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Hassona Y, Alqaisi D, Alkilani A, AbuHijleh I. Expanding the phenotype in Pitt-Hopkins syndrome; description of new oral finding and dental management considerations. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:597. [PMID: 38778377 PMCID: PMC11112874 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with physical, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics that is caused by heterozygous mutations in the TCF4 gene. Patients with PTHS might present a unique challenge for oral healthcare professionals because of the associated comorbidities. CASE REPORT Here we describe a new case of PTHS in a 13-year-old girl with particular emphasis on oro-dental findings and oral healthcare management. Observed oro-dental findings in our case included shallow palate, absence of lingual frenum, gingival enlargement, thick lips and relative microdontia. The patient was unable to tolerate dental care under local anesthesia. Therefore, comprehensive dental treatment was performed under general anesthesia after a careful pre-anesthetic cardio-respiratory, neurological, and hematological evaluation. The patient was closely monitored intra-operatively for breathing rhythm, O2 saturation, and signs of respiratory distress. The patient was observed for 24 h post-op for respiratory distress and was discharged then uneventfully. CONCLUSION Dental treatment under general anesthesia in these patients might be complicated by the abnormal breathing rhythm, and close monitoring and follow up for signs of respiratory distress after general anesthesia is necessary. Recognition of oral and dental findings might help to expand the phenotype and better characterize rare syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Hassona
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Oral Diseases Studies, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, As-Salt, Jordan.
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, As-Salt, Jordan.
| | - Dua'a Alqaisi
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, As-Salt, Jordan
| | - Asma Alkilani
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, As-Salt, Jordan
| | - Iyas AbuHijleh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, As-Salt, Jordan
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Blokland G, Maleki N, Jovicich J, Mesholam-Gately R, DeLisi L, Turner J, Shenton M, Voineskos A, Kahn R, Roffman J, Holt D, Ehrlich S, Kikinis Z, Dazzan P, Murray R, Lee J, Sim K, Lam M, de Zwarte S, Walton E, Kelly S, Picchioni M, Bramon E, Makris N, David A, Mondelli V, Reinders A, Oykhman E, Morris D, Gill M, Corvin A, Cahn W, Ho N, Liu J, Gollub R, Manoach D, Calhoun V, Sponheim S, Buka S, Cherkerzian S, Thermenos H, Dickie E, Ciufolini S, Reis Marques T, Crossley N, Purcell S, Smoller J, van Haren N, Toulopoulou T, Donohoe G, Goldstein J, Keshavan M, Petryshen T, del Re E. MIR137 polygenic risk for schizophrenia and ephrin-regulated pathway: Role in lateral ventricles and corpus callosum volume. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100458. [PMID: 38623146 PMCID: PMC11017057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective. Enlarged lateral ventricle (LV) volume and decreased volume in the corpus callosum (CC) are hallmarks of schizophrenia (SZ). We previously showed an inverse correlation between LV and CC volumes in SZ, with global functioning decreasing with increased LV volume. This study investigates the relationship between LV volume, CC abnormalities, and the microRNA MIR137 and its regulated genes in SZ, because of MIR137's essential role in neurodevelopment. Methods. Participants were 1224 SZ probands and 1466 unaffected controls from the GENUS Consortium. Brain MRI scans, genotype, and clinical data were harmonized across cohorts and employed in the analyses. Results. Increased LV volumes and decreased CC central, mid-anterior, and mid-posterior volumes were observed in SZ probands. The MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway was significantly associated with CC:LV ratio, explaining a significant proportion (3.42 %) of CC:LV variance, and more than for LV and CC separately. Other pathways explained variance in either CC or LV, but not both. CC:LV ratio was also positively correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning, supporting previous subsample findings. SNP-based heritability estimates were higher for CC central:LV ratio (0.79) compared to CC or LV separately. Discussion. Our results indicate that the CC:LV ratio is highly heritable, influenced in part by variation in the MIR137-regulated ephrin pathway. Findings suggest that the CC:LV ratio may be a risk indicator in SZ that correlates with global functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.A.M. Blokland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - N. Maleki
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - J. Jovicich
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - R.I. Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - L.E. DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - J.A. Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - M.E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, United States
| | - A.N. Voineskos
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R.S. Kahn
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J.L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - D.J. Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - S. Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological & Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Z. Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - P. Dazzan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - R.M. Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Lee
- Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore
| | - K. Sim
- Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore
| | - M. Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore
- Analytical & Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - S.M.C. de Zwarte
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E. Walton
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - S. Kelly
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M.M. Picchioni
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - E. Bramon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A.S. David
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - V. Mondelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - A.A.T.S. Reinders
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - E. Oykhman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D.W. Morris
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M. Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A.P. Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W. Cahn
- Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Ho
- Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore
| | - J. Liu
- Genome Institute, Singapore
| | - R.L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - D.S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - V.D. Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - S.R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - S.L. Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - S. Cherkerzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - H.W. Thermenos
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - E.W. Dickie
- Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S. Ciufolini
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Reis Marques
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - N.A. Crossley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - S.M. Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - J.W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - N.E.M. van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T. Toulopoulou
- Department of Psychology & National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Centre (ASBAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - G. Donohoe
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - J.M. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M.S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - T.L. Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - E.C. del Re
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, United States
