1
|
West S, Garza V, Cardoso R. Puberty in beef heifers: effects of prenatal and postnatal nutrition on the development of the neuroendocrine axis. Anim Reprod 2024; 21:e20240048. [PMID: 39176002 PMCID: PMC11340802 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2024-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive maturation is a complex physiological process controlled by the neuroendocrine system and is characterized by an increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatile secretion. Nutrition during early development is a key factor regulating puberty onset, which is defined as first ovulation in females. In heifers, nutrient restriction after weaning delays puberty, whereas elevated levels of nutrition and energy reserves advance reproductive maturation. Recent studies in cattle and other animal models have shown that the dam's nutrition during gestation can also program the neuroendocrine system in the developing fetus and has the potential to alter timing of puberty in the offspring. Among the metabolic signals that modulate brain development and control timing of puberty is leptin, a hormone produced primarily by adipocytes that communicates energy status to the brain. Leptin acts within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate GnRH secretion via an upstream network of neurons that includes neurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide with inhibitory effects on GnRH secretion, and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), an anorexigenic peptide with excitatory effects on GnRH neurons. Another important population of neurons are KNDy neurons, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that co-express the neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin and have strong stimulatory effects on GnRH secretion. Our studies in beef heifers indicate that increased nutrition between 4 to 8 months of age advances puberty by diminishing NPY inhibitory tone and by increasing excitatory inputs of αMSH and kisspeptin, which collectively lead to increased GnRH/LH pulsatility. Our ongoing studies indicate that different planes of nutrition during gestation can alter maternal leptin concentrations and promote changes in the fetal brain. Nonetheless, at least in Bos indicus-influenced heifers, deficits programmed prenatally can be overcome by adequate postnatal nutrition without negatively impacting age at puberty or subsequent fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Viviana Garza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rodolfo Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh A, Lal B, Kumar P, Parhar IS, Millar RP. Role of Neurokinin B in gametogenesis and steroidogenesis of freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 393:377-391. [PMID: 37278825 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurokinin B (NKB), a recently discovered neuropeptide, plays a crucial role in regulating the kiss-GnRH neurons in vertebrate's brain. NKB is also characterized in gonadal tissues; however, its role in gonads is poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of NKB on gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis through in vivo and in vitro approaches using NKB antagonist MRK-08 were evaluated. The results suggest that the NKB antagonist decreases the development of advanced ovarian follicles and germ cells in the testis. In addition, MRK-08 further reduces the production of 17β-estradiol in the ovary and testosterone in the testis under both in vivo and in vitro conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the in vitro MRK-08 treatment of gonadal explants attenuated the expression of steroidogenic marker proteins, i.e., StAR, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD dose-dependently. Moreover, the MAP kinase proteins, pERK1/2 & ERK1/2 and pAkt & Akt were also downregulated by MRK-08. Thus, the study suggests that NKB downregulates steroidogenesis by modulating the expressions of steroidogenic marker proteins involving ERK1/2 & pERK1/2 and Akt/pAkt signalling pathways. NKB also appears to regulate gametogenesis by regulating gonadal steroidogenesis in the catfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Singh
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Bechan Lal
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Malaysia
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria and Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garza V, West SM, Cardoso RC. Review: Gestational and postnatal nutritional effects on the neuroendocrine control of puberty and subsequent reproductive performance in heifers. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100782. [PMID: 37567667 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pubertal attainment is an intricate biological process that involves maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis and increased pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone. Nutrition is a critical environmental factor controlling the timing of puberty attainment. Nutrient restriction during early postnatal development delays puberty, whereas increased feed intake and adiposity during this period hasten pubertal maturation by imprinting the hypothalamus. Moreover, the dam's nutrition during gestation can program the neuroendocrine system in the developing fetus and has the potential to advance or delay puberty in the offspring. Leptin, a hormone produced primarily by adipose cells, plays an important role in communicating energy status to the brain and regulating sexual maturation. Leptin's regulation of GnRH release is mediated by an upstream neuronal network since GnRH neurons do not contain the leptin receptor. Two groups of neurons located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide, and alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), an anorexigenic peptide, are central elements of the neural circuitry that relay inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. Moreover, KNDy neurons, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, also play a role in the metabolic regulation of puberty. Our studies in beef heifers demonstrate that increased rates of BW gain during early postweaning (4-9 mo of age) result in reduced expression of NPY mRNA, increased expression of proopiomelanocortin and kisspeptin receptor mRNA, reduced NPY inhibitory inputs to GnRH neurons, and increased excitatory αMSH inputs to KNDy neurons. Finally, our most recent data demonstrate that nutrition of the cow during the last two trimesters of gestation can also induce transcriptional and structural changes in hypothalamic neurocircuitries in the heifer progeny that likely persist long-term after birth. Managerial approaches, such as supplementation of the dam during gestation (fetal programming), creep feeding, early weaning, and stair-step nutritional regimens have been developed to exploit brain plasticity and advance pubertal maturation in heifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Garza
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sarah M West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rodolfo C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gowkielewicz M, Lipka A, Piotrowska A, Szadurska-Noga M, Nowakowski JJ, Lepiarczyk E, Wiszpolska M, Waśniewski T, Dzięgiel P, Kaleczyc J, Majewski MK, Majewska M. Kisspeptin and GPR54 Receptor Expression in Endometrial Cancer Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041228. [PMID: 36831570 PMCID: PMC9954558 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KISS) is a natural peptide-discovered in 1996 as a factor inhibiting the ability to metastasize in malignant melanoma. This protein plays also a regulatory role in the process of puberty, the menstrual cycle, spermatogenesis, implantation and development of the human placenta. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of KISS and its receptor GPR54 in endometrial cancer (EC) tissue, depending on the histological type of cancer, its stage, various demographic characteristics, and clinical conditions in 214 hysterectomy patients. Expression of KISS and GPR54 was confirmed in 99.5% and 100% of the cases, respectively. Hormone replacement therapy and the coexistence of the anti-Müllerian type 2 receptor in cancer tissue enhanced KISS expression. Smoking, on the other hand, decreased KISS expression. GPR54 expression increased with the advancement of the disease (according to FIGO classification). Also, the presence of the anti-Müllerian type 2 receptor in EC increased the level of GPR54. Hypertension, age and miscarriage harmed the presence of GPR54. The histological type of cancer, diabetes type 2, body mass index, hormonal contraception, number of deliveries, birth weight of newborns, breastfeeding time, and the presence of AMH in EC tissue were not associated with the expression of either KISS nor GPR54. The KISS level was also significantly related to the GPR54 level. Considering that KISS is a non-toxic peptide with antimetastatic properties, further investigation is essential to determine the clinical significance of this peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gowkielewicz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-89-532-64-40
| | - Aleksandra Lipka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego Street 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Szadurska-Noga
- Department of Pathomorphology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Wiszpolska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Waśniewski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-045 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego Street 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Krzysztof Majewski
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Majewska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plain Z, Voliotis M, McArdle CA, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Modelling KNDy neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generation. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 27:100407. [PMID: 36632147 PMCID: PMC9823092 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its frequency are crucial for healthy reproductive function. To understand what drives GnRH pulses, a combination of experimental and mathematical modelling approaches has been used. Early work focussed on the possibility that GnRH pulse generation is an intrinsic feature of GnRH neurons, with autocrine feedback generating pulsatility. However, there is now ample evidence suggesting that a network of upstream neurons secreting kisspeptin, neurokinin-B and dynorphin are the source of this GnRH pulse generator. The interplay of slow positive and negative feedback via neurokinin-B and dynorphin, respectively, allows the network to act as a relaxation oscillator, driving pulsatile secretion of kisspeptin, and consequently, of GnRH and LH. Here, we review the mathematical modelling approaches exploring both scenarios and suggest that with pulsatile GnRH secretion driven by the KNDy pulse generator, autocrine feedback still has the potential to modulate GnRH output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Plain
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,Corresponding author: Voliotis, Margaritis
| | | | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Department of Mathematics and Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campo A, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Tachykinins, new players in the control of reproduction and food intake: A comparative review in mammals and teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1056939. [PMID: 36589829 PMCID: PMC9800884 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the tachykinin system includes tachykinin genes, which encode one or two peptides each, and tachykinin receptors. The complexity of this system is reinforced by the massive conservation of gene duplicates after the whole-genome duplication events that occurred in vertebrates and furthermore in teleosts. Added to this, the expression of the tachykinin system is more widespread than first thought, being found beyond the brain and gut. The discovery of the co-expression of neurokinin B, encoded by the tachykinin 3 gene, and kisspeptin/dynorphin in neurons involved in the generation of GnRH pulse, in mammals, put a spotlight on the tachykinin system in vertebrate reproductive physiology. As food intake and reproduction are linked processes, and considering that hypothalamic hormones classically involved in the control of reproduction are reported to regulate also appetite and energy homeostasis, it is of interest to look at the potential involvement of tachykinins in these two major physiological functions. The purpose of this review is thus to provide first a general overview of the tachykinin system in mammals and teleosts, before giving a state of the art on the different levels of action of tachykinins in the control of reproduction and food intake. This work has been conducted with a comparative point of view, highlighting the major similarities and differences of tachykinin systems and actions between mammals and teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Campo
