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Hani U, Gowda BHJ, Haider N, Ramesh K, Paul K, Ashique S, Ahmed MG, Narayana S, Mohanto S, Kesharwani P. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:233. [PMID: 37973643 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, is one of the devastating types of cancer that has significantly paved its mortality mark globally. It persists as an extremely deadly cancer type and needs utmost attention owing to its negligible overall survival rate. Major challenges in the treatment of blood cancer include difficulties in early diagnosis, as well as severe side effects resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, immunotherapies and targeted therapies can be prohibitively expensive. Over the past two decades, scientists have devised a few nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming this challenge. These therapeutic strategies are engineered to augment the cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of anticancer drugs. However, there are still numerous types of nanoparticles that could potentially improve the efficacy of blood cancer treatment, while also reducing treatment costs and mitigating drug-related side effects. To the best of our knowledge, there has been limited reviews published on the use of nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Therefore, we have made a concerted effort to provide a comprehensive review that draws upon recent literature and patents, with a focus on the most promising results regarding the use of nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of hematological malignancies. All these crucial points covered under a common title would significantly help researchers and scientists working in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kvrns Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karthika Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal, 713378, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Soumya Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Lung Cancer Detection. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235782. [PMID: 36497263 PMCID: PMC9739091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer death, and any delay in the detection of new and relapsed disease serves as a major factor for a significant proportion of LC morbidity and mortality. Though invasive methods such as tissue biopsy are considered the gold standard for diagnosis and disease monitoring, they have several limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer for improved patient management. Despite recent progress in the identification of non-invasive biomarkers, currently, there is a shortage of reliable and accessible biomarkers demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for LC detection. In this review, we aim to cover the latest developments in the field, including the utility of biomarkers that are currently used in LC screening and diagnosis. We comment on their limitations and summarise the findings and developmental stages of potential molecular contenders such as microRNAs, circulating tumour DNA, and methylation markers. Furthermore, we summarise research challenges in the development of biomarkers used for screening purposes and the potential clinical applications of newly discovered biomarkers.
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3
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Rajput A, Varshney A, Bajaj R, Pokharkar V. Exosomes as New Generation Vehicles for Drug Delivery: Biomedical Applications and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:7289. [PMID: 36364116 PMCID: PMC9658823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, particular interest among the scientific community is focused on exploring the use of exosomes for several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This is due to the identification of the role of exosomes as an excellent intercellular communicator by delivering the requisite cargo comprising of functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids. Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles (EV) with sizes ranging from 30-100 nm and are derived from endosomes. Exosomes have similar surface morphology to cells and act as a signal transduction channel between cells. They encompass different biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, thus rendering them naturally as an attractive drug delivery vehicle. Like the other advanced drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes to encapsulate drug substances, exosomes also gained much attention in enhancing therapeutic activity. Exosomes present many advantages, such as compatibility with living tissues, low toxicity, extended blood circulation, capability to pass contents from one cell to another, non-immunogenic and special targeting of various cells, making them an excellent therapeutic carrier. Exosome-based molecules for drug delivery are still in the early stages of research and clinical trials. The problems and clinical transition issues related to exosome-based drugs need to be overcome using advanced tools for better understanding and systemic evaluation of exosomes. In this current review, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, isolation techniques, characterization, loading methods, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications, challenges and future perspectives of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Varsha Pokharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharti Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Circulating MicroRNAs as Cancer Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1385:23-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08356-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Martinez-Dominguez MV, Zottel A, Šamec N, Jovčevska I, Dincer C, Kahlert UD, Nickel AC. Current Technologies for RNA-Directed Liquid Diagnostics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5060. [PMID: 34680210 PMCID: PMC8534233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal acceptance of the variety of enormous potential liquid nucleic acid-based diagnostics seems to offer. However, the existing controversies and the increased awareness of RNA-based techniques in society during the current global COVID-19 pandemic have made the readiness of liquid nucleic acid-based diagnostics for routine use a matter of concern. In this regard-and in the context of oncology-our review presented and discussed the status quo of RNA-based liquid diagnostics. We summarized the technical background of the available assays and benchmarked their applicability against each other. Herein, we compared the technology readiness level in the clinical context, economic aspects, implementation as part of routine point-of-care testing as well as performance power. Since the preventive care market is the most promising application sector, we also investigated whether the developments predominantly occur in the context of early disease detection or surveillance of therapy success. In addition, we provided a careful view on the current biotechnology investment activities in this sector to indicate the most attractive strategies for future economic success. Taken together, our review shall serve as a current reference, at the interplay of technology, clinical use and economic potential, to guide the interested readers in this rapid developing sector of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alja Zottel
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Neja Šamec
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Ivana Jovčevska
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.V.M.-D.); (U.D.K.)
