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Tory K. The dominant findings of a recessive man: from Mendel's kid pea to kidney. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2049-2059. [PMID: 38051388 PMCID: PMC11147900 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The research of Mendel, born two centuries ago, still has many direct implications for our everyday clinical work. He introduced the terms "dominant" and "recessive" characters and determined their 3:1 ratio in the offspring of heterozygous "hybrid" plants. This distribution allowed calculation of the number of the phenotype-determining "elements," i.e., the alleles, and has been used ever since to prove the monogenic origin of a disorder. The Mendelian inheritance of monogenic kidney disorders is still of great help in distinguishing them from those with multifactorial origin in clinical practice. Inheritance of most monogenic kidney disorders fits to Mendel's observations: the equal contribution of the two parents and the complete penetrance or the direct correlation between the frequency of the recessive character and the degree of inbreeding. Nevertheless, beyond the truth of these basic concepts, several observations have expanded their genetic characteristics. The extreme genetic heterogeneity, the pleiotropy of the causal genes and the role of modifiers in ciliopathies, the digenic inheritance and parental imprinting in some tubulopathies, and the incomplete penetrance and eventual interallelic interactions in podocytopathies, reflect this expansion. For all these reasons, the transmission pattern in a natural setting may depend not only on the "character" but also on the causal gene and the variant. Mendel's passion for research combined with his modest personality and meticulous approach can still serve as an example in the work required to understand the non-Mendelian universe of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Tory
- MTA-SE Lendület Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
- Pediatric Center, MTA Center of Excellence, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Morgan RK, Wang K, Svoboda LK, Rygiel CA, Lalancette C, Cavalcante R, Bartolomei MS, Prasasya R, Neier K, Perera BP, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC. Effects of Developmental Lead and Phthalate Exposures on DNA Methylation in Adult Mouse Blood, Brain, and Liver: A Focus on Genomic Imprinting by Tissue and Sex. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:67003. [PMID: 38833407 PMCID: PMC11166413 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to environmental chemicals can cause adverse health effects in offspring. Mounting evidence supports that these effects are influenced, at least in part, by epigenetic modifications. It is unknown whether epigenetic changes in surrogate tissues such as the blood are reflective of similar changes in target tissues such as cortex or liver. OBJECTIVE We examined tissue- and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) associated with human-relevant lead (Pb) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure during perinatal development in cerebral cortex, blood, and liver. METHODS Female mice were exposed to human relevant doses of either Pb (32 ppm ) via drinking water or DEHP (5 mg / kg-day ) via chow for 2 weeks prior to mating through offspring weaning. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was utilized to examine DNAm changes in offspring cortex, blood, and liver at 5 months of age. Metilene and methylSig were used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Annotatr and ChIP-enrich were used for genomic annotations and gene set enrichment tests of DMRs, respectively. RESULTS The cortex contained the majority of DMRs associated with Pb (66%) and DEHP (57%) exposure. The cortex also contained the greatest degree of overlap in DMR signatures between sexes (n = 13 and 8 DMRs with Pb and DEHP exposure, respectively) and exposure types (n = 55 and 39 DMRs in males and females, respectively). In all tissues, detected DMRs were preferentially found at genomic regions associated with gene expression regulation (e.g., CpG islands and shores, 5' UTRs, promoters, and exons). An analysis of GO terms associated with DMR-containing genes identified imprinted genes to be impacted by both Pb and DEHP exposure. Of these, Gnas and Grb10 contained DMRs across tissues, sexes, and exposures, with some signatures replicated between target and surrogate tissues. DMRs were enriched in the imprinting control regions (ICRs) of Gnas and Grb10, and we again observed a replication of DMR signatures between blood and target tissues. Specifically, we observed hypermethylation of the Grb10 ICR in both blood and liver of Pb-exposed male animals. CONCLUSIONS These data provide preliminary evidence that imprinted genes may be viable candidates in the search for epigenetic biomarkers of toxicant exposure in target tissues. Additional research is needed on allele- and developmental stage-specific effects, as well as whether other imprinted genes provide additional examples of this relationship. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Morgan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurie K. Svoboda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine A. Rygiel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Claudia Lalancette
- Epigenomics Core, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Raymond Cavalcante
- Epigenomics Core, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marisa S. Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rexxi Prasasya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bambarendage P.U. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tamara R. Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Fegraeus K, Rosengren MK, Naboulsi R, Orlando L, Åbrink M, Jouni A, Velie BD, Raine A, Egner B, Mattsson CM, Lång K, Zhigulev A, Björck HM, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P, Andersson G, Sahlén P, Meadows JRS, Lindgren G. An endothelial regulatory module links blood pressure regulation with elite athletic performance. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011285. [PMID: 38885195 PMCID: PMC11182536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of transcription is crucial for homeostasis in mammals. A previous selective sweep analysis of horse racing performance revealed a 19.6 kb candidate regulatory region 50 kb downstream of the Endothelin3 (EDN3) gene. Here, the region was narrowed to a 5.5 kb span of 14 SNVs, with elite and sub-elite haplotypes analyzed for association to racing performance, blood pressure and plasma levels of EDN3 in Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds. Comparative analysis of human HiCap data identified the span as an enhancer cluster active in endothelial cells, interacting with genes relevant to blood pressure regulation. Coldblooded trotters with the sub-elite haplotype had significantly higher blood pressure compared to horses with the elite performing haplotype during exercise. Alleles within the elite haplotype were part of the standing variation in pre-domestication horses, and have risen in frequency during the era of breed development and selection. These results advance our understanding of the molecular genetics of athletic performance and vascular traits in both horses and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fegraeus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for life laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maria K. Rosengren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rakan Naboulsi
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Jouni
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brandon D. Velie
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Raine
- Department of Medical Sciences, Science for life laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Beate Egner
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Research, Veterinary Academy of Higher Learning, Babenhausen, Germany
| | - C Mikael Mattsson
- Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics (svexa), MenloPark, CA, United States of America
| | - Karin Lång
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Artemy Zhigulev
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna M. Björck
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pelin Sahlén
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R. S. Meadows
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Walker V. The Intricacies of Renal Phosphate Reabsorption-An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4684. [PMID: 38731904 PMCID: PMC11083860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain an optimal body content of phosphorus throughout postnatal life, variable phosphate absorption from food must be finely matched with urinary excretion. This amazing feat is accomplished through synchronised phosphate transport by myriads of ciliated cells lining the renal proximal tubules. These respond in real time to changes in phosphate and composition of the renal filtrate and to hormonal instructions. How they do this has stimulated decades of research. New analytical techniques, coupled with incredible advances in computer technology, have opened new avenues for investigation at a sub-cellular level. There has been a surge of research into different aspects of the process. These have verified long-held beliefs and are also dramatically extending our vision of the intense, integrated, intracellular activity which mediates phosphate absorption. Already, some have indicated new approaches for pharmacological intervention to regulate phosphate in common conditions, including chronic renal failure and osteoporosis, as well as rare inherited biochemical disorders. It is a rapidly evolving field. The aim here is to provide an overview of our current knowledge, to show where it is leading, and where there are uncertainties. Hopefully, this will raise questions and stimulate new ideas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Walker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, UK
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Abbas A, Hammad AS, Al-Shafai M. The role of genetic and epigenetic GNAS alterations in the development of early-onset obesity. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 793:108487. [PMID: 38103632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GNAS (guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating) is an imprinted gene that encodes Gsα, the α subunit of the heterotrimeric stimulatory G protein. This subunit mediates the signalling of a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) that serves a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy homoeostasis, and body weight. Genetic or epigenetic alterations in GNAS are known to cause pseudohypoparathyroidism in its different subtypes and have been recently associated with isolated, early-onset, severe obesity. Given the diverse biological functions that Gsα serves, multiple molecular mechanisms involving various GPCRs, such as MC4R, β2- and β3-adrenoceptors, and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe, early-onset obesity that results from genetic or epigenetic GNAS changes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review examines the structure and function of GNAS and provides an overview of the disorders that are caused by defects in this gene and may feature early-onset obesity. Moreover, it elucidates the potential molecular mechanisms underlying Gsα deficiency-induced early-onset obesity, highlighting some of their implications for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of this complex condition. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Gsα deficiency is an underappreciated cause of early-onset, severe obesity. Therefore, screening children with unexplained, severe obesity for GNAS defects is recommended, to enhance the molecular diagnosis and management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abbas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayat S Hammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Seven Menevse T, Iwasaki Y, Yavas Abali Z, Gurpinar Tosun B, Helvacioglu D, Dogru Ö, Bugdayci O, Cyr SM, Güran T, Bereket A, Bastepe M, Turan S. Venous thrombosis in a pseudohypoparathyroidism patient with a novel GNAS frameshift mutation and complete resolution of vascular calcifications with acetazolamide treatment. Horm Res Paediatr 2023:000534456. [PMID: 37906994 PMCID: PMC11058113 DOI: 10.1159/000534456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudohypoparathyroidism type IA (PHP1A) is characterized by end-organ resistance to multiple hormones and Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). PHP1A is caused by inactivating mutations of the GNAS gene encoding the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα). In line with the underlying genetic defect, impaired inhibition of platelet aggregation has been demonstrated in some patients. However, no PHP1A case with thrombotic events has been described. Also, PHP1A cases typically have subcutaneous ossifications, but soft tissue calcifications are another common finding. Treatment options for those and other non-hormonal features of PHP1A are limited. Case Presentation A female patient presented with short stature, fatigue, and exercise-induced carpopedal spasms at age 117/12 years. Diagnosis of PHP1A was made based on hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated serum PTH, and AHO features, including short stature and brachydactyly. A novel frameshift variant was detected in the last exon of GNAS (c.1065_1068delGCGT, p.R356Tfs*47), showing complete loss of baseline and receptor-stimulated activity in transfected cells. The patient developed venous thrombosis and vascular and subcutaneous calcifications on both forearms after venous puncture on the right and extravasation of calcium gluconate during treatment on the left. The thrombosis and calcifications completely resolved following treatment with low molecular weight heparin and acetazolamide for 5 and 8 months, respectively. Conclusions This case represents the first PHP1A patient displaying thrombosis and the first successful use of acetazolamide for PHP1A-associated soft tissue calcifications, thus providing new insights into the treatment of non-endocrinological features in this disease.