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsion, Israel
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit PhyMA Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Karine Rousseau,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsukamura H. Kobayashi Award 2019: The neuroendocrine regulation of the mammalian reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113755. [PMID: 33711315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive function is a complex system of many players orchestrated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the consequent pituitary gonadotropin release show two modes of secretory patterns, namely the surge and pulse modes. The surge mode is triggered by the positive feedback action of estrogen secreted from the mature ovarian follicle to induce ovulation in females of most mammalian species. The pulse mode of GnRH release is required for stimulating tonic gonadotropin secretion to drive folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis and is negatively fine-tuned by the sex steroids. Accumulating evidence suggests that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are the master regulator for animal reproduction to govern the HPG axis. Specifically, kisspeptin neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus, such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in rodents and preoptic nucleus (POA) in ruminants, primates and others, and the neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in posterior hypothalamus in most mammals are considered to play a key role in generating the surge and pulse modes of GnRH release, respectively. The present article focuses on the role of AVPV (or POA) kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH surge generation and of the ARC kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH pulse generation to mediate estrogen positive and negative feedback mechanisms, respectively, and discusses how the estrogen epigenetically regulates kisspeptin gene expression in these two populations of neurons. This article also provides the mechanism how malnutrition and lactation suppress GnRH/gonadotropin pulses through an inhibition of the ARC kisspeptin neurons. Further, the article discusses the programming effect of estrogen on kisspeptin neurons in the developmental brain to uncover the mechanism underlying the sex difference in GnRH/gonadotropin release as well as an irreversible infertility induced by supra-physiological estrogen exposure in rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ikegami K, Watanabe Y, Nakamura S, Goto T, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the KNDy neuronal activities to generate and modulate GnRH pulse in mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 64:100968. [PMID: 34808231 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating findings during the past decades have demonstrated that the hypothalamic arcuate kisspeptin neurons are supposed to be responsible for pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to regulate gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in mammals. The arcuate kisspeptin neurons express neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn), thus, the neurons are also referred to as KNDy neurons. In the present article, we mainly focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GnRH pulse generation, that is focused on the action of NKB and Dyn and an interaction between KNDy neurons and astrocytes to control GnRH pulse generation. Then, we also discuss the factors that modulate the activity of KNDy neurons and consequent pulsatile GnRH/LH release in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ikegami
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi X, Ye C, Qin X, Zhou L, Xia C, Cai T, Xie Y, Yin Z, Hu G. Novel Pituitary Actions of TAC4 Gene Products in Teleost. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312893. [PMID: 34884698 PMCID: PMC8657723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachykinin 4 (TAC4) is the latest member of the tachykinin family involved in several physiological functions in mammals. However, little information is available about TAC4 in teleost. In the present study, we firstly isolated TAC4 and six neurokinin receptors (NKRs) from grass carp brain and pituitary. Sequence analysis showed that grass carp TAC4 could encode two mature peptides (namely hemokinin 1 (HK1) and hemokinin 2 (HK2)), in which HK2 retained the typical FXGLM motif in C-terminal of tachyinin, while HK1 contained a mutant VFGLM motif. The ligand-receptor selectivity showed that HK2 could activate all 6 NKRs but with the highest activity for the neurokinin receptor 2 (NK2R). Interestingly, HK1 displayed a very weak activation for each NKR isoform. In grass carp pituitary cells, HK2 could induce prolactin (PRL), somatolactin α (SLα), urotensin 1 (UTS1), neuromedin-B 1 (NMB1), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript 2 (CART2) mRNA expression mediated by NK2R and neurokinin receptor 3 (NK3R) via activation cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)/protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium2+ (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM)/calmodulin kinase-II (CaMK II) cascades. However, the corresponding stimulatory effects triggered by HK1 were found to be notably weaker. Furthermore, based on the structural base for HK1, our data suggested that a phenylalanine (F) to valine (V) substitution in the signature motif of HK1 might have contributed to its weak agonistic actions on NKRs and pituitary genes regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Shi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Cheng Ye
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiangfeng Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lingling Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chuanhui Xia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tianyi Cai
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunyi Xie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (G.H.)
| | - Guangfu Hu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.S.); (C.Y.); (X.Q.); (L.Z.); (C.X.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (G.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pawsey S, Mills EG, Ballantyne E, Donaldson K, Kerr M, Trower M, Dhillo WS. Elinzanetant (NT-814), a Neurokinin 1,3 Receptor Antagonist, Reduces Estradiol and Progesterone in Healthy Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3221-e3234. [PMID: 33624806 PMCID: PMC8277204 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ideal therapy for endometriosis (EM) and uterine fibroids (UFs) would suppress estrogenic drive to the endometrium and myometrium, while minimizing vasomotor symptoms and bone loss associated with current treatments. An integrated neurokinin-kisspeptin system involving substance P and neurokinin B acting at the neurokinin (NK) receptors 1 and 3, respectively, modulates reproductive hormone secretion and represents a therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess the effects of the novel NK1,3 antagonist elinzanetant on reproductive hormone levels in healthy women. METHODS A randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 33 women who attended for 2 consecutive menstrual cycles. In each cycle blood samples were taken on days 3 or 4, 9 or 10, 15 or 16, and 21 or 22 to measure serum reproductive hormones. In cycle 2, women were randomly assigned to receive once-daily oral elinzanetant 40, 80, 120 mg, or placebo (N = 8 or 9 per group). RESULTS Elinzanetant dose-dependently lowered serum luteinizing hormone, estradiol (120 mg median change across cycle: -141.4 pmol/L, P = .038), and luteal-phase progesterone (120 mg change from baseline on day 21 or 22: -19.400 nmol/L, P = .046). Elinzanetant 120 mg prolonged the cycle length by median of 7.0 days (P = .023). Elinzanetant reduced the proportion of women with a luteal-phase serum progesterone concentration greater than 30 nmol/L (a concentration consistent with ovulation) in a dose-related manner in cycle 2 (P = .002). Treatment did not produce vasomotor symptoms. CONCLUSION NK1,3 receptor antagonism with elinzanetant dose-dependently suppressed the reproductive axis in healthy women, with the 120-mg dose lowering estradiol to potentially ideal levels for UFs and EM. As such, elinzanetant may represent a novel therapy to manipulate reproductive hormone levels in women with hormone-driven disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pawsey
- NeRRe Therapeutics Limited, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Edouard Gregory Mills
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
| | | | | | - Mary Kerr
- NeRRe Therapeutics Limited, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Mike Trower
- NeRRe Therapeutics Limited, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Waljit Singh Dhillo
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
- Imperial Consultants, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2PG, UK
- Correspondence: Waljit S. Dhillo, PhD, MBBS, Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Fl, Commonwealth Bldg, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li Q, Smith JT, Henry B, Rao A, Pereira A, Clarke IJ. Expression of genes for Kisspeptin (KISS1), Neurokinin B (TAC3), Prodynorphin (PDYN), and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (RFRP) across natural puberty in ewes. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14399. [PMID: 32170819 PMCID: PMC7070159 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of particular genes in hypothami of ewes was measured across the natural pubertal transition by in situ hybridization. The ewes were allocated to three groups (n = 4); prepubertal, postpubertal and postpubertally gonadectomized (GDX). Prepubertal sheep were euthanized at 20 weeks of age and postpubertal animals at 32 weeks. GDX sheep were also euthanized at 32 weeks, 1 week after surgery. Expression of KISS1, TAC3, PDYN in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), RFRP in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and GNRH1 in the preoptic area was quantified on a cellular basis. KISS1R expression by GNRH1 cells was quantified by double-label in situ hybridization. Across puberty, detectable KISS1 cell number increased in the caudal ARC and whilst PDYN cell numbers were low, numbers increased in the rostral ARC. TAC3 expression did not change but RFRP expression/cell was reduced across puberty. There was no change across puberty in the number of GNRH1 cells that expressed the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R). GDX shortly after puberty did not increase expression of any of the genes of interest. We conclude that KISS1 expression in the ARC increases during puberty in ewes and this may be a causative factor in the pubertal activation of the reproductive axis. A reduction in expression of RFRP may be a factor in the onset of puberty, removing negative tone on GNRH1 cells. The lack of changes in expression of genes following GDX suggest that the effects of gonadal hormones may differ in young and mature animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Li
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy T Smith
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Belinda Henry
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rao