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Clinic of General-, Visceral-, Vascular-, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.V.M.-D.); (U.D.K.)
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6
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Cirillo PDR, Margiotti K, Fabiani M, Barros-Filho MC, Sparacino D, Cima A, Longo SA, Cupellaro M, Mesoraca A, Giorlandino C. Multi-analytical test based on serum miRNAs and proteins quantification for ovarian cancer early detection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255804. [PMID: 34352040 PMCID: PMC8341627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological tumor, mainly due to late diagnoses and acquired drug resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small-non coding RNA acting as tumor suppressor/oncogenes differentially expressed in normal and epithelial ovarian cancer and has been recognized as a new class of tumor early detection biomarkers as they are released in blood fluids since tumor initiation process. Here, we evaluated by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) circulating miRNAs in serum samples from healthy (N = 105) and untreated ovarian cancer patients (stages I to IV) (N = 72), grouped into a discovery/training and clinical validation set with the goal to identify the best classifier allowing the discrimination between earlier ovarian tumors from health controls women. The selection of 45 candidate miRNAs to be evaluated in the discovery set was based on miRNAs represented in ovarian cancer explorative commercial panels. We found six miRNAs showing increased levels in the blood of early or late-stage ovarian cancer groups compared to healthy controls. The serum levels of miR-320b and miR-141-3p were considered independent markers of malignancy in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. These markers were used to train diagnostic classifiers comprising miRNAs (miR-320b and miR-141-3p) and miRNAs combined with well-established ovarian cancer protein markers (miR-320b, miR-141-3p, CA-125 and HE4). The miRNA-based classifier was able to accurately discriminate early-stage ovarian cancer patients from health-controls in an independent sample set (Sensitivity = 80.0%, Specificity = 70.3%, AUC = 0.789). In addition, the integration of the serum proteins in the model markedly improved the performance (Sensitivity = 88.9%, Specificity = 100%, AUC = 1.000). A cross-study validation was carried out using four data series obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), corroborating the performance of the miRNA-based classifier (AUCs ranging from 0.637 to 0.979). The clinical utility of the miRNA model should be validated in a prospective cohort in order to investigate their feasibility as an ovarian cancer early detection tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Margiotti
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fabiani
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Mateus C. Barros-Filho
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David Sparacino
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cima
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore A. Longo
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cupellaro
- Altamedica, Department of Biochemistry, Altamedica Main Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Mesoraca
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Giorlandino
- Altamedica Center, Human Genetics Laboratories, Altamedica Main Center, Rome, Italy
- Altamedica, Department of Biochemistry, Altamedica Main Centre, Rome, Italy
- Altamedica, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Fetal-Maternal Medical Center, Rome, Italy
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7
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Butreddy A, Kommineni N, Dudhipala N. Exosomes as Naturally Occurring Vehicles for Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: Insights from Drug Delivery to Clinical Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1481. [PMID: 34204903 PMCID: PMC8229362 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes as nanosized vesicles are emerging as drug delivery systems for therapeutics owing to their natural origin, their ability to mediate intercellular communication, and their potential to encapsulate various biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids within the lipid bilayer membrane or in the lumen. Exosomes contain endogenous components (proteins, lipids, RNA) that could be used to deliver cargoes to target cells, offering an opportunity to diagnose and treat various diseases. Owing to their ability to travel safely in extracellular fluid and to transport cargoes to target cells with high efficacy, exosomes offer enhanced delivery of cargoes in vivo. However, several challenges related to the stabilization of the exosomes, the production of sufficient amounts of exosomes with safety and efficacy, the efficient loading of drugs into exosomes, the clearance of exosomes from circulation, and the transition from the bench scale to clinical production may limit their development and clinical use. For the clinical use of exosomes, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of exosome vesicles. This review exploits techniques related to the isolation and characterization of exosomes and their drug delivery potential to enhance the therapeutic outcome and stabilization methods. Further, routes of administration, clinical trials, and regulatory aspects of exosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Formulation R&D, Biological E. Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India;