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Morgan RK, Wang K, Svoboda LK, Rygiel CA, Lalancette C, Cavalcante R, Bartolomei MS, Prasasya R, Neier K, Perera BP, Jones TR, Colacino JA, Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC. Effects of Developmental Lead and Phthalate Exposures on DNA Methylation in Adult Mouse Blood, Brain, and Liver Identifies Tissue- and Sex-Specific Changes with Implications for Genomic Imprinting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560131. [PMID: 37873115 PMCID: PMC10592650 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Maternal exposure to environmental chemicals can cause adverse health effects in offspring. Mounting evidence supports that these effects are influenced, at least in part, by epigenetic modifications. Objective We examined tissue- and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) associated with human-relevant lead (Pb) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure during perinatal development in cerebral cortex, blood, and liver. Methods Female mice were exposed to human relevant doses of either Pb (32ppm) via drinking water or DEHP (5 mg/kg-day) via chow for two weeks prior to mating through offspring weaning. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was utilized to examine DNAm changes in offspring cortex, blood, and liver at 5 months of age. Metilene and methylSig were used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Annotatr and Chipenrich were used for genomic annotations and geneset enrichment tests of DMRs, respectively. Results The cortex contained the majority of DMRs associated with Pb (69%) and DEHP (58%) exposure. The cortex also contained the greatest degree of overlap in DMR signatures between sexes (n = 17 and 14 DMRs with Pb and DEHP exposure, respectively) and exposure types (n = 79 and 47 DMRs in males and females, respectively). In all tissues, detected DMRs were preferentially found at genomic regions associated with gene expression regulation (e.g., CpG islands and shores, 5' UTRs, promoters, and exons). An analysis of GO terms associated with DMR-containing genes identified imprinted genes to be impacted by both Pb and DEHP exposure. Of these, Gnas and Grb10 contained DMRs across tissues, sexes, and exposures. DMRs were enriched in the imprinting control regions (ICRs) of Gnas and Grb10, with 15 and 17 ICR-located DMRs across cortex, blood, and liver in each gene, respectively. The ICRs were also the location of DMRs replicated across target and surrogate tissues, suggesting epigenetic changes these regions may be potentially viable biomarkers. Conclusions We observed Pb- and DEHP-specific DNAm changes in cortex, blood, and liver, and the greatest degree of overlap in DMR signatures was seen between exposures followed by sex and tissue type. DNAm at imprinted control regions was altered by both Pb and DEHP, highlighting the susceptibility of genomic imprinting to these exposures during the perinatal window of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Morgan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laurie K. Svoboda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christine A. Rygiel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Claudia Lalancette
- Epigenomics Core, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raymond Cavalcante
- Epigenomics Core, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marisa S. Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rexxi Prasasya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bambarendage P.U. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tamara R Jones
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Constantin M, Mătanie C, Petrescu L, Bolocan A, Andronic O, Bleotu C, Mitache MM, Tudorache S, Vrancianu CO. Landscape of Genetic Mutations in Appendiceal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3591. [PMID: 37509254 PMCID: PMC10377024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In appendiceal cancers, the most frequently mutated genes are (i) KRAS, which, when reactivated, restores signal transduction via the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and stimulates cell proliferation in the early stages of tumor transformation, and then angiogenesis; (ii) TP53, whose inactivation leads to the inhibition of programmed cell death; (iii) GNAS, which, when reactivated, links the cAMP pathway to the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, stimulating cell proliferation and angiogenesis; (iv) SMAD4, exhibiting typical tumor-suppressive activity, blocking the transmission of oncogenic TGFB signals via the SMAD2/SMAD3 heterodimer; and (v) BRAF, which is part of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Diverse mutations are reported in other genes, which are part of secondary or less critical signaling pathways for tumor progression, but which amplify the phenotypic diversity of appendiceal cancers. In this review, we will present the main genetic mutations involved in appendix tumors and their roles in cell proliferation and survival, and in tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis, and acquired resistance to anti-growth signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Constantin
- Institute of Biology of Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Mătanie
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics (DAFAB), Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Livia Petrescu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics (DAFAB), Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Andronic
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Sorin Tudorache
- Faculty of Medicine, "Titu Maiorescu" University, 040441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Ovidiu Vrancianu
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Microbiology-Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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Boncompagni A, Lucas-Herald AK, Beattie P, McDevitt H, Iughetti L, Constantinou P, Kinning E, Ahmed SF, Mason A. Progressive osseous heteroplasia: A case report with an unexpected trigger. Bone Rep 2023; 18:101665. [PMID: 36936194 PMCID: PMC10015177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) within the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The condition is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of the GNAS gene and usually presents in infancy. We describe the case of a white male ex-preterm who was first referred because of subcutaneous calcium deposits along the right arm after extravasation of parenteral nutrition. As these lesions progressed, a skin biopsy was undertaken which revealed intramembranous ossification. Genetic testing revealed a constitutional, de novo, heterozygous, nonsense variant in the GNAS gene that has not previously been described, but which is consistent with patient's clinical diagnosis of POH. No endocrine abnormalities or other signs congruent with overlapping conditions were detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case describing an inflammatory trigger in POH. Trials with intravenous bisphosphonate and glucocorticoid as well as with topical sodium thiosulphate were attempted without clinical improvement. Excision of the calcifications and physiotherapy seem to have provided a partial improvement on mobility of the elbow. This case widens the spectrum of phenotypes seen in GNAS mutation disorders and suggests that alternative anti-inflammatory treatments may be effective. Mutations in GNAS should be considered in cases of significant progressive calcium deposition after extravasation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boncompagni
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Postgraduate School of Paediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Paediatric Unit, Modena, Italy
| | - Angela K. Lucas-Herald
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Beattie
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McDevitt
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Postgraduate School of Paediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Paediatric Unit, Modena, Italy
| | - Panayiotis Constantinou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Kinning
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S. Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Avril Mason
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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10
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Waghela BN, Pandit RJ, Puvar A, Shah FD, Patel PS, Vora H, Sheth H, Tarapara B, Pandya S, Joshi CG, Joshi MN. Identification of novel exonic variants contributing to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in west Indian population. Gene 2023; 852:147070. [PMID: 36427680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancers are the most common cancer types in females worldwide and in India. Patients with these cancers require an early diagnosis which is essential for better prognosis, treatment and improved patient survival. Recently, the utilization of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based screening has accelerated molecular diagnosis of various cancers. In the present study, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 30 patients who had a first or second-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer and are tested negative for BRCA1/2 or other high and moderate-risk genes reported for HBOC. WES data from patients were analyzed and variants were called using bcftools. Functional annotation of variants and variant prioritization was performed by Exomiser. The clinical significance of variants was determined as per ACMG classification using Varsome tool. The functional analysis of genes was determined by STRING analysis and disease association was determined by open target tool. We found novel variants and gene candidates having significant association with HBOC conditions. The genes identified by exomiser (phenotype score > 0.75) are associated with various biological processes such as DNA integrity maintenance, transcription regulation, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Our findings provide novel and prevalent gene variants associated with the HBOC condition in the West Indian population which could be further studied for early diagnosis and better prognosis of HBOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav N Waghela
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011, India
| | - Ramesh J Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011, India
| | - Franky D Shah
- Gujarat Cancer Research Institute, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Prabhudas S Patel
- Gujarat Cancer Research Institute, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Hemangini Vora
- Gujarat Cancer Research Institute, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Harsh Sheth
- Frige House, Jodhpur Gam Rd, Satellite, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015, India
| | - Bhoomi Tarapara
- Gujarat Cancer Research Institute, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Shashank Pandya
- Gujarat Cancer Research Institute, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011, India
| | - Madhvi N Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382011, India.
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11
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Krushkal J, Vural S, Jensen TL, Wright G, Zhao Y. Increased copy number of imprinted genes in the chromosomal region 20q11-q13.32 is associated with resistance to antitumor agents in cancer cell lines. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:161. [PMID: 36461044 PMCID: PMC9716673 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent of origin-specific allelic expression of imprinted genes is epigenetically controlled. In cancer, imprinted genes undergo both genomic and epigenomic alterations, including frequent copy number changes. We investigated whether copy number loss or gain of imprinted genes in cancer cell lines is associated with response to chemotherapy treatment. RESULTS We analyzed 198 human imprinted genes including protein-coding genes and noncoding RNA genes using data from tumor cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer datasets. We examined whether copy number of the imprinted genes in 35 different genome locations was associated with response to cancer drug treatment. We also analyzed associations of pretreatment expression and DNA methylation of imprinted genes with drug response. Higher copy number of BLCAP, GNAS, NNAT, GNAS-AS1, HM13, MIR296, MIR298, and PSIMCT-1 in the chromosomal region 20q11-q13.32 was associated with resistance to multiple antitumor agents. Increased expression of BLCAP and HM13 was also associated with drug resistance, whereas higher methylation of gene regions of BLCAP, NNAT, SGK2, and GNAS was associated with drug sensitivity. While expression and methylation of imprinted genes in several other chromosomal regions was also associated with drug response and many imprinted genes in different chromosomal locations showed a considerable copy number variation, only imprinted genes at 20q11-q13.32 had a consistent association of their copy number with drug response. Copy number values among the imprinted genes in the 20q11-q13.32 region were strongly correlated. They were also correlated with the copy number of cancer-related non-imprinted genes MYBL2, AURKA, and ZNF217 in that chromosomal region. Expression of genes at 20q11-q13.32 was associated with ex vivo drug response in primary tumor samples from the Beat AML 1.0 acute myeloid leukemia patient cohort. Association of the increased copy number of the 20q11-q13.32 region with drug resistance may be complex and could involve multiple genes. CONCLUSIONS Copy number of imprinted and non-imprinted genes in the chromosomal region 20q11-q13.32 was associated with cancer drug resistance. The genes in this chromosomal region may have a modulating effect on tumor response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krushkal
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Suleyman Vural
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - George Wright
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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12
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Latchney SE, Cadney MD, Hopkins A, Garland T. DNA Methylation Analysis of Imprinted Genes in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Cross-Fostered Mice Selectively Bred for Increased Voluntary Wheel-Running. Behav Genet 2022; 52:281-297. [PMID: 35988119 PMCID: PMC9463359 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe have previously shown that high runner (HR) mice (from a line genetically selected for increased wheel-running behavior) have distinct, genetically based, neurobiological phenotypes as compared with non-selected control (C) mice. However, developmental programming effects during early life, including maternal care and parent-of-origin-dependent expression of imprinted genes, can also contribute to variation in physical activity. Here, we used cross-fostering to address two questions. First, do HR mice have altered DNA methylation profiles of imprinted genes in the brain compared to C mice? Second, does maternal upbringing further modify the DNA methylation status of these imprinted genes? To address these questions, we cross-fostered all offspring at birth to create four experimental groups: C pups to other C dams, HR pups to other HR dams, C pups to HR dams, and HR pups to C dams. Bisulfite sequencing of 16 imprinted genes in the cortex and hippocampus revealed that the HR line had altered DNA methylation patterns of the paternally imprinted genes, Rasgrf1 and Zdbf2, as compared with the C line. Both fostering between the HR and C lines and sex modified the DNA methylation profiles for the paternally expressed genes Mest, Peg3, Igf2, Snrpn, and Impact. Ig-DMR, a gene with multiple paternal and maternal imprinted clusters, was also affected by maternal upbringing and sex. Our results suggest that differential methylation patterns of imprinted genes in the brain could contribute to evolutionary increases in wheel-running behavior and are also dependent on maternal upbringing and sex.
