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Arce LP, Pavan MF, Bok M, Gutiérrez SE, Estein SM, Santos AT, Condorí WE, Uhart MM, Parreño V, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Ibañez LI. A multispecies competitive nanobody-based ELISA for the detection of antibodies against hepatitis E virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15448. [PMID: 37723180 PMCID: PMC10507121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent zoonotic virus causing viral hepatitis worldwide. Clinically, hepatitis E is not easily distinguished from other types of acute viral hepatitis. There is a need for HEV diagnostic assays to detect and prevent interspecies transmission among susceptible populations. Nanobodies (Nbs) are expressed recombinantly in different systems, produced with high yields, and have superior physicochemical properties compared with conventional antibodies (Ab). Several Nbs against ORF2, the capsid protein and main antigen, were selected and produced in E. coli. Nb39 and Nb74 specifically recognized HEV ORF2 (genotypes 3 and 4). A competitive ELISA (cELISA) was developed and validated using a reference panel of human (n = 86) and swine sera (n = 116) tested in comparison with a commercial kit. The optimal cutoff values determined by ROC analysis were 69.16% (human) and 58.76% (swine); the sensitivity and specificity were high: 97.4% (95% CI 86.5-99.5%) and 95.8% (95% CI 86.0-98.8%) for human vs. 100% (95% CI 93.5-100%) and 98.3% (95% CI 91.0-99.7%) for swine. Further, the cELISA detected total anti-HEV antibodies in wild boar, deer, and mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of production of Nbs against HEV-3 ORF2 for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Paola Arce
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, T4000ILI, Tucumán, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Anticuerpos, Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medio ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pavan
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Anticuerpos, Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medio ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Bok
- IncuINTA, Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), 1686, Husrlingham, Argentina
| | - Silvina Elena Gutiérrez
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Núcleo SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), B7000GHG, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Núcleo SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), B7000GHG, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Tammone Santos
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Núcleo SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), B7000GHG, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Ezequiel Condorí
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Núcleo SAMP, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), B7000GHG, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela María Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- IncuINTA, Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), 1686, Husrlingham, Argentina
| | - María Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, T4000ILI, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Itatí Ibañez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Anticuerpos, Instituto de Química, Física de los Materiales, Medio ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, El-Daly MM, Al-Hajri M, Farag E, Elnour FA, Khan A, Tolah AM, Alandijany TA, Othman NA, Memish ZA, Corman VM, Drosten C, Zumla A, Azhar EI. Genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in imported and domestic camels in Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7005. [PMID: 35487943 PMCID: PMC9054814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels gained attention since the discovery of MERS-CoV as intermediary hosts for potentially epidemic zoonotic viruses. DcHEV is a novel zoonotic pathogen associated with camel contact. This study aimed to genetically characterize DcHEV in domestic and imported camels in Saudi Arabia. DcHEV was detected by RT-PCR in serum samples, PCR-positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. DcHEV was detected in 1.77% of samples with higher positivity in domestic DCs. All positive imported dromedaries were from Sudan with age declining prevalence. Domestic DcHEV sequences clustered with sequences from Kenya, Somalia, and UAE while imported sequences clustered with one DcHEV isolate from UAE and both sequences clustered away from isolates reported from Pakistan. Full-genome sequences showed 24 amino acid difference with reference sequences. Our results confirm the detection of DcHEV in domestic and imported DCs. Further investigations are needed in human and camel populations to identify DcHEV potential zoonosis threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Anas Khan
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Tolah
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura A Othman
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Raji YE, Toung OP, Taib NM, Sekawi ZB. Hepatitis E Virus: An emerging enigmatic and underestimated pathogen. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:499-512. [PMID: 35002446 PMCID: PMC8716866 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus causing hepatitis E disease. The virus is of one serotype but has diverse genotypes infecting both humans and animals. Based on evidence from seroprevalence studies, about 2 billion people are estimated to have been infected with HEV globally. HEV, therefore, poses a significant public health and economic challenge worldwide. HEV was discovered in the 1980s and was traced back to the 1955 - 1956 outbreak of hepatitis that occurred in India. Subsequently, several HEV epidemics involving thousands of individuals have occurred nearly annually in different countries in Asia and Africa. Initially, the virus was thought to be only enterically transmitted, and endemic in developing countries. Due to the environmental hygiene and sanitation challenges in those parts of the world. However, recent studies have suggested otherwise with the report of autochthonous cases in industrialised countries with no history of travel to the so-called endemic countries. Thus, suggesting that HEV has a global distribution with endemicity in both developing and industrialised nations. Studies have also revealed that HEV has multiple risk factors, and modes of transmission as well as zoonotic potentials. Additionally, recent findings have shown that HEV leads to severe disease, particularly among pregnant women. In contrast to the previous narration of a strictly mild and self-limiting infection. Studies have likewise demonstrated chronic HEV infection among immunocompromised persons. Consequent to these recent discoveries, this pathogen is considered a re - emerging virus, particularly in the developed nations. However, despite the growing public health challenges of this pathogen, the burden is still underestimated. The underestimation is often attributed to poor awareness among clinicians and a lack of routine checks for the disease in the hospitals. Thus, leading to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. Hence, this review provides a concise overview of epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Egigogo Raji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 1, Malaysia
- Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria
| | - Ooi Peck Toung
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia 2, Malaysia
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 1, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Bin Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 1, Malaysia
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4
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Parvez MK. The hepatitis E virus RNA regulatory elements. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Hepatitis E: Current Status in India and Other Asian Countries. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Molecular Analysis and Modeling of Hepatitis E Virus Helicase and Identification of Novel Inhibitors by Virtual Screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5753804. [PMID: 30246023 PMCID: PMC6136533 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5753804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus- (HEV-) helicase as a novel drug-target was evaluated. While cell culture model was used for mutational characterization of helicase, in silico protein modeling and virtual screening were employed to identify helicase inhibitors. None of the saturation mutant replicons significantly affected RNA replication. Notably, mutants encompassing the Walker motifs replicated as wild-type, showing indispensability of nucleotides conservation in viability compared to known criticality of amino acids. A 3D modeling of HEV-helicase and screening of a compound dataset identified ten most promising inhibitors with drug likeness, notably, JFD02650, RDR03130, and HTS11136 that interacted with Walker A residues Gly975, Gly978, Ser979, and Gly980. Our model building and virtual identification of novel helicase inhibitors warrant further studies towards developing anti-HEV drugs.
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Parvez MK, Parveen S. Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Viruses: Past, Present, and Future. Intervirology 2017; 60:1-7. [PMID: 28772262 PMCID: PMC7179518 DOI: 10.1159/000478729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidences of emerging/re-emerging deadly viral infections have significantly affected human health despite extraordinary progress in the area of biomedical knowledge. The best examples are the recurring outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya fever in tropical and sub-tropical regions, the recent epidemic of Zika in the Americas and the Caribbean, and the SARS, MERS, and influenza A outbreaks across the globe. The established natural reservoirs of human viruses are mainly farm animals, and, to a lesser extent, wild animals and arthropods. The intricate "host-pathogen-environment" relationship remains the key to understanding the emergence/re-emergence of pathogenic viruses. High population density, rampant constructions, poor sanitation, changing climate, and the introduction of anthropophilic vectors create selective pressure on host-pathogen reservoirs. Nevertheless, the knowledge and understanding of such zoonoses and pathogen diversity in their known non-human reservoirs are very limited. Prevention of arboviral infections using vector control methods has not been very successful. Currently, new approaches to protect against food-borne infections, such as consuming only properly cooked meats and animal products, are the most effective control measures. Though significant progress in controlling human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis viruses has been achieved, the unpredictable nature of evolving viruses and the rare occasions of outbreaks severely hamper control and preventive modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Parveen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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8
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a globally important pathogen of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The HEV ORF1 gene encodes a nonstructural polyprotein, essential for RNA replication and virus infectivity. Expression and processing of ORF1 polyprotein are shown in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, however, its proteolysis into individual proteins is still debated. While molecular or biochemical characterization of methyltransferase, protease, hypervariable region, helicase and RNA polymerase domains in ORF1 has been achieved, the role of the X and Y domains in the HEV life cycle has only been demonstrated very recently. Clinically, detection of a number of ORF1 mutants in infected patients is implicated in disease severity, mortality and drug nonresponse. Moreover, several artificial lethal mutations in ORF1 offer a potential basis for developing live-attenuated vaccines for HEV. This article intends to present the molecular and clinical updates on the HEV ORF1 polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Nasrallah GK, Al Absi ES, Ghandour R, Ali NH, Taleb S, Hedaya L, Ali F, Huwaidy M, Husseini A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Qatar (2013-2016). Transfusion 2017; 57:1801-1807. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Biomedical Research Center; Qatar University; Doha Qatar
| | | | - Rula Ghandour
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University; Birzeit Palestine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University; Birzeit Palestine
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences
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Parvez MK. Mutational analysis of hepatitis E virus ORF1 "Y-domain": Effects on RNA replication and virion infectivity. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:590-602. [PMID: 28216965 PMCID: PMC5292332 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i4.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of non-structural open reading frame 1 “Y-domain” sequences in the hepatitis E virus (HEV) life cycle.
