Impact of the C1431T Polymorphism of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-γ) Gene on Fasted Serum Lipid Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

The Influence of FAM13A and PPAR-γ2 Gene Polymorphisms on the Metabolic State of Postmenopausal Women

Recently, we have observed two significant pandemics caused by communicable (COVID-19) and non-communicable factors (obesity). Obesity is related to a specific genetic background and characterized by immunogenetic features, such as low-grade systemic inflammation. The specific genetic variants include the presence of polymorphism of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors gene (PPAR-γ2; Pro12Ala, rs1801282, and C1431T, rs3856806 polymorphisms), β-adrenergic receptor gene (3β-AR; Trp64Arg, rs4994), and Family With Sequence Similarity 13 Member A gene (FAM13A; rs1903003, rs7671167, rs2869967). This study aimed to analyze the genetic background, body fat distribution, and hypertension risk in obese metabolically healthy postmenopausal women (n = 229, including 105 lean and 124 obese subjects). Each patient underwent anthropometric and genetic evaluations. The study has shown that the highest value of BMI was associated with visceral fat distribution. The analysis of particular genotypes has revealed no differences between lean and obese women except for FAM13A rs1903003 (CC), which was more prevalent in lean patients. The co-existence of the PPAR-γ2 C1431C variant with other FAM13A gene polymorphisms [rs1903003(TT) or rs7671167(TT), or rs2869967(CC)] was related to higher BMI values and visceral fat distribution (WHR > 0.85). The co-association of FAM13A rs1903003 (CC) and 3β-AR Trp64Arg was associated with higher values of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We conclude that the co-existence of FAM13A variants with C1413C polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene is responsible for body fat amount and distribution.

PPARγ Gene Polymorphisms, Metabolic Disorders, and Coronary Artery Disease

Being activated by endogenous and exogenous ligands, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes adipocyte differentiation, stimulates adipogenesis, and has the properties of anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. The Human PPARγ gene (PPARG) contains thousands of polymorphic loci, among them two polymorphisms (rs10865710 and rs7649970) in the promoter region and two polymorphisms (rs1801282 and rs3856806) in the exonic region were widely reported to be significantly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Mechanistically, PPARG polymorphisms lead to abnormal expression of PPARG gene and/or dysfunction of PPARγ protein, causing metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and thereby increasing susceptibility to CAD.

Dissecting miRNA–Gene Networks to Map Clinical Utility Roads of Pharmacogenomics-Guided Therapeutic Decisions in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) create systems networks and gene-expression circuits through molecular signaling and cell interactions that contribute to health imbalance and the emergence of cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). Because the clinical phenotypes of CVD patients present a diversity in their pathophysiology and heterogeneity at the molecular level, it is essential to establish genomic signatures to delineate multifactorial correlations, and to unveil the variability seen in therapeutic intervention outcomes. The clinically validated miRNA biomarkers, along with the relevant SNPs identified, have to be suitably implemented in the clinical setting in order to enhance patient stratification capacity, to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, to guide the selection of innovative therapeutic schemes, and to identify innovative drugs and delivery systems. In this article, the miRNA–gene networks and the genomic signatures resulting from the SNPs will be analyzed as a method of highlighting specific gene-signaling circuits as sources of molecular knowledge which is relevant to CVDs. In concordance with this concept, and as a case study, the design of the clinical trial GESS (NCT03150680) is referenced. The latter is presented in a manner to provide a direction for the improvement of the implementation of pharmacogenomics and precision cardiovascular medicine trials.

The relationship between genetic variants associated with primary ovarian insufficiency and lipid profile in women recruited from MASHAD cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is defined by the occurrence of menopause before the age of 40 years. It is often associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between POI-associated genotypes cardiometabolic disorder risk factors.

METHODS

One hundred seventeen women with POI and one hundred eighty-three healthy women without POI were recruited in this study. DNA was extracted and analyzed using ASO-PCR or Tetra ARMS-PCR. Lipid profiles were also assessed.