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Xu S, Neupane S, Wang H, Pham TP, Snyman M, Huynh TV, Wang L. Efficient CRISPR genome editing and integrative genomic analyses reveal the mosaicism of Cas-induced mutations and pleiotropic effects of scarlet gene in an emerging model system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577787. [PMID: 38352317 PMCID: PMC10862705 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the revolutionary impacts of CRISPR-Cas gene editing systems, the effective and widespread use of CRISPR technologies in emerging model organisms still faces significant challenges. These include the inefficiency in generating heritable mutations at the organismal level, limited knowledge about the genomic consequences of gene editing, and an inadequate understanding of the inheritance patterns of CRISPR-Cas-induced mutations. This study addresses these issues by 1) developing an efficient microinjection delivery method for CRISPR editing in the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex; 2) assessing the editing efficiency of Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases, examining mutation inheritance patterns, and analyzing the local and global mutation spectrum in the scarlet mutants; and 3) investigating the transcriptomes of scarlet mutants to understand the pleiotropic effects of scarlet underlying their swimming behavior changes. Our reengineered CRISPR microinjection method results in efficient biallelic editing with both nucleases. While indels are dominant in Cas-induced mutations, a few on-site large deletions (>1kb) are observed, most likely caused by microhomology-mediated end joining repair. Knock-in of a stop codon cassette to the scarlet locus was successful, despite complex induced mutations surrounding the target site. Moreover, extensive germline mosaicism exists in some mutants, which unexpectedly produce different phenotypes/genotypes in their asexual progenies. Lastly, our transcriptomic analyses unveil significant gene expression changes associated with scarlet knock-out and altered swimming behavior in mutants, including several genes (e.g., NMDA1, ABAT, CNTNAP2) involved in human neurodegenerative diseases. This study expands our understanding of the dynamics of gene editing in the tractable model organism Daphnia and highlights its promising potential as a neurological disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Swatantra Neupane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Thinh Phu Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Marelize Snyman
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Trung V. Huynh
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Istanbullu C, Kayan Ocakoglu B, Karacetin G. A case of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome: psychopharmacological approach for anxiety, insomnia, and agitation. Neurocase 2023; 29:117-120. [PMID: 38700147 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2348230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder resulting from TCF4 gene mutations which is characterized by dysmorphic facial features, psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, breathing anomalies, and seizures. Psychiatric conditions are occasionally seen. We present the case report of a seven-year-old PTHS patient with anxiety, insomnia, and agitation. We discuss the psychopharmacological intervention options for this patient. The present case study reports on a 7-year-old female with PTHS, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and intellectual disability. She had insomnia, crying spells and agitation complaints. For anxiety symptoms and agitation, risperidone, fluoxetine, and clonazepam treatment were given by the neurologist which caused behavioral disinhibition, paroxysmal agitation and no benefit. After admission to our hospital, aripiprazole and hydroxyzine were prescribed for anxiety and ASD-related irritability. She showed a minimal improvement but hyperventilation attacks were still ongoing. Hydroxyzine was stopped, and quetiapine was given to eliminate sleep disturbance. Her sleep period went up to eleven hours. For the anxiety symptoms, escitalopram was prescribed. She showed improvements in sleep, diminished hyperactivity and decreased frequency of abnormal breathing spells. Also, enhancement of social communication skills like increased eye contact and response to her name was observed. Patients with genetic syndromes may have various psychiatric complaints. Psychopharmacological interventions should be administered carefully for the side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Istanbullu
- Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Mental and Nervous Diseases, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Binay Kayan Ocakoglu
- Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Mental and Nervous Diseases, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Karacetin
- Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof Dr Mazhar Osman Mental and Nervous Diseases, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Davidson EA, Holingue C, Jimenez-Gomez A, Dallman JE, Moshiree B. Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Genetically Defined Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:645-660. [PMID: 37586397 PMCID: PMC10895389 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in most forms of neurodevelopment disorders (NDDs) such as in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current patient-reported outcome measures with validated questionnaires used in the general population of children without NDDS cannot be used in the autistic individuals. We explore here the multifactorial pathophysiology of ASD and the role of genetics and the environment in this disease spectrum and focus instead on possible diagnostics that could provide future objective insight into the connection of the gut-brain-microbiome in this disease entity. We provide our own data from both humans and a zebrafish model of ASD called Phelan-McDermid Syndrome. We hope that this review highlights the gaps in our current knowledge on many of these profound NDDs and that it provides a future framework upon which clinicians and researchers can build and network with other interested multidisciplinary specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andres Jimenez-Gomez
- Neuroscience Center, Joe DiMaggio Children’s Hospital, Hollywood, Florida
- Department of Child Neurology, Florida Atlantic University Stiles - Nicholson Brain Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Julia E. Dallman
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida
| | - Baharak Moshiree
- Atrium Health, Wake Forest Medical University, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Obara K, Inomata T. 18q21.1q21.32 Deletion in a Patient With Juvenile Cerebral Infarction. Cureus 2023; 15:e42534. [PMID: 37521594 PMCID: PMC10373431 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosome 18q deletion syndrome is a well-recognized chromosomal aberration characterized by intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism, short stature, microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, such as atrial and ventricular septal defect, and hypotonia; however, the phenotype is highly variable depending on the combination of genes within the chromosomal aberration regions. Thus far, no association was found between 18q deletion and cerebral infarction. Herein, we report a case of 18q deletion syndrome that caused juvenile cerebral infarction. A 32-year-old woman with an intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism presented with sudden-onset left-sided weakness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a striatocapsular infarction. Abnormalities in thrombotic profiles and embolic sources could not be identified. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis detected a microdeletion in chromosome 18 encompassing the cytoregion 18q21.1q21.32. The deletion region contains the TCF4 and SMAD4 genes, whose haploinsufficiency causes the causative genes of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) and juvenile polyposis/hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (JPHT or JPHHT), respectively. The patient's facial features were characteristic of PTHS, including a broad, beaked nasal bridge and a wide mouth with a bow-shaped upper lip. On the contrary, the patient did not show breathing abnormalities, which is one of the hallmarks of PTHS. We could not elucidate the relationship between cerebral infarction and genes included in the deleted region of 18q. However, if patients with chromosomal aberrations have cerebral infarctions, investigating the genes included within the chromosomal aberration regions may increase our knowledge of the genes involved in juvenile cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Obara
- Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Yurihonjo, JPN
- Neurology, Yasumi Hospital, Morioka, JPN
| | - Takumi Inomata
- Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Yurihonjo, JPN
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Shafique A, Sultan T, Alzahrani F, Hun Seo G, Alkuraya FS, Naz S. Genomic Analysis of Multiplex Consanguineous Families Reveals Causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders with Epilepsy. Gene 2023:147599. [PMID: 37393059 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are a diverse group of disorders that affect the development of the nervous system. Epilepsy is a common phenotypic aspect of NDD. METHODS We recruited eight consanguineous families from Pakistan which segregated recessively inherited NDD with epilepsy. Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) were completed. Exome sequencing was carried out for selected participants from each family. The exome data were analyzed for exonic and splice-site variants that had allele frequencies of less than 0.01 in public databases. RESULTS Clinical investigations determined that developmental delay, intellectual disability and seizures were manifested by most patients in early childhood. EEG findings were abnormal in the participants of four families. MRI revealed demyelination orcerebral atrophic changes in multiple participants. We identified four novel homozygous variants including nonsense andmissense variants in OCLN, ALDH7A1, IQSEC2 and COL3A1, segregating with the phenotypes in the participants of four families. Previously reported homozygous variants of CNTNAP2, TRIT1 and NARS1 were found in individuals from three families. Clinical utility was observed in directing treatment in case of patients with an ALDH7A1 variant which included pyridoxine administration and enabling accurate counseling about the natural history and recurrence risk. CONCLUSION Our results add to the clinical and molecular delineation of very rare NDD with epilepsy. The high success rate of exome sequencing is likely attributable to the expectation of homozygous variants in patients of consanguineous families, and in one case, the availability of positional mapping data that greatly aided the variant prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Shafique