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alda Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beltramo M, Robert V, Decourt C. The kisspeptin system in domestic animals: what we know and what we still need to understand of its role in reproduction. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106466. [PMID: 32247617 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the kisspeptin (Kp) system stirred a burst of research in the field of reproductive neuroendocrinology. In the last 15 yr, the organization and activity of the system, including its neuroanatomical structure, its major physiological functions, and its main pharmacological properties, were outlined. To this endeavor, the use of genetic tools to delete and to restore Kp system functionality in a specific tissue was essential. At present, there is no question as to the key role of the Kp system in mammalian reproduction. However, easily applicable genetic manipulations are unavailable for domestic animals. Hence, many essential details on the physiological mechanisms underlying its action on domestic animals require further investigation. The potentially different effects of the various Kp isoforms, the precise anatomical localization of the Kp receptor, and the respective role played by the 2 main populations of Kp cells in different species are only few of the questions that remain unanswered and that will be illustrated in this review. Furthermore, the application of synthetic pharmacologic tools to manipulate the Kp system is still in its infancy but has produced some interesting results, suggesting the possibility of developing new methods to manage reproduction in domestic animals. In spite of a decade and a half of intense research effort, much work is still required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the Kp system on reproduction. Furthermore, Kp system ramifications in other physiological functions are emerging and open new research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Beltramo
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - V Robert
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Decourt
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cardoso RC, West SM, Maia TS, Alves BRC, Williams GL. Nutritional control of puberty in the bovine female: prenatal and early postnatal regulation of the neuroendocrine system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106434. [PMID: 32115309 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological event that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis and subsequent initiation of high-frequency, episodic release of GnRH and LH. Nutrition is a critical factor affecting the neuroendocrine control of puberty. Although nutrient restriction during juvenile development delays puberty, elevated rates of body weight gain during this period facilitate pubertal maturation by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also modulate the development of the fetal neuroendocrine axis, thus influencing puberty and subsequent reproductive function. Among the several metabolic signals, leptin plays a critical role in conveying metabolic information to the brain and, consequently, controlling puberty. The effects of leptin on GnRH secretion are mediated via an upstream neuronal network because GnRH neurons do not express the leptin receptor. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of the neurocircuitry that conveys inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (termed KNDy neurons) are also involved in the metabolic control of puberty. Our studies in the bovine female demonstrate that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development lead to organizational and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC, the precursor of αMSH), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes include alterations in the abundance of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 mRNA and in plasticity of the neuronal projections to GnRH neurons. Our studies also indicate that epigenetic mechanisms, such as modifications in the DNA methylation pattern, are involved in this process. Finally, our most recent data demonstrate that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce morphological and functional changes in the hypothalamic NPY system in the heifer offspring that are likely to persist long after birth. These organizational changes occurring during fetal development have the potential to not only impact puberty but also influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in the bovine female.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - S M West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T S Maia
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
| | - B R C Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - G L Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Młotkowska P, Marciniak E, Roszkowicz-Ostrowska K, Misztal T. Effects of allopregnanolone on central reproductive functions in sheep under natural and stressful conditions. Theriogenology 2020; 158:138-147. [PMID: 32956862 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive functions may be affected by internal and external factors that are integrated in the central nervous system (CNS). Stressful stimuli induce the neuroendocrine response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as well as the synthesis of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AL) in the brain. This study tested the hypothesis that centrally administered AL could affect the expression of certain genes involved in reproductive functions at the hypothalamus and pituitary levels, as well as pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in sheep under both natural and stressful conditions. Luteal-phase sheep (n = 24) were subjected to a three-day (day 12-14 of the estrous cycle) series of control or AL (4 × 15 μg/60 μL/30 min, at 30 min intervals) infusions into the third ventricle. Acute stressful stimuli (isolation from other sheep and partial movement restriction) were used in the third day of infusion. Stressful stimuli reduced kisspeptin-1 mRNA levels in both the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and the preoptic area (POA), while pro-dynorphin (PDYN) mRNA level only in the MBH. AL alone decreased the abundances of these transcripts in both structures. Stress increased the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA in the MBH and POA, luteinizing hormone (LH) β subunit (LHβ) mRNA in the anterior pituitary (AP) and pulsatile LH secretion. In contrast, mRNA level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) β subunit (FSHβ) was decreased in the AP, with no effect of stress on pulsatile FSH secretion. In stressed sheep, AL counteracted the increase in GnRH mRNA expression only in the POA, but it decreased the level of this transcript in both hypothalamic tissues when infused alone. AL prevented the stress-induced increase in LHβ mRNA expression in the AP and pulsatile LH secretion, as well as inhibited almost all aspects of FSH secretion when administered alone. The suppressive effect of AL on GnRH receptor mRNA expression was also observed in both MBH and AP. We concluded that acute stress and AL exerted multidirectional effects on hypothalamic centers that regulate reproductive functions and secretory activity of AP gonadotrophs in sheep. However, we indicated the dominant inhibitory effect of AL under natural and stressful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Młotkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 St, 05-110, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 St, 05-110, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Roszkowicz-Ostrowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 St, 05-110, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 St, 05-110, Jablonna, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The tachykinin family of peptides has emerged as a critical component of the central control of the reproductive axis. Mounting evidence suggests that neurokinin B (NKB) plays an essential role in sexual maturation and fertility by directly stimulating the release of kisspeptin, with the contribution of additional tachykinins (neurokinin A [NKA] and substance P [SP]) in the fine tuning of the activity of Kiss1 neurons. The expression of tachykinins increases in the hypothalamus before puberty and, therefore, they are considered as initiators of pubertal development by stimulating the awakening of Kiss1 neurons. This is supported by studies showing delayed or absent puberty onset in humans and mice devoid of tachykinin signaling, and the advancement of puberty onset in rodents subjected to chronic activation of tachykinin receptors. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of tachykinins in the control of puberty onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Program in Neuroscience. Boston, 02115
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ikegami K, Goto T, Nakamura S, Watanabe Y, Sugimoto A, Majarune S, Horihata K, Nagae M, Tomikawa J, Imamura T, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Inoue N, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H, Uenoyama Y. Conditional kisspeptin neuron-specific Kiss1 knockout with newly generated Kiss1-floxed and Kiss1-Cre mice replicates a hypogonadal phenotype of global Kiss1 knockout mice. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:359-367. [PMID: 32307336 PMCID: PMC7470906 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate whether novel conditional kisspeptin neuron-specific Kiss1 knockout (KO) mice utilizing the Cre-loxP system could recapitulate
the infertility of global Kiss1 KO models, thereby providing further evidence for the fundamental role of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in regulating mammalian
reproduction. We generated Kiss1-floxed mice and hypothalamic kisspeptin neuron-specific Cre-expressing transgenic mice and then crossed these two
lines. The conditional Kiss1 KO mice showed pubertal failure along with a suppression of gonadotropin secretion and ovarian atrophy. These results indicate that
newly-created hypothalamic Kiss1 KO mice obtained by the Cre-loxP system recapitulated the infertility of global Kiss1 KO models, suggesting that
hypothalamic kisspeptin, but not peripheral kisspeptin, is critical for reproduction. Importantly, these Kiss1-floxed mice are now available and will be a valuable
tool for detailed analyses of roles of each population of kisspeptin neurons in the brain and peripheral kisspeptin-producing cells by the spatiotemporal-specific manipulation of
Cre expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ikegami
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Arisa Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sutisa Majarune
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Horihata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nagae