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13
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Akbari V, Garant JM, O'Neill K, Pandoh P, Moore R, Marra MA, Hirst M, Jones SJM. Genome-wide detection of imprinted differentially methylated regions using nanopore sequencing. eLife 2022; 11:77898. [PMID: 35787786 PMCID: PMC9255983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprinting is a critical part of normal embryonic development in mammals, controlled by defined parent-of-origin (PofO) differentially methylated regions (DMRs) known as imprinting control regions. Direct nanopore sequencing of DNA provides a means to detect allelic methylation and to overcome the drawbacks of methylation array and short-read technologies. Here, we used publicly available nanopore sequencing data for 12 standard B-lymphocyte cell lines to acquire the genome-wide mapping of imprinted intervals in humans. Using the sequencing data, we were able to phase 95% of the human methylome and detect 94% of the previously well-characterized, imprinted DMRs. In addition, we found 42 novel imprinted DMRs (16 germline and 26 somatic), which were confirmed using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data. Analysis of WGBS data in mouse (Mus musculus), rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) suggested that 17 of these imprinted DMRs are conserved. Some of the novel imprinted intervals are within or close to imprinted genes without a known DMR. We also detected subtle parental methylation bias, spanning several kilobases at seven known imprinted clusters. At these blocks, hypermethylation occurs at the gene body of expressed allele(s) with mutually exclusive H3K36me3 and H3K27me3 allelic histone marks. These results expand upon our current knowledge of imprinting and the potential of nanopore sequencing to identify imprinting regions using only parent-offspring trios, as opposed to the large multi-generational pedigrees that have previously been required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Akbari
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Garant
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kieran O'Neill
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pawan Pandoh
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Liu Y, Yang Y, Chu L, Ren S, Li Y, Gao A, Wen J, Deng W, Lu Y, Kong L, Liang B, Shao X. Case Report: A Paternal 20q13.2-q13.32 Deletion Patient With Growth Retardation Improved by Growth Hormone. Front Genet 2022; 13:859185. [PMID: 35401665 PMCID: PMC8987769 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.859185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial chromosome 20q deletions, containing GNAS imprinted locus, are rarely reported in the past. Hereby, we presented a Chinese boy with a novel 4.36 Mb deletion at paternal 20q13.2-13.32, showing feeding difficulty, malnutrition, short stature, lower limb asymmetry, sightly abnormal facial appearance and mild intellectual abnormality. With 3 years’ growth hormone treatment, his height was increased from 90 to 113.5 cm. This report is the first time to describe the outcome of clinical treatment on a patient with this rare chromosomal 20 long arm interstitial deletion, containing GNAS locus, which may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of this type of patient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Liming Chu
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Aimin Gao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Wanling Deng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lingyin Kong
- Basecare Medical Device Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liang, ; Xiaoshan Shao,
| | - Xiaoshan Shao
- Department of Renal Rheumatology and Immunology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Children’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Liang, ; Xiaoshan Shao,
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15
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Chang G, Li Q, Li N, Li G, Li J, Ding Y, Huang X, Shen Y, Wang J, Wang X. Evaluating the variety of GNAS inactivation disorders and their clinical manifestations in 11 Chinese children. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:70. [PMID: 35296306 PMCID: PMC8928694 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GNAS gene on chromosome 20q13.3, encodes the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein, which is expressed in most tissues and regulated through reciprocal genomic imprinting. Disorders of GNAS inactivation produce several different clinical phenotypes including pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), and osteoma cutis (OC). The clinical and biochemical characteristics overlap of PHP subtypes and other related disorders presents challenges for differential diagnosis. METHODS We enrolled a total of 11 Chinese children with PHP in our study and analyzed their clinical characteristics, laboratory results, and genetic mutations. RESULTS Among these 11 patients, nine of them (9/11) presented with resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH); and nine (9/11) presented with an Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) phenotype. GNAS abnormalities were detected in all 11 patients, including nine cases with GNAS gene variations and two cases with GNAS methylation defects. These GNAS variations included an intronic mutation (c.212 + 3_212 + 6delAAGT), three missense mutations (c.314C > T, c.308 T > C, c.1123G > T), two deletion mutations (c.565_568delGACT*2, c.74delA), and two splicing mutations (c.721 + 1G > A, c.432 + 1G > A). Three of these mutations, namely, c.314C > T, c.1123G > T, and c.721 + 1G > A, were found to be novel. This data was then used to assign a GNAS subtype to each of these patients with six cases diagnosed as PHP1a, two cases as PHP1b, one as PPHP, and two as POH. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating patients with PTH resistance and AHO phenotype improved the genetic diagnosis of GNAS mutations significantly. In addition, our results suggest that when GNAS gene sequencing is negative, GNAS methylation study should be performed. Early genetic detection is required for the differential diagnosis of GNAS disorders and is critical to the clinician's ability to distinguish between heterotopic ossification in the POH and AHO phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/diagnosis
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- China
- Chromogranins/genetics
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Ossification, Heterotopic/diagnosis
- Ossification, Heterotopic/genetics
- Ossification, Heterotopic/pathology
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/diagnosis
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/genetics
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/pathology
- Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism/diagnosis
- Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism/genetics
- Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/genetics
- Skin Diseases, Genetic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yongnian Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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16
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Zaletaev DV, Nemtsova MV, Strelnikov VV. Epigenetic Regulation Disturbances on Gene Expression in Imprinting Diseases. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Ramalho E Silva JD, da Rocha GFMA, Oliveira MJM. An intricate case of sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B with a review of literature. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:112-116. [PMID: 33320452 PMCID: PMC10528691 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism comprehends an assorted group of genetically rare disorders that share end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone. Genetic and epigenetic modifications on guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-stimulating gene locus are the most common underlying mechanisms associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism. Biochemical and molecular analysis stratify pseudohypoparathyroidism into types 1A, 1B, 1C, and 2. We describe an unusual case of sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B. A 34-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to the emergency department, with persistent asthenia, limb paresthesias, and tactile hyposensitivity. Her physical examination, previous personal and family histories were unsuspicious, except for mild, intermittent and self-limited complaints of paresthesia during her two pregnancies, but no detailed workup was done. No typical features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy were observed. The initial laboratory investigation showed elevated parathyroid hormone level (311.2 pg/mL), hypocalcemia (albumin-corrected serum calcium 4.3 mg/dL), hypocalciuria, hyperphosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, and vitamin D deficiency. Combined calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium supplementation was commenced, with symptomatic and analytical improvement. Albeit resolution of vitamin D deficiency, the patient relapsed with mild and intermittent lower limb paresthesias. Pseudohypoparathyroidism was confirmed by molecular identification of the 3-kb STX16 deletion. The treatment was readjusted, and one year later, symptomatic remission was attained. Clinical and biochemical features, and their respective course, along with lack of distinctive features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy pointed to pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B. A careful follow-up is needed to avoid complications and recurrence. Once correction of hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia is achieved, with no reported complications and recurrence, a good prognosis is anticipated, comparable to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Diogo Ramalho E Silva
- Departamento de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho (CHVNG/E), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal,
| | | | - Maria João Martins Oliveira
- Departamento de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho (CHVNG/E), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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18
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Hanna P, Francou B, Delemer B, Jüppner H, Linglart A. A Novel Familial PHP1B Variant With Incomplete Loss of Methylation at GNAS-A/B and Enhanced Methylation at GNAS-AS2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2779-2787. [PMID: 33677588 PMCID: PMC8372637 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B), also referred to as inactivating PTH/PTHrP signaling disorder (iPPSD), is characterized by proximal renal tubular resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated PTH values. Autosomal dominant PHP1B (AD-PHP1B) with loss of methylation at the maternal GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR (transcription start site-differentially methylated region) alone can be caused by maternal deletions involving STX16. OBJECTIVE Characterize a previously not reported AD-PHP1B family with loss of methylation at GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR, but without evidence for a STX16 deletion on the maternal allele and assess GNAS-AS2:TSS-DMR methylation. METHODS DNA from 24 patients and 10 controls were investigated. AD-PHP1B patients without STX16 deletion from a single family (n = 5), AD-PHP1B patients with STX16 deletion (n = 9), sporPHP1B (n = 10), unaffected controls (n = 10), patUPD20 (n = 1), and matUPD20 (n = 1). Methylation and copy number analyses were performed by pyrosequencing, methylation-sensitive multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. RESULTS Molecular cloning of polymerase chain reaction-amplified, bisulfite-treated genomic DNA from healthy controls revealed evidence for 2 distinct GNAS-AS2:TSS-DMR subdomains, named AS2-1 and AS2-2, which showed 16.0 ± 2.3% and 31.0 ± 2.2% methylation, respectively. DNA from affected members of a previously not reported AD-PHP1B family without the known genetic defects revealed incomplete loss of methylation at GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR, normal methylation at the 3 well-established maternal and paternal DMRs, and, surprisingly, increased methylation at AS2-1 (32.9 ± 3.5%), but not at AS2-2 (30.5 ± 2.9%). CONCLUSION The distinct methylation changes at the novel GNAS-AS2:TSS-DMR will help characterize further different PHP1B/iPPSD3 variants and will guide the search for underlying genetic defects, which may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying GNAS methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hanna
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocrinienne, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Francou
