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Tao R, Zhang Q, Duan J, Chen R, Yao L, Zhang R, Dong G, Chen H. Construction and evaluation of an antioxidant synergistic system containing vitamin C and vitamin E. J Microencapsul 2023; 40:157-170. [PMID: 36825613 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2183276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to develop a liposome that could exert unparalleled antioxidant effects. In the present study, a vitamin C (VC)/vitamin E (VE)-co-loaded multivesicular liposome (VCVE-MVL) was constructed. METHODS Vitamins were encapsulated in soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol (CHO) by multi-emulsification method. The concentration of VC was determined by Fast Blue method. The concentration of VE was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo was determined using β-carotene bleaching. RESULTS VCVE-MVL with particle diameter of 848.55 ± 0.29 nm and SPAN of 0.16 ± 0.11 were obtained. The encapsulation efficiency of VC reached 48.51% (w/w)±0.15. Compared with VC/VE solution, VCVE-MVL had a higher permeation efficiency. In addition, the in vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant tests verified the adequate antioxidant activity of VCVE-MVL. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the antioxidant synergistic system we constructed and demonstrated its potential applications in the cosmetics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Duan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyun Yao
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruiteng Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Dong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huali Chen
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Veloso C, Videira RA, Andrade PB, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Topical Fixed-Dose Combinations: Current in vitro methodologies for pre-clinical development. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121621. [PMID: 35219825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The combination of two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients in the same dosage form - fixed-dose combination products - for topical administration represents a promising therapeutic approach for treating several pathologies, including pain. The pre-clinical development of fixed-dose combination products aims to characterize the interactions between the different APIs and ensure that the final medicinal product has the required safety characteristics. To this end, there are several regulatory accepted in vitro tests to assess the safety of medicinal products intended for cutaneous administration. In turn, the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity should be based on models described in the scientific literature, as there are no models fully validated by competent entities. Therefore, the present work presents the information regarding accepted in vitro tests to assess the safety of topical products and the most used methods to assess anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, a new approach to select a fixed-dose combination product with the potential to enhance the therapeutic effects of the individual active pharmaceutical ingredients is rationalized by integrating the overall effects on several targets relevant for inflammation and pain management in one numeric index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Development and Percutaneous Permeation Study of Escinosomes, Escin-Based Nanovesicles Loaded with Berberine Chloride. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120682. [PMID: 31847489 PMCID: PMC6955842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Escin is a natural saponin, clinically used for the anti-edematous and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to explore the possibility of converting escin into vesicle bilayer-forming component. The hyaluronidase inhibition activity of escin was evaluated after its formulation in escinosomes. Berberine chloride, a natural quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several medicinal plants that is traditionally used for various skin conditions was loaded in the vesicles. The developed nanovesicles were characterized in terms of diameter, polydispersity, ζ-potential, deformability, recovery, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and release kinetics. Nanovesicle permeation properties through artificial membranes and rabbit ear skin were investigated using skin-PAMPATM and Franz cells were also evaluated. Escinosomes, made of phosphatidylcholine and escin, were loaded with berberine chloride. These nanovesicles displayed the best characteristics for skin application, particularly optimal polydispersity (0.17) and deformability, high negative ζ-potential value, great encapsulation efficiency (about 67%), high stability, and the best release properties of berberine chloride (about 75% after 24 h). In conclusion, escinosomes seem to be new vesicular carriers, capable to maintain escin properties such as hyaluronidase inhibition activity, and able to load other active molecules such as berberine chloride, in order to enhance or expand the activity of the loaded drug.
