recent studies have demonstrated that imbalances in skin microbiota are associated with assorted skin diseases and infections. Specifically, restoration of this ecosystem imbalance results in an alleviation of symptoms, achieved simply by applying bacteria normally found in abundance on healthy skin to the skin of those deficient in beneficial bacteria. The aim of this review is to discuss the currently available literature on biological tools that have the potential to manipulate the skin microbiota, with particular focus on bacteriocins, phage therapy, antibiotics, probiotics and targets of the gut-skin axis. This review will also address how the skin microbiota protects humans from invading pathogens in the external environment while discussing novel strategies to manipulate the skin microbiota to avoid and/or treat various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie N O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
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38
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Fournière M, Latire T, Souak D, Feuilloley MGJ, Bedoux G. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes: Two Major Sentinels of Skin Microbiota and the Influence of Cosmetics. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1752. [PMID: 33171837 PMCID: PMC7695133 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatological and cosmetics fields have recently started to focus on the human skin microbiome and microbiota, since the skin microbiota is involved in the health and dysbiosis of the skin ecosystem. Amongst the skin microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, both commensal bacteria, appear as skin microbiota sentinels. These sentinels have a key role in the skin ecosystem since they protect and prevent microbiota disequilibrium by fighting pathogens and participate in skin homeostasis through the production of beneficial bacterial metabolites. These bacteria adapt to changing skin microenvironments and can shift to being opportunistic pathogens, forming biofilms, and thus are involved in common skin dysbiosis, such as acne or atopic dermatitis. The current evaluation methods for cosmetic active ingredient development are discussed targeting these two sentinels with their assets and limits. After identification of these objectives, research of the active cosmetic ingredients and products that maintain and promote these commensal metabolisms, or reduce their pathogenic forms, are now the new challenges of the skincare industry in correlation with the constant development of adapted evaluation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Fournière
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Catholique de l’Ouest Bretagne Nord, 22200 Guingamp, France
| | - Thomas Latire
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Catholique de l’Ouest Bretagne Nord, 22200 Guingamp, France
| | - Djouhar Souak
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironment LMSM EA4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Évreux, France; (D.S.); (M.G.J.F.)
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironment LMSM EA4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, 27000 Évreux, France; (D.S.); (M.G.J.F.)
| | - Gilles Bedoux
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines LBCM EA 3884, IUEM, Université Bretagne Sud, 56000 Vannes, France; (T.L.); (G.B.)
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Godlewska U, Brzoza P, Kwiecień K, Kwitniewski M, Cichy J. Metagenomic Studies in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3201-3212. [PMID: 32813091 PMCID: PMC7536147 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies together with an improved access to compute performance led to a cost-effective genome sequencing over the past several years. This allowed researchers to fully unleash the potential of genomic and metagenomic analyses to better elucidate two-way interactions between host cells and microbiome, both in steady-state and in pathological conditions. Experimental research involving metagenomics shows that skin resident microbes can influence the cutaneous pathophysiology. Here, we review metagenome approaches to study microbiota at this barrier site. We also describe the consequences of changes in the skin microbiota burden and composition, mostly revealed by these technologies, in the development of common inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Godlewska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Brzoza
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecień
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Watanabe K, Yamada A, Nishi Y, Tashiro Y, Sakai K. Relationship between the bacterial community structures on human hair and scalp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2585-2596. [PMID: 32993459 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1809989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated and compared characteristics of the bacterial community structures on hair (scalp hair) and scalp in 18 individuals. Significant differences were found between the sites, in terms of cell density, alpha and beta diversity, and relative abundance of the phyla, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, whereas no difference was found in relative abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria. Bacteria of the genus Cutibacterium showed similar relative abundance at both sites, whereas those of genus Pseudomonas were highly abundant on hair, and those of genus Staphylococcus were significantly lesser in abundance on hair than on scalp. Statistical correlations between the sites were high for the individual relative abundance of five major operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This suggests that the bacterial community structure on hair is composed of hair-specific genus, Pseudomonas, and skin-derived genera, Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus, and is distinguishable from other human skin microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Watanabe
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Azusa Yamada
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishi
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Tashiro
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Microbiology, Division of Systems Bioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Environmental Protection, Tropical Microbiology Unit, Center for International Education and Research of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
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41
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Danilova ND, Solovyeva TV, Mart’yanov SV, Zhurina MV, Gannesen AV. Stimulatory Effect of Epinephrine on Biofilms of Micrococcus luteus C01. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Edmiston CE, Leaper DJ, Barnes S, Johnson HB, Barnden M, Paulson MH, Wolfe JL, Truitt K. Revisiting Perioperative Hair Removal Practices. AORN J 2020; 109:583-596. [PMID: 31025350 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The standard of practice for perioperative hair removal is largely based on research that is outdated and underpowered. Although there is evidence to support the practice of clipping instead of shaving, current recommendations are to remove hair only when absolutely necessary. Human hair is bacteria-laden and challenging to disinfect, and clipping can be a safe method of hair removal that does not damage the skin. This article considers the removal of hair at the incision site with clippers, either before the patient enters the OR or in a manner that completely contains clipped hair, for every procedure, not just when absolutely necessary. There have been only two studies to date comparing clipping with no hair removal; more research is needed on this subject.