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Children's Hospital & the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Fatema Alzahrani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Translational Genomics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Translational Genomics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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8
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Chang KJ, Wu HY, Yarmishyn AA, Li CY, Hsiao YJ, Chi YC, Lo TC, Dai HJ, Yang YC, Liu DH, Hwang DK, Chen SJ, Hsu CC, Kao CL. Genetics behind Cerebral Disease with Ocular Comorbidity: Finding Parallels between the Brain and Eye Molecular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179707. [PMID: 36077104 PMCID: PMC9456058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairments (CVIs) is an umbrella term that categorizes miscellaneous visual defects with parallel genetic brain disorders. While the manifestations of CVIs are diverse and ambiguous, molecular diagnostics stand out as a powerful approach for understanding pathomechanisms in CVIs. Nevertheless, the characterization of CVI disease cohorts has been fragmented and lacks integration. By revisiting the genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies (GWAS and PheWAS), we clustered a handful of renowned CVIs into five ontology groups, namely ciliopathies (Joubert syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Alstrom syndrome), demyelination diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alexander disease, Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease), transcriptional deregulation diseases (Mowat–Wilson disease, Pitt–Hopkins disease, Rett syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, X-linked alpha-thalassaemia mental retardation), compromised peroxisome disorders (Zellweger spectrum disorder, Refsum disease), and channelopathies (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder), and reviewed several mutation hotspots currently found to be associated with the CVIs. Moreover, we discussed the common manifestations in the brain and the eye, and collated animal study findings to discuss plausible gene editing strategies for future CVI correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Jung Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Yi Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jer Hsiao
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Lo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - He-Jhen Dai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Hao Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - De-Kuang Hwang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-L.K.); Tel.: +886-2-287-573-25 (C.-C.H.); +886-2-287-573-63 (C.-L.K.)
| | - Chung-Lan Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.H.); (C.-L.K.); Tel.: +886-2-287-573-25 (C.-C.H.); +886-2-287-573-63 (C.-L.K.)
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9
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Abstract
Alterations to the gut microbiome have been reported between children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and typically developing (TD) children. Characterizing these differences has led to the proposal of new treatments for ASD, such as probiotic interventions and fecal matter transplants. However, no study to date has characterized the gut microbiome or metabolome in Pitt Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe ASD with a high incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances such as constipation. Here, we surveyed the gut microbiome and metabolome in a cohort of PTHS individuals and their unaffected parents. We focused our analysis on Clostridium bolteae, a microbe previously associated with ASD known to chemically modify bile acids in the gut. PTHS individuals carry a higher load of C. bolteae than their parents as well as both ASD and non-ASD individuals from the American Gut Project cohort. Specific metabolites were associated with PTHS, including bile acids and sphingosines. With a metadata reanalysis tool, we found that PTHS-associated metabolites have previously been identified in inflammatory bowel disease and obesity patients. These results suggest microbial involvement in PTHS, but further research must be performed to clarify the exact mechanisms through which microbes may act. Furthermore, new associations between PTHS-specific metabolites and other conditions may lead to additional therapeutic options for PTHS individuals. IMPORTANCE GI disturbances in ASD such as severe constipation can be medically significant and often require medication. This is especially true for individuals with PTHS, suggesting that the gut microbiome may be involved in PTHS’s pathology. Revealing associations between specific gut microbes and PTHS may allow the development of new therapeutics or the application of existing therapeutics to ease day-to-day challenges encountered by PTHS individuals. In this study, we characterized an association between C. bolteae and PTHS, in addition to metabolites linked to both PTHS and C. bolteae. We also identified other microbiome-involved medical conditions where PTHS-associated metabolites have been isolated. Utilizing common metabolites to identify conditions with similar phenotypes may suggest new therapeutic options for GI-related symptoms.
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10
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KUTLUK G, KADEM EN, RANDA NC, ÖZ A. The Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome: Report of 5 Patients and Literature Comparison. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2021. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.891840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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James DM, Davidson EA, Yanes J, Moshiree B, Dallman JE. The Gut-Brain-Microbiome Axis and Its Link to Autism: Emerging Insights and the Potential of Zebrafish Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662916. [PMID: 33937265 PMCID: PMC8081961 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research involving autism spectrum disorder (ASD) most frequently focuses on its key diagnostic criteria: restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, altered sensory perception, and communication impairments. These core criteria, however, are often accompanied by numerous comorbidities, many of which result in severe negative impacts on quality of life, including seizures, epilepsy, sleep disturbance, hypotonia, and GI distress. While ASD is a clinically heterogeneous disorder, gastrointestinal (GI) distress is among the most prevalent co-occurring symptom complex, manifesting in upward of 70% of all individuals with ASD. Consistent with this high prevalence, over a dozen family foundations that represent genetically distinct, molecularly defined forms of ASD have identified GI symptoms as an understudied area with significant negative impacts on quality of life for both individuals and their caregivers. Moreover, GI symptoms are also correlated with more pronounced irritability, social withdrawal, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and sleep disturbances, suggesting that they may exacerbate the defining behavioral symptoms of ASD. Despite these facts (and to the detriment of the community), GI distress remains largely unaddressed by ASD research and is frequently regarded as a symptomatic outcome rather than a potential contributory factor to the behavioral symptoms. Allowing for examination of both ASD's impact on the central nervous system (CNS) as well as its impact on the GI tract and the associated microbiome, the zebrafish has recently emerged as a powerful tool to study ASD. This is in no small part due to the advantages zebrafish present as a model system: their precocious development, their small transparent larval form, and their parallels with humans in genetics and physiology. While ASD research centered on the CNS has leveraged these advantages, there has been a critical lack of GI-centric ASD research in zebrafish models, making a holistic view of the gut-brain-microbiome axis incomplete. Similarly, high-throughput ASD drug screens have recently been developed but primarily focus on CNS and behavioral impacts while potential GI impacts have not been investigated. In this review, we aim to explore the great promise of the zebrafish model for elucidating the roles of the gut-brain-microbiome axis in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. James
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | | | - Julio Yanes
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Baharak Moshiree
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Julia E. Dallman
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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12
