1
|
Fan L, Wang X, Szeto IMY, Liu B, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Dietary intake of different ratios of ARA/DHA in early stages and its impact on infant development. Food Funct 2024; 15:3259-3273. [PMID: 38469864 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04629j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are essential in the development of infants. ARA and DHA from breast milk or infant formula are the main sources of access for infants to meet their physiological and metabolic needs. The ratio of ARA to DHA in breast milk varies among regions and different lactation stages. Different ratios of ARA and DHA mainly from algal oil, animal fat, fish oil, and microbial oil, are added to infant formula in different regions and infant age ranges. Supplementing with appropriate ratios of ARA and DHA during infancy promotes brain, neural, visual, and other development aspects. In this review, we first introduced the current intake status of ARA and DHA in different locations, lactation stages, and age ranges in breast milk and infant formula. Finally, we discussed the effect of different ratios of ARA and DHA on infant development. This review provided a comprehensive research basis for the nutritional research of infants who consume different ratios of ARA and DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Fan
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xincen Wang
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | | | - Biao Liu
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3152, Australia
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gostyńska A, Przybylski T, Ogrodowczyk M. Y-Site Compatibility Studies of Parenteral Nutrition and Other Intravenous Medications in Neonatal and Pediatric Patients: A Review of the Literature Evidence. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:264. [PMID: 38399318 PMCID: PMC10892144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polytherapy in neonatal and pediatric patients requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) administration is a challenging task. Due to limited intravenous access, the Y-site administration of medication with PN admixtures is sometimes inevitable. AIM This review aims to summarize the evidence on the compatibility of the Y-site of intravenous medications and PN admixtures in neonatal and pediatric settings. METHODS A literature review of the PubMed database was conducted. Articles published between January 1995 and November 2023 concerning the compatibility of intravenous medications in pediatric-dose PN admixtures or with intravenous lipid emulsions only were included. Studies concerning the compatibility/stability of the ingredients of PN admixtures and those concerning unapproved medications were excluded. Based on the methodology used, the quality of the research was assessed. RESULTS A total of fifteen studies were explored. Among fifty-five different drug substances assessed in the research reviewed, 56% (31/55) were found to be compatible, 13% (7/55) were assigned as incompatible, and for 31% (17/55), the data were ambiguous. None of the studies demonstrated an "A" grade (very high quality), and the grades "B", "C", and "D" were assigned to four, six, and five studies, respectively. The compatibility data are presented in two tables, the first concerning the simultaneous administration of medications with 2-in-1 PN formulations (without lipids) and the second, with 3-in-1 formulations (with lipids) and lipid emulsions. CONCLUSIONS This review presents data on compatibilities between intravenously administered medications and PN mixtures intended for neonates and pediatric patients found in the PubMed database. It should be highlighted, however, that this work has some limitations. The clinical decisions on the simultaneous administration of intravenous medication with PN admixtures should be based not only on this review (including assessment of the quality of evidence) but also on manufacturer data, available electronic databases, and incompatibility data for PN admixtures dedicated to adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gostyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Magdalena Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzalez-Garay AG, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Medina Vera I, Velasco Hidalgo L, Alonso Ocaña MV. Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed term infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 11:CD013758. [PMID: 37929831 PMCID: PMC10626736 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013758.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many infants are fed infant formulas to promote growth. Some formulas have a high protein content (≥ 2.5 g per 100 kcal) to accelerate weight gain during the first year of life. The risk-benefit balance of these formulas is unclear. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefits and harms of higher protein intake versus lower protein intake in healthy, formula-fed term infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, OpenGrey, clinical trial registries, and conference proceedings in October 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of healthy formula-fed infants (those fed only formula and those given formula as a complementary food). We included infants of any sex or ethnicity who were fed infant formula for at least three consecutive months at any time from birth. We excluded quasi-randomized trials, observational studies, and infants with congenital malformations or serious underlying diseases. We defined high protein content as 2.5 g or more per 100 kcal, and low protein content as less than 1.8 g per 100 kcal (for exclusive formula feeding) or less than 1.7 g per 100 kcal (for complementary formula feeding). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data from trials, and a fifth review author resolved discrepancies. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, calculating risk ratios (RRs) or Peto odds ratios (Peto ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs for continuous outcomes. We used the GRADE approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 11 RCTs (1185 infants) conducted in high-income countries. Seven trials (1629 infants) compared high-protein formula against standard-protein formula, and four trials (256 infants) compared standard-protein formula against low-protein formula. The longest follow-up was 11 years. High-protein formula versus standard-protein formula We found very low-certainty evidence that feeding healthy term infants high-protein formula compared to standard-protein formula has little or no effect on underweight (MD in weight-for-age z-score 0.05 SDs, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.19; P = 0.51, I2 = 61%; 7 studies, 1629 participants), stunting (MD in height-for-age z-score 0.15 SDs, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.35; P = 0.14, I2 = 73%; 7 studies, 1629 participants), and wasting (MD in weight-for-height z-score -0.12 SDs, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.07; P = 0.20, I2 = 94%; 7 studies, 1629 participants) in the first year of life. We found very low-certainty evidence that feeding healthy infants high-protein formula compared to standard-protein formula has little or no effect on the occurrence of overweight (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.51; P = 0.51; 1 study, 1090 participants) or obesity (RR 1.96, 95% CI 0.59 to 6.48; P = 0.27; 1 study, 1090 participants) at five years of follow-up. No studies reported all-cause mortality. Feeding healthy infants high-protein formula compared to standard-protein formula may have little or no effect on the occurrence of adverse events such as diarrhea, vomiting, or milk hypersensitivity (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.13; P = 0.44, I2 = 0%; 4 studies, 445 participants; low-certainty evidence) in the first year of life. Standard-protein formula versus low-protein formula We found very low-certainty evidence that feeding healthy infants standard-protein formula compared to low-protein formula has little or no effect on underweight (MD in weight-for-age z-score 0.0, 95% CI -0.43 to 0.43; P = 0.99, I2 = 81%; 4 studies, 256 participants), stunting (MD in height-for-age z-score -0.01, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.35; P = 0.96, I2 = 73%; 4 studies, 