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocrinienne, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Molecular Genetics, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Reims University Hospital and University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocrinienne, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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19
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Ntostis P, Swanson G, Kokkali G, Iles D, Huntriss J, Pantou A, Tzetis M, Pantos K, Picton HM, Krawetz SA, Miller D. The effects of aging on molecular modulators of human embryo implantation. iScience 2021; 24:102751. [PMID: 34278260 PMCID: PMC8271113 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancing age has a negative impact on female fertility. As implantation rates decline during the normal maternal life course, age-related, embryonic factors are altered and our inability to monitor these factors in an unbiased genome-wide manner in vivo has severely limited our understanding of early human embryo development and implantation. Our high-throughput methodology uses trophectoderm samples representing the full spectrum of maternal reproductive ages with embryo implantation potential examined in relation to trophectoderm transcriptome dynamics and reproductive maternal age. Potential embryo-endometrial interactions were tested using trophectoderm sampled from young women, with the receptive uterine environment representing the most 'fertile' environment for successful embryo implantation. Potential roles for extracellular exosomes, embryonic metabolism and regulation of apoptosis were revealed. These biomarkers are consistent with embryo-endometrial crosstalk/developmental competency, serving as a mediator for successful implantation. Our data opens the door to developing a diagnostic test for predicting implantation success in women undergoing fertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ntostis
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Genetics Department, Medical school, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Grace Swanson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Georgia Kokkali
- Genesis Athens Clinic, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Athens, 152 32, Greece
| | - David Iles
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John Huntriss
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Agni Pantou
- Genesis Athens Clinic, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Athens, 152 32, Greece
| | - Maria Tzetis
- Genetics Department, Medical school, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | | | - Helen M. Picton
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen A. Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - David Miller
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Luo D, Qi X, Liu L, Su Y, Fang L, Guan Q. Genetic and Epigenetic Characteristics of Autosomal Dominant Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1B: Case Reports and Literature Review. Horm Metab Res 2021; 53:225-235. [PMID: 33513624 DOI: 10.1055/a-1341-9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism 1B (AD-PHP1B) is a rare endocrine and imprinted disorder. The objective of this study is to clarify the imprinted regulation of the guanine nucleotide binding-protein α-stimulating activity polypeptide 1 (GNAS) cluster in the occurrence and development of AD-PHP1B based on animal and clinical patient studies. The methylation-specific multiples ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) was conducted to detect the copy number variation in syntaxin-16 (STX16) gene and methylation status of the GNAS differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Long-range PCR was used to confirm deletion at STX16 gene. In the first family, DNA analysis of the proband and proband's mother revealed an isolated loss of methylation (LOM) at exon A/B and a 3.0 kb STX16 deletion. The patient's healthy grandmother had the 3.0 kb STX16 deletion but no epigenetic abnormality. The patient's healthy maternal aunt showed no genetic or epigenetic abnormality. In the second family, the analysis of long-range PCR revealed the 3.0 kb STX16 deletion for the proband but not her children. In this study, 3.0 kb STX16 deletion causes isolated LOM at exon A/B in two families, which is the most common genetic mutation of AD-PHP1B. The deletion involving NESP55 or AS or genomic rearrangements of GNAS can also result in AD-PHP1B, but it's rare. LOM at exon A/B DMR is prerequisite methylation defect of AD-PHP1B. STX16 and NESP55 directly control the imprinting at exon A/B, while AS controls the imprinting at exon A/B by regulating the transcriptional level of NESP55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Qi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luna Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Headache in a Child with Pseudohypoparathyroidism: An Alarming Symptom Not to Miss. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8840082. [PMID: 33224538 PMCID: PMC7673925 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8840082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the endocrine manifestations of pseudohypoparathyroidism are well known, less is known about the associated brain and spine abnormalities. These abnormalities may present with nonspecific symptoms in the paediatric population, and lack of awareness to these uncommon manifestations of the disease may result in a delay in necessary intervention. Case Presentation. We herein present a case of known pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a who presented initially with minor head injury. She later developed progressive worsening headache, increased irritability, and vomiting. Repeated imaging showed hydrocephalus and Chiari malformation type 1 necessitating emergency craniectomy. Conclusion Growth hormone deficiency, a common manifestation of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, results in underdevelopment of the posterior cranial fossa and may account for the higher incidence of Chiari malformation in this group of patients. Other associated neurological features reported in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a include spinal stenosis, syringomyelia, and craniosynostosis. While less commonly seen, awareness to these associations is important in order to optimize the multidisciplinary care to this group of patients.
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Watanabe K, Nakamura T, Onodera S, Saito A, Shibahara T, Azuma T. A novel GNAS-mutated human induced pluripotent stem cell model for understanding GNAS-mutated tumors. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320962588. [PMID: 32996421 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320962588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation of the guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha stimulating activity polypeptide 1 (GNAS) gene, typically Arg201Cys or Arg201His (R201H/R201C), leads to constitutive activation of the Gsα-cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway that causes several diseases. However, no germline mutations of GNAS have been identified to date, likely due to their lethality, and no robust human cell models have been generated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate GNAS-mutated disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for these diseases. We then analyzed the functionality of this induced pluripotent stem cell model and differentiated epithelial cells. We generated disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells by introducing a mutation in GNAS with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) nickase method, which has lower off-target effects than the conventional CRISPR/Cas9 method. We designed the target vector to contain the R201H mutation in GNAS, which was transfected into human control induced pluripotent stem cells (Nips-B2) by electroporation. We confirmed the establishment of GNASR201H-mutated (GNASR201H/+) induced pluripotent stem cells that exhibited a pluripotent stem cell phenotype. We analyzed the effect of the mutation on cAMP production, and further generated teratomas for immunohistochemical analysis of the luminal epithelial structure. GNAS-mutated induced pluripotent stem cells showed significantly higher levels of intracellular cAMP, which remained elevated state for a long time upon hormonal stimulation with parathyroid hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that several mucins, including MUC1, 2, and MUC5AC, are expressed in cytokeratin 18 (CK18)-positive epithelial cells. However, we found few CK18-positive cells in mutated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived teratoma tissues, and reduced MUCINs expression in mutated epithelial cells. There was no difference in CDX2 expression; however, mutated epithelial cells were positive for CEA and CA19-9 expression. GNASR201H-mutated induced pluripotent stem cells and GNASR201H-mutated epithelial cells have distinct phenotypic and differentiation characteristics. We successfully established GNASR201H-mutated human induced pluripotent stem cells with increased cAMP production. Considering the differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells, these cells will be useful as a model for elucidating the pathological mechanisms of GNAS-mutated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Watanabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shibahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Tang BL. SNAREs and developmental disorders. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2482-2504. [PMID: 32959907 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) family mediate membrane fusion processes associated with vesicular trafficking and autophagy. SNAREs mediate core membrane fusion processes essential for all cells, but some SNAREs serve cell/tissue type-specific exocytic/endocytic functions, and are therefore critical for various aspects of embryonic development. Mutations or variants of their encoding genes could give rise to developmental disorders, such as those affecting the nervous system and immune system in humans. Mutations to components in the canonical synaptic vesicle fusion SNARE complex (VAMP2, STX1A/B, and SNAP25) and a key regulator of SNARE complex formation MUNC18-1, produce variant phenotypes of autism, intellectual disability, movement disorders, and epilepsy. STX11 and MUNC18-2 mutations underlie 2 subtypes of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. STX3 mutations contribute to variant microvillus inclusion disease. Chromosomal microdeletions involving STX16 play a role in pseudohypoparathyroidism type IB associated with abnormal imprinting of the GNAS complex locus. In this short review, I discuss these and other SNARE gene mutations and variants that are known to be associated with a variety developmental disorders, with a focus on their underlying cellular and molecular pathological basis deciphered through disease modeling. Possible pathogenic potentials of other SNAREs whose variants could be disease predisposing are also speculated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor L Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Faias S, Duarte M, Pereira L, Chaves P, Cravo M, Dias Pereira A, Albuquerque C. Methylation changes at the GNAS imprinted locus in pancreatic cystic neoplasms are important for the diagnosis of malignant cysts. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:1056-1064. [PMID: 33005298 PMCID: PMC7510000 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i9.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) mutations are characteristic of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) harboring GNAS mutations originate in IPMNs. GNAS is a complex imprinted locus that produces five transcripts regulated by differential methylated regions, NESP55, GNASAS, GNASXL, GNAS1A, and GNAS.
AIM To evaluate if methylation changes in the differential methylated regions of GNAS locus contributed to malignant progression of pancreatic cysts.
METHODS GNAS locus methylation was analyzed in archival pancreatic cyst fluid (PCF) obtained by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration by methylation specific–multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification. Results were normalized and analyzed using Coffalyser.Net software.
RESULTS Fifty-two PCF samples obtained by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration and previously characterized for KRAS and GNAS mutations were studied. The final diagnoses were surgical (11) and clinicopathological (41), including 30 benign cysts, 14 pre-malignant cyst, and eight malignant cysts. Methylation changes at NESP55, GNASAS, GNAS1A, and especially GNASXL were more frequent in malignant cysts, and NESP55 and GNASAS were useful for diagnosis. A combined variable defined as “GNAS locus methylation changes” was significantly associated with malignancy (6/8 malignant cysts and only 2/20 benign cysts) and improved classification. Hypermethylation in both maternally (NESP55) and paternally (GNASXL) derived promoters was found in 3/3 PDACs.