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Junko Tomikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garcia JP, Keen KL, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Role of Kisspeptin and NKB in Puberty in Nonhuman Primates: Sex Differences. Semin Reprod Med 2019; 37:47-55. [PMID: 31847024 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the roles of kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) in puberty and sex differences in their involvement, we conducted a series of experiments measuring the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin in the median eminence of the hypothalamus in male and female monkeys throughout sexual development. Results indicate that kisspeptin-10 and the NKB agonist, senktide, stimulated GnRH release in males and females at the prepubertal and pubertal stages, but females are much more sensitive to kisspeptin signaling than males. Moreover, throughout the progress of puberty, major remodeling of kisspeptin and NKB signaling pathways for the regulation of GnRH release takes place. In females during puberty, reciprocal pathways (i.e., kisspeptin signaling mediated through NKB neurons and NKB signaling mediated through kisspeptin neurons) are established, to provide powerful and flexible mechanisms for GnRH neurosecretory activity necessary for complex female reproductive function in adulthood. By contrast, during puberty in males, reciprocal pathways are consolidated to a simpler kisspeptin-dominant signaling pathway. Nevertheless, in primates, both kisspeptin and NKB signaling are contributing factors for the pubertal increase in GnRH release, rather than initiating puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Department of Medicine, Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Goodman RL, He W, Lopez JA, Bedenbaugh MN, McCosh RB, Bowdridge EC, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Hileman SM. Evidence That the LH Surge in Ewes Involves Both Neurokinin B-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Kisspeptin. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2990-3000. [PMID: 31599937 PMCID: PMC6857763 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated neurokinin B (NKB) signaling in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) of the ewe in the LH surge. To test this hypothesis, we first lesioned NK3R neurons in this area by using a saporin conjugate (NK3-SAP). Three weeks after bilateral injection of NK3-SAP or a blank control (BLK-SAP) into the RCh, an LH surge was induced by using an artificial follicular-phase model in ovariectomized ewes. NK3-SAP lesioned approximately 88% of RCh NK3R-containing neurons and reduced the amplitude of the estrogen-induced LH surge by 58%, an inhibition similar to that seen previously with intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of a KISS1R antagonist (p271). We next tested the hypothesis that NKB signaling in the RCh acts via kisspeptin by determining whether the combined effects of NK3R-SAP lesions and icv infusion of p271 were additive. Experiment 1 was replicated except that ewes received two sequential artificial follicular phases with infusions of p271 or vehicle using a crossover design. The combination of the two treatments decreased the peak of the LH surge by 59%, which was similar to that seen with NK3-SAP (52%) or p271 (54%) alone. In contrast, p271 infusion delayed the onset and peak of the LH surge in both NK3-SAP- and BLK-SAP-injected ewes. Based on these data, we propose that NKB signaling in the RCh increases kisspeptin levels critical for the full amplitude of the LH surge in the ewe but that kisspeptin release occurs independently of RCh input at the onset of the surge to initiate GnRH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Correspondence: Robert L. Goodman, PhD, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506. E-mail:
| | - Wen He
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Justin A Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michelle N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Richard B McCosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elizabeth C Bowdridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Terasawa E. Mechanism of pulsatile GnRH release in primates: Unresolved questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110578. [PMID: 31518609 PMCID: PMC6944307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatility of GnRH release is essential for reproductive function. The key events in reproductive function, such as puberty onset and ovulatory cycles, are regulated by the frequency and amplitude modulation of pulsatile GnRH release. Abnormal patterns of GnRH pulsatility are seen in association with disease states, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Recent studies with physiological, track-tracing, optogenetic and electrophysiological recording experiments indicate that a group of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are responsible for pulsatile GnRH release. Thus, the kisspeptin neuron in the ARC has been called the "GnRH pulse-generator." However, a few pieces of evidence do not quite fit into this concept. This article reviews some old works and discusses unresolved issues on the mechanism of GnRH pulse generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- AWisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahayu LP, Endo N, Kuwai S, Oishi S, Tanaka T. The efficacy of a newly developed neurokinin 3 receptor agonist B21-750 on luteinizing hormone secretion in cycling goats. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:481-484. [PMID: 31406028 PMCID: PMC6815734 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a newly developed NK3 receptor agonist (B21-750) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in association with ovarian steroid hormones
during the follicular phase (FP, n = 5) and luteal phase (LP, n = 5) of Shiba goats. The FP group was treated with both prostaglandin F2α and progesterone-controlled internal drug
release (CIDR) inserts for 10 d, and B21-750 (200 nmol) was injected 12 h after removing the CIDR. Meanwhile, the LP group received B21-750 injections on a day during the mid-luteal phase.
LH secretion increased at 1 h after B21-750 injection in both groups. The percent changes in the area under the curve of LH was higher during the hour after injection than during the hour
before injection in both groups. Thus, this study demonstrated that B21-750 induces rapid LH secretion for a short period during both the follicular and luteal phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larasati Puji Rahayu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Natsumi Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shinji Kuwai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Reproduction, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Plant TM. The neurobiological mechanism underlying hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation: the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31297186 PMCID: PMC6600864 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18356.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review recounts the origins and development of the concept of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. It starts in the late 1960s when striking rhythmic episodes of luteinizing hormone secretion, as reflected by circulating concentrations of this gonadotropin, were first observed in monkeys and ends in the present day. It is currently an exciting time witnessing the application, primarily to the mouse, of contemporary neurobiological approaches to delineate the mechanisms whereby
Kiss1/NKB/Dyn (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate and time the pulsatile output of kisspeptin from their terminals in the median eminence that in turn dictates intermittent GnRH release and entry of this decapeptide into the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal circulation. The review concludes with an examination of questions that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony M Plant
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Plant TM. The neurobiological mechanism underlying hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation: the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-982. [PMID: 31297186 PMCID: PMC6600864 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18356.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This review recounts the origins and development of the concept of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. It starts in the late 1960s when striking rhythmic episodes of luteinizing hormone secretion, as reflected by circulating concentrations of this gonadotropin, were first observed in monkeys and ends in the present day. It is currently an exciting time witnessing the application, primarily to the mouse, of contemporary neurobiological approaches to delineate the mechanisms whereby Kiss1/NKB/Dyn (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate and time the pulsatile output of kisspeptin from their terminals in the median eminence that in turn dictates intermittent GnRH release and entry of this decapeptide into the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal circulation. The review concludes with an examination of questions that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony M. Plant
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Majarune S, Nima P, Sugimoto A, Nagae M, Inoue N, Tsukamura H, Uenoyama Y. Ad libitum feeding triggers puberty onset associated with increases in arcuate Kiss1 and Pdyn expression in growth-retarded rats. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:397-406. [PMID: 31155522 PMCID: PMC6815743 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that puberty onset is largely dependent on body weight rather than chronological age. To investigate the mechanism involved in the energetic control of puberty
onset, the present study examined effects of chronic food restriction during the prepubertal period and the resumption of ad libitum feeding for 24 and 48 h on estrous
cyclicity, Kiss1 (kisspeptin gene), Tac3 (neurokinin B gene) and Pdyn (dynorphin A gene) expression in the hypothalamus, luteinizing
hormone (LH) secretion and follicular development in female rats. When animals weighed 75 g, they were subjected to a restricted feeding to retard growth to 70–80 g by 49 days of age. Then,
animals were subjected to ad libitum feeding or remained food-restricted. The growth-retarded rats did not show puberty onset associated with suppression of both
Kiss1 and Pdyn expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). 24-h ad libitum feeding increased tonic LH secretion and the number of Graafian
and non-Graafian tertiary follicles with an increase in the numbers of ARC Kiss1- and Pdyn-expressing cells. 48-h ad libitum feeding
induced the vaginal proestrus and a surge-like LH increase with an increase in Kiss1-expressing cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV). These results
suggest that the negative energy balance causes pubertal failure with suppression of ARC Kiss1 and Pdyn expression and then subsequent gonadotropin
secretion and ovarian function, while the positive energetic cues trigger puberty onset via an increase in ARC Kiss1 and Pdyn expression and thus
gonadotropin secretion and follicular development in female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutisa Majarune
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Pelden Nima
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Arisa Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nagae
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu KL, Chang HM, Li R, Yu Y, Qiao J. Regulation of LH secretion by RFRP-3 - From the hypothalamus to the pituitary. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:12-21. [PMID: 29608929 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) have long been identified as inhibitors of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in mammals. However, less progress has been made in the detailed roles of RFRPs in the control of LH secretion. Recent studies have suggested that RFRP-3 neurons in the hypothalamus can regulate the secretion of LH at different levels, including kisspeptin neurons, GnRH neurons, and the pituitary. Additionally, conflicting results regarding the effects of RFRP-3 on these levels exist. In this review, we collect the latest evidence related to the effects of RFRP-3 neurons in regulating LH secretion by acting on kisspeptin neurons, GnRH neurons, and the pituitary and discuss the potential role of the timely reduction of RFRP-3 signaling in the modulation of the preovulatory LH surge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lun Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Rong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Nakamura S, Tsukamura H. Central Mechanism Controlling Pubertal Onset in Mammals: A Triggering Role of Kisspeptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:312. [PMID: 31164866 PMCID: PMC6536648 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pubertal onset is thought to be timed by an increase in pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. The underlying mechanism of pubertal onset in mammals is still an open question. Evidence accumulated in the last 15 years suggests that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play a key role in pubertal onset by triggering pulsatile GnRH/gonadotropin secretin in mammals. Specifically, KNDy neurons are now considered a part of GnRH pulse generator, in which neurokinin B facilitates and dynorphin A inhibits, the synchronized discharge of KNDy neurons in autocrine and/or paracrine manners. Kisspeptin serves as a potent secretagogue of GnRH secretion and thus its release is fundamental to pubertal increase in GnRH/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Proposed mechanisms inhibiting Kiss1 (kisspeptin gene) expression during childhood to juvenile varies from species to species: we envisage that negative feedback action of estrogen plays a key role in the inhibition of Kiss1 expression in KNDy neurons in rodents and sheep, whereas estrogen-independent inhibition of kisspeptin secretion by γ-amino butyric acid or neuropeptide Y are suggested to be responsible for the pre-pubertal suppression of GnRH/gonadotropin secretion in primates. Taken together, the timing of pubertal onset is postulated to be controlled by upstream regulators for kisspeptin biosynthesis and secretion in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihisa Uenoyama