256 participants), and wasting (MD in weight-for-height z-score 0.13, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.56; P = 0.54, I2 = 95%; 4 studies, 256 participants) in the first year of life. No studies reported overweight, obesity, or all-cause mortality. Feeding healthy infants standard-protein formula compared to low-protein formula may have little or no effect on the occurrence of adverse events such as diarrhea, vomiting, or milk hypersensitivity (Peto OR 1.55, 95% CI 0.70 to 3.40; P = 0.28, I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 206 participants; low-certainty evidence) in the first four months of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are unsure if feeding healthy infants high-protein formula compared to standard-protein formula has an effect on undernutrition, overweight, or obesity. There may be little or no difference in the risk of adverse effects between infants fed with high-protein formula versus those fed with standard-protein formula. We are unsure if feeding healthy infants standard-protein formula compared to low-protein formula has any effect on undernutrition. There may be little or no difference in the risk of adverse effects between infants fed with standard-protein formula versus those fed with low-protein formula. The findings of six ongoing studies and two studies awaiting classification studies may change the conclusions of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora E Serralde-Zúñiga
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina Vera
- Methodology Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mathy Victoria Alonso Ocaña
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fuchs GJ, Abrams SA, Amevor AA. Older Infant-Young Child "Formulas". Pediatrics 2023; 152:e2023064050. [PMID: 37860831 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The category of "formulas" directed at older infants and toddlers 6 to 36 months of age has increased in prominence over the last years but is characterized by lack of standardization in nomenclature and composition as well as questionable marketing practices. There has been uncertainty and misperception regarding some of the roles of these beverages in ensuring adequate childhood nutrition. The aim of this clinical report is to review the context, evidence, and rationale for older infant-young child formulas, followed by recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George J Fuchs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Steven A Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - A Adjowa Amevor
- Beverly Knight Olsen Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Macon, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Y, Rooney H, Dold C, Bavaro S, Tobin J, Callanan MJ, Brodkorb A, Lawlor PG, Giblin L. Membrane filtration processing of infant milk formula alters protein digestion in young pigs. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112577. [PMID: 36914340 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing heat treatment (HT) during processing of infant milk formula (IMF) is desirable to produce a product that more closely resembles breast milk. By employing membrane filtration (MEM), we produced an IMF (60:40 whey to casein ratio) at pilot scale (250 kg). MEM-IMF had a significantly higher content of native whey (59.9 %) compared to HT-IMF (4.5 %) (p < 0.001). Pigs, at 28 days old, were blocked by sex, weight and litter origin and assigned to one of two treatments (n = 14/treatment): (1) starter diet containing 35 % of HT-IMF powder or (2) starter diet containing 35 % of MEM-IMF powder for 28 days. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Pigs at day 28 post weaning were sacrificed 180 min after their final feeding, for the collection of gastric, duodenal, jejunum and ileal contents (n = 10/treatment). MEM-IMF diet resulted in more water-soluble proteins and higher levels of protein hydrolysis in the digesta at various gut locations compared to HT-IMF (p < 0.05). In the jejunal digesta, a higher concentration of free amino acids were present post MEM-IMF consumption (247 ± 15 µmol g-1 of protein in digesta) compared to HT-IMF (205 ± 21 µmol g-1 of protein). Overall, average daily weight gain, average dairy feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar for pigs fed either MEM-IMF or HT-IMF diets, but differences and trends to difference of these indicators were determined in particular intervention periods. In conclusion, reducing heat treatment during processing of IMF influenced protein digestion and revealed minor effects on growth parameters providing in vivo evidence that babies who are fed with IMF processed by MEM are likely to have different protein digestion kinetics but minimal effect on overall growth trajectories as babies fed IMF processed by traditional thermal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Chen
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Hazel Rooney
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Cathal Dold
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Simona Bavaro
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production of National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 22/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - John Tobin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael J Callanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Du N, DiMaggio DM, Porto AF. Nutrition Content of Young Child Formulas. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:512-516. [PMID: 36720107 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the American Academy of Pediatrics state that young child formula (YCF) is not considered necessary for healthy children. Despite these recommendations, YCF accounts for approximately 13% of overall formula sales. Five percent of infants less than 1 year of age in the United States are being fed YCF. The purpose of this study is to identify the most Internet recommended and encountered YCF in the United States and determine if they meet nutritional recommendations for use in children 0-3 years. STUDY DESIGN We used the search terms "toddler formula," "toddler milk," "follow-up formula," or "young child formula" in Google and DuckDuckGo to identify the most like encountered or recommended YCF on the Internet. We compared their labeled nutrients to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Infant Formula Act (IFA) and international nutrient recommendations, given the absence of US nutrient requirements for YCF recommendations, for children 12-36 months. RESULTS Twenty-nine YCF were reviewed. On average, YCF did not meet nutrient recommendations for infants and toddlers with 2.17 and 4.6 ingredients not meeting formula recommendations for younger and older infants, respectively, and between 3 and 4 ingredients for 12-36 months. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition content of YCF are variable and do not meet FDA IFA requirements or YCF international recommendations. Increased US regulation is needed for YCF. It is important for health care providers to ask patients what they are feeding their infants and toddlers so they can educate parents on potential nutritional safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Du
- From the Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Anthony F Porto
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale Medical School, New Haven,06510 CT
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boatwright M, Lawrence M, Russell C, Russ K, McCoy D, Baker P. The Politics of Regulating Foods for Infants and Young Children: A Case Study on the Framing and Contestation of Codex Standard-Setting Processes on Breast-Milk Substitutes. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:2422-2439. [PMID: 34973054 PMCID: PMC9818087 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have 'boomed' in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF). METHODS We adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically. RESULTS High-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames. CONCLUSION Codex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Boatwright
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cherie Russell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | - David McCoy