CONCLUSION This is the first study to identify methylation changes in the GNAS locus, improving the diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cysts and suggesting a role in progression to PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Faias
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Marlene Duarte
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pereira
- Centro de Matemática e Aplicações (CMA-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Paula Chaves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Marília Cravo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures 2674-514, Portugal
| | - Antonio Dias Pereira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisboa 1099-023, Portugal
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Tang Y, Zheng F, Lin X, Pan Q, Li L, Li H. Identification of a novel mutation in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia in a Chinese family: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19965. [PMID: 32481259 PMCID: PMC7249942 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) indicates a group of rare disorders characterized by end-organ resistance to various hormones, primarily parathyroid hormone (PTH). One of its most common type is PHP-Ia, which is caused by maternally inherited inactivating mutations in GNAS. In this report, we present a Chinese girl with typical features of PHP-Ia and a novel mutation of the GNAS gene. PATIENT CONCERNS A 9-year-old Chinese girl presented with recurrent epileptic seizure. DIAGNOSIS Biochemical and imaging findings were consistent with PHP-Ia, including typical Albright hereditary osteodystrophy phenotype (short stature, round face, brachydactyly, and mild mental retardation), PTH resistance (hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated serum PTH, and multiple intracranial calcification) and thyroid stimulating hormone resistance (elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone). INTERVENTIONS The patient was given 1α-hydroxylated vitamin D (calcitriol, 0.5 ug/d), calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 tablets (1.5 g/d, including 600 mg calcium and 125 IU vitamin D3). DNA analysis of the GNAS gene was performed for the whole family. OUTCOMES Investigation of the GNAS gene revealed a novel mutation c.313delG (p.Glu105Lysfs*7) in the patient, as well as her mother. So the diagnosis of PHP-Ia was confirmed. CONCLUSION The study further expands the spectrum of known GNAS mutations associated with PHP and lay emphasis on the genetic analysis of GNAS gene for identifying genetic abnormalities as well as making diagnosis and differentiation of various subtypes of PHP.
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Miyado M, Fukami M, Takada S, Terao M, Nakabayashi K, Hata K, Matsubara Y, Tanaka Y, Sasaki G, Nagasaki K, Shiina M, Ogata K, Masunaga Y, Saitsu H, Ogata T. Germline-Derived Gain-of-Function Variants of Gs α-Coding GNAS Gene Identified in Nephrogenic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:877-889. [PMID: 30962325 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stimulatory G-protein α-subunit encoded by GNAS exons 1-13 (GNAS-Gsα) mediates signal transduction of multiple G protein-coupled receptors, including arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2). Various germline-derived loss-of-function GNAS-Gsα variants of maternal and paternal origin have been found in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, respectively. Specific somatic gain-of-function GNAS-Gsα variants have been detected in McCune-Albright syndrome and may result in phosphate wasting. However, no germline-derived gain-of-function variant has been identified, implying that such a variant causes embryonic lethality. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing in two families with dominantly inherited nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) as a salient phenotype after excluding a gain-of-function variant of AVPR2 and functional studies for identified variants. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing revealed two GNAS-Gsα candidate variants for NSIAD: GNAS-Gsα p.(F68_G70del) in one family and GNAS-Gsα p.(M255V) in one family. Both variants were absent from public and in-house databases. Of genes with rare variants, GNAS-Gsα alone was involved in AVPR2 signaling and shared by the families. Protein structural analyses revealed a gain-of-function-compatible conformational property for p.M255V-Gsα, although such assessment was not possible for p.F68_G70del-Gsα. Both variants had gain-of-function effects that were significantly milder than those of McCune-Albright syndrome-specific somatic Gsα variants. Model mice for p.F68_G70del-Gsα showed normal survivability and NSIAD-compatible phenotype, whereas those for p.M255V-Gsα exhibited severe failure to thrive. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that germline-derived gain-of-function rare variants of GNAS-Gsα exist and cause NSIAD as a novel Gsα-mediated genetic disease. It is likely that AVPR2 signaling is most sensitive to GNAS-Gsα's gain-of-function effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Head Office, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Goro Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Shiina
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | | | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, .,Departments of Pediatrics and
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Seki M, Katsumata E, Suzuki A, Sereewattanawoot S, Sakamoto Y, Mizushima-Sugano J, Sugano S, Kohno T, Frith MC, Tsuchihara K, Suzuki Y. Evaluation and application of RNA-Seq by MinION. DNA Res 2019; 26:55-65. [PMID: 30462165 PMCID: PMC6379022 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current RNA-Seq method analyses fragments of mRNAs, from which it is occasionally difficult to reconstruct the entire transcript structure. Here, we performed and evaluated the recent procedure for full-length cDNA sequencing using the Nanopore sequencer MinION. We applied MinION RNA-Seq for various applications, which would not always be easy using the usual RNA-Seq by Illumina. First, we examined and found that even though the sequencing accuracy was still limited to 92.3%, practically useful RNA-Seq analysis is possible. Particularly, taking advantage of the long-read nature of MinION, we demonstrate the identification of splicing patterns and their combinations as a form of full-length cDNAs without losing precise information concerning their expression levels. Transcripts of fusion genes in cancer cells can also be identified and characterized. Furthermore, the full-length cDNA information can be used for phasing of the SNPs detected by WES on the transcripts, providing essential information to identify allele-specific transcriptional events. We constructed a catalogue of full-length cDNAs in seven major organs for two particular individuals and identified allele-specific transcription and splicing. Finally, we demonstrate that single-cell sequencing is also possible. RNA-Seq on the MinION platform should provide a novel approach that is complementary to the current RNA-Seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eri Katsumata
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sarun Sereewattanawoot
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sakamoto
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junko Mizushima-Sugano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin C Frith
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center AIST, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), AIST, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Informatics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Elli FM, deSanctis L, Maffini MA, Bordogna P, Tessaris D, Pirelli A, Arosio M, Linglart A, Mantovani G. Association of GNAS imprinting defects and deletions of chromosome 2 in two patients: clues explaining phenotypic heterogeneity in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B/iPPSD3. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30616679 PMCID: PMC6322333 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) describes disorders derived from resistance to the parathyroid hormone. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a disorder with several physical features that can occur alone or in association with PHP. The subtype 1B, classically associated with resistance to PTH and TSH, derives from the epigenetic dysregulation of the GNAS locus. Patients showing features of AHO were described, but no explanation for such phenotypic heterogeneity is available. An AHO-like phenotype was associated with the loss of genetic information stored in chromosome 2q37, making this genomic region an interesting object of study as it could contain modifier genes involved in the development of AHO features in patients with GNAS imprinting defects. The present study aimed to screen a series of 65 patients affected with GNAS imprinting defects, with or without signs of AHO, for the presence of 2q37 deletions in order to find genes involved in the clinical variability. RESULTS The molecular investigations performed on our cohort of patients with GNAS imprinting defects identified two overlapping terminal deletions of the long arm of chromosome 2. The smaller deletion was of approximately 3 Mb and contained 38 genes, one or more of which is potentially involved in the clinical presentation. Patients with the deletions were both affected by a combination of the most pathognomic AHO-like features, brachydactyly, cognitive impairment and/or behavioural defects. Our results support the hypothesis that additional genetic factors besides GNAS methylation defects are involved in the development of a complex phenotype in the subgroup of patients showing signs of AHO. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the present work describes PHP patients with hormone resistance and AHO signs simultaneously affected by GNAS imprinting defects and 2q37 deletions. Although further studies are needed to confirm the cause of these two rare molecular alterations and to identify candidate genes, this finding provides novel interesting clues for the identification of factors involved in the still unexplained clinical variability observed in PHP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Elli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - L deSanctis
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M A Maffini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Bordogna
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - D Tessaris
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A Pirelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Linglart
- APHP, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Reference Centre for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Reference Centre for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - G Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) refers to a heterogeneous group of uncommon, yet related metabolic disorders that are characterized by impaired activation of the Gsα/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and other hormones that interact with Gsa-coupled receptors. Proximal renal tubular resistance to PTH and thus hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, frequently in presence of brachydactyly, ectopic ossification, early-onset obesity, or short stature are common features of PHP. Registries and large cohorts of patients are needed to conduct clinical and genetic research, to improve the still limited knowledge regarding the underlying disease mechanisms, and allow the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Linglart
- INSERM-U1185, Paris Sud Paris-Saclay University, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, 64 Gabriel Péri Street, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Network OSCAR and 'Platform of Expertise Paris Sud for Rare Diseases, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, 64 Gabriel Péri Street, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; APHP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, 64 Gabriel Péri Street, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Bone Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Mantovani G, Bastepe M, Monk D, de Sanctis L, Thiele S, Usardi A, Ahmed SF, Bufo R, Choplin T, De Filippo G, Devernois G, Eggermann T, Elli FM, Freson K, García Ramirez A, Germain-Lee EL, Groussin L, Hamdy N, Hanna P, Hiort O, Jüppner H, Kamenický P, Knight N, Kottler ML, Le Norcy E, Lecumberri B, Levine MA, Mäkitie O, Martin R, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Minagawa M, Murray P, Pereda A, Pignolo R, Rejnmark L, Rodado R, Rothenbuhler A, Saraff V, Shoemaker AH, Shore EM, Silve C, Turan S, Woods P, Zillikens MC, Perez de Nanclares G, Linglart A. Diagnosis and management of pseudohypoparathyroidism and related disorders: first international Consensus Statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:476-500. [PMID: 29959430 PMCID: PMC6541219 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This Consensus Statement covers recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) and related disorders, which comprise metabolic disorders characterized by physical findings that variably include short bones, short stature, a stocky build, early-onset obesity and ectopic ossifications, as well as endocrine defects that often include resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and TSH. The presentation and severity of PHP and its related disorders vary between affected individuals with considerable clinical and molecular overlap between the different types. A specific diagnosis is often delayed owing to lack of recognition of the syndrome and associated features. The participants in this Consensus Statement agreed that the diagnosis of PHP should be based on major criteria, including resistance to PTH, ectopic ossifications, brachydactyly and early-onset obesity. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis should be confirmed by a molecular genetic analysis. Patients should be screened at diagnosis and during follow-up for specific features, such as PTH resistance, TSH resistance, growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadism, skeletal deformities, oral health, weight gain, glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, as well as subcutaneous and/or deeper ectopic ossifications and neurocognitive impairment. Overall, a coordinated and multidisciplinary approach from infancy through adulthood, including a transition programme, should help us to improve the care of patients affected by these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa de Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Susanne Thiele