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hosseini A, Khazali H. Central Orexin A Affects Reproductive Axis by Modulation of Hypothalamic Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin Secreting Neurons in the Male Wistar Rats. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:525-536. [PMID: 30218420 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is an established fact that orexin plays an important role in regulating the reproductive axis and the secretions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH). However, its precise cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully recognized. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to find out whether the central injection of orexin A (OXA) and its antagonists, SB-334867 (as orexin receptor antagonist 1; OX1RA) and JNJ-10397049 (as orexin receptor antagonist 2; OX2RA), either alone or in combination, can leave any impact on the reproductive axis (either hormonal or behavioral) in the male Wistar rats. Furthermore, in order to see whether OXA signals can be relayed through the pathway of kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (known as KNDy neurons, a neural network which works upstream of GnRH neurons) or not, the relative gene expression of these neuropeptides were measured. Overall, the data from radioimmunoassay revealed that OXA significantly decreases the mean serum level of LH and testosterone and, in a similar vein, its antagonists neutralize this impact. Moreover, data from real-time quantitative PCR indicated that OXA has significantly reduced the hypothalamic expression of Gnrh. In this line, the gene expressions of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin b decreased. However, OXA antagonists neutralize this impact. Also, the expression of Dynorphin gene was upregulated by the following application of the OXA. The results of this study are related to the impact of orexin on the reproductive axis. It is recommended that KNDy neurons as the interneural pathway relay the information of orexin to the GnRH neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moore AM, Coolen LM, Porter DT, Goodman RL, Lehman MN. KNDy Cells Revisited. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3219-3234. [PMID: 30010844 PMCID: PMC6098225 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade since kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells were first identified in the mammalian hypothalamus, a plethora of new research has emerged adding insights into the role of this neuronal population in reproductive neuroendocrine function, including the basis for GnRH pulse generation and the mechanisms underlying the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. In this mini-review, we provide an update of evidence regarding the roles of KNDy peptides and their postsynaptic receptors in producing episodic GnRH release and assess the relative contribution of KNDy neurons to the "GnRH pulse generator." In addition, we examine recent work investigating the role of KNDy neurons as mediators of steroid hormone negative feedback and review evidence for their involvement in the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, taking into account species differences that exist among rodents, ruminants, and primates. Finally, we summarize emerging roles of KNDy neurons in other aspects of reproductive function and in nonreproductive functions and discuss critical unresolved questions in our understanding of KNDy neurobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Danielle T Porter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nestor CC, Bedenbaugh MN, Hileman SM, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Goodman RL. Regulation of GnRH pulsatility in ewes. Reproduction 2018; 156:R83-R99. [PMID: 29880718 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Early work in ewes provided a wealth of information on the physiological regulation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by internal and external inputs. Identification of the neural systems involved, however, was limited by the lack of information on neural mechanisms underlying generation of GnRH pulses. Over the last decade, considerable evidence supported the hypothesis that a group of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that contain kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin (KNDy neurons) are responsible for synchronizing secretion of GnRH during each pulse in ewes. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the neural systems mediating the actions of ovarian steroids and three external inputs on GnRH pulsatility in light of the hypothesis that KNDy neurons play a key role in GnRH pulse generation. In breeding season adults, estradiol (E2) and progesterone decrease GnRH pulse amplitude and frequency, respectively, by actions on KNDy neurons, with E2 decreasing kisspeptin and progesterone increasing dynorphin release onto GnRH neurons. In pre-pubertal lambs, E2 inhibits GnRH pulse frequency by decreasing kisspeptin and increasing dynorphin release, actions that wane as the lamb matures to allow increased pulsatile GnRH secretion at puberty. Less is known about mediators of undernutrition and stress, although some evidence implicates kisspeptin and dynorphin, respectively, in the inhibition of GnRH pulse frequency by these factors. During the anoestrus, inhibitory photoperiod acting via melatonin activates A15 dopaminergic neurons that innervate KNDy neurons; E2 increases dopamine release from these neurons to inhibit KNDy neurons and suppress the frequency of kisspeptin and GnRH release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Nestor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL. Alcohol Delays the Onset of Puberty in the Female Rat by Altering Key Hypothalamic Events. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1166-1176. [PMID: 29689132 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because alcohol (ALC) delays signs of pubertal development, we assessed the time course of events associated with the synthesis of critical hypothalamic peptides that regulate secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the peptide that drives the pubertal process. METHODS Immature female rats were administered either laboratory chow or BioServe isocaloric control or ALC-liquid diets from 27 through 33 days of age. On days 28, 29, 31, and 33, animals were killed by decapitation and tissue blocks containing the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the rostral hypothalamic area (RHA) were isolated and stored frozen until assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Synthesis of dynorphin (DYN), a prepubertal inhibitor of LHRH secretion, was increased (p < 0.05) in the MBH of ALC-treated animals by day 29. DYN was further elevated (p < 0.01) on day 33 and was associated with an increase (p < 0.01) in DYN receptor expression. ALC did not affect synthesis of neurokinin B (NKB), a prepubertal stimulator of LHRH; however, it did suppress (p < 0.05) NKB receptor expression in the MBH by day 31. The most potent stimulator of prepubertal LHRH secretion, kisspeptin (Kp), was also decreased (p < 0.05) in the MBH as early as day 29, with continued suppression (p < 0.01) through day 33. Similar timely suppressions of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an immediate upstream regulator of Kp, were also noted. These decreases in mTOR and Kp were consistent with ALC stimulating (p < 0.05) the p-AMP-activated protein kinase/Raptor inhibitory pathway to mTOR on day 29, then later suppressing (p < 0.001) an Akt-mediated induction pathway to mTOR by day 31. In the RHA, ALC affected the pathways regulating Kp in a manner similar to that described in the MBH; however, these effects were not noted until day 33. CONCLUSIONS ALC acts within the MBH as early as 29 days to induce inhibitor and repressor inputs to LHRH, while depressing stimulatory inputs to the peptide. Collectively, these events lead to delayed signs of pubertal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Weems PW, Lehman MN, Coolen LM, Goodman RL. The Roles of Neurokinins and Endogenous Opioid Peptides in Control of Pulsatile LH Secretion. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 107:89-135. [PMID: 29544644 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Work over the last 15 years on the control of pulsatile LH secretion has focused largely on a set of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) that contains two stimulatory neuropeptides, critical for fertility in humans (kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB)) and the inhibitory endogenous opioid peptide (EOP), dynorphin, and are now known as KNDy (kisspeptin-NKB-dynorphin) neurons. In this review, we consider the role of each of the KNDy peptides in the generation of GnRH pulses and the negative feedback actions of ovarian steroids, with an emphasis on NKB and dynorphin. With regard to negative feedback, there appear to be important species differences. In sheep, progesterone inhibits GnRH pulse frequency by stimulating dynorphin release, and estradiol inhibits pulse amplitude by suppressing kisspeptin. In rodents, the role of KNDy neurons in estrogen negative feedback remains controversial, progesterone may inhibit GnRH via dynorphin, but the physiological significance of this action is unclear. In primates, an EOP, probably dynorphin, mediates progesterone negative feedback, and estrogen inhibits kisspeptin expression. In contrast, there is now compelling evidence from several species that kisspeptin is the output signal from KNDy neurons that drives GnRH release during a pulse and may also act within the KNDy network to affect pulse frequency. NKB is thought to act within this network to initiate each pulse, although there is some redundancy in tachykinin signaling in rodents. In ruminants, dynorphin terminates GnRH secretion at the end of pulse, most likely acting on both KNDy and GnRH neurons, but the data on the role of this EOP in rodents are conflicting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peyton W Weems
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Michael N Lehman
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lique M Coolen
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Three-dimensional imaging of KNDy neurons in the mammalian brain using optical tissue clearing and multiple-label immunocytochemistry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2242. [PMID: 29396547 PMCID: PMC5797235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in the regulation of fertility. The ability to detect features of KNDy neurons that are essential for fertility may require three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the complete population. Recently developed protocols for optical tissue clearing permits 3D imaging of neuronal populations in un-sectioned brains. However, these techniques have largely been described in the mouse brain. We report 3D imaging of the KNDy cell population in the whole rat brain and sheep hypothalamus using immunolabelling and modification of a solvent-based clearing protocol, iDISCO. This study expands the use of optical tissue clearing for multiple mammalian models and provides versatile analysis of KNDy neurons across species. Additionally, we detected a small population of previously unreported kisspeptin neurons in the lateral region of the ovine mediobasal hypothalamus, demonstrating the ability of this technique to detect novel features of the kisspeptin system.