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee YJ, Pak S, Hong J. The long-term clinical course of protein-losing enteropathy combined with iron deficiency anemia in Korean toddlers: Possible association with cow's milk protein. Pediatr Neonatol 2022; 64:146-153. [PMID: 36270917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), a rare condition with excessive gastrointestinal protein loss, presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema, or ascites. Several cases of PLE combined with severe iron deficiency anemia (IDA) have been reported in infants and toddlers that were considered to result from excessive cow's milk consumption, although the mechanism has not been clearly established. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, laboratory, endoscopic, and radiologic characteristics of patients diagnosed and treated for PLE with IDA between 2015 and 2021. Long-term outcomes were analyzed according to dietary intervention during the follow-up period. RESULTS A total of 10 patients aged 7.0-26.7 months were enrolled in the study and the median follow-up duration of them was 9.4 months (range, 1.3-18.0). Six of them were fed powdered formula, while two were fed whole cow's milk, and their median daily intake was 700 mL (range, 300-900). The times to normalization of hemoglobin, albumin, and eosinophil count were shorter in patients with dietary elimination of cow's milk protein immediately after diagnosis compared to those with reduced intake or no dietary change. CONCLUSION Early complete elimination of cow's milk protein should be considered, especially if the laboratory parameters are not normalized with adequate iron supplementation even though the clinical symptoms show improvement. We would like to draw attention to the possibility of the cow's milk protein in the pathogenesis of the condition through the non-IgE-mediated immune reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeoun Joo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeana Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hedrick J, Yeiser M, Harris CL, Wampler JL, London HE, Patterson AC, Wu SS. Infant Formula with Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane and Modified Iron Supports Growth and Normal Iron Status at One Year of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:4541. [PMID: 34960093 PMCID: PMC8708584 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of bovine-derived milk fat globule membrane (bMFGM) or bMFGM components in infant formulas (IFs) may support healthy brain development. This double-blind, prospective trial evaluated growth, tolerance, and iron status in infants receiving added bMFGM and modified protein, iron, and arachidonic acid (ARA) concentrations in IF. Healthy term infants were randomized to: control (marketed, routine cow's milk-based IF/100 kcal: 2.1 g protein, 1.8 mg iron, 34 mg ARA) or INV-MFGM (investigational cow's milk-based IF/100 kcal: 1.9 g protein, 1.2 mg iron, 25 mg ARA and whey protein-lipid concentrate, 5 g/L (source of bMFGM)). Anthropometrics, stool characteristics, fussiness, and gassiness through day 365 and blood markers of iron status at day 365 were evaluated. The primary outcome was rate of weight gain from 14-120 days of age. Of 373 infants enrolled (control: 191, INV-MFGM: 182), 275 completed the study (control: 141; INV-MFGM: 134). No group differences in growth rate (g/day) from day 14-120 or study discontinuation were detected. Few group differences in growth or parent-reported fussiness, gassiness, or stool characteristics were detected. No group differences were detected in hemoglobin, hematocrit, or incidence of anemia. In healthy term infants, bMFGM and modified protein, iron, and ARA concentrations in a cow's milk-based IF were well-tolerated, associated with adequate growth throughout the first year of life, and supported normal iron status at one year of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Hedrick
- Kentucky Pediatrics, 201 South 5th Street, Bardstown, KY 40004, USA;
| | - Michael Yeiser
- Owensboro Pediatrics, 2200 E. Parrish Ave Bldg B, Suite 101, Owensboro, KY 42303, USA;
| | - Cheryl L. Harris
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (C.L.H.); (J.L.W.); (H.E.L.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Jennifer L. Wampler
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (C.L.H.); (J.L.W.); (H.E.L.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Hila Elisha London
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (C.L.H.); (J.L.W.); (H.E.L.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Ashley C. Patterson
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (C.L.H.); (J.L.W.); (H.E.L.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Steven S. Wu
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (C.L.H.); (J.L.W.); (H.E.L.); (A.C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ladino L, Sánchez N, Vázquez-Frias R, Koletzko B. Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113942. [PMID: 34836196 PMCID: PMC8620542 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Ladino
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute on Nutrition, Genetics and Metabolism IINGM, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia;
- Nutrition Working Group, Latin-American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition LASPGHAN, Mexico City 11560, Mexico;
| | - Nathalia Sánchez
- Research and Education Center on Nutrition, CIENutrition, Bogotá 110221, Colombia;
| | - Rodrigo Vázquez-Frias
- Nutrition Working Group, Latin-American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition LASPGHAN, Mexico City 11560, Mexico;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Department Pediatrics, Medical Centre of LMU Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, 80539 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-52811
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pries AM, Mulder A, Badham J, Sweet L, Yuen K, Zehner E. Sugar content and nutrient content claims of growing-up milks in Indonesia. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13186. [PMID: 33830660 PMCID: PMC8476439 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
'Growing-up milks' (GUMs)-breast-milk substitutes targeted for young children (aged 12-36 months)-are commonly consumed in Indonesia. The World Health Assembly has stated that GUMs are not necessary for proper growth and development, and recently, the American Academy of Pediatrics declared that such products are not recommended for young children due to their common use of sweeteners. To contribute to the evidence base on the composition of GUMs and their appropriateness for young child diets, this cross-sectional study documented the declared sugar content and presence of nutrient content claims of 99 GUMs newly launched in Indonesia between January 2017 and May 2019. Sugar content was evaluated against the draft 2018 Codex Alimentarius Standard for Follow-Up Formula guidance on sugar content and the United Kingdom Food Standard Agency's front-of-pack (UK FSA FOP) colour coding system for sugar. Almost all (97%) GUMs contained one or more added sugars. None of the products were fully compliant with all three sugar content recommendations in the draft Codex standard. Seventy-one per cent of GUMs were determined to have high sugar content according to the UK FSA FOP system. Nutrient content claims were found on 97% of GUMs. Median total sugar content was 7.3 g per 100 ml, similar to sugar content levels in sugar-sweetened beverages. Many GUMs available in Indonesia claim to offer nutritional benefits; however, the current levels of sugar content in GUMs are a serious concern and are inappropriate for inclusion in the diets of young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa M. Pries
- Helen Keller InternationalHeadquartersWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Katelyn Yuen
- Helen Keller InternationalHeadquartersWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Zehner
- Helen Keller InternationalHeadquartersWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonzalez Garay AG, Medina Vera I, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Velasco Hidalgo L, Alonso Ocaña MV. Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed term infants. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Medina Vera
- Methodology Research Unit; Instituto Nacional de Pediatría; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Aurora E Serralde-Zúñiga