RESULTS

Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that individuals with GG vs. TT genotype of the rs1046089 SNP were more likely to have a higher serum LDL (p = 0.03) compared to the control group. There was also a significant association between low serum HDL and rs2303369 and rs4806660 SNP genotypes in the POI group. In the POI group, the percentage of those with high total cholesterol was lower in those with a CC genotype compared to those with a TT genotype (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

Some SNPs reported to be associated with POI appear to be independently associated with dyslipidemia. These results may be helpful to identify subjects with POI who may be susceptible to CVD.

A Genetic Variant in Proline and Serine Rich Coiled-Coil 1 Gene Is Associated with the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Proline and Serine Rich Coiled-Coil 1 gene in 1p13.3 locus has been reported to be associated with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the rs599839 polymorphism of the Proline and Serine Rich Coiled-Coil 1 (PSRC1) gene with CVD outcomes in a population sample recruited as part of the Mashhad-Stroke and Heart-Atherosclerotic-Disorders (MASHAD) cohort.

METHODS

Five hundred and nine individuals who had an average follow-up period of 10 years were enrolled as part of the MASHAD cohort. DNA was extracted and genotyped using the TaqMan-real-time-PCR based method.

RESULTS

The study found individuals with GA/GG genotypes were at a higher risk of CVDs (OR= 4.7; 95% CI, 2.5-8.7; p< 0.001) in comparison to those with AA genotype; however, the result was not significant for GG genotype data.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the GA/GG genotypes of the PSRC1gene locus were at increased risk of CVD in a representative population-based cohort, demonstrating further functional analysis to discover the value of emerging marker as a risk stratification biomarker to recognize high risk cases.

rs10865710 polymorphism in PPARG promoter is associated with the severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease in a Chinese population

BACKGROUND

Relationship between polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains to be clarified.

METHODS

635 subjects were divided into T2DM, CAD, T2DM complicated with CAD (T2DM/CAD) and control groups according to diagnostic criteria. The rs10865710 and rs3856806 polymorphisms were genotyped, and the severity of T2DM and CAD was evaluated for all subjects.

RESULTS

In patients with T2DM, G allele carriers of rs10865710 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of glucose, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) than non-carriers, T allele carriers of rs3856806 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ApoB and Lp(a) than non-carriers. In patients with CAD, G allele carriers of rs10865710 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), ApoB and Lp(a) than non-carriers, T allele carriers of rs3856806 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of body mass index, blood pressure, TC, LDL-C and ApoB than non-carriers. Patients with one or two G alleles of rs10865710 polymorphism had significantly higher levels of Gensini scores and more diseased coronary branches than those patients without CAD. The rs3856806 polymorphism was not associated with CAD severity, but it was found to be significantly associated with T2DM/CAD, T allele frequency was significantly higher in T2DM/CAD group than that in T2DM/CAD-free group.

CONCLUSIONS

The rs10865710 and rs3856806 polymorphisms in PPARG are significantly associated with glucose levels in patients with T2DM. The rs10865710 polymorphism is significantly associated with the severity of CAD, which is possibly mediated by hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia.

Association of a variant in the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene with risk of cervical cancer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the regulation of the immune system and potentially the progression of cervical neoplastic lesions. In this study, we aimed to explore the possible relationship between polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene and susceptibility to cervical cancer. The relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNF-α gene (rs1800629) and the risk of cervical cancer was evaluated in a total of 445 subjects with (n = 153), or without (n = 292) cancer. Genotyping was performed using a Taq-Man based real time PCR method. Logistic regression analysis showed that individuals with AG/AA genotypes had an increased risk of cervical cancer compared to those with a GG genotype (OR 3.79, 95% CI 2.4-5.7, < 0.001). Our findings demonstrated that a genetic variant in the TNF-α gene (rs1800629) was associated with increased level and risk of developing cervical cancer, suggesting its potential use as a genetic risk factor for cervical neoplasia.

