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Moore AM, Novak AG, Lehman MN. KNDy Neurons of the Hypothalamus and Their Role in GnRH Pulse Generation: an Update. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad194. [PMID: 38170643 PMCID: PMC10768882 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that synchronized activity within a reciprocally connected population of cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) coexpressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (KNDy cells) is crucial for the generation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses in mammals. The initial "KNDy hypothesis" proposed that pulsatile GnRH secretion is elicited by episodic kisspeptin release from KNDy cells following synchronized activation and termination of the population by NKB and dynorphin, respectively. Since then, the role of KNDy cells as a critical component of the pulse generator has been further supported by studies at the single-cell level, demonstrating that the population is both necessary and sufficient for pulsatility. In addition, there have been considerable modifications and expansion of the original hypothesis, including work demonstrating the critical role of glutamate in synchronization of the KNDy cell network, functional interactions with other ARC subpopulations, and the existence of species differences in the role of dynorphin in pulse generation. Here we review these recent changes and discuss how the translation of these findings has led to the development of new therapies for disorders related to pulse generation. We also outline critical gaps in knowledge that are currently limiting the application of KNDy research in the clinic, particularly regarding the role of dynorphin in pulse generation in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Alyssa G Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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2
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Piet R. Circadian and kisspeptin regulation of the preovulatory surge. Peptides 2023; 163:170981. [PMID: 36842628 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Fertility in mammals is ultimately controlled by a small population of neurons - the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons - located in the ventral forebrain. GnRH neurons control gonadal function through the release of GnRH, which in turn stimulates the secretion of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In spontaneous ovulators, ovarian follicle maturation eventually stimulates, via sex steroid feedback, the mid-cycle surge in GnRH and LH secretion that causes ovulation. The GnRH/LH surge is initiated in many species just before the onset of activity through processes controlled by the central circadian clock, ensuring that the neuroendocrine control of ovulation and sex behavior are coordinated. This review aims to give an overview of anatomical and functional studies that collectively reveal some of the mechanisms through which the central circadian clock regulates GnRH neurons and their afferent circuits to drive the preovulatory surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Piet
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States.
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3
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Kauffman AS. Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying estrogen positive feedback and the LH surge. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:953252. [PMID: 35968365 PMCID: PMC9364933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.953252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental principle in reproductive neuroendocrinology is sex steroid feedback: steroid hormones secreted by the gonads circulate back to the brain to regulate the neural circuits governing the reproductive neuroendocrine axis. These regulatory feedback loops ultimately act to modulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, thereby affecting gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary. In females, rising estradiol (E2) during the middle of the menstrual (or estrous) cycle paradoxically "switch" from being inhibitory on GnRH secretion ("negative feedback") to stimulating GnRH release ("positive feedback"), resulting in a surge in GnRH secretion and a downstream LH surge that triggers ovulation. While upstream neural afferents of GnRH neurons, including kisspeptin neurons in the rostral hypothalamus, are proposed as critical loci of E2 feedback action, the underlying mechanisms governing the shift between E2 negative and positive feedback are still poorly understood. Indeed, the precise cell targets, neural signaling factors and receptors, hormonal pathways, and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian-derived E2 indirectly stimulates GnRH surge secretion remain incompletely known. In many species, there is also a circadian component to the LH surge, restricting its occurrence to specific times of day, but how the circadian clock interacts with endocrine signals to ultimately time LH surge generation also remains a major gap in knowledge. Here, we focus on classic and recent data from rodent models and discuss the consensus knowledge of the neural players, including kisspeptin, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and glia, as well as endocrine players, including estradiol and progesterone, in the complex regulation and generation of E2-induced LH surges in females.