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Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Impact of environmental dust exposure in modulating microbiome and its association with non-communicable diseases. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:545-556. [PMID: 32536356 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, and allergy are chronic, multi-factorial conditions that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the last decade, the microbiome has emerged as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of NCDs. Microbiome profiles were altered in patients with NCDs, and shift in microbial communities was associated with improvement in these health conditions. Since the genetic component of these diseases cannot be altered, the ability to manipulate the microbiome holds great promise for design of novel therapies in the prevention and treatment of NCDs. Together, the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept and the microbial hypothesis propose that early life exposure to environmental stimuli will alter the development and composition of the human microbiome, resulting in health consequences. Recent studies indicated that the environment we are exposed to in early life is instrumental in shaping robust immune development, possibly through modulation of the human microbiome (skin, airway, and gut). Despite much research into human microbiome, the origin of their constituent microbiota remains unclear. Dust (also known as particulate matter) is a key determinant of poor air quality in the modern urban environment. It is ubiquitous and serves as a major source and reservoir of microbial communities that modulates the human microbiome, contributing to health and disease. There are evidence that reported significant associations between environmental dust and NCDs. In this review, we will focus on the impact of dust exposure in shaping the human microbiome and its possible contribution to the development of NCDs.
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Does an Antimicrobial Incision Drape Prevent Intraoperative Contamination? A Randomized Controlled Trial of 1187 Patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2020; 478:1007-1015. [PMID: 32011378 PMCID: PMC7170680 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a serious complication after arthroplasty, has not changed for years. Interventions such as eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and antibiotic bone cement are used to diminish infection risk but despite these efforts, the percentage of infection in TKA remains constant. Antimicrobial drapes have a dual action, acting both as a physical and antimicrobial barrier to counter bacterial contamination of the surgical wound. To study the effect of antimicrobial drapes, we used intraoperative contamination as a proxy for infection in our investigation. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Do antimicrobial surgical drapes reduce the risk of intraoperative microbial contamination in patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty? (2) Are other factors such as sex, season, age, type of arthroplasty and duration of surgery associated with an increased risk of contamination in patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty? (3) Does loosening of the antimicrobial drape increase contamination risk? METHODS An investigator-initiated, two-arm, non-blinded, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was performed at five different hospitals in the capital and central regions of Denmark. Twenty-four surgeons participated in the study. Participants were patients older than 18 years undergoing primary knee arthroplasty. We excluded patients with an iodine allergy, previous open knee surgery, previous septic arthritis, any antibiotics taken 4 weeks before surgery, and if they were unable to understand the implications of study participation. Patients were randomly assigned to operation with an antimicrobial drape (intervention group) or operation without (control group). We screened 1769 patients, of which 100 were ineligible and 10 declined to participate. In all, 94% (1659 of 1769) of patients consented and were randomized to the intervention group (51%, 838 of 1659) and control group (49%, 821 of 1659), respectively. In all, 36% (603 of 1659) of patients in the intervention group and 35% (584 of 1659) patients in the control group were available for final analysis. No crossover was performed, and analysis was done per-protocol. Patients were excluded due to logistic failures like lack of utensils, samples disappearing en route to the laboratory mainly caused by implementation of a new electronic patient chart (EPIC, Verona, WI, USA), and forgetful surgeons. Intraoperatively, we swabbed for bacteria at the surgical site and in a rinse from the surgeons' gloves. All samples were sent for cultivation, and colony forming units (CFUs) counts ≥ 1 were deemed contaminated. The primary outcome measure was the difference in the proportion of contaminated patients between the two randomized groups. Secondary outcome measures were the affiliation of sex, season, age, type of implant used, and duration of surgery on contamination risk. To investigate whether other factors were affiliated with contamination risk, we did a logistic regression to control for confounding variables, including sex, age, season, type of implant and duration of surgery. RESULTS Use of iodinated drapes reduced contamination, with contamination detected in 10% (60 of 603) procedures where iodinated drapes were used compared with 15% (90 of 584) when they were not (odds ratio 0.61 [95% CI 0.43 to 0.87]; p = 0.005), with a relative risk reduction of 35% (95% CI 12.3 to 52.5) and a number needed to treat of 18 patients. After controlling for confounding variables such as sex, age, type of implant, and duration of surgery, we found that not using an antimicrobial drape increased contamination risk by a factor of 1.6 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.35; p = 0.02). Female sex and undergoing surgery in the central region were associated with lower odds of contamination (OR 0.55 [95% CI 0.39 to 0.8]; p = 0.002 and OR 0.45 [95% CI 0.25 to 0.8]; p = 0.006, respectively). Patients with more than a 10-mm separation of the drape from the skin had higher odds of contamination (OR 3.54 [95% CI 1.64 to 11.05]; p = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS The use of an antimicrobial drape resulted in lower contamination risk than operating without an antimicrobial drape. Our findings suggest that antimicrobial drapes are useful in infection prevention, but further studies are needed to investigate the effect of antimicrobial drapes on infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, therapeutic study.