Collapse
|
32
|
Terasawa E, Garcia JP, Seminara SB, Keen KL. Role of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B in Puberty in Female Non-Human Primates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:148. [PMID: 29681889 PMCID: PMC5897421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In human patients, loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding kisspeptin (KISS1) and neurokinin B (NKB) and their receptors (KISS1R and NK3R, respectively) result in an abnormal timing of puberty or the absence of puberty. To understand the neuroendocrine mechanism of puberty, we investigated the contribution of kisspeptin and NKB signaling to the pubertal increase in GnRH release using rhesus monkeys as a model. Direct measurements of GnRH and kisspeptin in the median eminence of the hypothalamus with infusion of agonists and antagonists for kisspeptin and NKB reveal that kisspeptin and NKB signaling stimulate GnRH release independently or collaboratively by forming kisspeptin and NKB neuronal networks depending on the developmental age. For example, while in prepubertal females, kisspeptin and NKB signaling independently stimulate GnRH release, in pubertal females, the formation of a collaborative kisspeptin and NKB network further accelerates the pubertal increase in GnRH release. It is speculated that the collaborative mechanism between kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH neurons is necessary for the complex reproductive function in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Ei Terasawa,
| | - James P. Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kim L. Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Reproductive behavior is the behavior related to the production of offspring and includes all aspects from the establishment of mating systems, courtship, sexual behavior, and parturition to the care of young. In this chapter, I outline the hormonal regulation of the estrous cycle, followed by a description of the neural regulation of female sexual behavior. Ovarian hormones play an important role in the induction of ovulation and behavioral estrus, in which they interact closely with several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to induce sexual behavior. This chapter discusses the latest research on the role of estrogen, progesterone, serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, oxytocin, and GABA in female mating behavior. In addition, the most relevant brain areas, such as the preoptic area and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, in which these regulations take place, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eelke M S Snoeren
- Department of Psychology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Okamura H, Yamamura T, Wakabayashi Y. Mapping of KNDy neurons and immunohistochemical analysis of the interaction between KNDy and substance P neural systems in goat. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:571-580. [PMID: 29109352 PMCID: PMC5735268 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A population of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, and therefore they are referred to as KNDy neurons. It has been suggested that KNDy neurons participate in several brain functions, including the control of reproduction. The present study aimed to advance our understanding of the anatomy of the KNDy neural system. We first produced an antiserum against goat kisspeptin. After confirming its specificity, the antiserum was used to histochemically detect kisspeptin-positive signals. Using the colocalization of kisspeptin and NKB immunoreactivity as a marker for KNDy neurons, we mapped distributions of their cell somata and fibers in the whole brain (except the cerebellum) of ovariectomized (OVX) goats. KNDy neuronal somata were distributed throughout the ARC, and were particularly abundant in its caudal aspect. KNDy neuronal fibers projected into several areas within the septo-preoptic-hypothalamic continuum, such as the ARC, median eminence, medial preoptic nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Kisspeptin immunoreactivity was not found outside of the continuum. We then addressed to the hypothesis that substance P (SP) is also involved in the KNDy neural system. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for kisspeptin and SP revealed that KNDy neurons did not coexpress SP, but nearly all of the KNDy neuronal somata were surrounded by fibers containing SP in the OVX goats. The present results demonstrate anatomical evidence for a robust association between the KNDy and SP neural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okamura
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Wakabayashi
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Garcia JP, Guerriero KA, Keen KL, Kenealy BP, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B Signaling Network Underlies the Pubertal Increase in GnRH Release in Female Rhesus Monkeys. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3269-3280. [PMID: 28977601 PMCID: PMC5659687 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function or inactivating mutations in the genes coding for kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1R) or neurokinin B (NKB) and the NKB receptor (NK3R) in humans result in a delay in or the absence of puberty. However, precise mechanisms of kisspeptin and NKB signaling in the regulation of the pubertal increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release in primates are unknown. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments infusing agonists and antagonists of kisspeptin and NKB into the stalk-median eminence, where GnRH, kisspeptin, and NKB neuroterminal fibers are concentrated, and measuring GnRH release in prepubertal and pubertal female rhesus monkeys. Results indicate that (1) similar to those previously reported for GnRH stimulation by the KISS1R agonist (i.e., human kisspeptin-10), the NK3R agonist senktide stimulated GnRH release in a dose-responsive manner in both prepubertal and pubertal monkeys; (2) the senktide-induced GnRH release was blocked in the presence of the KISS1R antagonist peptide 234 in pubertal but not prepubertal monkeys; and (3) the kisspeptin-induced GnRH release was blocked in the presence of the NK3R antagonist SB222200 in the pubertal but not prepubertal monkeys. These results are interpreted to mean that although, in prepubertal female monkeys, kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH release is independent, in pubertal female monkeys, a reciprocal signaling mechanism between kisspeptin and NKB neurons is established. We speculate that this cooperative mechanism by the kisspeptin and NKB network underlies the pubertal increase in GnRH release in female monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | | | - Kim L. Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Brian P. Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Altered circadian feeding behavior and improvement of metabolic syndrome in obese Tac1-deficient mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1798-1804. [PMID: 28775376 PMCID: PMC5716839 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic function is regulated by the interplay of central and peripheral factors that ultimately regulate food intake and energy expenditure. The tachykinin substance P (SP) has been identified as a novel regulator of energy balance, however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are ill-defined and conflicting data regarding the role of SP on food intake have been reported by different groups. OBJECTIVE To further characterize the metabolic role of the Tac1 gene products (SP and neurokinin A (NKA)) in mice through a series of genetic, metabolic and behavioral studies in Tac1 deficient mice. RESULTS Tac1−/− mice are leaner than controls and display reduced food intake and altered feeding circadian rhythm, supported by disrupted expression of the clock genes Cry1/2, Per1/2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH) and liver, as well as increased Pomc expression in the MBH. Tac1 ablation induced resistance to obesity, improved glucose tolerance, prevented insulin resistance under high-fat-diet, increased activation of brown adipose tissue and improved hepatic steatosis. Moreover, deletion of Tac1 in ob/ob mice ameliorated BW gain in females only but was sufficient to decrease fat and triglyceride content in the liver of males. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that Tac1 controls circadian feeding behavior and metabolism in mice through mechanisms that involve the regulation of the melanocortin system. In addition, these studies suggest that the blockade of SP may offer a new method to treat metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kasum M, Franulić D, Čehić E, Orešković S, Lila A, Ejubović E. Kisspeptin as a promising oocyte maturation trigger for in vitro fertilisation in humans. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:583-587. [PMID: 28393578 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1309019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of exogenous kisspeptin administration as a novel alternative of triggering oocyte maturation, instead of currently used triggers such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment. Kisspeptin has been considered a master regulator of two modes of GnRH and hence gonadotropin secretion, pulses and surges. Administration of kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 induces the luteinising hormone (LH) surge required for egg maturation and ovulation in animal investigations and LH release during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and hypothalamic amenorrhoea in humans. Exogenous kisspeptin-54 has been successfully administered as a promising method of triggering oocyte maturation, following ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and GnRH antagonists in women undergoing IVF, due to its efficacy considering achieved pregnancy rates compared to hCG and GnRH agonists. Also, its safety in patients at high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is noteworthy. Nevertheless, further studies would be desirable to establish the optimal trigger of egg maturation and to improve the reproductive outcome for women undergoing IVF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miro Kasum
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Daniela Franulić
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ermin Čehić
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Cantonal Hospital Zenica , Zenica , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and
| | - Slavko Orešković
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Albert Lila
- c Gynaecology Cabinet, Kosovo Occupational Health Institute , Giakove , Kosovo
| | - Emina Ejubović
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Cantonal Hospital Zenica , Zenica , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maguire CA, Song YB, Wu M, León S, Carroll RS, Alreja M, Kaiser UB, Navarro VM. Tac1 Signaling Is Required for Sexual Maturation and Responsiveness of GnRH Neurons to Kisspeptin in the Male Mouse. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2319-2329. [PMID: 28444173 PMCID: PMC5505212 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tachykinins substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (Tac1) have emerged as novel regulators of kisspeptin/GnRH release. Recently, we documented that SP modulates reproductive function in the female mouse. Here, we extended this characterization to the male mouse. Tac1-/- male mice showed delayed puberty onset. They also presented significantly decreased expression levels of Pdyn (dynorphin) and Nos1 (nitric oxide synthase) in the mediobasal hypothalamus and elevated Gnrh1 levels. Unexpectedly, the response of Tac1-/- mice to central kisspeptin or senktide (neurokinin B receptor-agonist) administration was significantly decreased compared with controls, despite the preserved ability of GnRH neurons to stimulate luteinizing hormone release as demonstrated by central N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor administration, suggesting a deficit at the GnRH neuron level. Importantly, we demonstrated that kisspeptin receptor and SP receptor (NK1R) heterodimerize, indicating that changes in the SP tone could alter the responsiveness of GnRH neurons to kisspeptin. Finally, electrophysiological recordings from arcuate Kiss1 neurons showed that, although virtually all Kiss1 neurons responded to NKB and senktide, only half responded to an NK1R agonist and none to the neurokinin A receptor agonist at a 1-μM dose. In summary, we provide compelling evidence for a role of Tac1 in the control of reproductive function in the male mouse, suggesting a predominant central action that may involve a change in the balance of neural factors that control GnRH expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Maguire