The association between genetic variants in the genes for cytochrome P450 B1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter genes and breast cancer risk

Breast cancer is among the most common malignancies in women. Recent studies have shown that polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism and transport of anticancer drugs are associated with outcomes of several malignancies, e.g., breast cancer. In this study we evaluate whether CYP1B1/rs1056836 and ABCB1/rs2032582 gene variants are associated with breast cancer. Eighty eight cases and 200 controls, were genotyped for polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 and ABCB1 genes using Taqman®-based methods. Logistic regression was also used to test the associations between breast cancer risk and the various genotypes involved. The GG genotype of rs2032582 locus had a frequency of 43.5% with 0.38 MAF; while the GT and TT genotypes in the control group were 40% and 16.5%, respectively. The GG, GT and TT genotype frequencies in the patients with breast cancer were 45.5%, 12.5% and 26.1%, respectively. An association was observed between the TT genotype of ABCB1/rs2032582 locus and a larger breast cancer tumor size (P < 0.05). However, neither the relationship between the CYP1B1 polymorphism and breast cancer type nor the risk of breast cancer were statistically significant. Our data suggest a potential association of the ABCB1 genetic variant with breast cancer tumor size, however further investigation in a larger population is necessary to show its value as a risk stratification biomarker.

Assessment of Genetic Aspects of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver and Premature Cardiovascular Events

Recent evidence has demonstrated a strong interplay and multifaceted relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the major cause of death in patients with NAFLD. NAFLD also has strong associations with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to overview the primary environmental and genetic risk factors of NAFLD, and CVD and also focus on the genetic aspects of these two disorders. NAFLD and CVD are both heterogeneous diseases with common genetic and molecular pathways. We have searched for the latest published articles regarding this matter and tried to provide an overview of recent insights into the genetic aspects of NAFLD and CVD. The common genetic and molecular pathways involved in NAFLD and CVD are insulin resistance (IR), subclinical inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. According to an investigation, the exact associations between genomic characteristics of NAFLD and CVD and casual relationships are not fully determined. Different gene polymorphisms have been identified as the genetic components of the NAFLDCVD association. Some of the most documented ones of these gene polymorphisms are patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13), adiponectin-encoding gene (ADIPOQ), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), leptin receptor (LEPR), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7), and mutation in DYRK1B that substitutes cysteine for arginine at position 102 in kinase-like domain. Further cohort studies with a significant sample size using advanced genomic assessments and next-generation sequencing techniques are needed to shed more light on genetic associations between NAFLD and CVD.

Association of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B with increased risk of developing breast cancer

There is a growing body of data reporting the association of genetic alterations in chromosome 9P21 with the risk of developing cancer. In the current study, we studied the association of a genetic variant in CDKN2A/B, rs1333049, with the risk of developing breast cancer. A total of 339 participants with and without breast cancer entered to the study. Genotyping was done by the TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and gene expression analysis was ran by RT-PCR. Our data showed that the minor allele homozygote in the total population was 10%, whereas for heterozygote was 38%. The dominant genetic model demonstrated that individuals with breast cancer had advanced TNM classification. Moreover, the logistic regression revealed that individuals who had CC/CG genotypes might have an enhanced risk of developing breast cancer when compared to the holders of GG genotype (e.g., OR = 2.8; 95% CI,1.4-5.4; p = .001), after regulated for confounders; age and body mass index. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the CDKN2A/B gene was downregulated in patients (p < .001). We showed a meaningful relationship of CDKN2A/B with the risk of breast cancer, cancer, showing the importance of studies in great sample size and several centers for studying the value of the marker as a risk classification in the management of patients with breast cancer.

Association of a genetic variant in ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 gene with poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

Esophageal cancer is a common cause of death from cancer in men and the eighth most prevalent cancer globally. The morbidity and mortality rates are four times higher in men than in women. Genetic factors are among the susceptibility factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. The rs2032582 polymorphism is a triallelic missense variant of the ABCB1 gene, that has been reported to be associated with several cancers. Here we have explored the association of the ABCB1 rs2032582 polymorphism with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) for the first time in a total of 251 subjects, with and without ESCC. Data from patient's record were obtained from the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and were used to recruit ESCC patients into the study. A total of 89 ESCC patients and 162 healthy controls were included. DNAs were extracted and genotyped using a TaqMan real-time PCR-based method. Caplan Meier method was applied to analyze patients overall survival, and progression-free survival and log-rank were used in order to compare the results. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between risk of ESCC and different genotypes. Our data showed that patients with ESCC had a higher frequency of a T/A (TT/TA/AA) genotype for rs2032592 than individuals with GG-genotype. There were no associations between BMI and genotypic frequencies. Furthermore patients with TT/TA/AA genotypes had a poorer disease-free survival (P = 0.016) in comparison with GG genotype. We found a significant association of the ABCB1 rs2032582 polymorphism with prognosis, although further studies in a larger and multicenter setting are needed to value these findings. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1252-1258, 2019.