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Yeh YC, Huang TH, Yang SC, Chen CC, Fang JY. Nano-Based Drug Delivery or Targeting to Eradicate Bacteria for Infection Mitigation: A Review of Recent Advances. Front Chem 2020; 8:286. [PMID: 32391321 PMCID: PMC7193053 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria infection is a major public health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, as well as the increased expenditure on patient management. Although there are several options for antimicrobial therapy, their efficacy is limited because of the occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria. Many conventional antibiotics have failed to show significant amelioration in overall survival of infectious patients. Nanomedicine for delivering antibiotics provides an opportunity to improve the efficiency of the antibacterial regimen. Nanosystems used for antibiotic delivery and targeting to infection sites render some benefits over conventional formulations, including increased solubility, enhanced stability, improved epithelium permeability and bioavailability, prolonged antibiotic half-life, tissue targeting, and minimal adverse effects. The nanocarriers' sophisticated material engineering tailors the controllable physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles for bacterial targeting through passive or active targeting. In this review, we highlight the recent progress on the development of antibacterial nanoparticles loaded with antibiotics. We systematically introduce the concepts and amelioration mechanisms of the nanomedical techniques for bacterial eradication. Passive targeting by modulating the nanoparticle structure and the physicochemical properties is an option for efficient drug delivery to the bacteria. In addition, active targeting, such as magnetic hyperthermia induced by iron oxide nanoparticles, is another efficient way to deliver the drugs to the targeted site. The nanoparticles are also designed to respond to the change in environment pH or enzymes to trigger the release of the antibiotics. This article offers an overview of the benefits of antibacterial nanosystems for treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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46
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Liu Y, Jarjour W, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Traitor or warrior-Treg cells sneaking into the lesions of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Immunol 2020; 215:108425. [PMID: 32305454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been recognized to maintain immune tolerance, which contributes to prevention of autoimmune diseases. However, recent evidence has demonstrated different characteristics of these cells between those that are in circulation compared to those in various local tissues. In addition, the ability of Treg cells to have plasticity in certain disease settings and in inflammatory lesions has been increasingly recognized. Herein we summarize updated knowledge of Treg biology and discuss the current understanding of tissue-resident Treg cells in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), attempting to provide new insights into precise role of Treg cells in the immune response and as a possible therapeutic intervention in patients with PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Wael Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Department of Medicine, The Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey 17031, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Human skin microbiota is thought to be unique according to the individual's lifestyle and genetic predisposition. This is true for the epidermal microbiota, while our findings demonstrate that the dermal microbiota is universal between healthy individuals. The preserved dermal microbial community is compositionally unique and functionally distinct to the specific environment in the depth of human skin. It is expected to have direct contact with the immune response of the human host, and research in the communication between host and microbiota should be targeted to this cutaneous compartment. This novel insight into specific microbial adaptation can be used advantageously in the research of chronic disorders and infections of the skin. It can enlighten the alteration between health and disease to the benefit of patients suffering from long-lasting socioeconomic illnesses. Human skin microbiota has been described as a “microbial fingerprint” due to observed differences between individuals. Current understanding of the cutaneous microbiota is based on sampling the outermost layers of the epidermis, while the microbiota in the remaining skin layers has not yet been fully characterized. Environmental conditions can vary drastically between the cutaneous compartments and give rise to unique communities. We demonstrate that the dermal microbiota is surprisingly similar among individuals and contains a specific subset of the epidermal microbiota. Variability in bacterial community composition decreased significantly from the epidermal to the dermal compartment but was similar among anatomic locations (hip and knee). The composition of the epidermal microbiota was more strongly affected by environmental factors than that of the dermal community. These results indicate a well-conserved dermal community that is functionally distinct from the epidermal community, challenging the current dogma. Future studies in cutaneous disorders and chronic infections may benefit by focusing on the dermal microbiota as a persistent microbial community.