METHODS Sequences of human HEV Y-domain (amino acid sequences 216-442) and closely-related viruses were analyzed in silico. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Y-domain (HEV SAR55) was carried out and studied in the replicon-baculovirus-hepatoma cell model. In vitro transcribed mRNA (pSK-GFP) constructs were transfected into S10-3 cells and viral RNA replicating GFP-positive cells were scored by flow cytometry. Mutant virions’ infectivity was assayed on naïve HepG2/C3A cells.
RESULTS In silico analysis identified a potential palmitoylation-site (C336C337) and an α-helix segment (L410Y411S412W413L414F415E416) in the HEV Y-domain. Molecular characterization of C336A, C337A and W413A mutants of the three universally conserved residues showed non-viability. Further, of the 10 consecutive saturation mutants covering the entire Y-domain nucleotide sequences (nts 650-1339), three constructs (nts 788-994) severely affected virus replication. This revealed the indispensability of the internal sequences but not of the up- or downstream sequences at the transcriptional level. Interestingly, the three mutated residues corresponded to the downstream codons that tolerated saturation mutation, indicating their post-translational functional/structural essentiality. In addition, RNA secondary structure prediction revealed formation of stable hairpins (nts 788-994) where saturation mutation drastically inhibited virion infectivity.
CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of the critical role of Y-domain sequences in HEV life cycle, which may involve gene regulation and/or membrane binding in intracellular replication complexes.
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Zhang L, Tian Y, Wen Z, Zhang F, Qi Y, Huang W, Zhang H, Wang Y. Asialoglycoprotein receptor facilitates infection of PLC/PRF/5 cells by HEV through interaction with ORF2. J Med Virol 2016; 88:2186-2195. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Yabin Tian
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Zhiheng Wen
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Ying Qi
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
| | - Heqiu Zhang
- Department of Bio-Diagnosis; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually-Transmitted Virus Vaccines; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing China
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12
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Fraticelli P, Bagnarelli P, Tarantino G, Martino GP, Benfaremo D, Nobili L, Mandolesi A, Barbisan F, Marinelli K, Mattioli M, Murri M, Gabrielli A. Chronic hepatitis E in a patient treated with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil for Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:2275-2277. [PMID: 27498353 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Mandolesi
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Barbisan
- Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Parvez MK. The hepatitis E virus ORF1 'X-domain' residues form a putative macrodomain protein/Appr-1″-pase catalytic-site, critical for viral RNA replication. Gene 2015; 566:47-53. [PMID: 25870943 PMCID: PMC7127128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF1 gene encodes the non-structural polyprotein wherein the ‘X-domain’ still remains poorly defined. Cellular X-domain associated macrodomain protein/ADP-ribose-1″-monophosphatase (Appr-1″-pase) activities are also reported in coronaviruses (CoV), including identification of its homologs in alpha and rubella viruses. The present study investigated the role(s) of X-domain residues in HEV replication cycle. In silico analysis showed a high degree of evolutionary conservation of X-domain (a.a. 785–942) a.a. positions wherein the N-terminus residues ‘Asn806, Asn809, His812, Gly815, Gly816, and Gly817’ formed a potential catalytic-site homolog of CoVAppr-1″-pase. To experimentally test this prediction, X-domain ‘active-site’ residues were subjected to mutational analysis using the HEV-SAR55 replicon (pSK-GFP). FACS analysis of mutant RNA transfected S10-3 cells showed that Gly816Ala and Gly817Ala constructs completely abrogated HEV replication, similar to their Gly816Val and Gly817Val counterparts. However, ‘Gly815Ala’ mutant replicated very poorly in contrast to ‘Gly815Val’ that completely abolished GFP synthesis. Furthermore, while ‘Asn806Ala’ mutant retained RNA replication, the ‘Asn809Ala’ and His812Leu mutants showed non-viability. Notably, in a sequential-nucleotide mutation analysis, the dispensability of X-domain in HEV replication at transcriptional level has already been demonstrated (Parvez, 2013b). Taken together, the present data strongly