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alessia Usardi
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Endocrinology and diabetes for children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roberto Bufo
- IPOHA, Italian Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia Association, Cerignola, Foggia, Italy
| | - Timothée Choplin
- K20, French PHP and related disorders patient association, Jouars Pontchartrain, France
| | - Gianpaolo De Filippo
- APHP, Department of medicine for adolescents, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guillemette Devernois
- K20, French PHP and related disorders patient association, Jouars Pontchartrain, France
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca M Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aurora García Ramirez
- AEPHP, Spanish PHP and related disorders patient association, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Spain
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Albright Center & Center for Rare Bone Disorders, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lionel Groussin
- APHP, Department of Endocrinology, Cochin Hospital (HUPC), Paris, France
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Neveen Hamdy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Hanna
- INSERM U1169, Bicêtre Paris Sud, Paris Sud - Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kamenický
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1185, Paris Sud - Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nina Knight
- UK acrodysostosis patients' group, London, UK
| | - Marie-Laure Kottler
- Department of Genetics, Reference Centre for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, Caen, France
| | - Elvire Le Norcy
- University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- APHP, Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital (PNVS), Paris, France
| | - Beatriz Lecumberri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Diseases Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Center for Bone Health, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Regina Martin
- Osteometabolic Disorders Unit, Hormone and Molecular Genetics Laboratory (LIM/42), Endocrinology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ángel Martos-Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, CIBERobn, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Endocrine Diseases Research Group, Hospital La Princesa Institute for Health Research (IIS La Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Philip Murray
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | | | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Rodado
- AEPHP, Spanish PHP and related disorders patient association, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Spain
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- APHP, Endocrinology and diabetes for children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vrinda Saraff
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley H Shoemaker
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Genetics, Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Silve
- APHP, Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bone Center Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
| | - Agnès Linglart
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Platform of Expertise Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- APHP, Endocrinology and diabetes for children, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
- INSERM U1169, Bicêtre Paris Sud, Paris Sud - Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Goel NJ, Meyers LL, Frangos M. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B in a patient conceived by in vitro fertilization: another imprinting disorder reported with assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:975-979. [PMID: 29417303 PMCID: PMC6030019 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B) is characterized by renal tubular resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) leading to hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, elevated PTH, and hyperparathyroid bone changes. PHP1B is an imprinting disorder that results from loss of methylation at the maternal GNAS gene, which suppresses transcription of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein of the PTH receptor. Emerging evidence supports an association between assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and imprinting disorders; however, there is currently little evidence linking PHP1B and ART. We present a twin boy conceived by ART to parents with no history of subfertility who presented at age 12 with bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis and bilateral genu valgum deformity. Clinical and laboratory investigation revealed markedly elevated PTH, low ionized calcium, elevated phosphorus, TSH resistance, and skeletal evidence of hyperparathyroidism, leading to the diagnosis of PHP1B. A partial loss of methylation at the GNAS exon A/B locus was observed. The patient's dizygotic twin sibling was asymptomatic and had normal laboratory evaluation. This is the second reported case of a child with PHP1B conceived by ART, further supporting the possibility that ART may lead to an increased risk for imprinting defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Goel
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Laura L Meyers
- Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Mercy Hospital St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Myrto Frangos
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Mercy Hospital St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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de Boni L, Gasparoni G, Haubenreich C, Tierling S, Schmitt I, Peitz M, Koch P, Walter J, Wüllner U, Brüstle O. DNA methylation alterations in iPSC- and hESC-derived neurons: potential implications for neurological disease modeling. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:13. [PMID: 29422978 PMCID: PMC5789607 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic predisposition and epigenetic alterations are both considered to contribute to sporadic neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Since cell reprogramming and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are themselves associated with major epigenetic remodeling, it remains unclear to what extent iPSC-derived neurons lend themselves to model epigenetic disease-associated changes. A key question to be addressed in this context is whether iPSC-derived neurons exhibit epigenetic signatures typically observed in neurons derived from non-reprogrammed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Results Here, we compare mature neurons derived from hESC and isogenic human iPSC generated from hESC-derived neural stem cells. Genome-wide 450 K-based DNA methylation and HT12v4 gene array expression analyses were complemented by a deep analysis of selected genes known to be involved in NDD. Our studies show that DNA methylation and gene expression patterns of isogenic hESC- and iPSC-derived neurons are markedly preserved on a genome-wide and single gene level. Conclusions Overall, iPSC-derived neurons exhibit similar DNA methylation patterns compared to isogenic hESC-derived neurons. Further studies will be required to explore whether the epigenetic patterns observed in iPSC-derived neurons correspond to those detectable in native brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Boni
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Institute for Genetics/Epigenetics, FR8.3 Life Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carolin Haubenreich
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Institute for Genetics/Epigenetics, FR8.3 Life Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ina Schmitt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Institute for Genetics/Epigenetics, FR8.3 Life Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Turan S. Current Nomenclature of Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Inactivating Parathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Signaling Disorder. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:58-68. [PMID: 29280743 PMCID: PMC5790322 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2017.s006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders related to parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance and PTH signaling pathway impairment are historically classified under the term of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP). The disease was first described and named by Fuller Albright and colleagues in 1942. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is described as an associated clinical entity with PHP, characterized by brachydactyly, subcutaneous ossifications, round face, short stature and a stocky build. The classification of PHP is further divided into PHP-Ia, pseudo-PHP (pPHP), PHP-Ib, PHP-Ic and PHP-II according to the presence or absence of AHO, together with an in vivo response to exogenous PTH and the measurement of Gsα protein activity in peripheral erythrocyte membranes in vitro. However, PHP classification fails to differentiate all patients with different clinical and molecular findings for PHP subtypes and classification become more complicated with more recent molecular characterization and new forms having been identified. So far, new classifications have been established by the EuroPHP network to cover all disorders of the PTH receptor and its signaling pathway. Inactivating PTH/PTH-related protein signaling disorder (iPPSD) is the new name proposed for a group of these disorders and which can be further divided into subtypes - iPPSD1 to iPPSD6. These are termed, starting from PTH receptor inactivation mutation (Eiken and Blomstrand dysplasia) as iPPSD1, inactivating Gsα mutations (PHP-Ia, PHP-Ic and pPHP) as iPPSD2, loss of methylation of GNAS DMRs (PHP-Ib) as iPPSD3, PRKAR1A mutations (acrodysostosis type 1) as iPPSD4, PDE4D mutations (acrodysostosis type 2) as iPPSD5 and PDE3A mutations (autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly) as iPPSD6. iPPSDx is reserved for unknown molecular defects and iPPSDn+1 for new molecular defects which are yet to be described. With these new classifications, the aim is to clarify the borders of each different subtype of disease and make the classification according to molecular pathology. The iPPSD group is designed to be expandable and new classifications will readily fit into it as necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Turan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence: Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İstanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 216 625 45 45 E-mail:
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Elhamamsy AR. Role of DNA methylation in imprinting disorders: an updated review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:549-562. [PMID: 28281142 PMCID: PMC5427654 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a complex epigenetic process that contributes substantially to embryogenesis, reproduction, and gametogenesis. Only small fraction of genes within the whole genome undergoes imprinting. Imprinted genes are expressed in a monoallelic parent-of-origin-specific manner, which means that only one of the two inherited alleles is expressed either from the paternal or maternal side. Imprinted genes are typically arranged in clusters controlled by differentially methylated regions or imprinting control regions. Any defect or relaxation in imprinting process can cause loss of imprinting in the key imprinted loci. Loss of imprinting in most cases has a harmful effect on fetal development and can result in neurological, developmental, and metabolic disorders. Since DNA methylation and histone modifications play a key role in the process of imprinting. This review focuses on the role of DNA methylation in imprinting process and describes DNA methylation aberrations in different imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Rafat Elhamamsy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31512, Gharbia, Egypt.