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Sfriso R, Egert M, Gempeler M, Voegeli R, Campiche R. Revealing the secret life of skin - with the microbiome you never walk alone. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 42:116-126. [PMID: 31743445 PMCID: PMC7155096 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human skin microbiome has recently become a focus for both the dermatological and cosmetic fields. Understanding the skin microbiota, that is the collection of vital microorganisms living on our skin, and how to maintain its delicate balance is an essential step to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for healthy skin and its appearance. Imbalances in the skin microbiota composition (dysbiosis) are associated with several skin conditions, either pathological such as eczema, acne, allergies or dandruff or non‐pathological such as sensitive skin, irritated skin or dry skin. Therefore, the development of approaches which preserve or restore the natural, individual balance of the microbiota represents a novel target not only for dermatologists but also for skincare applications. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge on the skin microbiome, the currently available sampling and analysis techniques as well as a description of current approaches undertaken in the skincare segment to help restoring and balancing the structure and functionality of the skin microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sfriso
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal care, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, Villingen-Schwenningen, 78054, Germany
| | - M Gempeler
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal care, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal care, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - R Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal care, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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49
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Messiaen Y, MacLellan JD, Pelsue DH. Evaluation of the number of colony forming units on the skin of dogs after clipping the hair with two sizes of clipper blades. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:862-867. [PMID: 31449448 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.9.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate erythema and number of CFUs on the skin of dogs with hair clipped by use of 2 sizes of clipper blades. ANIMALS 67 client-owned dogs receiving an epidural. PROCEDURES Hair was clipped with a No. 10 blade (approx hair length, 1.5 mm) on one half and a No. 40 blade (approx hair length, 0.25 mm) on the other half of each epidural site. Skin was surgically scrubbed with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol. Samples were obtained immediately after clipping, after skin was scrubbed, and again 24 hours after clipping. Number of CFUs for both sides of the clipped areas, types of microorganisms, and growth on MacConkey agar were evaluated every 24 hours for 72 hours. Colonies were evaluated for bacterial morphology and Gram stain characteristics. Sites were evaluated 24 hours after clipping for evidence of erythema. RESULTS 24 hours after hair was clipped, there was a significantly higher incidence of erythema and higher number of Micrococcaceae bacteria for the side clipped with the No. 40 blade than the side clipped with the No. 10 blade. Number of CFUs did not differ significantly between size of clipper blades. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clipping hair with a No. 40 blade resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of erythema and higher number of Micrococcaceae bacteria, compared with results for clipping with a No. 10 blade. These results supported use of a No. 10 clipper blade to prevent erythema and reduce variation in the skin microbiome.
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50
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Matard B, Donay JL, Resche‐Rigon M, Tristan A, Farhi D, Rousseau C, Mercier‐Delarue S, Cavelier–Balloy B, Assouly P, Petit A, Bagot M, Reygagne P. Folliculitis decalvans is characterized by a persistent, abnormal subepidermal microbiota. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:295-298. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Matard
- Centre Sabouraud Hôpital Saint‐Louis Paris France
| | - Jean Luc Donay
- Service de Bactériologie Hôpital Saint‐Louis Paris France
| | - Matthieu Resche‐Rigon
- Biostatistics Unit, SBIM, Hôpital Saint‐Louis APHP Paris France
- ECSTRA Team INSERM U1153 Paris France
- Université Paris 7‐Diderot Paris France
| | - Anne Tristan
- CNR des Staphylocoques, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est INSERM U111 Lyon France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antoine Petit
- Service de Dermatologie Hôpital Saint Louis Paris France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Service de Dermatologie Hôpital Saint Louis Paris France
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