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Semaan SJ, Kauffman AS. Developmental sex differences in the peri-pubertal pattern of hypothalamic reproductive gene expression, including Kiss1 and Tac2, may contribute to sex differences in puberty onset. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 551:111654. [PMID: 35469849 PMCID: PMC9889105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating puberty still remain elusive, as do the underlying causes for sex differences in puberty onset (girls before boys) and pubertal disorders. Neuroendocrine puberty onset is signified by increased pulsatile GnRH secretion, yet how and when various upstream reproductive neural circuits change developmentally to govern this process is poorly understood. We previously reported day-by-day peri-pubertal increases (Kiss1, Tac2) or decreases (Rfrp) in hypothalamic gene expression of female mice, with several brain mRNA changes preceding external pubertal markers. However, similar pubertal measures in males were not previously reported. Here, to identify possible neural sex differences underlying sex differences in puberty onset, we analyzed peri-pubertal males and directly compared them with female littermates. Kiss1 expression in male mice increased over the peri-pubertal period in both the AVPV and ARC nuclei but with lower levels than in females at several ages. Likewise, Tac2 expression in the male ARC increased between juvenile and older peri-pubertal stages but with levels lower than females at most ages. By contrast, both DMN Rfrp expressionand Rfrp neuronal activation strongly decreased in males between juvenile and peri-pubertal stages, but with similar levels as females. Neither ARC KNDy neuronal activation nor Kiss1r expression in GnRH neurons differed between males and females or changed with age. These findings delineate several peri-pubertal changes in neural populations in developing males, with notable sex differences in kisspeptin and NKB neuron developmental patterns. Whether these peri-pubertal hypothalamic sex differences underlie sex differences in puberty onset deserves future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J Semaan
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Delcour C, Khawaja N, Gonzalez-Duque S, Lebon S, Talbi A, Drira L, Chevenne D, Ajlouni K, de Roux N. Estrogen Receptor α Inactivation in 2 Sisters: Different Phenotypic Severities for the Same Pathogenic Variant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2553-e2562. [PMID: 35134944 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogens play an essential role in reproduction. Their action is mediated by nuclear α and β receptors (ER) and by membrane receptors. Only 3 females and 2 males, from 3 families, with a loss of ERα function have been reported to date. OBJECTIVE We describe here a new family, in which 2 sisters display endocrine and ovarian defects of different severities despite carrying the same homozygous rare variant of ESR1. METHODS A 36-year-old woman from a consanguineous Jordanian family presented with primary amenorrhea and no breast development, with high plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and enlarged multifollicular ovaries, strongly suggesting estrogen resistance. Her 18-year-old sister did not enter puberty and had moderately high levels of E2, high plasma gonadotropin levels, and normal ovaries. RESULTS Genetic analysis identified a homozygous variant of ESR1 leading to the replacement of a highly conserved glutamic acid with a valine (ERα-E385V). The transient expression of ERα-E385V in HEK293A and MDA-MB231 cells revealed highly impaired ERE-dependent transcriptional activation by E2. The analysis of the KISS1 promoter activity revealed that the E385V substitution induced a ligand independent activation of ERα. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that less ERα-E385V than ERα-WT was translocated into the nucleus in the presence of E2. CONCLUSION These 2 new cases are remarkable given the difference in the severity of their ovarian and hormonal phenotypes. This phenotypic discrepancy may be due to a mechanism partially compensating for the ERα loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Delcour
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Nahla Khawaja
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Duque
- Biochemistry-Hormonology Laboratory, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lebon
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Abir Talbi
- Biochemistry-Hormonology Laboratory, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Leila Drira
- Biochemistry-Hormonology Laboratory, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Didier Chevenne
- Biochemistry-Hormonology Laboratory, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Kamel Ajlouni
- National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nicolas de Roux
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1141 NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
- Biochemistry-Hormonology Laboratory, AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, 75019 Paris, France
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Campbell RE, Coolen LM, Hoffman GE, Hrabovszky E. Highlights of neuroanatomical discoveries of the mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone system. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13115. [PMID: 35502534 PMCID: PMC9232911 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy and morphology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons makes them both a joy and a challenge to investigate. They are a highly unique population of neurons given their developmental migration into the brain from the olfactory placode, their relatively small number, their largely scattered distribution within the rostral forebrain, and, in some species, their highly varied individual anatomical characteristics. These unique features have posed technological hurdles to overcome and promoted fertile ground for the establishment and use of creative approaches. Historical and more contemporary discoveries defining GnRH neuron anatomy remain critical in shaping and challenging our views of GnRH neuron function in the regulation of reproductive function. We begin this review with a historical overview of anatomical discoveries and developing methodologies that have shaped our understanding of the reproductive axis. We then highlight significant discoveries across specific groups of mammalian species to address some of the important comparative aspects of GnRH neuroanatomy. Lastly, we touch on unresolved questions and opportunities for future neuroanatomical research on this fascinating and important population of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Lique M. Coolen