Leptin level decreases after treatment with the combination of Radiofrequency and Ultrasound cavitation in response to the reduction in adiposity

BACKGROUND

Obesity and overweight are major public health problem. Different-strategies have been developed for body contouring including Radiofrequency(RF) and Ultrasound(US). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in serum-leptin as a potential-modulator of food/energy intake, in overweight-women receiving RF/US and diet-therapy as well as the effect of therapy on modulation of lipid-profile and body-fat-mass.

METHODS

Fifty overweight-females were enrolled in current randomized-clinical-trial and randomly divided into two groups. The case group received RF/US twice a week for 5 weeks with a low calorie diet whilst the control-group received just a low calorie diet. Demographic, biochemical markers as well as serum-leptin were determined.

RESULTS

The level of leptin was reduced from 1.29 ± 0.32 ng/ml to 1.14 ± 0.34 ng/ml in case group, before and after therapy, respectively, whilst no significant differences were observed in the serum leptin levels of subjects in the control group. The combination of RF and US decreased the leptin-level. In particular, the mean reduction of abdominal-circumference and waist-circumference was significant (P < 0.05) after therapy. This reduction was inversely correlated with LDL levels. Weight was reduced in case and control groups and in both was significant, but no statistically significant differences were detected for weight between the groups(P < 0.93).

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrated the reduction of the leptin after treatment with the combination of Radiofrequency/Ultrasound cavitation, which was associated with reduced body-fat-mass.

Serum vitamin E as a significant prognostic factor in patients with dyslipidemia disorders

OBJECTIVES

Obesity and overweight are among the main causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Dyslipidemia, fatty liver index, is strongly related to CVD. Vitamin E as an antioxidant protects the hepatic cells against oxidative stress and prevents fatty liver disease. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric parameters and fasted lipid profile with serum vitamin E levels.

STUDY DESIGN

A randomized trial was designed based on data from the Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorders (MASHAD: 2010-2020).

METHODS

363 CVD subjects (173 males and 190 females) was selected at random, among 9704 subjects in three regions of Mashhad, northeast of Iran to investigate the specific correlations among their serum vitamin E, lipid profile (TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and TC), and anthropometric features (height, weight, BMI, hip and waist circumferences.

RESULT

The results indicated the significant relationships between vitamin E, and fasting serum lipid profile in subjects. Serum vitamin E was negatively correlated to TC, TG, and LDL-C and positively related to HDL-C. Also, statistically negative correlations were found between vitamin E and anthropometric parameters (weight, waist and hip circumference, middle Arm, and Systolic Blood Pressure). Moreover, vitamin E ratios such as vitamin E/(TC + TG) and vitamin E/TC values as standardized vitamin E, had significant negative correlation with BMI, the whole of anthropometric parameters, and dyslipidemia risk factors including TC, TG and LDL-C.

CONCLUSION

We found that vitamin E profile was significantly lower in the dyslipidemia subjects. It is generally suggested that vitamin E monitoring might be used as a useful prognostic and therapeutic agent in dyslipidemia disorder.

Serum level of gamma-glutamyl transferase as a biomarker for predicting stenosis severity in patients with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is associated with pathogenesis of various diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). GGT activity displays an essential role in the catabolism of glutathione which is reported as a major antioxidant. The aim of this study was to explore the association of GGT activity with obstruction severity of artery in 500 CAD patients.

RESULTS

Our finding showed a significant association between serum GGT activity and CAD patients. In particular, the level of GGT in patients who had ≥50% obstruction was higher, compared to healthy and patients with less than 50% obstruction in their coronary arteries (the level of GGT in patients with at least one (1 SVD), two (2VD), three (3VD) coronary artery obstruction were 55.6±9.7, 71.7±12.7 and 84.7±13.4, while these values in patients with negative angio or control group were 28±10 and 17±4.6). Furthermore, the activity of this marker was associated with increased the risk of CAD (Odd ratio of GGT in 3VD group: 2, 95%CI: 1.8-2.3), which was also related with HDL-C. Of note, the level of GGT was enhanced progressively with increasing the obstruction severity of arteries.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate the prognostic value of serum level of GGT as a biomarker for predicting obstruction severity in patients with CAD.