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA;
| | - Narendar Dudhipala
- Depratment of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal 506005, Telangana State, India
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Goričar K, Dolžan V, Lenassi M. Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Tool Facilitating Personalized Medicine and Pharmacogenomics in Oncology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671298. [PMID: 33995103 PMCID: PMC8120271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers that can guide cancer therapy based on patients' individual cancer molecular signature can enable a more effective treatment with fewer adverse events. Data on actionable somatic mutations and germline genetic variants, studied by personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics, can be obtained from tumor tissue or blood samples. As tissue biopsy cannot reflect the heterogeneity of the tumor or its temporal changes, liquid biopsy is a promising alternative approach. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a potential source of biomarkers in liquid biopsy. EVs are a heterogeneous population of membrane bound particles, which are released from all cells and accumulate into body fluids. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (miRNA, mRNA, and DNA) and metabolites. In cancer, EV biomolecular composition and concentration are changed. Tumor EVs can promote the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, and contribute to transfer of oncogenic potential or drug resistance during chemotherapy. This makes them a promising source of minimally invasive biomarkers. A limited number of clinical studies investigated EVs to monitor cancer progression, tumor evolution or drug resistance and several putative EV-bound protein and RNA biomarkers were identified. This review is focused on EVs as novel biomarker source for personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics in oncology. As several pharmacogenes and genes associated with targeted therapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy were already detected in EVs, they might be used for fine-tuning personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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The Present and Future Role of Microfluidics for Protein and Peptide-Based Therapeutics and Diagnostics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of peptide-based molecules within the medical field has vast potential, owing to their unique nature and predictable physicochemical profiles. However, peptide therapeutic usage is hindered by delivery-related challenges, meaning that their formulations must be altered to overcome these limitations. This process could be propelled by applying microfluidics (MFs) due to its highly controllable and adaptable attributes; however, therapeutic research within this field is extremely limited. Peptides possess multifunctional roles within therapeutic formulations, ranging from enhancing target specificity to acting as the active component of the medicine. Diagnostically, MFs are well explored in the field of peptides, as MFs provide an unsullied platform to provide fast yet accurate examinations. The capacity to add attributes, such as integrated sensors and microwells, to the MF chip, only enhances the attractiveness of MFs as a diagnostic platform. The structural individuality of peptides makes them prime candidates for diagnostic purposes, for example, antigen detection and isolation. Therefore, this review provides a useful insight into the current applications of MFs for peptide-based therapy and diagnostics and highlights potential gaps in the field that are yet to be explored or optimized.
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10
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Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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11
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Stem cell-derived exosomes: Role in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 130:105884. [PMID: 33227391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory debris in large arteries, high morbidity, and AS-related disease mortality. AS is a complex process, involving endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage activation. However, the currently available therapies for AS are not ideal, thus requiring development of novel treatment strategies. Exosomes are bi-lipid membranous extracellular containing multifarious cargo, such as proteins, lipids, micro ribonucleic acid (miRNAs), messenger RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs. Moreover, exosomes reportedly participate in various AS processes. Specifically, stem cell-derived exosomes can regulate the occurrence and development of AS, exhibiting the ability to overcome the limitations associated with AS treatment and stem cell therapy. In this paper, we review the pathological mechanism of AS and discuss the role of exosomes and stem cell-derived exosomes in AS progression. We conclude by suggesting new therapeutic strategies for treating AS with stem cell-derived exosomes in the hope of improving the clinical treatment of AS.