- Clinical Nutrition Unit; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Mathy Victoria Alonso Ocaña
- Clinical Nutrition Unit; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán; Mexico City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siziba LP, Lorenz L, Stahl B, Mank M, Marosvölgyi T, Decsi T, Rothenbacher D, Genuneit J. Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition During Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122842. [PMID: 31756908 PMCID: PMC6949892 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid fraction of human milk provides the infant with the fatty acids that are necessary for optimal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk at three time points during lactation and its change over time using appropriate statistical methods. Human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers at 6 weeks (n = 706), 6 months (n = 483), and 12 months (n = 81 with all three time points) were analyzed. Centered log-ratio (clr) transformation was applied to the fatty acid data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear model-based repeated measure analysis were used to assess changes over time. The total lipid content was significantly higher at 6 months (β = 0.199, p < 0.029) and 12 months of lactation (β = 0.421, p < 0.001). The constituents of C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-3 were lower at 6 months (p < 0.001). Four distinct sub-compositional fatty acid groups were only identified at 12 months of lactation. The inclusion of small fatty acids of small constituent size in the analysis resulted in a shift in the balance between fatty acid constituents. Human milk fatty acid composition during prolonged lactation is different from that of human milk during a short duration of lactation. Our findings support the hypothesis that a combination of multiple fatty acids is important in fatty acid profiling beyond the presentation of individual fatty acids. Furthermore, the high variability of small fatty acids warrants attention because a compositional analysis may show more pronounced changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda P. Siziba
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Leonie Lorenz
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.L.); (D.R.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Tamas Marosvölgyi
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Tamas Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (T.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Dietrich Rothenbacher
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.L.); (D.R.)
| | - Jon Genuneit
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.L.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-731-500-31067; Fax: +49-731-5012-31067
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nieto-Ruiz A, García-Santos JA, Bermúdez MG, Herrmann F, Diéguez E, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, García S, Miranda MT, De-Castellar R, Rodríguez-Palmero M, Catena A, Campoy C. Cortical Visual Evoked Potentials and Growth in Infants Fed with Bioactive Compounds-Enriched Infant Formula: Results from COGNIS Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102456. [PMID: 31615134 PMCID: PMC6835488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal nutrition is essential for growth and neurodevelopment. We analyzed the influence of a new enriched-infant formula with bioactive compounds on growth, neurodevelopment, and visual function (VF) in healthy infants during their first 18 months of life. A total of 170 infants were randomized in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (RCT) to receive a standard infant formula (SF = 85) or a new experimental infant formula supplemented with functional nutrients (EF = 85). As a control, 50 breastfed infants (BF) were enrolled. Growth patterns were evaluated up to 18 months of life; neurodevelopment was assessed by general movements at 2, 3, and 4 months; VF was measured by cortical visual evoked potentials at 3 and 12 months. No differences in growth and neurodevelopment were found between groups. Regarding VF, SF and EF infants presented prolonged latencies and lower amplitudes in the P100 wave than BF infants. In the EF group, a higher percentage of infants presented response at 7½′ of arc at 12 months compared to 3 months of age; a similar proportion of BF and EF infants presented responses at 7½′ of arc at 12 months of age. Early nutritional intervention with bioactive compounds could narrow the gap in growth and neurodevelopment between breastfed and formula-fed infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nieto-Ruiz
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre-CIMCYC, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes G Bermúdez
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Florian Herrmann
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Diéguez
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia.
| | - Salomé García
- Clinical Service of Neurophysiology, Clinical University Hospital San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Miranda
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Granada,18016 Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre-CIMCYC, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain.
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada´s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hennessy M, Cullerton K, Baker P, Brown A, Crawley H, Hayes C, Kearney PM, Kelly C, McKee M, Mialon M, Petticrew M, Rundall P, Trickey H, White M, Redsell S. Time for complete transparency about conflicts of interest in public health nutrition research. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12894.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We are a group of researchers and academics with decades of experience in the protection and promotion of public health. We are writing to raise our concerns about how conflicts of interest are reported in public health nutrition research. We highlight examples of why it is important to accurately declare such conflicts, as well as providing examples of situations in which conflicts of interest have been inadequately reported. We call on researchers, and others, to be transparent about conflicts of interest in research. Journal editors in particular have an important responsibility in fully understanding how conflicts of interest can impact on research findings and interpretations. They need to agree and adopt clear guidelines on conflicts of interest and ensure that authors abide by these to facilitate trust in the scientific process and the credibility of published articles.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hennessy M, Cullerton K, Baker P, Brown A, Crawley H, Hayes C, Kearney PM, Kelly C, McKee M, Mialon M, Petticrew M, Rundall P, Trickey H, White M, Redsell S. Time for complete transparency about conflicts of interest in public health nutrition research. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12894.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We are a group of researchers and academics with decades of experience in the protection and promotion of public health. We are writing to raise our concerns about how conflicts of interest are reported in public health nutrition research. We highlight examples of why it is important to accurately declare such conflicts, as well as providing examples of situations in which conflicts of interest have been inadequately reported. We call on researchers, and others, to be transparent about conflicts of interest in research. Journal editors in particular have an important responsibility in fully understanding how conflicts of interest can impact on research findings. They need to agree and adopt clear guidelines on conflicts of interest and ensure that authors abide by these to facilitate trust in the scientific process and the credibility of published articles.