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Teixeira JR, Szeto RA, Carvalho VMA, Muotri AR, Papes F. Transcription factor 4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:19. [PMID: 33414364 PMCID: PMC7791034 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human transcription factor 4 gene (TCF4) encodes a helix-loop-helix transcription factor widely expressed throughout the body and during neural development. Mutations in TCF4 cause a devastating autism spectrum disorder known as Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, characterized by a range of aberrant phenotypes including severe intellectual disability, absence of speech, delayed cognitive and motor development, and dysmorphic features. Moreover, polymorphisms in TCF4 have been associated with schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurological conditions. Details about how TCF4 genetic variants are linked to these diseases and the role of TCF4 during neural development are only now beginning to emerge. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the functions of TCF4 and its protein products at both the cellular and organismic levels, as well as a description of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Teixeira
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ryan A. Szeto
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Vinicius M. A. Carvalho
- grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Abnormal Head Size in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Nervous System Disorders or Neurological Syndromes with One or More Neurodysfunction Visible since Infancy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113739. [PMID: 33233862 PMCID: PMC7699836 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate co-occurrence of absolute/relative microcephaly, absolute/relative macrocephaly and congenital nervous system disorders or neurological syndromes with symptoms visible since infancy, based on fundamental data acquired during the admission procedure at a neurological rehabilitation ward for children and adolescents. The study applied a retrospective analysis of data collected during the hospitalization of 327 children and adolescents, aged 4-18 years, affected since infancy by congenital disorders of the nervous system and/or neurological syndromes associated with a minimum of one neurodysfunction. To identify subjects with absolute/relative microcephaly, absolute/relative macrocephaly in the group of children and adolescents, the adopted criteria took into account z-score values for head circumference (z-score hc) and head circumference index (z-score HCI). Dysmorphological (x+/-3s) and traditional (x+/-2s) criteria were adopted to diagnose developmental disorders of head size. Regardless of the adopted criteria, absolute macrocephaly often coexists with state after surgery of lumbar myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus, isolated hydrocephalus, hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy, and Becker's muscular dystrophy (p < 0.001, p = 0.002). Absolute macrocephaly is often associated with neural tube defects and neuromuscular disorders (p = 0.001, p = 0.001). Relative microcephaly often occurs with non-progressive encephalopathy (p = 0.017, p = 0.029). Absolute microcephaly, diagnosed on the basis of traditional criteria, is often associated with epilepsy (p = 0.043). In children and adolescents with congenital nervous system disorders or neurological syndromes with one or more neurodysfunction visible since infancy, there is variation in abnormal head size (statistically significant relationships and clinical implications were established). The definitions used allowed for the differentiation of abnormal head size.
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14
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Wang HB, Tahara Y, Luk SHC, Kim YS, Hitchcock ON, MacDowell Kaswan ZA, In Kim Y, Block GD, Ghiani CA, Loh DH, Colwell CS. Melatonin treatment of repetitive behavioral deficits in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105064. [PMID: 32889171 PMCID: PMC7597927 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nighttime light pollution is linked to metabolic and cognitive dysfunction. Many patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show disturbances in their sleep/wake cycle, and may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of circadian disruptors. In this study, we examined the impact of exposure to dim light at night (DLaN, 5 lx) in a model of ASD: the contactin associated protein-like 2 knock out (Cntnap2 KO) mice. DLaN was sufficient to disrupt locomotor activity rhythms, exacerbate the excessive grooming and diminish the social preference in Cntnap2 mutant mice. On a molecular level, DLaN altered the phase and amplitude of PER2:LUC rhythms in a tissue-specific manner in vitro. Daily treatment with melatonin reduced the excessive grooming of the mutant mice to wild-type levels and improved activity rhythms. Our findings suggest that common circadian disruptors such as light at night should be considered in the management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Bin Wang
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shu Hon Christopher Luk
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Olivia N Hitchcock
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zoe A MacDowell Kaswan
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gene D Block
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dawn H Loh
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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15
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Composite Sleep Problems Observed Across Smith-Magenis Syndrome, MBD5-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome, and ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:1852-1865. [PMID: 32845423 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers of preschool and elementary school age children with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND), and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) were surveyed to assess sleep disturbance and to identify disorder-specific sleep problems. Because of overlapping features of these rare genetic neurodevelopmental syndromes, data were compared to reports of sleep disturbance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While similarities were observed with ASD, specific concerns between disorders differed, including mean nighttime sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, night wakings, parasomnias, restless sleep, and bedwetting. Overall, sleep disturbance in PTHS is significant but less severe than in SMS and MAND. The complexity of these conditions and the challenges of underlying sleep disturbance indicate the need for more support, education, and ongoing management of sleep for these individuals.
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16
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Tripon F, Bogliș A, Micheu C, Streață I, Bănescu C. Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome: Clinical and Molecular Findings of a 5-Year-Old Patient. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060596. [PMID: 32481733 PMCID: PMC7349262 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitt Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a very rare condition and until now, approximately 500 patients were reported worldwide, of which not all are genetically confirmed. Usually, individuals with variants affecting exons 1 to 5 in the TCF4 gene associate mild intellectual disability (ID), between exons 5 to 8, moderate to severe ID and sometimes have some of the characteristics of PTHS, and variants starting from exon 9 to exon 20 associate a typical PTHS phenotype. In this report, we describe the clinical and molecular findings of a Caucasian boy diagnosed with PTHS. PTHS phenotype is described including craniofacial dysmorphism with brachycephaly, biparietal narrowing, wide nasal bridge, thin and linear lateral eyebrows, palpebral edema, full cheeks, short philtrum, wide mouth with prominent and everted lips, prominent Cupid’s bow, downturned corners of the mouth, microdontia and also the clinical management of the patient. The previously and the current diagnosis scores are described in this report and also the challenges and their benefits for an accurate and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Tripon
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Târgu Mureș, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Department of Genetics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology/Genetics, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Alina Bogliș
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Târgu Mureș, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Department of Genetics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology/Genetics, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-265-21-55-51
| | - Cristian Micheu
- Child Neurology Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical County Hospital Mureș, 540072 Târgu Mureş, Romania;
| | - Ioana Streață
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj—Clinical County Emergency Hospital Craiova, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Claudia Bănescu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Târgu Mureș, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (F.T.); (C.B.)