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12
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Quijano LM, Naranjo JD, El-Mossier SO, Turner NJ, Pineda Molina C, Bartolacci J, Zhang L, White L, Li H, Badylak SF. Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles: The Effects of Isolation Method upon Yield, Purity, and Function. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:528-540. [PMID: 33012221 PMCID: PMC7869881 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV) as ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) raises questions regarding their biologic functions and their potential theranostic application. Unlike liquid-phase extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), MBV are tightly bound to the ECM, which makes their isolation and harvesting more challenging. The indiscriminate use of different methods to harvest MBV can alter or disrupt their structural and/or functional integrity. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of various MBV harvesting methods upon yield, purity, and biologic activity. Combinations of four methods to solubilize the ECM (collagenase [COL], liberase [LIB], or proteinase K [PK] and nonenzymatic elution with potassium chloride) and four isolation methods (ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration [UF], density barrier, and size exclusion chromatography [SEC]) were used to isolate MBV from urinary bladder-derived ECM. All combinations of solubilization and isolation methods allowed for the harvesting of MBV, however, distinct differences were noted. The highest yield, purity, cellular uptake, and biologic activity were seen with MBV isolated by a combination of liberase or collagenase followed by SEC. The combination of proteinase K and UF was shown to have detrimental effects on bioactivity. The results show the importance of selecting appropriate MBV harvesting methods for the characterization and evaluation of MBV and for analysis of their potential theranostic application. Impact statement Identification of matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV) as ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has raised questions regarding their biologic functions and their potential theranostic application. This study demonstrates that the harvesting methods used can result in samples with physical and biochemical properties that are unique to the isolation and solubilization methods used. Consequently, developing harvesting methods that minimize sample contamination with ECM remnants and/or solubilization agents will be essential in determining the theranostic potential of MBV in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan D. Naranjo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salma O. El-Mossier
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neill J. Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catalina Pineda Molina
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Bartolacci
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Cavallari C, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumour Microenvironment: Eclectic Supervisors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6768. [PMID: 32942702 PMCID: PMC7555174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell survival and growth by providing inhibitory or stimulatory signals. Extracellular vesicles (EV) represent one of the most relevant cell-to-cell communication mechanism among cells within the TME. Moreover, EV contribute to the crosstalk among cancerous, immune, endothelial, and stromal cells to establish TME diversity. EV contain proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs, which can be locally delivered in the TME and/or transferred to remote sites to dictate tumour behaviour. EV in the TME impact on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune-escape, pre-metastatic niche formation and the stimulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, EV can boost or inhibit tumours depending on the TME conditions and their cell of origin. Therefore, to move towards the identification of new targets and the development of a novel generation of EV-based targeting approaches to gain insight into EV mechanism of action in the TME would be of particular relevance. The aim here is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of EV released from different TME cellular components and their role in driving TME diversity. Moreover, recent proposed engineering approaches to targeting cells in the TME via EV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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14
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Peng H, Ji W, Zhao R, Yang J, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Exosome: a significant nano-scale drug delivery carrier. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7591-7608. [PMID: 32697267 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the limitations of the nature of therapeutic agents, many synthetic nano-delivery systems have emerged to enhance the efficacy of drugs. Extracellular vesicles are currently a class of natural nano-scale drug carriers released by cells. As a tiny vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be secreted by most cells in the body, exosomes carry and transmit important signal molecules, Therefore, they have been a research hotspot in biomedicine and biomaterials due to their size advantages and huge potential in drug therapy. Many people are optimistic about the clinical application prospects of exosomes and are actively exploring the broad functions of exosomes and developing exosome therapeutic agents to make positive contributions to human health. In this review, we provide basic knowledge and focus on summarizing the advantages of exosomes as drug carriers, methods of loading drugs, targeting strategies, in vivo and in vitro tracing methods, and some of the latest developments in exosomes as drug carriers. In particular, the review provides an outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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15