A genetic variant in CDKN2A/2B locus was associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is among the leading causes of cancer related death. Despite of extensive efforts in identifying valid cancer prognostic biomarkers, only a very small number of markers have been identified. Several genetic variants in the 9p21 region have been identified that are associated with the risk of multiple cancers. Here, we explored the association of two genetic variants in the 9p21 region, CDKN2A/B, rs10811661, and rs1333049 for the first time in 273 subjects with, or without ESCC. We observed that the patients with ESCC had a higher frequency of a TT genotype for rs10811661 than individuals in the control group, and this polymorphism was also associated with tumor size. Moreover, a CC genotype for the rs1333049 polymorphism was associated with a reduced overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC. In particular, patients with a CC (rs1333049) genotype had a significantly shorter OS (CC genotype: 34.5 ± 8.9 months vs. CG+GG: 47.7 ± 5.9 months; p value = 0.03). We have also shown the association of a novel genetic variant in CDKN2B gene with clinical outcome of patients with ESCC. Further investigations are warranted in a larger population to explore the value of emerging markers as a risk stratification marker in ESCC.

A genetic polymorphism in the CYP1B1 gene in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: an Iranian Mashhad cohort study recruited over 10 years

Aim: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer globally and the seventh most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Recent studies have shown that CYP450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1, which plays a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics, is associated with several cancers. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the association between a genetic variant, CYP1B1-rs1056836 gene, with the clinical characteristics of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC). Method: In this study, 117 patients with ESCC and 208 healthy controls were recruited. DNA was extracted and genotyped using real-time PCR-based TaqMan. Kaplan–Meier curves were utilized to assess overall and progression-free survival. To evaluate the relationship between clinicopathological data, genotypic frequencies, disease prognosis and survival, Pearson's χ2 and t-test were used. Logistic regression was utilized to assess the association between the risk of ESCC and genotypes. Results: The genotypic frequency for GG, GC and CC were 58.6, 29.8 and 11.5%, respectively, in the healthy subjects and 51.8, 36.14 and 12% in the ESCC group. An association between the GG genotype and stage of ESCC was found. Also, statistically significant results were not found for this variation and risk of ESCC. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a relationship between the CYP1B1-rs1056836 genetic polymorphism and clinical features of ESCC, supporting further studies in larger populations in different ethnic groups, taking into account potentially important environmental factors such as diet.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Concurrent to an increase in NAFLD prevalence, there is an increase in the obesity epidemic and the correlated insulin-resistant state. It is a challenge to diagnose NAFLD because many patients are asymptomatic until the later stages of disease. The most common symptoms include fatigue, malaise, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant. The major and most accurate tool to clinically diagnose NAFLD is a liver biopsy, followed by histological analysis. However, this procedure is invasive and often carries a high risk of complications. Currently, there are no officially approved medications for the treatment of NAFLD. Although lifestyle modifications with proper diet and exercise have been shown to be beneficial, this has been difficult to achieve and sustain for many patients. Effective pharmacological treatments are still lacking; therefore, additional research to identify novel drugs is clearly warranted. PPARs are promising drug targets for the management of NAFLD and its related conditions of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on the association of PPARs and NAFLD.

Metabolic syndrome and its components are related to psychological disorders: A population based study

BACKGROUND

Psychological disorders are considered as today's one of the most important public health problems all around the world. Another alarming condition, which attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is metabolic syndrome (Mets). The aims of the current study were to explore (1) the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a large representative population of Iran, and (2) evaluate their possible association with MetS patients.

METHOD

Applying a randomized stratified-cluster approach, 9829 adults, aged 35-65 years, were recruited as part of the MASHAD study. Socio demographic, anthropometric and biochemical analyses were performed. Beck's anxiety inventory and Beck's depression inventory II were applied to assessment of the degree of anxiety and depression among the subjects.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MetS, anxiety and depression were 38.8%, 25% and 31.5%, respectively. The prevalence of these factors was significantly (P<0.05) higher in women, compared to men and subjects with MetS were significantly (P<0.05) associated with both anxiety and depression. Additionally, multivariate analysis after adjusting for potential confounders showed a significant relationship between MetS and anxiety (p=0.04).