argue for an essential role of X-domain residues (Asn809, His812, Gly816 and Gly817) at post-translational level, indicating its involvement in viral replication. In conclusion, the speculated regulatory role of ORF1 X-domain in HEV replication cycle critically depends on the ‘Asn, Asn, His, Gly, Gly, Gly’ segment/secondary structure. Nevertheless, further biochemical or biophysical characterizations of HEV X-domain associated Appr-1″-pase activity would only confirm its biological significance in virus or host-pathogenesis. Cellular ‘X-domain’ associated Appr-1″-pase also reported in RNA viruses Appr-1″-pase active-site homolog ‘NNHGGG’ mapped in HEV X-domain Mutational analysis showed criticality of the active-site a.a. in HEV replication. Dispensability of nt. conservation suggested a putative Appr-1″-pase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, PO Box-2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Bauer H, Luxembourger C, Gottenberg JE, Fournier S, Abravanel F, Cantagrel A, Chatelus E, Claudepierre P, Hudry C, Izopet J, Fabre S, Lefevre G, Marguerie L, Martin A, Messer L, Molto A, Pallot-Prades B, Pers YM, Roque-Afonso AM, Roux C, Sordet C, Soubrier M, Veissier C, Wendling D, Péron JM, Sibilia J. Outcome of hepatitis E virus infection in patients with inflammatory arthritides treated with immunosuppressants: a French retrospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e675. [PMID: 25860212 PMCID: PMC4554052 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation and outcome of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in inflammatory rheumatic diseases are unknown. We aimed to investigate the severity of acute HEV infection and the risk of chronic viral replication in patients with inflammatory arthritides treated with immunosuppressive drugs. All rheumatology and internal medicine practitioners belonging to the Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation in France were sent newsletters asking for reports of HEV infection and inflammatory arthritides. Baseline characteristics of patients and the course of HEV infection were retrospectively assessed by use of a standardized questionnaire. From January 2010 to August 2013, we obtained reports of 23 cases of HEV infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 11), axial spondyloarthritis (n = 5), psoriatic arthritis (n = 4), other types of arthritides (n = 3). Patients received methotrexate (n = 16), antitumor necrosis factor α agents (n = 10), rituximab (n = 4), abatacept (n = 2), tocilizumab (n = 2), and corticosteroids (n = 10, median dose 6 mg/d, range 2-20). All had acute hepatitis: median aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels were 679 and 1300 U/L, respectively. Eleven patients were asymptomatic, 4 had jaundice. The HEV infection diagnosis relied on positive PCR results for HEV RNA (n = 14 patients) or anti-HEV IgM positivity (n = 9). Median follow-up was 29 months (range 3-55). Treatment included discontinuation of immunosuppressants for 20 patients and ribavirin treatment for 5. Liver enzyme levels normalized and immunosuppressant therapy could be reinitiated in all patients. No chronic infection was observed. Acute HEV infection should be considered in patients with inflammatory rheumatism and elevated liver enzyme values. The outcome of HEV infection seems favorable, with no evolution to chronic hepatitis or fulminant liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bauer
- From the Service de Rhumatologie (HB, J-EG, EC, CS, JS), Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, C.H.U. de Hautepierre, Strasbourg; Service de Rhumatologie (CL, AC); Service d'Hépato-gastro-entérologie (SF, J-MP); Laboratoire de Virologie (FA, JI), C.H.U. Purpan, Toulouse; Service de Rhumatologie (PC), C.H.U. Henri Mondor, Créteil; Service de Rhumatologie (CH, AM), C.H.U Cochin, Paris; Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Thérapeutique Ostéo-Articulaire (SF, Y-MP), C.H.U. Lapeyronie, Montpellier; Service de Médecine Interne (GL), C.H.R.U. de Lille; Service de Rhumatologie (LM), Institut Calot, Berck-s-Mer; Service de Rhumatologie (AM), C.H. de Saint Brieuc; Service de Médecine Interne et de Rhumatologie (LM), C.H. Pasteur, Colmar; Service de Rhumatologie (BP-P), C.H.U. Bellevue, Saint Etienne; Laboratoire de Virologie (AM-RA), Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif; Service de Rhumatologie (CR), Hôpital de l'Archet 1, Nice; Service de Rhumatologie (MS), C.H.U. de Clermont-Ferrand; Service de Rhumatologie (CV), C.H.U. Pellegrin, Bordeaux; and Service de Rhumatologie (DW), C.H.U. Minjoz, Besançon, France