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Ale Ebrahim S, Ashtari A, Zamani Pedram M, Ale Ebrahim N, Sanati-Nezhad A. Publication Trends in Exosomes Nanoparticles for Cancer Detection. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4453-4470. [PMID: 32617003 PMCID: PMC7326184 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s247210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are small vesicles produced by almost all cells in the body and found in all biofluids. Cancer cell-derived exosomes are known to have distinct, measurable signatures, applicable for early cancer diagnosis. Despite the present bibliometric studies on “Cancer detection” and “Nanoparticles”, no single study exists to deal with “Exosome” bibliometric study. Methods This bibliometric work investigated the publication trends of “Exosomes” nanoparticles and its application in cancer detection, for the literature from 2008 to July 2019. The data were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection. There were variant visual maps generated to show annual publication, most- relevant authors, sources, countries, topics and keywords. The network analysis of these studies was investigated to evaluate the research trends in the field of exosomes. In addition, the data were qualitatively analyzed according to 22 top-cited articles, illustrating the frequently used subjects and methods in exosomes research area. Results The results showed that the documents in this field have improved the citation rate. The top-relevant papers are mostly published in Scientific Reports journal which has lost its popularity after 2017, while today, Analytical Chemistry is leading in publishing the most articles related to exosomes. The documents containing keywords of plasma, cells, cancer, biomarkers, and vesicles as keywords plus, are more likely to be published in PLoS One journal. The clustering of the keywords network showed that the keyword theme of “extracellular vesicles” has the highest centrality rate. In global research, USA is the most corresponding country, followed by China, Korea and Australia. Based on the qualitative analysis, the published documents with at least 50 citations have used exosome release, cargo, detection, purification and secretion, as their targets and applied cell culture or isolation as their methods. Conclusion The bibliometric study on exosomes nanoparticles for cancer detection provides a clear vision of the future research direction and identifies the potential opportunities and challenges. This may lead new researchers to select the proper subfields in exosome-related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ale Ebrahim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maysam Zamani Pedram
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.,Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nader Ale Ebrahim
- Research and Technology Department, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.,Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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16
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Reimers N, Pantel K. Liquid biopsy: novel technologies and clinical applications. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57:312-316. [PMID: 30465714 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Liquid biopsy" was introduced as a new diagnostic concept in 2010 for the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and has been now extended to material (in particular DNA) released by tumor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. Over the past decade, various methods have been developed to detect CTCs and ctDNA in the peripheral blood of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Reimers
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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17
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Wan M, Amrollahi P, Sun D, Lyon C, Hu TY. Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31180357 DOI: 10.3791/59177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected or malignant cells frequently secrete more exosomes, leading to elevated levels of disease-associated exosomes in the circulation. These exosomes have the potential to serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and to monitor disease progression and treatment response. However, most exosome analysis procedures require exosome isolation and purification steps, which are usually time-consuming and labor-intensive, and thus of limited utility in clinical settings. This report describes a rapid procedure to analyze specific biomarkers on the outer membrane of exosomes without requiring separate isolation and purification steps. In this method, exosomes are captured on the surface of a slide by exosome-specific antibodies and then hybridized with nanoparticle-conjugated antibody probes specific to a disease. After hybridization, the abundance of the target exosome population is determined by analyzing low-magnification dark-field microscope (LMDFM) images of the bound nanoparticles. This approach can be easily adopted for research and clinical use to analyze membrane-associated exosome biomarkers linked to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
| | - Pouya Amrollahi
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University
| | - Christopher Lyon
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University
| | - Tony Y Hu
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University;
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18
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Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: the potential of circulating miRNAs and exosomes. Transl Res 2019; 205:77-91. [PMID: 30391474 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer still remains the most lethal female cancer, since in most cases it is diagnosed at an advanced stage. Usually after completion of primary treatment chemoresistance occurs, and recurrent disease is finally observed. Liquid biopsy, based on minimally invasive and serial blood tests, has the advantage of following tumor evolution in real time, offering novel insights on precision medicine. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating cell-free microRNAs (cfmiRNAs) and circulating exosomes represent the major components of liquid biopsy analysis. Liquid biopsy has been already implemented in ovarian cancer, and most studies so far are mainly focused on CTCs and ctDNA. This review is mainly focused on the clinical potential of circulating miRNAs and exosomes as a source of liquid biopsy biomarkers in ovarian cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment.