CONCLUSION

Our data demonstrates the significant association of MetS components with anxiety and depression and high prevalence of these co-morbidities in adults, particularly in women.

The interaction between a HSP-70 gene variant with dietary calories in determining serum markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk

BACKGROUND

The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally is attributable to an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Gene × diet interaction studies aim to explore how a modifiable factor interacts with genetic predispositions. Here we have explored the interaction of a heat shock protein (HSP70) gene polymorphism (+1267A > G) with dietary intake and their possible association with serum C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, that is a major component of CVD risk.

METHODS

HSP70 genotype was determined using a TaqMan real time PCR based method.Dietary intake was assessed using a dietary questionnaire. Serum high sensitivity (Hs) CRP and other cardiovascular risk factors were assessed by routine methods. This included coronary angioplasty to determine the presence of coronary artery stenosis.

RESULTS

There were significant differences between serum lipid profile and Hs-CRP across the genotypes for Hsp70. The carriers of G allele had higher serum hs-CRP concentrations, compared with the AA homozygotes, with the wild genotype. Interaction analysis showed the association was modulated by total energy intake; the interaction of high energy intake with GG genotype: RERI = 0.77, AP = 0.26, S = 1.6.

CONCLUSION

We have found a significant association between the +1267A > G variant of the HSP70 gene with cardiovascular risk factors and serum hs-CRP concentrations. It is possible that a low energy diet could ameliorate the unfavorable effects of G allele of HSP70.

Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factors

Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation, progression, and clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The aim of the current study was to investigate the serum concentrations of 12 cytokines and growth factors (EGF, INF-γ, IL-1α/-1β/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF) in an Iranian population, including 192 smokers, comparing these values with concentrations in nonsmokers. One hundred and ninety-two cases were enrolled from the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Of these cases, 82 were cigarette smokers and 110 were nonsmokers. Sex and age were matched for the two groups. The serum concentration of 12 cytokines and growth factors were determined using EV-3513-cytokine-biochip arrays, by competitive chemiluminescence immunoassays. The level of serum MCP-1 was significantly ( p < .001) lower in the female group of cigarette smokers (mean = 88.1 dL/ng), compared with nonsmokers (mean = 155.6 dL/ng). There were no significant differences for the other cytokines and growth factors between the groups. Our finding demonstrate the association of MCP-1 with cigarette smoking, supporting further studies in larger population on evaluating the role of cigarette smoking on pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines.

PPARγ2 C1431T Polymorphism Interacts with the Antiobesogenic Effects of Kochujang, a Korean Fermented, Soybean-Based Red Pepper Paste, in Overweight/Obese Subjects: A 12-Week, Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Kochujang, a Korean fermented soybean-based red pepper paste, has been reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to examine the antiobesity effects of Kochujang as a supplement in overweight/obese subjects according polymorphisms in the obesity-linked gene, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor γ (PPARγ2). Sixty overweight/obese subjects, who had body mass indexes (BMI, kg/m2) ≥23 or waist/hip ratios (WHR) ≥0.90 for males or ≥0.85 for females, were randomly assigned to either taking 32 g/day of placebo or Kochujang for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, anthropometric and metabolic parameters and body fat distribution (by computed tomography) were measured. After PPARγ2 C1431T polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, the differences among the four groups (wild and mutant alleles in Kochujang and placebo groups) were determined. Between the Kochujang (n = 26) and placebo (n = 27) groups, there were no differences in body composition, insulin resistance, or antioxidant biomarkers before and after intervention. Compared to placebo, Kochujang significantly decreased plasma triglyceride (TG), TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and dietary intakes of protein, sodium, and potassium after age, sex, and BMI were adjusted. The beneficial effects of Kochujang on lowering of TG and TG/HDL were weakened in subjects with the PPARγ2 mutant T allele with increasing subcutaneous fat area. However, the interaction between Kochujang and the PPARγ2 T allele improved insulin sensitivity. The obesogenic variables affected by the T mutant allele of PPARγ2 C1431T SNP were different in overweight/obese subjects in response to Kochujang.