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lykke M, Sangild PT, van Goudoever JB, van Harskamp D, Schierbeek H, Koletzko B, van der Beek EM, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, Stoll B, Burrin DG, Thymann T. Growth and Clinical Variables in Nitrogen-Restricted Piglets Fed an Adjusted Essential Amino Acid Mix: Effects of Free Amino Acid-Based Diets. J Nutr 2018; 148:1109-1117. [PMID: 29901732 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess protein intake in early life has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. Yet protein, and in particular the essential amino acids (EAAs), need to be present in adequate quantity to support growth. Objective With the use of a piglet model restricted in dietary amino acids (AAs), we compared the efficacy and safety of a standard formula with a low-AA formula containing an adjusted AA composition. Methods Female piglets (3-7 d old; Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were fed 1 of 4 isoenergetic AA-based formulas for 14 d (700 kJ · kg body weight-1 · d-1). The formulas contained a set control amount (44 g/L) and AA compositions referred to as the experimental standard (ST-100, n = 22), or 20% or 50% lower total AAs (respectively, ST-80, n = 19 and ST-50, n = 13), or 20% lower total AAs with an optimally adjusted EAA composition (O-80, n = 17). A series of clinical and paraclinical endpoints were measured. Results Growth rates were similar for ST-100, O-80 and ST-80 piglets (all ∼15 g · kg-1 · d-1), whereas ST-50 had a markedly lower weight gain relative to all groups (all P < 0.05). Relative to ST-100, all groups with reduced AA intake showed ∼16% reduction in plasma albumin and ∼30% reduction in plasma urea (both P < 0.05). The absolute leucine oxidation rate was ∼30% lower for O-80 than for ST-100 piglets (P < 0.05). Conclusions These data show that a 20% reduction in total AA intake for both the control (ST-80) and the adjusted AA (O-80) formula did not have any short-term adverse effects on growth in artificially reared, AA-restricted piglets. The lower absolute leucine oxidation rate observed in O-80 supports the development of an infant formula with an improved AA composition and a moderate reduction in total protein to support adequate growth in healthy infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Lykke
- Departments of Exercise, Nutrition and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Departments of Exercise, Nutrition and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Dewi van Harskamp
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Eline M van der Beek
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Thymann
- Departments of Exercise, Nutrition and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chapter 3. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition in Recent Years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66 Suppl 1:S29-S43. [PMID: 29596163 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition has experienced an amazing development in the 50 years of its existence. It grew from a small group of 36 friends who held an informal meeting with some 20 oral presentations to share and discuss their clinical and research work, to a large, multiprofessional society that sets widely recognized standards for clinical care and policy and hosts the world's largest congress of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition with more than 4500 delegates from 100 countries. However, the Society's mission has remained the same: to promote the health of children with special attention to the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nutritional status, through knowledge creation, the dissemination of science based information, the promotion of best practice in the delivery of care and the provision of high-quality education. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition's success is based on the enthusiasm and engagement of its membership that contribute extensive volunteer work to support child health, while maintaining a positive spirit of collaboration and friendship, which characterises this Society. This article aims at describing recent developments and the current situation of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition.
Collapse
|
19
|
Raks V, Al-Suod H, Buszewski B. Isolation, Separation, and Preconcentration of Biologically Active Compounds from Plant Matrices by Extraction Techniques. Chromatographia 2017; 81:189-202. [PMID: 29449742 PMCID: PMC5807477 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient methods for isolation and separation of biologically active compounds remains an important challenge for researchers. Designing systems such as organomineral composite materials that allow extraction of a wide range of biologically active compounds, acting as broad-utility solid-phase extraction agents, remains an important and necessary task. Selective sorbents can be easily used for highly selective and reliable extraction of specific components present in complex matrices. Herein, state-of-the-art approaches for selective isolation, preconcentration, and separation of biologically active compounds from a range of matrices are discussed. Primary focus is given to novel extraction methods for some biologically active compounds including cyclic polyols, flavonoids, and oligosaccharides from plants. In addition, application of silica-, carbon-, and polymer-based solid-phase extraction adsorbents and membrane extraction for selective separation of these compounds is discussed. Potential separation process interactions are recommended; their understanding is of utmost importance for the creation of optimal conditions to extract biologically active compounds including those with estrogenic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Raks
- 1Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,3Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Hossam Al-Suod
- 1Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,2Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- 1Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.,2Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lapillonne A, Berleur MP, Brasseur Y, Calvez S. Safety of parenteral nutrition in newborns: Results from a nationwide prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:624-629. [PMID: 28222962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Limited or delayed availability of parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions, as well as difficulties in ordering are often identified as reasons for non-compliance with international guidelines in newborns. This study aims at assessing the modality of use and safety of premixed standardized PN solutions in a nationwide prospective cohort of newborns treated in clinical practice. METHODS Two premixed fixed formulations with respective osmolarity of 715 and 790 mOsm/L specifically designed for neonates were made available throughout the country for clinical use from birth onwards. Descriptive data and modality of use were prospectively collected in a case report form, whereas all related and unrelated adverse events were recorded on a separate adverse event form. RESULTS A total of 14,167 infants were prospectively included and 16,640 parenteral nutrition periods were analyzed. Mean age was 33 weeks of gestation, and mean weight was 2086 g. The majority of infants (81%) started the parenteral nutrition the first day of life or the day after. The route of parenteral nutrition delivery was peripheral in 47% of the parenteral nutrition periods. During the whole study, a total of 72 adverse events occurring in 68 infants were reported. Of these adverse events, 59 (0.37% of the nutrition periods), among which 19 serious adverse events, were reported as related to the parenteral nutrition solutions. The events related to parenteral nutrition solutions were general disorders and administration site conditions (n = 42 including 9 cases of cutaneous necrosis), and nutrition and metabolism disorders (n = 17). There was no case of thrombophlebitis. Six of the 19 serious events related to the parenteral nutrition solutions (32%) were due to the misuse of the infusion bag. CONCLUSIONS These data support the concept that ready-to-use parenteral nutrition formulations can safely provide parenteral nutrition from birth onwards. They further support that parenteral solutions with an osmolarity up to 800 mOsm/L are well-tolerated when infused on a peripheral vein. Considering the potential risk of errors and misuses, this study also highlights the need for nutrition practice care guidelines for neonates and for regular campaigns providing information and strategies for a safe use of parenteral nutrition solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lapillonne
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Neonatology, APHP Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | - Yvette Brasseur