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Kluxen FM, Grégoire S, Schepky A, Hewitt NJ, Klaric M, Domoradzki JY, Felkers E, Fernandes J, Fisher P, McEuen SF, Parr-Dobrzanski R, Wiemann C. Dermal absorption study OECD TG 428 mass balance recommendations based on the EFSA database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104475. [PMID: 31539567 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance (EFSA, 2017) for dermal absorption (DA) studies recommends stringent mass balance (MB) limits of 95-105%. EFSA suggested that test material can be lost after penetration and requires that for chemicals with <5% absorption the non-recovered material must be added to the absorbed dose if MB is <95%. This has huge consequences for low absorption pesticides. Indeed, one third of the MBs in the EFSA DA database are outside the refined criteria. This is also true for DA data generated by Cosmetics Europe (Gregoire et al., 2019), indicating that this criterion is often not achieved even when using highly standardized protocols. While EFSA hypothesizes that modern analytical and pipetting techniques would enable to achieve this criterion, no scientific basis was provided. We describe how protocol procedures impact MB and evaluate the EFSA DA database to demonstrate that MB is subject to random variation. Generic application of "the addition rule" skews the measured data and increases the DA estimate, which results in unnecessary risk assessment failure. In conclusion, "missing material" is just a random negative deviation to the nominal dose. We propose a data-driven MB criterion of 90-110%, fully in line with OECD recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Kluxen
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L'Oreal Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France.
| | | | - Nicky J Hewitt
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Martina Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Edgars Felkers
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joshua Fernandes
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealotts Hill Research Station, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Philip Fisher
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, 16 Rue Jean-Marie Leclair, 69266, Lyon, France.
| | - Steven F McEuen
- FMC Corporation, Stine Research Center, S300/427, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE, 19714-0030, USA.
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Fakhraei Lahiji S, Kim Y, Kang G, Kim S, Lee S, Jung H. Tissue Interlocking Dissolving Microneedles for Accurate and Efficient Transdermal Delivery of Biomolecules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7886. [PMID: 31133711 PMCID: PMC6536679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in safe and efficient transdermal drug delivery systems has been increasing in recent decades. In light of that, polymeric dissolving microneedles (DMNs) were developed as an ideal platform capable of delivering micro- and macro-biomolecules across the skin in a minimally invasive manner. A vast majority of studies, however, suggest that the shape of DMNs, as well as the elastic properties of skin, affects the delivery efficiency of materials encapsulated within DMNs. Likewise, in dynamic tissues, DMNs would easily distend from the skin, leading to inefficient delivery of encapsulated agents. Thus, herein, to improve delivery efficiency of DMN encapsulated agents, a novel hyaluronic acid backbone-based tissue interlocking DMN (TI-DMN) is developed. TI-DMN is simple to fabricate and significantly improves the transdermal delivery efficiency of encapsulated materials compared with traditional DMNs. The enhanced tissue interlocking feature of TI-DMN is achieved through its sharp tip, wide body, and narrow neck geometry. This paper demonstrates that TI-DMN would serve as an attractive transdermal delivery platform to enhance penetration and delivery efficiency of a wide range of biomolecules into the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Fakhraei Lahiji
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youseong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea.
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Riebeling C, Luch A, Tralau T. Skin toxicology and 3Rs-Current challenges for public health protection. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:526-536. [PMID: 29575089 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the fast paced development of complex test systems in vitro, mass spectrometry and omics, we finally have the tools to unravel the molecular events that underlie toxicological adversity. Yet, timely regulatory adaptation of these new tools continues to pose major challenges even for organs readily accessible such as skin. The reasons for this encompass a need for conservatism as well as the need of tests to serve an existing regulatory framework rather than to produce scientific knowledge. It is important to be aware of this in order to align regulatory skin toxicity with the 3R principles more readily. While most chemical safety testing is still based on animal data, regulatory frameworks have seen a strong push towards non-animal approaches. The endpoints corrosion, irritation, sensitisation, absorption and phototoxicity, for example, can now be covered in vitro with the corresponding test guidelines (TGs) being made available by the OECD. However, in vitro approaches tend to be more reductionist. Hence, a combination of several tests is usually preferable to achieve satisfying predictivity. Moreover, the test systems and their combined use need to be standardised and are therefore subject not only to validation but also to the ongoing development of so-called integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs). Concomitantly, skin models are being refined to deliver the complexity required for increased applicability and predictivity. Given the importance of regulatory applicability for 3R-derived approaches to have a long-lasting impact, this review examines the state of regulatory implementation and perspectives, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Sullivan KM, Aggarwal M, Akins JM, Fabian E, Heylings JR, Raabe H, Shah P(P, Wiemann C, Peffer R. CONFIRMATION OF ACCEPTANCE
I, the undersigned chair of the Intensive Course, Dr. Nada Trunk Širca, hereby inform you that the following person:
Name: Amir Mohammadamini
Organization: University Payam Noor Mahabad, Iran
Has been accepted into the Intensive Course (Summer School): European Higher Education Area and Labour Market, which will be held in Piran, Slovenia from 13-17 May.