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Parvez MK. The intergenic-junction variant (genotype 2 isolate) of hepatitis E virus restores the CREX 'stem-loop' structural integrity, essential for viral life cycle. Gene 2015; 559:149-54. [PMID: 25597766 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the known human HEV strains (genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4), the genotype 2 Mexican isolate has two 'double-base' substitutions (5'U5100G5101→CU/3'C5117U5118→GG) flanking the conserved cis-reactive element (CRE) in the intergenic-junction sequences. While the 'C5100U5101' natural mutations in the upstream ORF1 coding region replace 'alanine' for the conserved 'valine', the 'G5117G5118' doublet resides in the downstream non-coding/promoter region of ORF3 gene. Though a stable 'stem-loop' structure containing CRE, critical for virus replication had been reported, the phenotypic effect of genotype 2 'CU/GG' variations were neither mentioned nor explored. In this study, the evolutionary significance of such tolerable mutations in the conserved regulatory-sequences was investigated. Multiple sequence alignment of intergenic-junction of human HEV strains showed further base conservations flanking the CRE sequences. In silico analysis of the conserved sequences (nts. 5099-5121) of the representative genotypes revealed a stable RNA 'stem-loop' structure (CREX). Of the four genotype-specific CREX, the Mexican mutant bases 'CU/GG' very interestingly, compensated and complemented themselves (5'C5100:3'G5118 and 5'U5101:3'G5117) in the 'lower-stem'. The substitution of 'GG' bases in the ORF3 promoter-region did not affect its 'optimal-context' and therefore, negated its regulatory role at 'nucleotide' level. Virtual mutations introduced to break the two base-pairings in the CREX 'lower-stem', completely destabilized the secondary structure. Further molecular characterization of the CREX mutants in HEV-SAR55 replicon background showed a drastic downregulation of viral RNA replication in S10-3 cells. Though the CREX-mutant RNA were encapsidated into trans-complemented viral capsids (ORF2), and produced virions, they were poorly infectious to naïve HepG2/C3A cells. In conclusion, the compensatory mutations in the intergenic-junction of Mexican isolate suggest strict conservation of the CREX 'stem-loop' structure, essential for HEV genome replication. This could have a greater regulatory role in viral life cycle, including RNA packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Evidence of MAPK-JNK1/2 activation by hepatitis E virus ORF3 protein in cultured hepatoma cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:545-50. [PMID: 25280525 PMCID: PMC4371560 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently emerged to cause chronic infection in some immunosuppressed individuals, including extrahepatic manifestations in acute and chronic patients. Mammalian MAPK–JNK1/2 is expressed in hepatocytes, which is known to be involved in anti-apoptotic signaling pathway for the establishment of persistent infection. Though in vitro modulation of cellular MAPK–ERK cascade by HEV-ORF3 protein is suggested to have a role in host pathobiology, activation of the JNK module has not been studied so far. In this report, we have shown for the first time, evidence of MAPK–JNK1/2 activation by HEV-ORF3, using viral replicon as well as expression vector in human hepatoma cells. Phospho-ELISA based relative quantitaion has demonstrated ~54% and ~66% phosphorylation of JNK1/2 in replicon-RNA and ORF3-vector DNA transfected cells, respectively. Our finding however, suggests further molecular studies to validate a role of JNK1/2 in HEV pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important public health concern in many developing countries, causing waterborne outbreaks as well as sporadic autochthonous hepatitis. HEV is mainly transmitted by the fecal–oral route in endemic areas through drinking of contaminated water. However, zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs to humans has also been suggested. Three additional routes of HEV transmission have been proposed to occur: blood borne, human to human, and vertical transmission from mother to child. Acute HEV infection is usually diagnosed by detecting specific anti-HEV antibodies. However, the performance of the available assays in different settings is not optimal. Analysis of HEV ribonucleic acid in biologic specimens such as stools, serum, and liver biopsy by using nucleic acid amplification techniques is also employed. Nonetheless, additional consensus regarding the best technologies suitable for serosurveys and diagnosis of acute HEV infection is also needed. This review article summarizes the current status of HEV infection end epidemiology with particular emphasis in transmission, diagnosis, and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mirazo