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOhioUSA
| | | | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineBudapestHungary
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7
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Goodman RL, Herbison AE, Lehman MN, Navarro VM. Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Pulsatile and surge modes of secretion. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13094. [PMID: 35107859 PMCID: PMC9948945 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept that different systems control episodic and surge secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was well established by the time that GnRH was identified and formed the framework for studies of the physiological roles of GnRH, and later kisspeptin. Here, we focus on recent studies identifying the neural mechanisms underlying these two modes of secretion, with an emphasis on their core components. There is now compelling data that kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus that also contain neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (i.e., KNDy cells) and their projections to GnRH dendrons constitute the GnRH pulse generator in mice and rats. There is also strong evidence for a similar role for KNDy neurons in sheep and goats, and weaker data in monkeys and humans. However, whether KNDy neurons act on GnRH dendrons and/or GnRH soma and dendrites that are found in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of these species remains unclear. The core components of the GnRH/luteinising hormone surge consist of an endocrine signal that initiates the process and a neural trigger that drives GnRH secretion during the surge. In all spontaneous ovulators, the core endocrine signal is a rise in estradiol secretion from the maturing follicle(s), with the site of estrogen positive feedback being the rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons in rodents and neurons in the MBH of sheep and primates. There is considerable species variations in the neural trigger, with three major classes. First, in reflex ovulators, this trigger is initiated by coitus and carried to the hypothalamus by neural or vascular pathways. Second, in rodents, there is a time of day signal that originates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and activates rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons and GnRH soma and dendrites. Finally, in sheep nitric oxide-producing neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, KNDy neurons and rostral kisspeptin neurons all appear to participate in driving GnRH release during the surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allan E. Herbison
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Victor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Sivalingam M, Ogawa S, Trudeau VL, Parhar IS. Conserved functions of hypothalamic kisspeptin in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 317:113973. [PMID: 34971635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin encoded by KISS1/Kiss1 gene emerged as a regulator of the reproductive axis in mammals following the discovery of the kisspeptin receptor (Kissr) and its role in reproduction. Kisspeptin-Kissr systems have been investigated in various vertebrates, and a conserved sequence of kisspeptin-Kissr has been identified in most vertebrate species except in the avian linage. In addition, multiple paralogs of kisspeptin sequences have been identified in the non-mammalian vertebrates. The allegedly conserved role of kisspeptin-Kissr in reproduction became debatable when kiss/kissr genes-deficient zebrafish and medaka showed no apparent effect on the onset of puberty, sexual development, maturation and reproductive capacity. Therefore, it is questionable whether the role of kisspeptin in reproduction is conserved among vertebrate species. Here we discuss from a comparative and evolutional aspect the diverse functions of kisspeptin and its receptor in vertebrates. Primarily this review focuses on the role of hypothalamic kisspeptin in reproductive and non-reproductive functions that are conserved in vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mageswary Sivalingam
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Rønnekleiv OK, Qiu J, Kelly MJ. Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons and the Control of Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqab253. [PMID: 34953135 PMCID: PMC8758343 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons provide indispensable excitatory transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons for the coordinated release of gonadotropins, estrous cyclicity, and ovulation. But maintaining reproductive functions is metabolically demanding so there must be a coordination with multiple homeostatic functions, and it is apparent that Kiss1 neurons play that role. There are 2 distinct populations of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons, namely arcuate nucleus (Kiss1ARH) neurons and anteroventral periventricular and periventricular nucleus (Kiss1AVPV/PeN) neurons in rodents, both of which excite GnRH neurons via kisspeptin release but are differentially regulated by ovarian steroids. Estradiol (E2) increases the expression of kisspeptin in Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons but decreases its expression in Kiss1ARH neurons. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons coexpress glutamate and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons coexpress gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), both of which are upregulated by E2 in females. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons express critical metabolic hormone receptors, and these neurons are excited by insulin and leptin during the fed state. Moreover, Kiss1ARH neurons project to and excite the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons but inhibit the orexigenic neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide neurons, highlighting their role in regulating feeding behavior. Kiss1ARH and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons also project to the preautonomic paraventricular nucleus (satiety) neurons and the dorsomedial nucleus (energy expenditure) neurons to differentially regulate their function via glutamate and GABA release, respectively. Therefore, this review will address not only how Kiss1 neurons govern GnRH release, but how they control other homeostatic functions through their peptidergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic connections, providing further evidence that Kiss1 neurons are the key neurons coordinating energy states with reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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10
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Jamieson BB, Moore AM, Lohr DB, Thomas SX, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Campbell RE, Piet R. Prenatal androgen treatment impairs the suprachiasmatic nucleus arginine-vasopressin to kisspeptin neuron circuit in female mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951344. [PMID: 35992143 PMCID: PMC9388912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with elevated androgen and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and with oligo/anovulation. Evidence indicates that elevated androgens impair sex steroid hormone feedback regulation of pulsatile LH secretion. Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS may also disrupt the preovulatory LH surge. The mechanisms through which this might occur, however, are not fully understood. Kisspeptin (KISS1) neurons of the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) convey hormonal cues to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. In rodents, the preovulatory surge is triggered by these hormonal cues and coincident timing signals from the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Timing signals are relayed to GnRH neurons, in part, via projections from SCN arginine-vasopressin (AVP) neurons to RP3VKISS1 neurons. Because rodent SCN cells express androgen receptors (AR), we hypothesized that these circuits are impaired by elevated androgens in a mouse model of PCOS. In prenatally androgen-treated (PNA) female mice, SCN Ar expression was significantly increased compared to that found in prenatally vehicle-treated mice. A similar trend was seen in the number of Avp-positive SCN cells expressing Ar. In the RP3V, the number of kisspeptin neurons was preserved. Anterograde tract-tracing, however, revealed reduced SCNAVP neuron projections to the RP3V and a significantly lower proportion of RP3VKISS1 neurons with close appositions from SCNAVP fibers. Functional assessments showed, on the other hand, that RP3VKISS1 neuron responses to AVP were maintained in PNA mice. These findings indicate that PNA changes some of the neural circuits that regulate the preovulatory surge. These impairments might contribute to ovulatory dysfunction in PNA mice modeling PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B. Jamieson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aleisha M. Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Dayanara B. Lohr
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Simone X. Thomas
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lique M. Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Piet
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard Piet,
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11
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Mohapatra SS, Mukherjee J, Banerjee D, Das PK, Ghosh PR, Das K. RFamide peptides, the novel regulators of mammalian HPG axis: A review. Vet World 2021; 14:1867-1873. [PMID: 34475710 PMCID: PMC8404114 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1867-1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) are the group of neuropeptides synthesized predominantly from the hypothalamus that negatively affects the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal (hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal [HPG]) axis. These peptides are first identified in quail brains and emerged as the mammalian orthologs of avian gonadotropin inhibitory hormones. The RFRP-3 neurons in the hypothalamus are present in several mammalian species. The action of RFRP-3 is mediated through a G-protein-coupled receptor called OT7T022. The predominant role of RFRP-3 is the inhibition of HPG axis with several other effects such as the regulation of metabolic activity, stress regulation, controlling of non-sexual motivated behavior, and sexual photoperiodicity in concert with other neuropeptides such as kisspeptin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), pro-opiomelanocortin, orexin, and melanin. RFamide peptides synthesized in the granulosa cells, interstitial cells, and seminiferous tubule regulate steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in the gonads. The present review is intended to provide the recent findings that explore the role of RFRP-3 in regulating HPG axis and its potential applications in the synchronization of reproduction and its therapeutic interventions to prevent stress-induced amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Smita Mohapatra
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Joydip Mukherjee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Banerjee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Das
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Prabal Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kinsuk Das