- Department of Genetics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology/Genetics, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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17
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Leylek R, Idoyaga J. The versatile plasmacytoid dendritic cell: Function, heterogeneity, and plasticity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:177-211. [PMID: 31759431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their identification as the natural interferon-producing cell two decades ago, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been attributed diverse functions in the immune response. Their most well characterized function is innate, i.e., their rapid and robust production of type-I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viruses. However, pDCs have also been implicated in antigen presentation, activation of adaptive immune responses and immunoregulation. The mechanisms by which pDCs enact these diverse functions are poorly understood. One central debate is whether these functions are carried out by different pDC subpopulations or by plasticity in the pDC compartment. This chapter summarizes the latest reports regarding pDC function, heterogeneity, cell conversion and environmentally influenced plasticity, as well as the role of pDCs in infection, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Leylek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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18
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Hellwig M, Lauffer MC, Bockmayr M, Spohn M, Merk DJ, Harrison L, Ahlfeld J, Kitowski A, Neumann JE, Ohli J, Holdhof D, Niesen J, Schoof M, Kool M, Kraus C, Zweier C, Holmberg D, Schüller U. TCF4 (E2-2) harbors tumor suppressive functions in SHH medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:657-673. [PMID: 30830316 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The TCF4 gene encodes for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 4 (TCF4), which plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Haploinsufficiency of TCF4 was found to cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Recently, the screening of a large cohort of medulloblastoma (MB), a highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor, revealed almost 20% of adult patients with MB of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype carrying somatic TCF4 mutations. Interestingly, many of these mutations have previously been detected as germline mutations in patients with PTHS. We show here that overexpression of wild-type TCF4 in vitro significantly suppresses cell proliferation in MB cells, whereas mutant TCF4 proteins do not to the same extent. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed significant upregulation of multiple well-known tumor suppressors upon expression of wild-type TCF4. In vivo, a prenatal knockout of Tcf4 in mice caused a significant increase in apoptosis accompanied by a decreased proliferation and failed migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells (CGNP), which are thought to be the cells of origin for SHH MB. In contrast, postnatal in vitro and in vivo knockouts of Tcf4 with and without an additional constitutive activation of the SHH pathway led to significantly increased proliferation of CGNP or MB cells. Finally, publicly available data from human MB show that relatively low expression levels of TCF4 significantly correlate with a worse clinical outcome. These results not only point to time-specific roles of Tcf4 during cerebellar development but also suggest a functional linkage between TCF4 mutations and the formation of SHH MB, proposing that TCF4 acts as a tumor suppressor during postnatal stages of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlen C Lauffer
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Merk
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Ahlfeld
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ohli
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Kousoulidou L, Alexandrou A, Papaevripidou I, Evangelidou P, Tanteles G, Anastasiadou VC, Sismani C. Two unrelated individuals carrying rare mosaic deletions in TCF4 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 179:134-138. [PMID: 30450687 PMCID: PMC6587998 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.60692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Kousoulidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Angelos Alexandrou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Papaevripidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paola Evangelidou
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Tanteles
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Violetta C Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Archbishop Makarios III Medical Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carolina Sismani
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genomics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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20
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Schönewolf-Greulich B, Bisgaard AM, Møller R, Dunø M, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Kaur S, Van Bergen N, Lunke S, Eggers S, Jespersgaard C, Christodoulou J, Tümer Z. Clinician’s guide to genes associated with Rett-like phenotypes-Investigation of a Danish cohort and review of the literature. Clin Genet 2018; 95:221-230. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Schönewolf-Greulich
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A-M. Bisgaard
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R.S. Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - M. Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Brøndum-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Kaur
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - N.J. Van Bergen
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Lunke
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Eggers
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - C. Jespersgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Christodoulou
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Z. Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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21
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Donnio LM, Bidon B, Hashimoto S, May M, Epanchintsev A, Ryan C, Allen W, Hackett A, Gecz J, Skinner C, Stevenson RE, de Brouwer APM, Coutton C, Francannet C, Jouk PS, Schwartz CE, Egly JM. MED12-related XLID disorders are dose-dependent of immediate early genes (IEGs) expression. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2062-2075. [PMID: 28369444 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator occupies a key role in protein coding genes expression in mediating the contacts between gene specific factors and the basal transcription machinery but little is known regarding the role of each Mediator subunits. Mutations in MED12 are linked with a broad spectrum of genetic disorders with X-linked intellectual disability that are difficult to range as Lujan, Opitz-Kaveggia or Ohdo syndromes. Here, we investigated several MED12 patients mutations (p.R206Q, p.N898D, p.R961W, p.N1007S, p.R1148H, p.S1165P and p.R1295H) and show that each MED12 mutations cause specific expression patterns of JUN, FOS and EGR1 immediate early genes (IEGs), reflected by the presence or absence of MED12 containing complex at their respective promoters. Moreover, the effect of MED12 mutations has cell-type specificity on IEG expression. As a consequence, the expression of late responsive genes such as the matrix metalloproteinase-3 and the RE1 silencing transcription factor implicated respectively in neural plasticity and the specific expression of neuronal genes is disturbed as documented for MED12/p.R1295H mutation. In such case, JUN and FOS failed to be properly recruited at their AP1-binding site. Our results suggest that the differences between MED12-related phenotypes are essentially the result of distinct IEGs expression patterns, the later ones depending on the accurate formation of the transcription initiation complex. This might challenge clinicians to rethink the traditional syndromes boundaries and to include genetic criterion in patients' diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise-Marie Donnio
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Baptiste Bidon
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu city, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Melanie May
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29649, USA
| | - Alexey Epanchintsev
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Colm Ryan
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | | | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine, and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | | | - Arjan P M de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525?HP, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Coutton
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire, Institut Albert Bonniot, CNRS/INSERM/Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Francannet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire, Institut Albert Bonniot, CNRS/INSERM/Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer biology, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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22