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Elli FM, Boldrin V, Pirelli A, Spada A, Mantovani G. The Complex GNAS Imprinted Locus and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:250-258. [PMID: 27756094 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-115305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All tissues and organs derive from stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells able to differentiate into specialized cells and self-renewal. In mammals, there are embryonic stem cells that generate germ layers, and adult stem cells, which act as a repair system for the body and maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are nonhematopoietic adult multipotent cells, which reside in virtually all postnatal organs and tissues, and, under appropriate in vitro conditions, are capable to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic, and neurogenic lineages. Their commitment and differentiation depend on several interacting signaling pathways and transcription factors. Most GNAS-based disorders have the common feature of episodic de novo formation of islands of extraskeletal, qualitatively normal, bone in skin and subcutaneous fat. The tissue distribution of these lesions suggests that pathogenesis involves abnormal differentiation of MSCs and/or more committed precursor cells that are present in subcutaneous tissues. Data coming from transgenic mice support the concept that GNAS is a key factor in the regulation of lineage switching between osteoblast and adipocyte fates, and that its role may be to prevent bone formation in tissues where bone should not form. Despite the growing knowledge about the process of heterotopic ossification in rare genetic disorders, the pathophysiological mechanisms by which alterations of cAMP signaling lead to ectopic bone formation in the context of mesenchymal tissues is not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Elli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - V Boldrin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pirelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Tafaj O, Jüppner H. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: one gene, several syndromes. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:347-356. [PMID: 27995443 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) are caused by mutations and/or epigenetic changes at the complex GNAS locus on chromosome 20q13.3 that undergoes parent-specific methylation changes at several sites. GNAS encodes the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα) and several splice variants thereof. Heterozygous inactivating mutations involving the maternal GNAS exons 1-13 cause PHP type Ia (PHP1A). Because of much reduced paternal Gsα expression in certain tissues, such as the proximal renal tubules, thyroid, and pituitary, there is little or no Gsα protein in the presence of maternal GNAS mutations, thus leading to PTH-resistant hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. When located on the paternal allele, the same or similar GNAS mutations are the cause of PPHP. Besides biochemical abnormalities, patients affected by PHP1A show developmental abnormalities, referred to as Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Some, but not all of these AHO features are encountered also in patients affected by PPHP, who typically show no laboratory abnormalities. Autosomal dominant PHP type Ib (AD-PHP1B) is caused by heterozygous maternal deletions within GNAS or STX16, which are associated with loss-of-methylation (LOM) at exon A/B alone or at all maternally methylated GNAS exons. LOM at exon A/B and the resulting biallelic expression of A/B transcripts reduces Gsα expression, thus leading to hormonal resistance. Epigenetic changes at all differentially methylated GNAS regions are also observed in sporadic PHP1B, the most frequent disease variant, which remains unresolved at the molecular level, except for rare cases with paternal uniparental isodisomy or heterodisomy of chromosome 20q (patUPD20q).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tafaj
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier 10, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - H Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Thier 10, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gsα Controls Cortical Bone Quality by Regulating Osteoclast Differentiation via cAMP/PKA and β-Catenin Pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45140. [PMID: 28338087 PMCID: PMC5364530 DOI: 10.1038/srep45140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal bone formation and maintenance requires coordinate functions of several cell types, including bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Gsα, the stimulatory subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, activates downstream signaling through cAMP and plays important roles in skeletal development by regulating osteoblast differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that Gsα signaling also regulates osteoclast differentiation during bone modeling and remodeling. Gnas, the gene encoding Gsα, is imprinted. Mice with paternal allele deletion of Gnas (Gnas+/p-) have defects in cortical bone quality and strength during early development (bone modeling) that persist during adult bone remodeling. Reduced bone quality in Gnas+/p- mice was associated with increased endosteal osteoclast numbers, with no significant effects on osteoblast number and function. Osteoclast differentiation and resorption activity was enhanced in Gnas+/p- cells. During differentiation, Gnas+/p- cells showed diminished pCREB, β-catenin and cyclin D1, and enhanced Nfatc1 levels, conditions favoring osteoclastogenesis. Forskolin treatment increased pCREB and rescued osteoclast differentiation in Gnas+/p- by reducing Nfatc1 levels. Cortical bone of Gnas+/p- mice showed elevated expression of Wnt inhibitors sclerostin and Sfrp4 consistent with reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our data identify a new role for Gsα signaling in maintaining bone quality by regulating osteoclast differentiation and function through cAMP/PKA and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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Thiele S, Mantovani G, Barlier A, Boldrin V, Bordogna P, De Sanctis L, Elli FM, Freson K, Garin I, Grybek V, Hanna P, Izzi B, Hiort O, Lecumberri B, Pereda A, Saraff V, Silve C, Turan S, Usardi A, Werner R, de Nanclares GP, Linglart A. From pseudohypoparathyroidism to inactivating PTH/PTHrP signalling disorder (iPPSD), a novel classification proposed by the EuroPHP network. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:P1-P17. [PMID: 27401862 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disorders caused by impairments in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) signalling pathway are historically classified under the term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), which encompasses rare, related and highly heterogeneous diseases with demonstrated (epi)genetic causes. The actual classification is based on the presence or absence of specific clinical and biochemical signs together with an in vivo response to exogenous PTH and the results of an in vitro assay to measure Gsa protein activity. However, this classification disregards other related diseases such as acrodysostosis (ACRDYS) or progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), as well as recent findings of clinical and genetic/epigenetic background of the different subtypes. Therefore, the EuroPHP network decided to develop a new classification that encompasses all disorders with impairments in PTH and/or PTHrP cAMP-mediated pathway. DESIGN AND METHODS Extensive review of the literature was performed. Several meetings were organised to discuss about a new, more effective and accurate way to describe disorders caused by abnormalities of the PTH/PTHrP signalling pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS After determining the major and minor criteria to be considered for the diagnosis of these disorders, we proposed to group them under the term 'inactivating PTH/PTHrP signalling disorder' (iPPSD). This terminology: (i) defines the common mechanism responsible for all diseases; (ii) does not require a confirmed genetic defect; (iii) avoids ambiguous terms like 'pseudo' and (iv) eliminates the clinical or molecular overlap between diseases. We believe that the use of this nomenclature and classification will facilitate the development of rationale and comprehensive international guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of iPPSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Thiele
- Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoEndocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Barlier
- APHMHôpital la Conception, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France
| | - Valentina Boldrin
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoEndocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bordogna
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoEndocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa De Sanctis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric SciencesUniversity of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca M Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoEndocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Intza Garin
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics LaboratoryBioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Virginie Grybek
- APHPReference Center for rare disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR and Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Hanna
- APHPReference Center for rare disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR and Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Benedetta Izzi
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCenter for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beatriz Lecumberri
- Department of Endocrinology and NutritionLa Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics LaboratoryBioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Vrinda Saraff
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesBirmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Silve
- APHPReference Center for rare disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR and Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHPService de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alessia Usardi
- APHPReference Center for rare disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR and Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHPDepartment of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bicêtre Paris Sud hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Ralf Werner
- Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi)Genetics LaboratoryBioAraba National Health Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Agnès Linglart
- APHPReference Center for rare disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, filière OSCAR and Plateforme d'Expertise Maladies Rares Paris-Sud, Hôpital Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHPDepartment of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bicêtre Paris Sud hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Perez JD, Rubinstein ND, Dulac C. New Perspectives on Genomic Imprinting, an Essential and Multifaceted Mode of Epigenetic Control in the Developing and Adult Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:347-84. [PMID: 27145912 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian evolution entailed multiple innovations in gene regulation, including the emergence of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic regulation leading to the preferential expression of a gene from its maternal or paternal allele. Genomic imprinting is highly prevalent in the brain, yet, until recently, its central roles in neural processes have not been fully appreciated. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of adult and developmental brain functions influenced by imprinted genes, from neural development and wiring to synaptic function and plasticity, energy balance, social behaviors, emotions, and cognition. We further review the widespread identification of parental biases alongside monoallelic expression in brain tissues, discuss their potential roles in dosage regulation of key neural pathways, and suggest possible mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of imprinting in the brain. This review should help provide a better understanding of the significance of genomic imprinting in the normal and pathological brain of mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Nimrod D Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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Roizen JD, Danzig J, Groleau V, McCormack S, Casella A, Harrington J, Sochett E, Tershakovec A, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Levine MA. Resting Energy Expenditure Is Decreased in Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:880-8. [PMID: 26709970 PMCID: PMC4803160 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) is caused by loss-of-function mutations on the maternally inherited GNAS allele and is associated with early-onset obesity, neurocognitive defects, and resistance to multiple hormones. The role of energy intake vs central regulation of energy expenditure in the pathophysiology of obesity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate resting energy expenditure (REE) in participants with PHP1A. DESIGN We assessed REE, biochemical, endocrine, and auxological status of 12 participants with PHP1A who had normal or elevated body mass index; controls were a cohort of 156 obese participants. SETTING This study took place at Children's Hospital in Philadelphia and Sick Children's Hospital in Toronto. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES REE as a percent of predicted REE was the outcome measure. RESULTS PHP1A participants had normal endocrine status while receiving appropriate hormone replacement therapy, but had significantly decreased REE as a percent of predicted REE (using the modified Schofield equation). CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with REE being the principal cause of obesity in PHP1A rather than it being caused by excessive energy intake or endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Roizen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Jennifer Danzig
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Veronique Groleau
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Shana McCormack
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Alex Casella
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Jennifer Harrington
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Etienne Sochett
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Andrew Tershakovec
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Virginia A Stallings
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.D.R., S.M., A.C., M.A.L.), Division of General Pediatrics (J.D.), and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G., B.S.Z., V.A.S.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (V.G.), Ste-Justine University Hospital Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C4 Canada; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics (J.H., E.S.), The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada; Merck & Co, Inc. (A.T.), Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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Zhu Y, He Q, Aydin C, Rubera I, Tauc M, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Marshansky V, Jüppner H, Bastepe M. Ablation of the Stimulatory G Protein α-Subunit in Renal Proximal Tubules Leads to Parathyroid Hormone-Resistance With Increased Renal Cyp24a1 mRNA Abundance and Reduced Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology 2016; 157:497-507. [PMID: 26671181 PMCID: PMC4733111 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PTH regulates serum calcium, phosphate, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) levels by acting on bone and kidney. In renal proximal tubules (PTs), PTH inhibits reabsorption of phosphate and stimulates the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The PTH receptor couples to multiple G proteins. We here ablated the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα) in mouse PTs by using Cre recombinase driven by the promoter of type-2 sodium-glucose cotransporter (Gsα(Sglt2KO) mice). Gsα(Sglt2KO) mice were normophosphatemic but displayed, relative to controls, hypocalcemia (1.19 ±0.01 vs 1.23 ±0.01 mmol/L; P < .05), reduced serum 1,25(OH)2D (59.3 ±7.0 vs 102.5 ±12.2 pmol/L; P < .05), and elevated serum PTH (834 ±133 vs 438 ±59 pg/mL; P < .05). PTH-induced elevation in urinary cAMP excretion was blunted in Gsα(Sglt2KO) mice (2- vs 4-fold over baseline in controls; P < .05). Relative to baseline in controls, PTH-induced reduction in serum phosphate tended to be blunted in Gsα(Sglt2KO) mice (-0.39 ±0.33 vs -1.34 ±0.36 mg/dL; P = .07). Gsα(Sglt2KO) mice showed elevated renal vitamin D 24-hydroxylase and bone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) mRNA abundance (∼3.4- and ∼11-fold over controls, respectively; P < .05) and tended to have elevated serum FGF23 (829 ±76 vs 632 ±60 pg/mL in controls; P = .07). Heterozygous mice having constitutive ablation of the maternal Gsα allele (E1(m-/+)) (model of pseudohypoparathyroidism type-Ia), in which Gsα levels in PT are reduced, also exhibited elevated serum FGF23 (474 ±20 vs 374 ±27 pg/mL in controls; P < .05). Our findings indicate that Gsα is required in PTs for suppressing renal vitamin D 24-hydroxylase mRNA levels and for maintaining normal serum 1,25(OH)2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Qing He