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Rumpler É, Skrapits K, Takács S, Göcz B, Trinh SH, Rácz G, Matolcsy A, Kozma Z, Ciofi P, Dhillo WS, Hrabovszky E. Characterization of Kisspeptin Neurons in the Human Rostral Hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:249-262. [PMID: 32299085 DOI: 10.1159/000507891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptin (KP) neurons in the rostral periventricular region of the 3rd ventricle (RP3V) of female rodents mediate positive estrogen feedback to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and, thus, play a fundamental role in the mid-cycle luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. The RP3V is sexually dimorphic, and male rodents with lower KP cell numbers are unable to mount estrogen-induced LH surges. OBJECTIVE To find and characterize the homologous KP neurons in the human brain, we studied formalin-fixed post-mortem hypothalami. METHODS Immunohistochemical techniques were used. RESULTS The distribution of KP neurons in the rostral hypothalamus overlapped with distinct subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus. The cell numbers decreased after menopause, indicating that estrogens positively regulate KP gene expression in the rostral hypothalamus in humans, similarly to several other species. Young adult women and men had similar cell numbers, as opposed to rodents reported to have more KP neurons in the RP3V of females. Human KP neurons differed from the homologous rodent cells as well, in that they were devoid of enkephalins, galanin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Further, they did not contain known KP neuron markers of the human infundibular nucleus, neurokinin B, substance P and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript, while they received afferent input from these KP neurons. CONCLUSIONS The identification and positive estrogenic regulation of KP neurons in the human rostral hypothalamus challenge the long-held view that positive estrogen feedback may be restricted to the mediobasal part of the hypothalamus in primates and point to the need of further anatomical, molecular and functional studies of rostral hypothalamic KP neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta H Trinh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Matolcsy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kozma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary,
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Watanabe Y, Ikegami K, Nakamura S, Uenoyama Y, Ozawa H, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H, Inoue N. Mating-induced increase in Kiss1 mRNA expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus prior to an increase in LH and testosterone release in male rats. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:579-586. [PMID: 32968033 PMCID: PMC7768167 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has an indispensable role in gonadotropin-releasing hormone/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. In rodents, kisspeptin neurons are located in distinct brain regions, namely the anteroventral periventricular nucleus-periventricular nucleus continuum (AVPV/PeN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and medial amygdala (MeA). Among them, the physiological role of AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in males has not been clarified yet. The present study aims to investigate the acute effects of the olfactory and/or mating stimulus with a female rat on hypothalamic and MeA Kiss1 mRNA expression, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels in male rats. Intact male rats were exposed to the following stimuli: exposure to clean bedding; exposure to female-soiled bedding as a female-olfactory stimulus; exposure to female-soiled bedding and mating stimulus with a female rat. The mating stimulus significantly increased the number of the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells in males within 5 minutes after the exposure, and significantly increased LH and testosterone levels, followed by an increase in male sexual behavior. Whereas, the males exposed to female-soiled bedding showed a moderate increase in LH levels and no significant change in testosterone levels and the number of the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells. Importantly, none of the stimuli affected the number of Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells in the ARC and MeA. These results suggest that the mating-induced increase in AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA expression may be, at least partly, involved in stimulating LH and testosterone release, and might consequently ensure male mating behavior. This study would be the first report suggesting that the AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in males may play a physiological role in ensuring male reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo113-0031, Japan
| | - Kana Ikegami
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo113-0031, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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14
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D’Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Baruselli PS. Peripheral action of kisspeptin at reproductive tissues-role in ovarian function and embryo implantation and relevance to assisted reproductive technology in livestock: a review. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1157-1170. [PMID: 32776148 PMCID: PMC7711897 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D’Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Liu Y, Li X, Shen X, Ivanova D, Lass G, He W, Chen Q, Yu S, Wang Y, Long H, Wang L, Lyu Q, Kuang Y, O’Byrne KT. Dynorphin and GABAA Receptor Signaling Contribute to Progesterone's Inhibition of the LH Surge in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5808894. [PMID: 32181477 PMCID: PMC7153819 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone can block estrogen-induced luteinising hormone (LH) surge secretion and can be used clinically to prevent premature LH surges. The blocking effect of progesterone on the LH surge is mediated through its receptor in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The preovulatory LH surge induced by estrogen is preceded by a significant reduction in hypothalamic dynorphin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. To test the detailed roles of dynorphin and GABA in an LH surge blockade by progesterone, ovariectomized and 17β-estradiol capsule-implanted (OVX/E2) mice received simultaneous injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P) or vehicle for 2 consecutive days. The LH level was monitored from 2:30 pm to 8:30 pm at 30-minute intervals. Progesterone coadministration resulted in the LH surge blockade. A continuous microinfusion of the dynorphin receptor antagonist nor-BNI or GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline into the AVPV from 3:00 pm to 7:00 pm reversed the progesterone-mediated blockade of the LH surge in 7 of 9 and 6 of 10 mice, respectively. In addition, these LH surges started much earlier than the surge induced by estrogen alone. However, 5 of 7 progesterone-treated mice did not show LH surge secretion after microinfusion with the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-35348. Additionally, peripheral administration of kisspeptin-54 promotes LH surge-like release in progesterone treated mice. These results demonstrated that the progesterone-mediated suppression of the LH surge is mediated by an increase in dynorphin and GABAA receptor signaling acting though kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV of the hypothalamus in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
| | - Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
| | - Geffen Lass
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
| | - Wen He
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuju Chen
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Long
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Lyu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Kevin O’Byrne, PhD, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL. E-mail: ; or Yanping Kuang, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. E-mail:
| | - Kevin T O’Byrne
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, UK
- Correspondence: Kevin O’Byrne, PhD, 2.92W Hodgkin Building, Department of Women and Children’s Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL. E-mail: ; or Yanping Kuang, Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. E-mail:
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16
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) cells as integrators of diverse internal and external cues: evidence from viral-based monosynaptic tract-tracing in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14768. [PMID: 31611573 PMCID: PMC6791851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin (KNDy cells) are essential for mammalian reproduction as key regulators of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. Although multiple endogenous and exogenous signals act indirectly via KNDy neurons to regulate GnRH, the identity of upstream neurons that provide synaptic input to this subpopulation is unclear. We used rabies-mediated tract-tracing in transgenic Kiss1-Cre mice combined with whole-brain optical clearing and multiple-label immunofluorescence to create a comprehensive and quantitative brain-wide map of neurons providing monosynaptic input to KNDy cells, as well as identify the estrogen receptor content and peptidergic phenotype of afferents. Over 90% of monosynaptic input to KNDy neurons originated from hypothalamic nuclei in both male and female mice. The greatest input arose from non-KNDy ARC neurons, including proopiomelanocortin-expressing cells. Significant female-dominant sex differences in afferent input were detected from estrogen-sensitive hypothalamic nuclei critical for reproductive endocrine function and sexual behavior in mice, indicating KNDy cells may provide a unique site for the coordination of sex-specific behavior and gonadotropin release. These data provide key insight into the structural framework underlying the ability of KNDy neurons to integrate endogenous and environmental signals important for the regulation of reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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17
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Bhattacharya I, Sen Sharma S, Majumdar SS. Pubertal orchestration of hormones and testis in primates. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1505-1530. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrashis Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology & BiotechnologyHNB Garhwal University, Srinagar CampusSrinagar India
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
| | - Souvik Sen Sharma
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
- Gene and Protein Engineering LabNational Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabad India
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18
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Hugon-Rodin J, Yoshii K, Lahlou N, Flandrin J, Gompel A, de Roux N. Complete Kisspeptin Receptor Inactivation Does Not Impede Exogenous GnRH-Induced LH Surge in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4482-4490. [PMID: 30124894 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) gene have been reported in a few patients with normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nCHH) (OMIM #146110). OBJECTIVES To describe a female patient with nCHH and a novel homozygous KISS1R mutation and to assess the role of kisspeptin pathway to induce an ovulation by GnRH pulse therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND INTERVENTION Observational study of a patient including genetic and kisspeptin receptor functions and treatment efficiency using a GnRH pump. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Response to pulsatile GnRH therapy. RESULTS A partial isolated gonadotropic deficiency was diagnosed in a 28-year-old woman with primary amenorrhea and no breast development. A novel homozygous c.953T>C variant was identified in KISS1R. This mutation led to substitution of leucine 318 for proline (p.Leu318Pro) in the seventh transmembrane domain of KISS1R. Signaling via the mutated receptor was profoundly impaired in HEK293-transfected cells. The mutated receptor was not detected on the membrane of HEK293-transfected cells. After several pulsatile GnRH therapy cycles, an LH surge with ovulation and pregnancy was obtained. CONCLUSION GnRH pulsatile therapy can induce an LH surge in a woman with a mutated KISS1R, which was previously thought to be completely inactivated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Hugon-Rodin