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Sun JJ, Ray RS. Tg(Th-Cre)FI172Gsat ( Th-Cre) defines neurons that are required for full hypercapnic and hypoxic reflexes. Biol Open 2017; 6:1200-1208. [PMID: 28684394 PMCID: PMC5576086 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The catecholaminergic (CA) system has been implicated in many facets of breathing control and offers an important target to better comprehend the underlying etiologies of both developmental and adult respiratory pathophysiologies. Here, we used a noninvasive DREADD-based pharmacogenetic approach to acutely perturb Tg(Th-Cre)FI172Gsat (Th-Cre)-defined neurons in awake and unrestrained mice in an attempt to characterize CA function in breathing. We report that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)-DREADD-mediated inhibition of Th-Cre-defined neurons results in blunted ventilatory responses under respiratory challenge. Under a hypercapnic challenge (5% CO2/21% O2/74% N2), perturbation of Th-Cre neurons results in reduced fR, and . Under a hypoxic challenge (10% O2/90% N2), we saw reduced fR, and , in addition to instability in both interbreath interval and tidal volume, resulting in a Cheyne-Stokes-like respiratory pattern. These findings demonstrate the necessity of Th-Cre-defined neurons for the hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses and breathing stability during hypoxia. However, given the expanded non-CA expression domains of the Tg(Th-Cre)FI172Gsat mouse line found in the brainstem, full phenotypic effect cannot be assigned solely to CA neurons. Nonetheless, this work identifies a key respiratory population that may lead to further insights into the circuitry that maintains respiratory stability in the face of homeostatic challenges. Summary: DREADD-mediated silencing of Tg(Th-Cre)FI172Gsat-defined neurons in adult mice results in reduced O2 and CO2 breathing reflexes and respiratory rhythm destabilization under hypoxic challenge, resembling Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Sun
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 1 Baylor Plaza, T707, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell S Ray
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 1 Baylor Plaza, T707, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Jehee FS, de Oliveira VT, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Pietra RX, Rubatino FVM, Carobin NV, Vianna GS, de Freitas ML, Fernandes KS, Ribeiro BSV, Brüggenwirth HT, Ali-Amin R, White JJ, Akdemir ZC, Jhangiani SN, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Varela MC, Koiffmann C, Rosenberg C, Carvalho CMB. Dual molecular diagnosis contributes to atypical Prader-Willi phenotype in monozygotic twins. Am J Med Genet A 2017. [PMID: 28631899 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe monozygotic twin girls with genetic variation at two separate loci resulting in a blended phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. These girls were diagnosed in early infancy with Prader-Willi syndrome, but developed an atypical phenotype, with apparent intellectual deficiency and lack of obesity. Array-comparative genomic hybridization confirmed a de novo paternal deletion of the 15q11.2q13 region and exome sequencing identified a second mutational event in both girls, which was a novel variant c.145+1G>A affecting a TCF4 canonical splicing site inherited from the mosaic mother. RNA studies showed that the variant abolished the donor splicing site, which was accompanied by activation of an alternative non-canonical splicing-site which then predicts a premature stop codon in the following exon. Clinical re-evaluation of the twins indicated that both variants are likely contributing to the more severe phenotypic presentation. Our data show that atypical clinical presentations may actually be the expression of blended clinical phenotypes arising from independent pathogenic events at two loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Jehee
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valdirene T de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gurgel-Giannetti
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaella X Pietra
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando V M Rubatino
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália V Carobin
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle S Vianna
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana L de Freitas
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karla S Fernandes
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S V Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hennie T Brüggenwirth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roza Ali-Amin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janson J White
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeynep C Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Monica C Varela
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Koiffmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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24
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Vrečar I, Innes J, Jones EA, Kingston H, Reardon W, Kerr B, Clayton-Smith J, Douzgou S. Further Clinical Delineation of the MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome: Report on New Cases and Literature Review of Severe Neurodevelopmental Disorders Presenting with Seizures, Absent Speech, and Involuntary Movements. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:129-141. [PMID: 28794905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the MEF2C ( myocyte enhancer factor 2 ) gene have been established as a cause for an intellectual disability syndrome presenting with seizures, absence of speech, stereotypic movements, hypotonia, and limited ambulation. Phenotypic overlap with Rett's and Angelman's syndromes has been noted. Following the first reports of 5q14.3q15 microdeletions encompassing the MEF2C gene, further cases with point mutations and partial gene deletions of the MEF2C gene have been described. We present the clinical phenotype of our cohort of six patients with MEF2C mutations and compare our findings with previously reported patients as well as with a growing number of genetic conditions presenting with a severe neurodevelopmental, Rett-like, phenotype. We aim to add to the current knowledge of the natural history of the "MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome" as well as of the differential diagnosis, clinical management, and genetic counseling in this diagnostically challenging group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Vrečar
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Josie Innes
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Kingston
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William Reardon
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Our Lady's Children Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bronwyn Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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25
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Aquino A, Perini M, Cosmai S, Zanon S, Pisa V, Castagna C, Uberti S. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Limits Chronic Constipation in a Child with Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome. Case Rep Pediatr 2017; 2017:5437830. [PMID: 28251008 PMCID: PMC5306969 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5437830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by insufficient expression of the TCF4 gene. Children with PTHS typically present with gastrointestinal disorders and early severe chronic constipation is frequently found (75%). Here we describe the case of a PTHS male 10-year-old patient with chronic constipation in whom Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) resulted in improved bowel functions, as assessed by the diary, the QPGS-Form A Section C questionnaire, and the Paediatric Bristol Stool Form Scale. The authors suggested that OMT may be a valid tool to improve the defecation frequency and reduce enema administration in PTHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Aquino
- Research Department, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Paediatrics & Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Perini
- Department of Clinical Paediatrics & Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cosmai
- Department of Clinical Paediatrics & Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Zanon
- Department of Clinical Paediatrics & Obstetrics-Gynaecology, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Pisa
- Research Department, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Castagna
- Research Department, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Uberti
- Research Department, Istituto Superiore di Osteopatia, 20126 Milan, Italy
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26