The Gene-Diet Associations in Postmenopausal Women with Newly Diagnosed Dyslipidemia

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor - PPAR gamma-2 (Pro12Ala, C1431T) and beta 3-adrenergic receptor - ADRB3 (Trp64Arg) and dietary habits in a group of postmenopausal women who were not under hypolipidemic treatment.

DESIGN

Genetic, nutritional and anthropometric parameters were measured in 213 dyslipidemic (LDL ≥115 mg/dL) and 58 normolipidemic (LDL<115) postmenopausal women. The PCR-RFLP method were used to determine the distributions of selected alleles and genotype frequencies. Dietary intake of basic components and fatty acids was obtained from a 7-day weighed food record and the bio-impedance method was used to determine nutritional status.

RESULTS

Nearly 79% of analyzed women were in the first-time-diagnosed dyslipidemic state. The dyslipidemic subjects were characterized with higher intake of energy, fat, and saturated fatty acids (SFA). The analysis of the same polymorphisms showed association at the P value <0.05 with nutrients (fat, SFA, and polyunsaturated fatty acid - PUFA and saccharose) and elevated LDL level. Higher PUFA intake in a group of women with the protective Ala12/X polymorphism did not increase the risk of dyslipidemia even though they were characterized by visceral distribution of fat. The Arg64/X polymorphism and higher intake of energy, fat, and arachidic acid intake (C20:0) were associated with dyslipidemic state.

CONCLUSION

Both nutritional and genetic factors are related to lipid profile. The identification of gene-diet associations is likely to provide useful information about the etiology of postmenopausal dyslipidemia and help in effective treatment.

Relationship between serum cytokines receptors and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels and coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing globally, supporting the need for the identification of novel biomarkers. Therefore in the present study, we have explored the association of SIL2A, SIL6R, STNFRI, STNFRII, and MMP9 in CAD patients.

METHODS

Twenty one patients with angiographically defined CAD with more than 50% occlusion, at least, in one coronary artery and twenty healthy subjects (n=20) without the history of cardiovascular symptoms were enrolled. Demographic and biochemical analysis (e.g. Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), and HDL-C) were measured in all the subjects. The level of cytokines receptor (SIL2A, SIL6R, SIL6R, STNFRI, STNFRII, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Our results showed the higher level of MMP9 in patients group compared to the control subjects, while no significant differences were detected for other cytokines. In particular the level of MMP9 was significantly (P=.015) increased from 181.16 ng/mL (95%CI: 112.1-199.2) to 192.0 ng/mL (95%CI: 181.5-265.2). Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of MMP9 were 95.45% and 45%, respectively, as detected by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate the significant correlation of MMP-9 with CAD with sensitivity of 95.45%, suggesting its role as a biomarker in CAD patients. Further studies in larger population - preferably multicenter setting - are warranted to explore the functional role of this marker in coronary artery disease.

Nutrigenomic Functions of PPARs in Obesogenic Environments

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that mediate the effects of several nutrients or drugs through transcriptional regulation of their target genes in obesogenic environments. This review consists of three parts. First, we summarize current knowledge regarding the role of PPARs in governing the development of white and brown/beige adipocytes from uncommitted progenitor cells. Next, we discuss the interactions of dietary bioactive molecules, such as fatty acids and phytochemicals, with PPARs for the modulation of PPAR-dependent transcriptional activities and metabolic consequences. Lastly, the effects of PPAR polymorphism on obesity and metabolic outcomes are discussed. In this review, we aim to highlight the critical role of PPARs in the modulation of adiposity and subsequent metabolic adaptation in response to dietary challenges and genetic modifications. Understanding the changes in obesogenic environments as a consequence of PPARs/nutrient interactions may help expand the field of individualized nutrition to prevent obesity and obesity-associated metabolic comorbidities.

The C1431T polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is associated with low risk of diabetes in a Pakistani cohort

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a socioeconomic burden in Pakistan. International diabetes federation reported 6.9 million cases of diabetes and 87,548 deaths due to diabetes in Pakistan in 2014. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors are transcription factors, regulating several physiological processes.

AIM

The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of silent variant C1431T in exon 6 of PPAR-y and analyze its effect on various anthropometric and biochemical parameters in a Pakistani cohort.