- Paris Descartes University, Gynecology Endocrinology Unit, Port-Royal Teaching Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Keisuke Yoshii
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, U1141, Inserm, Paris, France
| | | | - Jennifer Flandrin
- Paris Descartes University, Gynecology Endocrinology Unit, Port-Royal Teaching Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gompel
- Paris Descartes University, Gynecology Endocrinology Unit, Port-Royal Teaching Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas de Roux
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, U1141, Inserm, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Biochemistry Laboratory, Robert Debré Teaching Hospital, Paris, France
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19
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Porter DT, Goodman RL, Lehman MN. KNDy Cells Revisited. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3219-3234. [PMID: 30010844 PMCID: PMC6098225 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade since kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells were first identified in the mammalian hypothalamus, a plethora of new research has emerged adding insights into the role of this neuronal population in reproductive neuroendocrine function, including the basis for GnRH pulse generation and the mechanisms underlying the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. In this mini-review, we provide an update of evidence regarding the roles of KNDy peptides and their postsynaptic receptors in producing episodic GnRH release and assess the relative contribution of KNDy neurons to the "GnRH pulse generator." In addition, we examine recent work investigating the role of KNDy neurons as mediators of steroid hormone negative feedback and review evidence for their involvement in the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, taking into account species differences that exist among rodents, ruminants, and primates. Finally, we summarize emerging roles of KNDy neurons in other aspects of reproductive function and in nonreproductive functions and discuss critical unresolved questions in our understanding of KNDy neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Danielle T Porter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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20
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Obligatory role of hypothalamic neuroestradiol during the estrogen-induced LH surge in female ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13804-13809. [PMID: 29229849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716097115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative and positive feedback effects of ovarian 17β-estradiol (E2) regulating release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are pivotal events in female reproductive function. While ovarian feedback on hypothalamo-pituitary function is a well-established concept, the present study shows that neuroestradiol, locally synthesized in the hypothalamus, is a part of estrogen's positive feedback loop. In experiment 1, E2 benzoate-induced LH surges in ovariectomized female monkeys were severely attenuated by systemic administration of the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole. Aromatase is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of E2 from androgens. In experiment 2, using microdialysis, GnRH and kisspeptin surges induced by E2 benzoate were similarly attenuated by infusion of letrozole into the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Therefore, neuroestradiol is an integral part of the hypothalamic engagement in response to elevated circulating E2 Collectively, we will need to modify the concept of estrogen's positive feedback mechanism.
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21
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Garcia JP, Guerriero KA, Keen KL, Kenealy BP, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B Signaling Network Underlies the Pubertal Increase in GnRH Release in Female Rhesus Monkeys. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3269-3280. [PMID: 28977601 PMCID: PMC5659687 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function or inactivating mutations in the genes coding for kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1R) or neurokinin B (NKB) and the NKB receptor (NK3R) in humans result in a delay in or the absence of puberty. However, precise mechanisms of kisspeptin and NKB signaling in the regulation of the pubertal increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release in primates are unknown. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments infusing agonists and antagonists of kisspeptin and NKB into the stalk-median eminence, where GnRH, kisspeptin, and NKB neuroterminal fibers are concentrated, and measuring GnRH release in prepubertal and pubertal female rhesus monkeys. Results indicate that (1) similar to those previously reported for GnRH stimulation by the KISS1R agonist (i.e., human kisspeptin-10), the NK3R agonist senktide stimulated GnRH release in a dose-responsive manner in both prepubertal and pubertal monkeys; (2) the senktide-induced GnRH release was blocked in the presence of the KISS1R antagonist peptide 234 in pubertal but not prepubertal monkeys; and (3) the kisspeptin-induced GnRH release was blocked in the presence of the NK3R antagonist SB222200 in the pubertal but not prepubertal monkeys. These results are interpreted to mean that although, in prepubertal female monkeys, kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH release is independent, in pubertal female monkeys, a reciprocal signaling mechanism between kisspeptin and NKB neurons is established. We speculate that this cooperative mechanism by the kisspeptin and NKB network underlies the pubertal increase in GnRH release in female monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | | | - Kim L. Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Brian P. Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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