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ramos
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Mainardi
- Hepatic Diseases Unit, Central Hospital of the Armed Forces, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Solange Gerona
- Hepatic Diseases Unit, Central Hospital of the Armed Forces, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Parvez MK. Hepatitis E virus-associated neuropathy: an emerging extrahepatic manifestation. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kumar A, Saraswat VA. Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013; 3:225-30. [PMID: 25755504 PMCID: PMC3940130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) globally. It causes large scale epidemics of AVH across the low- and middle income countries in Asia and Africa, and also causes sporadic cases of AVH in the same geographical region. AVH due to HEV is usually an acute, self-limiting illness, similar in clinical presentation to AVH caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV). When HEV causes AVH in patients of chronic liver disease it may worsen rapidly to a syndrome called acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) leading to very high mortality. Acute deterioration of liver function in a patient with compensated chronic liver disease is the characteristic feature of ACLF. The typical disease course of patients with ACLF is the appearance of organ failure, which progresses to multi-organ failure and death. Many publications have reported HEV as one of the leading causes for ACLF from Asia and Africa, where HEV is endemic. The mortality rate of HEV-related ACLF (HEV-ACLF) ranges from 0% to 67% with a median being 34%. These patients require admission in the intensive care unit and they benefit from a team approach of clinicians with expertise in both hepatology and critical care. The goals of treatment are to prevent further deterioration in liver function, reverse precipitating factors, and support failing organs. Liver transplantation is required in selected patients to improve survival and quality of life. One preliminary report suggests that ribavirin may be an effective and safe drug for treatment of HEV-ACLF however this requires validation in large trials.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- APASL, Asia–Pacific Association for the Study of Liver
- AVH, acute viral hepatitis
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- HAV, hepatitis A virus
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HEV, hepatitis E virus
- HEV-ACLF, HEV-related ACLF
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalized ratio
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- acute-on-chronic liver failure
- cirrhosis
- hepatitis E virus
- liver failure
- ribavirin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110 060, India,Address for correspondence: Ashish Kumar, Associate Professor & Consultant Hepatologist, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 110 060, India. Tel.: +91 9312792573.
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
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Parvez MK. Molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus ORF1 gene supports a papain-like cysteine protease (PCP)-domain activity. Virus Res 2013; 178:553-6. [PMID: 23978667 PMCID: PMC7125709 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) ORF1 encodes the nonstructural polyprotein wherein a role of PCP-domain in ORF1 proteolysis and/or RNA replication still remains contested. A series of ORF1 mutants of HEV-SAR55 replicon were constructed and tested for viability in S10-3 cells. Six of PCP-'cysteine' (C457A, C459A, C471A, C472A, C481A and C483A) and three 'histidine' (H443L, H497L and H590L) mutants were lethal. Further, a highly conserved 'glycine-triad' (G815-G816-G817) in downstream X-domain, homologous to rubella virus protease-substrate (G1299-G1300-G1301) was identified where two of X-mutants (G816V and G817V) turned lethal. However, all ORF1 sequential nucleotide-mutants conserving the amino acids were viable, which clearly showed post-translational regulation of HEV replication by PCP- and X-domains. Moreover, while vector-expressed ORF1-fusion polyprotein yielded a ~191 kDa band in vitro, it produced ~78 and ~35 kDa fragments ex vivo. Collectively, the indispensability and functional effects of 'PCP-catalytic' and 'X-substrate' residues on HEV replication strongly supported a viral protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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