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Cumhur Aydin
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Michel Tauc
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Min Chen
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Vladimir Marshansky
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit (Z.Y., Q.H., C.A., H.J., M.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Endodontics (C.A.), Gülhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine (I.R., M.T.), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06107 Nice, France; Metabolic Diseases Branch (M.C., L.S.W.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Program in Membrane Biology (V.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Pediatric Nephrology Unit (H.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Takatani R, Minagawa M, Molinaro A, Reyes M, Kinoshita K, Takatani T, Kazukawa I, Nagatsuma M, Kashimada K, Sato K, Matsushita K, Nomura F, Shimojo N, Jüppner H. Similar frequency of paternal uniparental disomy involving chromosome 20q (patUPD20q) in Japanese and Caucasian patients affected by sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (sporPHP1B). Bone 2015; 79:15-20. [PMID: 25997889 PMCID: PMC4501871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (PHP1B) is caused by proximal tubular resistance to parathyroid hormone that occurs in most cases in the absence of Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO). Familial forms of PHP1B are caused by maternally inherited microdeletions within STX16, the gene encoding syntaxin 16, or within GNAS, a complex genetic locus on chromosome 20q13.3 encoding Gsα and several splice variants thereof. These deletions lead either to a loss-of-methylation affecting GNAS exon A/B alone or to epigenetic changes involving multiple differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within GNAS. Broad GNAS methylation abnormalities are also observed in most sporadic PHP1B (sporPHP1B) cases. However, with the exception of paternal uniparental disomy involving chromosome 20q (patUPD20q), the molecular mechanism leading to this disease variant remains unknown. We now investigated 23 Japanese sporPHP1B cases, who presented with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated PTH levels, and occasionally with TSH elevations and mild AHO features. Age at diagnosis was 10.6 ± 1.45 years. Calcium, phosphate, and PTH were 6.3 ± 0.23 mg/dL, 7.7 ± 0.33 mg/dL, and 305 ± 34.5 pg/mL, respectively, i.e. laboratory findings that are indistinguishable from those previously observed for Caucasian sporPHP1B cases. All investigated patients showed broad GNAS methylation changes. Eleven individuals were homozygous for SNPs within exon NESP and a pentanucleotide repeat in exon A/B. Two of these patients furthermore revealed homozygosity for numerous microsatellite markers on chromosome 20q raising the possibility of patUPD20q, which was confirmed through the analysis of parental DNA. Based on this and our previous reports, paternal duplication of the chromosomal region comprising the GNAS locus appears to be a fairly common cause of sporPHP1B that is likely to occur with equal frequency in Caucasians and Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Takatani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Minagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Angelo Molinaro
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Reyes
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaori Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Itsuro Kazukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misako Nagatsuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Vangeel EB, Izzi B, Hompes T, Vansteelandt K, Lambrechts D, Freson K, Claes S. DNA methylation in imprinted genesIGF2andGNASXLis associated with prenatal maternal stress. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:573-82. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Vangeel
- Genetic Research about Stress and Psychiatry (GRASP), Department of Neurosciences; Leuven Belgium
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - B. Izzi
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - T. Hompes
- Genetic Research about Stress and Psychiatry (GRASP), Department of Neurosciences; Leuven Belgium
- University Psychiatric Center, University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - K. Vansteelandt
- University Psychiatric Center, University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - D. Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB; Leuven Belgium
| | - K. Freson
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (CMVB), Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - S. Claes
- Genetic Research about Stress and Psychiatry (GRASP), Department of Neurosciences; Leuven Belgium
- University Psychiatric Center, University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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He Q, Zhu Y, Corbin BA, Plagge A, Bastepe M. The G protein α subunit variant XLαs promotes inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling and mediates the renal actions of parathyroid hormone in vivo. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra84. [PMID: 26307011 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa9953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
GNAS, which encodes the stimulatory G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein) α subunit (Gαs), also encodes a large variant of Gαs termed extra-large α subunit (XLαs), and alterations in XLαs abundance or activity are implicated in various human disorders. Although XLαs, like Gαs, stimulates generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), evidence suggests that XLαs and Gαs have opposing effects in vivo. We investigated the role of XLαs in mediating signaling by parathyroid hormone (PTH), which activates a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that stimulates both Gαs and Gαq/11 in renal proximal tubules to maintain phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. At postnatal day 2 (P2), XLαs knockout (XLKO) mice exhibited hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and increased serum concentrations of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The ability of PTH to reduce serum phosphate concentrations was impaired, and the abundance of the sodium phosphate cotransporter Npt2a in renal brush border membranes was reduced in XLKO mice, whereas PTH-induced cAMP excretion in the urine was modestly increased. Basal and PTH-stimulated production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which is the second messenger produced by Gαq/11 signaling, was repressed in renal proximal tubules from XLKO mice. Crossing of XLKO mice with mice overexpressing XLαs specifically in renal proximal tubules rescued the phenotype of the XLKO mice. Overexpression of XLαs in HEK 293 cells enhanced IP3 generation in unstimulated cells and in cells stimulated with PTH or thrombin, which acts through a Gq/11-coupled receptor. Together, our findings suggest that XLαs enhances Gq/11 signaling to mediate the renal actions of PTH during early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Braden A Corbin
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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47
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Li Z, Huo X, Zhang S, Lu J, Li C, Guo M, Fu R, He Z, Du X, Chen Z. Selection of genes associated with variations in the Circle of Willis in gerbils using suppression subtractive hybridization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127355. [PMID: 25973917 PMCID: PMC4431780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformities in the Circle of Willis (CoW) can significantly increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these deformities have not been understood. Based on our previous studies, variations in the CoW of gerbils are hereditary. A normal CoW is observed in approximately 60% of gerbils, a percentage that also applies to humans. Thus, gerbil is an ideal experimental model for studying variations in the CoW. To study the mechanisms underlying these variations, we selected genes associated with different types of the CoW using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). After evaluating the efficiency of SSH using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on subtracted and unsubtracted cDNA and Southern blotting on SSH PCR products, 12 SSH libraries were established. We identified 4 genes (CST3, GNAS, GPx4 and PFN2) associated with variations in the CoW. These genes were identified with qPCR and Western blotting using 70 expressed sequence tags from the SSH libraries. Cloning and sequencing allowed us to demonstrate that the 4 genes were closely related to mouse genes. We may assume that these 4 genes play an important role in the development of variations in the CoW. This study provides a foundation for further research of genes related to development of variations in the CoW and the mechanisms of dysmorphosis of cerebral vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhengming He
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (XD)
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (XD)
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Romanet P, Osei L, Netchine I, Pertuit M, Enjalbert A, Reynaud R, Barlier A. Case report of GNAS epigenetic defect revealed by a congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics 2015; 135:e1079-83. [PMID: 25802348 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a group of disorders characterized by end-organ resistance to the parathyroid hormone (PTH). PHP type 1A includes multihormone resistance syndrome, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, and obesity and is caused by mutations in GNAS exon 1 through 13. PHP type 1B (PHP1B), caused by epigenetic changes in the GNAS locus, was initially described as an isolated resistance to PTH. Epigenetic changes in GNAS have also been reported in patients who display mild Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy or mild thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) resistance without mutation of GNAS. Here we report a case of PHP caused by epigenetic changes in GNAS in a patient with congenital hypothyroidism. The patient was referred for a positive newborn screening for hypothyroidism (TSH 50 mIU/L). She exhibited severe clinical features of congenital hypothyroidism. The thyroid was in place, and etiologic explorations were negative. TSH was normalized under L-thyroxin, and the symptoms disappeared, except for a macroglossia. In childhood, PHP was suspected in addition to elevated PTH, obesity, brachydactyly, and a rounded face. Sequencing, methylation analysis, and large deletion research were performed in GNAS. No genetic mutations were found. Methylation analysis revealed a broad epigenetic defect without deletion in GNAS consistent with sporadic PHP1B. The multilocus methylation analysis were negative. This finding expands the known onsets of PHP1B and emphasizes the need for a new PHP classification system. This case report has important consequences for the etiologic diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism because it adds a new cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Romanet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital la Conception, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France
| | - Lindsay Osei
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital La Timone Enfant, Departments of Pediatrics, Marseille, France
| | - Irène Netchine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMR_S 938, Paris, France; and Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Pertuit
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital la Conception, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Enjalbert
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital la Conception, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France
| | - Rachel Reynaud
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital La Timone Enfant, Departments of Pediatrics, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital la Conception, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR 7286, Marseille, France;
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49
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Pignolo RJ, Ramaswamy G, Fong JT, Shore EM, Kaplan FS. Progressive osseous heteroplasia: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:37-48. [PMID: 25674011 PMCID: PMC4321643 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s51064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is an ultrarare genetic condition of progressive ectopic ossification. Most cases of POH are caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of GNAS, the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the G-stimulatory protein of adenylyl cyclase. POH is part of a spectrum of related genetic disorders, including Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and primary osteoma cutis, that share common features of superficial ossification and association with inactivating mutations of GNAS. The genetics, diagnostic criteria, supporting clinical features, current management, and prognosis of POH are reviewed here, and emerging therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John T Fong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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50
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Lemos MC, Thakker RV. GNAS mutations in Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a and related disorders. Hum Mutat 2014; 36:11-9. [PMID: 25219572 PMCID: PMC4309471 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a (PHP1a) is characterized by hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia due to parathyroid hormone resistance, in association with the features of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). PHP1a is caused by maternally inherited inactivating mutations of Gs-alpha, which is encoded by a complex imprinted locus termed GNAS. Paternally inherited mutations can lead either to pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) characterized by AHO alone, or to progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH), characterized by severe heterotopic ossification. The clinical aspects and molecular genetics of PHP1a and its related disorders are reviewed together with the 343 kindreds with Gs-alpha germline mutations reported so far in the literature. These 343 (176 different) mutations are scattered throughout the 13 exons that encode Gs-alpha and consist of 44.9% frameshift, 28.0% missense, 14.0% nonsense, and 9.0% splice-site mutations, 3.2% in-frame deletions or insertions, and 0.9% whole or partial gene deletions. Frameshift and other highly disruptive mutations were more frequent in the reported 37 POH kindreds than in PHP1a/PPHP kindreds (97.3% vs. 68.7%, P < 0.0001). This mutation update and respective genotype-phenotype data may be of use for diagnostic and research purposes and contribute to a better understanding of these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Lemos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
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