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yong Bhum Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Silvia León
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Meenakshi Alreja
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Víctor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oxytocin Intranasal Administration Affects Neural Networks Upstream of GNRH Neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:356-362. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
40
|
Fergani C, Navarro VM. Expanding the Role of Tachykinins in the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction. Reproduction 2016; 153:R1-R14. [PMID: 27754872 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive function is driven by the hormonal interplay between the gonads and brain-pituitary axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released in a pulsatile manner, which is critical for the attainment and maintenance of fertility, however, GnRH neurons lack the ability to directly respond to most regulatory factors, and a hierarchical upstream neuronal network governs its secretion. We and others proposed a model in which Kiss1 neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), so called KNDy neurons, release kisspeptin (a potent GnRH secretagogue) in a pulsatile manner to drive GnRH pulses under the coordinated autosynaptic action of its cotransmitters, the tachykinin neurokinin B (NKB, stimulatory) and dynorphin (inhibitory). Numerous genetic and pharmacological studies support this model; however, additional regulatory mechanisms (upstream of KNDy neurons) and alternative pathways of GnRH secretion (kisspeptin-independent) exist, but remain ill defined. In this aspect, attention to other members of the tachykinin family, namely substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), has recently been rekindled. Even though there are still major gaps in our knowledge about the functional significance of these systems, substantial evidence, as discussed below, is placing tachykinin signaling as an important pathway for the awakening of the reproductive axis and the onset of puberty to physiological GnRH secretion and maintenance of fertility in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Fergani
- C Fergani, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, 02115, United States
| | - Victor M Navarro
- V Navarro, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women\'s Hospital, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Uenoyama Y, Pheng V, Tsukamura H, Maeda KI. The roles of kisspeptin revisited: inside and outside the hypothalamus. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:537-545. [PMID: 27478063 PMCID: PMC5177970 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin, encoded by KISS1/Kiss1 gene, is now considered a master regulator of reproductive functions in mammals owing to
its involvement in the direct activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons after binding to its cognate receptor, GPR54. Ever since the discovery
of kisspeptin, intensive studies on hypothalamic expression of KISS1/Kiss1 and on physiological roles of hypothalamic
kisspeptin neurons have provided clues as to how the brain controls sexual maturation at the onset of puberty and subsequent reproductive performance in
mammals. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates the potential involvement of extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin in reproductive functions. Here, we summarize data
regarding kisspeptin inside and outside the hypothalamus and revisit the physiological roles of central and peripheral kisspeptins in the reproductive functions
of mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Grachev P, Porter KL, Coolen LM, McCosh RB, Connors JM, Hileman SM, Lehman MN, Goodman RL. Surge-Like Luteinising Hormone Secretion Induced by Retrochiasmatic Area NK3R Activation is Mediated Primarily by Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurones in the Ewe. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:10.1111/jne.12393. [PMID: 27059932 PMCID: PMC5157122 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptides neurokinin B (NKB) and kisspeptin are potent stimulators of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinsing hormone (LH) secretion and are essential for human fertility. We have recently demonstrated that selective activation of NKB receptors (NK3R) within the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) and the preoptic area (POA) triggers surge-like LH secretion in ovary-intact ewes, whereas blockade of RCh NK3R suppresses oestradiol-induced LH surges in ovariectomised ewes. Although these data suggest that NKB signalling within these regions of the hypothalamus mediates the positive-feedback effects of oestradiol on LH secretion, the pathway through which it stimulates GnRH/LH secretion remains unclear. We proposed that the action of NKB on RCh neurones drives the LH surge by stimulating kisspeptin-induced GnRH secretion. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the activation of the preoptic/hypothalamic populations of kisspeptin neurones in response to POA or RCh administration of senktide by dual-label immunohistochemical detection of kisspeptin and c-Fos (i.e. marker of neuronal activation). We then administered the NK3R agonist, senktide, into the RCh of ewes in the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle and conducted frequent blood sampling during intracerebroventricular infusion of the kisspeptin receptor antagonist Kp-271 or saline. Our results show that the surge-like secretion of LH induced by RCh senktide administration coincided with a dramatic increase in c-Fos expression within arcuate nucleus (ARC) kisspeptin neurones, and was completely blocked by Kp-271 infusion. We substantiate these data with evidence of direct projections of RCh neurones to ARC kisspeptin neurones. Thus, NKB-responsive neurones in the RCh act to stimulate GnRH secretion by inducing kisspeptin release from KNDy neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Grachev
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K L Porter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - R B McCosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - J M Connors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - R L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clarke SA, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin across the human lifespan:evidence from animal studies and beyond. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R83-98. [PMID: 27340201 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since its first description in 1996, the KISS1 gene and its peptide products, kisspeptins, have increasingly become recognised as key regulators of reproductive health. With kisspeptins acting as ligands for the kisspeptin receptor KISS1R (previously known as GPR54 or KPR54), recent work has consistently shown that administration of kisspeptin across a variety of species stimulates gonadotrophin release through influencing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion. Evidence from both animal and human studies supports the finding that kisspeptins are crucial for ensuring healthy development, with knockout animal models, as well as proband genetic testing in human patients affected by abnormal pubertal development, corroborating the notion that a functional kisspeptin receptor is required for appropriate gonadotrophin secretion. Given the large body of evidence that exists surrounding the influence of kisspeptin in a variety of settings, this review summarises our physiological understanding of the role of these important peptides and their receptors, before proceeding to describe the varying role they play across the reproductive lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Clarke
- Department of Investigative MedicineImperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Investigative MedicineImperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tanco VM, Whitlock BK, Jones MA, Wilborn RR, Brandebourg TD, Foradori CD. Distribution and regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kisspeptin, RF-amide related peptide-3, and dynorphin in the bovine hypothalamus. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1833. [PMID: 27014517 PMCID: PMC4806599 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has led to the hypothesis that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation and gonadal steroid feedback, with kisspeptin driving GnRH release and neurokinin B and dynorphin acting as pulse start and stop signals, respectively. A separate cell group, expressing RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) has been shown to be a primary inhibitor of GnRH release. Very little is known regarding these cell groups in the bovine. In this study, we examined the relative immunoreactivity of kisspeptin, dynorphin, and RFRP-3 and their possible connectivity to GnRH neurons in the hypothalami of periestrus and diestrus bovine. While GnRH and RFRP-3 immunoreactivity were unchanged, kisspeptin and dynorphin immunoreactivity levels varied in relation to plasma progesterone concentrations and estrous status. Animals with higher plasma progesterone concentrations in diestrus had lower kisspeptin and increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in the ARC. The percentage of GnRH cells with kisspeptin or RFRP-3 fibers in close apposition did not differ between estrous stages. However, the proportions of GnRH cells with kisspeptin or RFRP-3 contacts (∼49.8% and ∼31.3%, respectively) suggest direct communication between kisspeptin and RFRP-3 cells to GnRH cells in the bovine. The data produced in this work support roles for kisspeptin and dynorphin, within the KNDy neural network, in controlling GnRH release over the ovarian cycle and conveying progesterone-negative feedback onto GnRH neurons in the bovine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Tanco
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee-Knoxville , Knoxville, TN , United States
| | - Brian K Whitlock
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee-Knoxville , Knoxville, TN , United States
| | - Melaney A Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States
| | - Robyn R Wilborn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States
| | - Terry D Brandebourg
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States
| | - Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kalil B, Ribeiro AB, Leite CM, Uchôa ET, Carolino RO, Cardoso TSR, Elias LLK, Rodrigues JA, Plant TM, Poletini MO, Anselmo-Franci JA. The Increase in Signaling by Kisspeptin Neurons in the Preoptic Area and Associated Changes in Clock Gene Expression That Trigger the LH Surge in Female Rats Are Dependent on the Facilitatory Action of a Noradrenaline Input. Endocrinology 2016; 157:323-35. [PMID: 26556532 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, kisspeptin neurons in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) of the preoptic area are considered to provide a major stimulatory input to the GnRH neuronal network that is responsible for triggering the preovulatory LH surge. Noradrenaline (NA) is one of the main modulators of GnRH release, and NA fibers are found in close apposition to kisspeptin neurons in the RP3V. Our objective was to interrogate the role of NA signaling in the kisspeptin control of GnRH secretion during the estradiol induced LH surge in ovariectomized rats, using prazosin, an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. In control rats, the estradiol-induced LH surge at 17 hours was associated with a significant increase in GnRH and kisspeptin content in the median eminence with the increase in kisspeptin preceding that of GnRH and LH. Prazosin, administered 5 and 3 hours prior to the predicted time of the LH surge truncated the LH surge and abolished the rise in GnRH and kisspeptin in the median eminence. In the preoptic area, prazosin blocked the increases in Kiss1 gene expression and kisspeptin content in association with a disruption in the expression of the clock genes, Per1 and Bmal1. Together these findings demonstrate for the first time that NA modulates kisspeptin synthesis in the RP3V through the activation of α1-adrenergic receptors prior to the initiation of the LH surge and indicate a potential role of α1-adrenergic signaling in the circadian-controlled pathway timing of the preovulatory LH surge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Kalil
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ernane T Uchôa
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ruither O Carolino
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais S R Cardoso
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - José A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Tony M Plant
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fraser GL, Hoveyda HR, Clarke IJ, Ramaswamy S, Plant TM, Rose C, Millar RP. The NK3 Receptor Antagonist ESN364 Interrupts Pulsatile LH Secretion and Moderates Levels of Ovarian Hormones Throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4214-25. [PMID: 26305889 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women's health disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis are currently treated by GnRH modulators that effectively suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) is an alternative target with an important role in the modulation of this axis. In this report, we demonstrate that systemic administration of an NK3R antagonist (ESN364) prolongs the LH interpulse interval in ovarectomized ewes and significantly lowers plasma LH and FSH concentrations in castrated nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis). Moreover, daily oral dosing of ESN364 throughout the menstrual cycle in M fascicularis lowered plasma estradiol levels in a dose-dependent manner, although nadir levels of estradiol were maintained well above menopausal levels. Nevertheless, estradiol levels during the follicular phase were sufficiently inhibited at all doses to preclude the triggering of ovulation as evidenced by the absence of the LH surge and failure of a subsequent luteal phase rise in plasma progesterone concentrations, consistent with the absence of normal cycle changes in the uterus. Apart from the point at surge, FSH levels were not altered over the course of the menstrual cycle. These effects of ESN364 were reversible upon cessation of drug treatment. Together these data support the proposed role of neurokinin B-NK3R signaling in the control of pulsatile GnRH secretion. Furthermore, in contrast to GnRH antagonists, NK3R antagonists induce a partial suppression of estradiol and thereby offer a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of ovarian sex hormone disorders with a mitigated risk of menopausal-like adverse events in response to long-term drug exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme L Fraser
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hamid R Hoveyda
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suresh Ramaswamy
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tony M Plant
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claudia Rose
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Euroscreen SA (G.L.F., H.R.H.), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; Department of Physiology (I.J.C.), Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (S.R., T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Covance Laboratories GmbH (C.R.), 48163 Münster, Germany; Mammal Research Unit (R.P.M.), University of Pretoria and Medical Research Center Receptor Biology Unit, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Plant TM. Neuroendocrine control of the onset of puberty. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 38:73-88. [PMID: 25913220 PMCID: PMC4457677 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is based on the Geoffrey Harris Memorial Lecture presented at the 8th International Congress of Neuroendocrinology, which was held in Sydney, August 2014. It provides the development of our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of puberty since Harris proposed in his 1955 monograph (Harris, 1955) that "a major factor responsible for puberty is an increased rate of release of pituitary gonadotrophin" and posited "that a neural (hypothalamic) stimulus, via the hypophysial portal vessels, may be involved." Emphasis is placed on the neurobiological mechanisms governing puberty in highly evolved primates, although an attempt is made to reverse translate a model for the timing of puberty in man and monkey to non-primate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony M Plant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Magee-Womens Research Institute, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Clarke H, Dhillo WS, Jayasena CN. Comprehensive Review on Kisspeptin and Its Role in Reproductive Disorders. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:124-41. [PMID: 26194072 PMCID: PMC4508256 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has recently emerged as a key regulator of the mammalian reproductive axis. It is known that kisspeptin, acting centrally via the kisspeptin receptor, stimulates secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Loss of kisspeptin signaling causes hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in humans and other mammals. Kisspeptin interacts with other neuropeptides such as neurokinin B and dynorphin, to regulate GnRH pulse generation. In addition, a growing body of evidence suggests that kisspeptin signaling be regulated by nutritional status and stress. Kisspeptin may also represent a novel potential therapeutic target in the treatment of fertility disorders. Early human studies suggest that peripheral exogenous kisspeptin administration stimulates gonadotrophin release in healthy adults and in patients with certain forms of infertility. This review aims to concisely summarize what is known about kisspeptin as a regulator of reproductive function, and provide an update on recent advances within this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Clarke
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kriegsfeld LJ, Ubuka T, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. Seasonal control of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in birds and mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:65-75. [PMID: 25511257 PMCID: PMC4405439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals inhabiting temperate and boreal latitudes experience marked seasonal changes in the quality of their environments and maximize reproductive success by phasing breeding activities with the most favorable time of year. Whereas the specific mechanisms driving seasonal changes in reproductive function vary across species, converging lines of evidence suggest gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) serves as a key component of the neuroendocrine circuitry driving seasonal changes in reproduction and sexual motivation in some species. In addition to anticipating environmental change through transduction of photoperiodic information and modifying reproductive state accordingly, GnIH is also positioned to regulate acute changes in reproductive status should unpredictable conditions manifest throughout the year. The present overview summarizes the role of GnIH in avian and mammalian seasonal breeding while considering the similarities and disparities that have emerged from broad investigations across reproductively photoperiodic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA.
| | - Takayoshi Ubuka
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - George E Bentley
- Department of Integrative Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cholanian M, Krajewski-Hall SJ, McMullen NT, Rance NE. Chronic oestradiol reduces the dendritic spine density of KNDy (kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin) neurones in the arcuate nucleus of ovariectomised Tac2-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:253-63. [PMID: 25659412 PMCID: PMC4788980 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurones in the arcuate nucleus that express neurokinin B (NKB), kisspeptin and dynorphin (KNDy) play an important role in the reproductive axis. Oestradiol modulates the gene expression and somatic size of these neurones, although there is limited information available about whether their dendritic structure, a correlate of cellular plasticity, is altered by oestrogens. In the present study, we investigated the morphology of KNDy neurones by filling fluorescent neurones in the arcuate nucleus of Tac2-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice with biocytin. Filled neurones from ovariectomised (OVX) or OVX plus 17β-oestradiol (E2)-treated mice were visualised with anti-biotin immunohistochemistry and reconstructed in three dimensions with computer-assisted microscopy. KNDy neurones exhibited two primary dendrites, each with a few branches confined to the arcuate nucleus. Quantitative analysis revealed that E2 treatment of OVX mice decreased the cell size and dendritic spine density of KNDy neurones. The axons of KNDy neurones originated from the cell body or proximal dendrite and gave rise to local branches that appeared to terminate within the arcuate nucleus. Numerous terminal boutons were also visualised within the ependymal layer of the third ventricle adjacent to the arcuate nucleus. Axonal branches also projected to the adjacent median eminence and exited the arcuate nucleus. Confocal microscopy revealed close apposition of EGFP and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive fibres within the median eminence and confirmed the presence of KNDy axon terminals in the ependymal layer of the third ventricle. The axonal branching pattern of KNDy neurones suggests that a single KNDy neurone could influence multiple arcuate neurones, tanycytes in the wall of the third ventricle, axon terminals in the median eminence and numerous areas outside of the arcuate nucleus. In parallel with its inhibitory effects on electrical excitability, E2 treatment of OVX Tac2-EGFP mice induces structural changes in the somata and dendrites of KNDy neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cholanian
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel T. McMullen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Naomi E. Rance
- Department of Pathology, Neurology and the Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE TO: Naomi E. Rance, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA, , phone: (520) 626-6099
| |
Collapse
|