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Casey AF, Pickard V, Ullrich C, MacNeil Z. An adapted walking intervention for a child with Pitt Hopkins syndrome<sup/>. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2017; 13:25-30. [PMID: 28125296 DOI: 10.1080/17483107.2016.1278469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of a community-based adapted walking intervention on a child with Pitt Hopkins syndrome (PTHS). METHODS A four-year old boy with PTHS participated in a 12-week intervention comprising five one-hour long walking sessions per week at a local daycare. Walking sessions used the Upsee mobility device (Firefly by Leckey Ltd., Ireland). Outcome measures included Goal Attainment Scaling and the Mobility Ability Participation Assessment. RESULTS Parental and caregiver goals for social interaction, physical activity and physical health surpassed expectations by post-testing. Gains were not sustained at three months follow-up. The participant's ability and mobility may have increased following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Participants with PTHS may benefit from regular physical activity and early intervention. The Upsee mobility device is a feasible and fun way to promote inclusive community-based physical activity and social engagement in a young child with PTHS. Further research into the health benefits of physical activity and the Upsee for children with PTHS may be warranted. Implications for Rehabilitation Physical activity may be beneficial for a child with Pitt Hopkins syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. New design, implementation of mobility intervention for a child with neurodevelopmental disabilities. The Upsee mobility device may offer physical benefits for a child with a neurodevelopmental disability. The Upsee mobility device may offer social benefits for a child with a neurodevelopmental disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Faith Casey
- a Department of Human Kinetics , St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , NS , Canada
| | - Vanessa Pickard
- a Department of Human Kinetics , St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , NS , Canada
| | - Claire Ullrich
- a Department of Human Kinetics , St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , NS , Canada
| | - Zachary MacNeil
- a Department of Human Kinetics , St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , NS , Canada
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27
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Kennedy AJ, Rahn EJ, Paulukaitis BS, Savell KE, Kordasiewicz HB, Wang J, Lewis JW, Posey J, Strange SK, Guzman-Karlsson MC, Phillips SE, Decker K, Motley ST, Swayze EE, Ecker DJ, Michael TP, Day JJ, Sweatt JD. Tcf4 Regulates Synaptic Plasticity, DNA Methylation, and Memory Function. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2666-2685. [PMID: 27568567 PMCID: PMC5710002 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human haploinsufficiency of the transcription factor Tcf4 leads to a rare autism spectrum disorder called Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), which is associated with severe language impairment and development delay. Here, we demonstrate that Tcf4 haploinsufficient mice have deficits in social interaction, ultrasonic vocalization, prepulse inhibition, and spatial and associative learning and memory. Despite learning deficits, Tcf4(+/-) mice have enhanced long-term potentiation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. In translationally oriented studies, we found that small-molecule HDAC inhibitors normalized hippocampal LTP and memory recall. A comprehensive set of next-generation sequencing experiments of hippocampal mRNA and methylated DNA isolated from Tcf4-deficient and WT mice before or shortly after experiential learning, with or without administration of vorinostat, identified "memory-associated" genes modulated by HDAC inhibition and dysregulated by Tcf4 haploinsufficiency. Finally, we observed that Hdac2 isoform-selective knockdown was sufficient to rescue memory deficits in Tcf4(+/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kennedy
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Chemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Rahn
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brynna S Paulukaitis
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine E Savell
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John W Lewis
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jessica Posey
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sarah K Strange
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mikael C Guzman-Karlsson
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Scott E Phillips
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kyle Decker
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy J Day
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J David Sweatt
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Brunner D, Kabitzke P, He D, Cox K, Thiede L, Hanania T, Sabath E, Alexandrov V, Saxe M, Peles E, Mills A, Spooren W, Ghosh A, Feliciano P, Benedetti M, Luo Clayton A, Biemans B. Comprehensive Analysis of the 16p11.2 Deletion and Null Cntnap2 Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134572. [PMID: 26273832 PMCID: PMC4537259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder comprises several neurodevelopmental conditions presenting symptoms in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors. A major roadblock for drug development for autism is the lack of robust behavioral signatures predictive of clinical efficacy. To address this issue, we further characterized, in a uniform and rigorous way, mouse models of autism that are of interest because of their construct validity and wide availability to the scientific community. We implemented a broad behavioral battery that included but was not restricted to core autism domains, with the goal of identifying robust, reliable phenotypes amenable for further testing. Here we describe comprehensive findings from two known mouse models of autism, obtained at different developmental stages, using a systematic behavioral test battery combining standard tests as well as novel, quantitative, computer-vision based systems. The first mouse model recapitulates a deletion in human chromosome 16p11.2, found in 1% of individuals with autism. The second mouse model harbors homozygous null mutations in Cntnap2, associated with autism and Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome. Consistent with previous results, 16p11.2 heterozygous null mice, also known as Del(7Slx1b-Sept1)4Aam weighed less than wild type littermates displayed hyperactivity and no social deficits. Cntnap2 homozygous null mice were also hyperactive, froze less during testing, showed a mild gait phenotype and deficits in the three-chamber social preference test, although less robust than previously published. In the open field test with exposure to urine of an estrous female, however, the Cntnap2 null mice showed reduced vocalizations. In addition, Cntnap2 null mice performed slightly better in a cognitive procedural learning test. Although finding and replicating robust behavioral phenotypes in animal models is a challenging task, such functional readouts remain important in the development of therapeutics and we anticipate both our positive and negative findings will be utilized as a resource for the broader scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunner
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patricia Kabitzke
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dansha He
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Cox
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Lucinda Thiede
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Taleen Hanania
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Emily Sabath
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alea Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Pamela Feliciano
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marta Benedetti
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Luo Clayton
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative, New York, NY, United States of America
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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30
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Poot M. Connecting the CNTNAP2 Networks with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:7-22. [PMID: 25852443 DOI: 10.1159/000371594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on genomic rearrangements and copy number variations, the contactin-associated protein-like 2 gene (CNTNAP2) has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, intellectual disability, obsessive compulsive disorder, cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To explain the phenotypic pleiotropy of CNTNAP2 alterations, several hypotheses have been put forward. Those include gene disruption, loss of a gene copy by a heterozygous deletion, altered regulation of gene expression due to loss of transcription factor binding and DNA methylation sites, and mutations in the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein which may provoke altered interactions of the CNTNAP2-encoded protein, Caspr2, with other proteins. Also exome sequencing, which covers <0.2% of the CNTNAP2 genomic DNA, has revealed numerous single nucleotide variants in healthy individuals and in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In some of these disorders, disruption of CNTNAP2 may be interpreted as a susceptibility factor rather than a directly causative mutation. In addition to being associated with impaired development of language, CNTNAP2 may turn out to be a