METHODS

We collected 926 samples, 500 healthy controls (fasting blood sugar <99 mg/dL, random blood sugar <126 mg/dL) and 426 cases with diabetes (fasting blood sugar >99 mg/dL, random blood sugar >126 mg/dL). The genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and serum biochemical parameters were determined by commercially available kits.

RESULTS

The genotyping results by RLFP showed allelic frequency C = 61.2 % and T = 38.8 % in controls while C = 74.5 % and T = 25.5 % in cases (OR 0.536, CI 0.439-0.655, p = 8.2 × 10(-10)) and genotypic frequency CC = 38.8 %, CT = 44.7 %, TT = 16.5 % in controls. While CC = 53.6 %, CT = 41.4 %, TT = 5.1 % in cases (OR 0.544, CI 0.408-0.726, p = 2.3 × 10(-10)). The rare T allele appeared to be a protective allele i.e., the presence of rare allele lowered the risk of diabetes in the studied cohort. The biochemical and anthropometric parameters were analyzed for any significant association with the SNP showing that C1431T variant has an association with BMI, weight, fasting glucose and LDLC. However, no significant association was found with age, gender, height, HDLC, TC, triglycerides and leptin.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the presence of minor allele lowers the risk of diabetes and the effect may involve modulating certain serum parameters.

Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, delta, and gamma polymorphisms and risk of coronary heart disease: A case-control study and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been suggested to be associated with polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), while the results were controversial. We aimed to systematically assess the association between PPAR polymorphisms and CHD risk.

METHODS

A case-control study with 446 subjects was conducted to evaluate the association between CHD risk and C161T polymorphism, which was of our special interest as this polymorphism showed different effects on risks of CHD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Meta-analyses were conducted to assess all PPAR polymorphisms. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was adopted to estimate overall odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS

In the case-control study, T allele carriers of C161T polymorphism were not significantly associated with CHD risk (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-1.15, P = 0.19), while T allele carriers showed higher risk of ACS (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.00-2.65, P = 0.048). The meta-analysis indicated that compared with CC homozygous, T allele carriers had lower CHD risk (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.82, P < 0.001) but higher ACS risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.09-1.87, P = 0.010). Three other polymorphisms were also found to be significantly associated with CHD risk under dominant model: PPAR-alpha intron 7G/C polymorphism (CC+GC vs GG, OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.13-1.78, P = 0.003), L162V polymorphism (VV+LV vs LL, OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.97, P = 0.031), and PPAR-delta +294T/C polymorphism (CC+TC vs TT, OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.12-2.05, P = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that PPAR-alpha intron 7G/C and L162V, PPAR-delta +294T/C and PPAR-gamma C161T polymorphisms could affect CHD susceptibility, and C161T polymorphism might have different effects on CHD and ACS.

Is the Mouse a Good Model of Human PPARγ-Related Metabolic Diseases?

With the increasing number of patients affected with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, academic researchers and pharmaceutical companies are eager to better understand metabolic syndrome and develop new drugs for its treatment. Many studies have focused on the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which plays a crucial role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. These studies have been able to connect this transcription factor to several human metabolic diseases. Due to obvious limitations concerning experimentation in humans, animal models—mainly mouse models—have been generated to investigate the role of PPARγ in different tissues. This review focuses on the metabolic features of human and mouse PPARγ-related diseases and the utility of the mouse as a model.

Gene polymorphisms associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease: a concise review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease which represents a wide spectrum of hepatic damage. Several studies have reported that NAFLD is a strong independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). And patients with NAFLD are at higher risk and suggested undergoperiodic cardiovascular risk assessment. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for the main cause of death in patients with NAFLD, and is mostly influenced by genetic factors. Both NAFLD and CAD are heterogeneous disease. Common pathways involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and CAD includes insulin resistance (IR), atherogenic dyslipidemia, subclinical inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. Genomic characteristics of these two diseases have been widely studied, further research about the association of these two diseases draws attention. The gene polymorphisms of adiponectin-encoding gene (ADIPOQ), leptin receptor (LEPR), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), sterol regulatory elementbinding proteins (SREBP), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-α) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) have been reported to be related to NAFLD and CAD. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of recent insights into the genetic basis of NAFLD and CAD.