- Clinical Research Department, Pharmacovigilance Sector, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Calvez
- AGEPS, Pharmaceutical Establishment of Paris Hospitals, APHP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Grote V, Prell C, Weber M. High protein intake in young children and increased weight gain and obesity risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:303-4. [PMID: 26791192 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.128009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Prell
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Weber
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shin JH, Park JM, Kim HJ, Ahn JH, Kwak BM, Kim JM. Development Rapid Analytical Methods for Inositol as a Trace Component by HPLC and LC-MS/MS in Infant Formula. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 35:466-72. [PMID: 26761867 PMCID: PMC4662128 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.4.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simple analytical method, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), was developed to detect myo-inositol (MI) in infant formulas. For protein removal: acid hydrolysis and lipid removal through organic solvent extraction. The operating conditions for instrumental analysis were determined based on previously reported analogous methods that used LC-MS/MS. Quantitative analysis was used for the detection limit test, infant formula recovery test, and standard reference material (SRM) 1849a to verify the validity of our LC-MS/MS analytical method, which was developed to quantify MI. For validation, the results of our method were compared with the results of quantitative analyses of certified values. The test results showed that the limit of detection was 0.05 mg/L, the limit of quantitation was 0.17 mg/L, and the method detection limit was 17 mg/kg. The recovery test exhibited a recovery between 98.07-98.43% and a relative standard deviation between 1.93-2.74%. Therefore, the result values were good. Additionally, SRM 1849a was measured to have an MI content of 401.84 mg/kg and recovery of 98.25%, which is comparable to the median certified value of 409 mg/kg. From the aforementioned results, we judged that the instrumental analysis conditions and preparation method used in this study were valid. The rapid analytical method developed herein could be implemented in many laboratories that seek to save time and labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ha-Jung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuk Ahn
- KOTITI Testing & Research Institute, Seongnam 462-807, Korea
| | - Byung-Man Kwak
- Food Safety Center, Research and Development Institute, Namyang Dairy Co., Ltd., Gongju 339-914, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Breast milk composition and infant nutrient intakes during the first 12 months of life. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 70:250-6. [PMID: 26419197 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to quantify human milk supply and intake of breastfed infants up to age 12 months. In addition, human milk composition was quantified per energetic macronutrient and fatty-acid composition in a subsample of lactating mothers. SUBJECTS/METHODS One hundred and seventy-four Italian breastfed children were followed using test-weighing and 3-day food protocols from birth to age 12 months. From a subsample of 30 mothers breast milk samples were collected at child ages one (T1), two (T2), three (T3) and six (T6) months, and were analyzed for the amount of protein, digestible carbohydrates, total lipids and fatty-acid composition. RESULTS One hundred and forty-two (82%) filled in at least one 3-day food protocol within the first 12 months of life and complied with test-weighing of all milk feeds. The number of valid food protocols declined from 126 infants at 1 month to 77 at 12 months of age. Only galactose, non-protein nitrogen and protein decreased significantly from age 1 to age 6 months of lactation. Maternal body mass index and age affected fatty-acid levels in human milk. Median human milk intake decreased from 625 ml at T1, over 724 ml at T3 to 477 ml/day at T6. Average energy and %energy from protein intake per day increased from 419 kcal (s.d. 99) and 8.4% (1.0) at T1, respectively, to 860 kcal (145) and 16.1% (2.6) at T12. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a reference range of nutrient intakes in breastfed infants and may provide guidance for defining optimal nutrient intakes for infants that cannot be fully breastfed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Suthutvoravut U, Abiodun PO, Chomtho S, Chongviriyaphan N, Cruchet S, Davies PSW, Fuchs GJ, Gopalan S, van Goudoever JB, Nel EDLR, Scheimann A, Spolidoro JV, Tontisirin K, Wang W, Winichagoon P, Koletzko B. Composition of Follow-Up Formula for Young Children Aged 12-36 Months: Recommendations of an International Expert Group Coordinated by the Nutrition Association of Thailand and the Early Nutrition Academy. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 67:119-32. [PMID: 26360877 DOI: 10.1159/000438495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no internationally agreed recommendations on compositional requirements of follow-up formula for young children (FUF-YC) aged 1-3 years. AIM The aim of the study is to propose international compositional recommendations for FUF-YC. METHODS Compositional recommendations for FUF-YC were devised by expert consensus based on a detailed literature review of nutrient intakes and unmet needs in children aged 12-36 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Problematic nutrients with often inadequate intakes are the vitamins A, D, B12, C and folate, calcium, iron, iodine and zinc. If used, FUF-YC should be fed along with an age-appropriate mixed diet, usually contributing 1-2 cups (200-400 ml) of FUF-YC daily (approximately 15% of total energy intake). Protein from cow's milk-based formula should provide 1.6-2.7 g/100 kcal. Fat content should be 4.4-6.0 g/100 kcal. Carbohydrate should contribute 9-14 g/100 kcal with >50% from lactose. If other sugars are added, they should not exceed 10% of total carbohydrates. Calcium should provide 200 mg/100 kcal. Other micronutrient contents/100 kcal should reach 15% of the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization recommended nutrient intake values. A guidance upper level that was 3-5 times of the minimum level was established. Countries may adapt compositional requirements, considering recommended nutrient intakes, habitual diets, nutritional status and existence of micronutrient programs to ensure adequacy while preventing excessive intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Suthutvoravut
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Delplanque B, Gibson R, Koletzko B, Lapillonne A, Strandvik B. Lipid Quality in Infant Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61:8-17. [PMID: 25883056 PMCID: PMC4927316 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary lipids are key for infants to not only meet their high energy needs but also fulfill numerous metabolic and physiological functions critical to their growth, development, and health. The lipid composition of breast milk varies during lactation and according to the mother's diet, whereas the lipid composition of infant formulae varies according to the blend of different fat sources. This report compares the compositions of lipids in breast milk and infant formulae, and highlights the roles of dietary lipids in term and preterm infants and their potential biological and health effects. The major differences between breast milk and formulae lie in a variety of saturated fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, including its structural position) and unsaturated fatty acids (including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), cholesterol, and complex lipids. The functional outcomes of these differences during infancy and for later child and adult life are still largely unknown, and some of them are discussed, but there is consensus that opportunities exist for improvements in the qualitative lipid supply to infants through the mother's diet or infant formulae. Furthermore, research is required in several areas, including the needs of term and preterm infants for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the sites of action and clinical effects of lipid mediators on immunity and inflammation, the role of lipids on metabolic, neurological, and immunological outcomes, and the mechanisms by which lipids act on short- and long-term health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Delplanque
- Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire (NMPA), Centre de Neurosciences Université Paris-Sud (CNPS), Orsay, France
| | - Robert Gibson
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital. Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Birgitta Strandvik
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cattaneo A, Pani P, Carletti C, Guidetti M, Mutti V, Guidetti C, Knowles A. Advertisements of follow-on formula and their perception by pregnant women and mothers in Italy. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:323-8. [PMID: 25512963 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how follow-on formula milks for infants aged 6-12 months are presented to and understood by mothers. DESIGN A quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study including (1) an analysis of advertisements in three magazines for parents; (2) in-depth semistructured qualitative interviews to pregnant women on their perception of two advertisements for follow-on formula and (3) self-administered questionnaires for mothers to explore their exposure to and perception of formula advertisements. PARTICIPANTS Eighty pregnant women 32-36 weeks of gestation with no previous children and 562 mothers of children <3 years old. SETTING Maternal and child health centres in eight cities of Italy. RESULTS Advertisements of formula (n=89) represented about 7% of all advertisements in the three magazines, the majority (58%) being for follow-on formula. Advertisements were parent-oriented, aimed at helping parents solve health problems of their babies or at eliciting good feelings, or both. The qualitative interviews to pregnant women showed inability to define the advertised products at first glance due to the ambiguity of the numeral 2 and the presumed age of the portrayed baby; this inability did not disappear after carefully viewing the advertisements and reading the text. When asked in the self-administered questionnaires whether they had ever come across advertisements of infant formula, 81% of mothers reported that they had, despite the legal inexistence of such advertisements, and 65% thought that it was for a product to be used from birth. CONCLUSIONS Advertisements of follow-on formula are perceived by pregnant women and mothers as promoting infant formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Cattaneo
- Health Services Research and International Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Pani
- Health Services Research and International Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Carletti
- Health Services Research and International Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Knowles
- Health Services Research and International Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zscharnack K, Kreisig T, Prasse AA, Zuchner T. A homogeneous assay principle for universal substrate quantification via hydrogen peroxide producing enzymes. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 854:145-52. [PMID: 25479878 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
H2O2 is a widely occurring molecule which is also a byproduct of a number of enzymatic reactions. It can therefore be used to quantify the corresponding enzymatic substrates. In this study, the time-resolved fluorescence emission of a previously described complex consisting of phthalic acid and terbium (III) ions (PATb) is used for H2O2 detection. In detail, glucose oxidase and choline oxidase convert glucose and choline, respectively, to generate H2O2 which acts as a quencher for the PATb complex. The response time of the PATb complex toward H2O2 is immediate and the assay time only depends on the conversion rate of the enzymes involved. The PATb assay quantifies glucose in a linear range of 0.02-10 mmol L(-1), and choline from 1.56 to 100 μmol L(-1) with a detection limit of 20 μmol L(-1) for glucose and 1.56 μmol L(-1) for choline. Both biomolecules glucose and choline could be detected without pretreatment with good precision and reproducibility in human serum samples and infant formula, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that the detected glucose concentrations by the PATb system agree with the results of a commercially available assay. In principle, the PATb system is a universal and versatile tool for the quantification of any substrate and enzyme reaction where H2O2 is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Zscharnack
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Kreisig
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agneta A Prasse
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thole Zuchner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koletzko B, Brands B, Chourdakis M, Cramer S, Grote V, Hellmuth C, Kirchberg F, Prell C, Rzehak P, Uhl O, Weber M. The Power of Programming and the EarlyNutrition project: opportunities for health promotion by nutrition during the first thousand days of life and beyond. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 64:187-339. [PMID: 25300259 DOI: 10.1159/000365017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At The Power of Programming 2014 Conference, researchers from multiple disciplines presented and discussed the effects of early nutrition and other environmental cues during the first thousand days of life and beyond on the lifelong risk of noncommunicable diseases. This paper aims to summarize the concepts and some of the first achievements of the EarlyNutrition research project that initiated the conference. The EarlyNutrition consortium is a multinational, multidisciplinary research collaboration of researchers from Europe, the USA, and Australia. A focus is placed on exploration of the developmental origins of obesity, adiposity, and related health outcomes. Here we report on the first findings of experimental approaches, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and systematic reviews of current information, as well as position papers, which have all been developed with the involvement of project partners. We conclude that the EarlyNutrition project has successfully established itself during the first 2 project years as a very strong platform for collaborative research on early programming effects. The first results, available already at this early stage of the project, point to great opportunities for health prevention strategies via the implementation of dietary and lifestyle modifications, with large effect sizes. Further results are expected which should support improved recommendations and related policies for optimized nutrition and lifestyle choices before and during pregnancy, in infancy, and in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koletzko B, Boey CCM, Campoy C, Carlson SE, Chang N, Guillermo-Tuazon MA, Joshi S, Prell C, Quak SH, Sjarif DR, Su Y, Supapannachart S, Yamashiro Y, Osendarp SJM. Current information and Asian perspectives on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:49-80. [PMID: 25227906 DOI: 10.1159/000365767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Early Nutrition Academy supported a systematic review of human studies on the roles of pre- and postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) published from 2008 to 2013 and an expert workshop that reviewed the information and developed recommendations, considering particularly Asian populations. An increased supply of n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women should achieve an additional supply ≥200 mg docosahexaenic acid (DHA)/day, usually achieving a total intake ≥300 mg DHA/day. Higher intakes (600-800 mg DHA/day) may provide greater protection against early preterm birth. Some studies indicate beneficial effects of pre- and postnatal DHA supply on child neurodevelopment and allergy risk. Breast-feeding is the best choice for infants. Breast-feeding women should get ≥200 mg DHA/day to achieve a human milk DHA content of ∼0.3% fatty acids. Infant formula for term infants should contain DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) to provide 100 mg DHA/day and 140 mg AA/day. A supply of 100 mg DHA/day should continue during the second half of infancy. We do not provide quantitative advice on AA levels in follow-on formula fed after the introduction of complimentary feeding due to a lack of sufficient data and considerable variation in the AA amounts provided by complimentary foods. Reasonable intakes for very-low-birth weight infants are 18-60 mg/kg/day DHA and 18-45 mg/kg/day AA, while higher intakes (55-60 mg/kg/day DHA, ∼1% fatty acids; 35-45 mg/kg/day AA, ∼0.6-0.75%) appear preferable. Research on the requirements and effects of LC-PUFA during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood should continue. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Early Nutrition Academy, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fast separation and determination of free myo-inositol by hydrophilic liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Res 2014; 391:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Koletzko B, Benninga MA, Godfrey KM, Hornnes PJ, Kolaček S, Koletzko S, Lentze MJ, Mader S, McAuliffe FM, Oepkes D, Oddy WH, Phillips A, Rzehak P, Socha P, Szajewska H, Symonds ME, Taminiau J, Thapar N, Troncone R, Vandenplas Y, Veereman G. Public-private collaboration in clinical research during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood: joint position statement of the Early Nutrition Academy and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58:525-30. [PMID: 24399212 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This position statement summarises a view of academia regarding standards for clinical research in collaboration with commercial enterprises, focussing on trials in pregnant women, breast-feeding women, and children. It is based on a review of the available literature and an expert workshop cosponsored by the Early Nutrition Academy and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Clinical research collaborations between academic investigators and commercial enterprises are encouraged by universities, public funding agencies, and governmental organisations. One reason is a pressing need to obtain evidence on the effects, safety, and benefits of drugs and other commercial products and services. The credibility and value of results obtained through public-private research collaborations have, however, been questioned because many examples of inappropriate research practice have become known. Clinical research in pregnant and breast-feeding women, and in infants and children, raises sensitive scientific, ethical, and societal questions and requires the application of particularly high standards. Here we provide recommendations for the conduct of public-private research collaborations in these populations. In the interest of all stakeholders, these recommendations should contribute to more reliable, credible, and acceptable results of commercially sponsored trials and to reducing the existing credibility gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- *Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany †Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Centre, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK §Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Children's Hospital Zagreb University Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia ¶Children's Hospital Medical Center, University Hospitals, Bonn, Germany #European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants, Munich, Germany **UCD Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland ††Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands ‡‡Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Australia §§UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Children's Memorial Health Institute ¶¶Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland ##Academic Division of Child Health, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK ***European Medicine Agency, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands †††UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK ‡‡‡Department of Paediatrics, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Frederico II, Naples, Italy §§§Department of Paediatrics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and young children are a special risk group because their rapid growth leads to high iron requirements. Risk factors associated with a higher prevalence of ID anemia (IDA) include low birth weight, high cow's-milk intake, low intake of iron-rich complementary foods, low socioeconomic status, and immigrant status. The aim of this position paper was to review the field and provide recommendations regarding iron requirements in infants and toddlers, including those of moderately or marginally low birth weight. There is no evidence that iron supplementation of pregnant women improves iron status in their offspring in a European setting. Delayed cord clamping reduces the risk of ID. There is insufficient evidence to support general iron supplementation of healthy European infants and toddlers of normal birth weight. Formula-fed infants up to 6 months of age should receive iron-fortified infant formula, with an iron content of 4 to 8 mg/L (0.6-1.2 mg(-1) · kg(-1) · day(-1)). Marginally low-birth-weight infants (2000-2500 g) should receive iron supplements of 1-2 mg(-1) · kg(-1) · day(-1). Follow-on formulas should be iron-fortified; however, there is not enough evidence to determine the optimal iron concentration in follow-on formula. From the age of 6 months, all infants and toddlers should receive iron-rich (complementary) foods, including meat products and/or iron-fortified foods. Unmodified cow's milk should not be fed as the main milk drink to infants before the age of 12 months and intake should be limited to <500 mL/day in toddlers. It is important to ensure that this dietary advice reaches high-risk groups such as socioeconomically disadvantaged families and immigrant families.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lippman HE, Desjeux JF, Ding ZY, Tontisirin K, Uauy R, Pedro RA, Van Dael P. Nutrient Recommendations for Growing-up Milk: A Report of an Expert Panel. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:141-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.702702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
Ward LC, Poston L, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B. Assessing early growth and adiposity: report from an EarlyNutrition Academy workshop. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 63:120-30. [PMID: 23969405 DOI: 10.1159/000350702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a summary of a workshop organised by the European Commission-funded EarlyNutrition Project and the EarlyNutrition Academy. Accurate and reliable methods to assess body composition are needed in research on prenatal and early post-natal influences of nutrition on later health because common surrogate measures of maternal and offspring adiposity (body fat content), such as body mass index (BMI), have relatively poor predictive power for the risk of later disease. The key goals of the workshop were to discuss approaches to assess growth and body composition from pregnancy to adolescence, to summarise conclusions and to prepare a framework for research in the EarlyNutrition Project. The participants concluded that there is a pressing need to harmonise the methodologies for assessing body composition, recognising that each has advantages and limitations. Essential core measurements across studies assessing early growth and body composition were identified, including weight, length, BMI, waist and mid-upper arm circumference, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, and bioelectrical impedance analysis. In research settings with access to more sophisticated technologies, additional methods could include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, ultrasound assessment of regional body fat, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and deuterium dilution. These provide richer data to answer research questions in greater depth but also increase costs. Where overall whole-body composition is the primary outcome measure, ADP or tracer dilution should be used whenever possible. Where regional distribution of body fat is of greater interest, an imaging technique such as MRI is preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld., Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|