central node in the molecular networks controlling neurodevelopment. This review discusses the impact of CNTNAP2 mutations on its functioning at multiple levels of the combinatorial genetic networks that govern brain development. In addition, recommendations for genomic testing in the context of clinical genetic management of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders and their families are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Poot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Hodge JC, Mitchell E, Pillalamarri V, Toler TL, Bartel F, Kearney HM, Zou YS, Tan WH, Hanscom C, Kirmani S, Hanson RR, Skinner SA, Rogers C, Everman DB, Boyd E, Mullegama SV, Keelean-Fuller D, Powell CM, Elsea SH, Morton CC, Gusella JF, DuPont B, Chaubey A, Lin AE, Talkowski ME, Talkowski ME. Disruption of MBD5 contributes to a spectrum of psychopathology and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:368-79. [PMID: 23587880 PMCID: PMC4756476 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microdeletions of chromosomal region 2q23.1 that disrupt MBD5 (methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 5) contribute to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes; however, the impact of this locus on human psychopathology has not been fully explored. To characterize the structural variation landscape of MBD5 disruptions and the associated human psychopathology, 22 individuals with genomic disruption of MBD5 (translocation, point mutation and deletion) were identified through whole-genome sequencing or cytogenomic microarray at 11 molecular diagnostic centers. The genomic impact ranged from a single base pair to 5.4 Mb. Parents were available for 11 cases, all of which confirmed that the rearrangement arose de novo. Phenotypes were largely indistinguishable between patients with full-segment 2q23.1 deletions and those with intragenic MBD5 rearrangements, including alterations confined entirely to the 5'-untranslated region, confirming the critical impact of non-coding sequence at this locus. We identified heterogeneous, multisystem pathogenic effects of MBD5 disruption and characterized the associated spectrum of psychopathology, including the novel finding of anxiety and bipolar disorder in multiple patients. Importantly, one of the unique features of the oldest known patient was behavioral regression. Analyses also revealed phenotypes that distinguish MBD5 disruptions from seven well-established syndromes with significant diagnostic overlap. This study demonstrates that haploinsufficiency of MBD5 causes diverse phenotypes, yields insight into the spectrum of resulting neurodevelopmental and behavioral psychopathology and provides clinical context for interpretation of MBD5 structural variations. Empirical evidence also indicates that disruption of non-coding MBD5 regulatory regions is sufficient for clinical manifestation, highlighting the limitations of exon-focused assessments. These results suggest an ongoing perturbation of neurological function throughout the lifespan, including risks for neurobehavioral regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennelle C. Hodge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, USA
| | - Elyse Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomi L. Toler
- Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ying S. Zou
- Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, Pathology Associates Medical Laboratories, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salman Kirmani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, USA
| | - Rae R. Hanson
- Child Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ellen Boyd
- Fullerton Genetic Center, Mission Health, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Sureni V. Mullegama
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Debra Keelean-Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Powell
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Angela E. Lin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Medical Genetics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, USA,Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M E Talkowski
- 1] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA [3] Departments of Genetics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Rodenas-Cuadrado P, Ho J, Vernes SC. Shining a light on CNTNAP2: complex functions to complex disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:171-8. [PMID: 23714751 PMCID: PMC3895625 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of complex neurological disorders involving language are poorly understood, partly due to the multiple additive genetic risk factors that are thought to be responsible. Furthermore, these conditions are often syndromic in that they have a range of endophenotypes that may be associated with the disorder and that may be present in different combinations in patients. However, the emergence of individual genes implicated across multiple disorders has suggested that they might share similar underlying genetic mechanisms. The CNTNAP2 gene is an excellent example of this, as it has recently been implicated in a broad range of phenotypes including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, intellectual disability, dyslexia and language impairment. This review considers the evidence implicating CNTNAP2 in these conditions, the genetic risk factors and mutations that have been identified in patient and population studies and how these relate to patient phenotypes. The role of CNTNAP2 is examined in the context of larger neurogenetic networks during development and disorder, given what is known regarding the regulation and function of this gene. Understanding the role of CNTNAP2 in diverse neurological disorders will further our understanding of how combinations of individual genetic risk factors can contribute to complex conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodenas-Cuadrado
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joses Ho
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Knockdown of human TCF4 affects multiple signaling pathways involved in cell survival, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and neuronal differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73169. [PMID: 24058414 PMCID: PMC3751932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of TCF4 causes Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS): a severe form of mental retardation with phenotypic similarities to Angelman, Mowat-Wilson and Rett syndromes. Genome-wide association studies have also found that common variants in TCF4 are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Although TCF4 is transcription factor, little is known about TCF4-regulated processes in the brain. In this study we used genome-wide expression profiling to determine the effects of acute TCF4 knockdown on gene expression in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We identified 1204 gene expression changes (494 upregulated, 710 downregulated) in TCF4 knockdown cells. Pathway and enrichment analysis on the differentially expressed genes in TCF4-knockdown cells identified an over-representation of genes involved in TGF-β signaling, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. Among the most significantly differentially expressed genes were the EMT regulators, SNAI2 and DEC1 and the proneural genes, NEUROG2 and ASCL1. Altered expression of several mental retardation genes such as UBE3A (Angelman Syndrome), ZEB2 (Mowat-Wilson Syndrome) and MEF2C was also found in TCF4-depleted cells. These data suggest that TCF4 regulates a number of convergent signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and survival in addition to a subset of clinically important mental retardation genes.
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34
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Sweatt JD. Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome: intellectual disability due to loss of TCF4-regulated gene transcription. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e21. [PMID: 23640545 PMCID: PMC3674405 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TCF4 (transcription factor 4; E2-2, ITF2) is a transcription factor that when haplo-insufficient causes Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS), an autism-spectrum disorder that is associated with pervasive developmental delay and severe intellectual disability. The TCF4 gene is also a risk factor with highly significant linkage to schizophrenia, presumably via overexpression of the TCF4 gene product in the central nervous system. This review will present an overview of the clinical manifestations of PTHS and relate those clinical attributes to the underlying molecular genetics of TCF4. In order to provide a molecular biological context for the loss of function of TCF4 in PTHS, the review will also present a brief overview of the basic biochemistry of TCF4-mediated regulation of cellular and neuronal gene expression. In the final section of this review, I will discuss and speculate upon possible roles for the TCF4 transcription factor in neuronal function and comment upon how understanding these roles may give new insights into the molecular neurobiology of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Sweatt
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA.
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