This Summer School is organized by the International School for Social and Business Studies (ISSBS) as part of the project Erasmus+, Jean Monnet Chair, titled EU Integration: European HE Area and Labour Market (EU:HELM)/. It is co-founded by the ISSBS and Erasmus+, Jean Monnet (ref. no. 2017- 2248; 586923-EPP-1-2017-1-SI-EPPJMO-CHAIR).
Two one-week intensive courses will be delivered:
a) Competitive EU – Research Policies, Innovations and Entrepreneurship b) European Higher Education and Graduates’ Employability
Dr. Nada Trunk Širca Intensive Course Chair
In Celje, Slovenia on 23 April 2019.
Dermal absorption for pesticide health risk assessment: Harmonization of study design and data reporting for North American Regulatory submissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:197-205. [PMID: 28916468 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Inter-laboratory skin distribution study of 4-n-butyl resorcinol: The importance of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) bioanalytical validation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1060:416-423. [PMID: 28675855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, three laboratories independently compared percutaneous absorption and distribution of 4-n-butylresorcinol, using human skin from five donors. Each laboratory used the same protocol for percutaneous absorption studies but different LC-MS/MS analytical methods to quantify the test compound. All laboratories respected the mass balance criteria (i.e. 100±15%; average 96.5-102% of applied dose). Regarding usual inter-lab variability, good agreement was observed for all compartments with the greatest difference in the epidermis: 3.3 fold increase. The data obtained demonstrate that robustness of skin absorption data rely on properly validated analytical methods including sample extraction and LC-MS/MS method. It also includes clearly defined cutaneous absorption protocol for dose skin preparation, application, washing and tape stripping.
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Desmedt B, Ates G, Courselle P, De Beer JO, Rogiers V, Hendrickx B, Deconinck E, De Paepe K. In vitro Dermal Absorption of Hydroquinone: Protocol Validation and Applicability on Illegal Skin-Whitening Cosmetics. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 29:300-308. [PMID: 28052295 DOI: 10.1159/000454719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, hydroquinone is a forbidden cosmetic ingredient. It is, however, still abundantly used because of its effective skin-whitening properties. The question arises as to whether the quantities of hydroquinone used become systemically available and may cause damage to human health. Dermal absorption studies can provide this information. In the EU, dermal absorption has to be assessed in vitro since the Cosmetic Regulation 1223/2009/EC forbids the use of animals. To obtain human-relevant data, a Franz diffusion cell protocol was validated using human skin. The results obtained were comparable to those from a multicentre validation study. The protocol was applied to hydroquinone and the dermal absorption ranged between 31 and 44%, which is within the range of published in vivo human values. This shows that a well-validated in vitro dermal absorption study using human skin provides relevant human data. The validated protocol was used to determine the dermal absorption of illegal skin-whitening cosmetics containing hydroquinone. All samples gave high dermal absorption values, rendering them all unsafe for human health. These results add to our knowledge of illegal cosmetics on the EU market, namely that they exhibit a negative toxicological profile and are likely to induce health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Desmedt
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Brussels, Belgium
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