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19
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Jurj A, Pop L, Petrushev B, Pasca S, Dima D, Frinc I, Deak D, Desmirean M, Trifa A, Fetica B, Gafencu G, Selicean S, Moisoiu V, Micu WT, Berce C, Sacu A, Moldovan A, Colita A, Bumbea H, Tanase A, Dascalescu A, Zdrenghea M, Stiufiuc R, Leopold N, Tetean R, Burzo E, Tomuleasa C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Exosome-carried microRNA-based signature as a cellular trigger for the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia into Richter syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:501-515. [PMID: 30238808 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1499707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Even if considered a cumulative and not a proliferative CD5+ B-cell neoplasm, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a proliferation rate higher than that recognized earlier, especially in the lymphoid tissues. Some patients with CLL develop a clinical syndrome entitled Richter syndrome (RS). Understanding CLL genetics and epigenetics may help to elucidate the molecular basics of the clinical heterogeneity of this type of malignancy. In the present project we aimed to identify a microRNA species that can predict the evolution of therapy-resistant CLL towards RS. In the first phase of our study, microRNA-19b was identified as a possible target, and in the second phase, we transfected three different CLL cell lines with microRNA-19b mimic and inhibitor and assessed the potential role on leukemia cells in vitro. The mechanism by which miR-19b acts were identified as the upregulation of Ki67 and downregulation of p53. This was further supported through RT-PCR and western blotting on CLL cell lines, as well as by next generation sequencing on two patients diagnosed with CLL that evolved into RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Laura Pop
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- b Department of Pathology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Frinc
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Dalma Deak
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Minodora Desmirean
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Bogdan Fetica
- b Department of Pathology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Grigore Gafencu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Sonia Selicean
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Wilhelm-Thomas Micu
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- e Center for Experimental Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Alexandra Sacu
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Alin Moldovan
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,f Department of Hematology , Carol Davilla University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Andrei Colita
- g Department of Hematology , Coltea Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Horia Bumbea
- f Department of Hematology , Carol Davilla University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Bucharest , Romania.,h Department of Hematology , University Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Alina Tanase
- h Department of Hematology , University Hospital , Bucharest , Romania.,i Department of Hematology , Fundeni Clinical Hospital , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Angela Dascalescu
- j Department of Hematology , Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania.,k Department of Hematology , Regional Institute of Oncology , Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Rares Stiufiuc
- d Department of Hematology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Romulus Tetean
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Emil Burzo
- l Department of Physics , Babes Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,m Romanian Academy , Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania.,c Department of Hematology , Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- a Research Center for Functional Genomic, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj Napoca , Romania
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20
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Progress in Circulating Tumor Cell Research Using Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9070353. [PMID: 30424286 PMCID: PMC6082257 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a popular topic in cancer research because they can be obtained by liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive procedure with more sample accessibility than tissue biopsy, to monitor a patient’s condition. Over the past decades, CTC research has covered a wide variety of topics such as enumeration, profiling, and correlation between CTC number and patient overall survival. It is important to isolate and enrich CTCs before performing CTC analysis because CTCs in the blood stream are very rare (0–10 CTCs/mL of blood). Among the various approaches to separating CTCs, here, we review the research trends in the isolation and analysis of CTCs using microfluidics. Microfluidics provides many attractive advantages for CTC studies such as continuous sample processing to reduce target cell loss and easy integration of various functions into a chip, making “do-everything-on-a-chip” possible. However, tumor cells obtained from different sites within a tumor exhibit heterogenetic features. Thus, heterogeneous CTC profiling should be conducted at a single-cell level after isolation to guide the optimal therapeutic path. We describe the studies on single-CTC analysis based on microfluidic devices. Additionally, as a critical concern in CTC studies, we explain the use of CTCs in cancer research, despite their rarity and heterogeneity, compared with other currently emerging circulating biomarkers, including exosomes and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Finally, the commercialization of products for CTC separation and analysis is discussed.
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21
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Sun W, Luo JD, Jiang H, Duan DD. Tumor exosomes: a double-edged sword in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:534-541. [PMID: 29542685 PMCID: PMC5888693 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells produce and secrete more nucleic acids, proteins and lipids than normal cells. These molecules are transported in the blood or around the cells in membrane-encapsulated exosomes. Tumor-derived or tumor-associated exosomes (usually 30-100 nm in diameter) contain abundant biological contents resembling those of the parent cells along with signaling messengers for intercellular communication involved in the pathogenesis, development, progression, and metastasis of cancer. As these exosomes can be detected and isolated from various body fluids, they have become attractive new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Furthermore, tumor exosomes have also attracted increasing attention due to their potential as novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers. On the one hand, the lipid bilayer membrane-encapsulated vesicles are promising carriers of drugs and other therapeutic materials targeting specific cancer cells. On the other hand, tumor exosomes are important mediators for modulation of the microenvironment that orchestrates events critical to the growth and metastasis of cancer cells as well as chemoresistance. Here, we summarize the advances in our understanding of tumor-associated or tumor-derived exosomes in recent years, and discuss their roles in cancer development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of cancers and, more importantly, their potential in strategies for precision therapy of various cancers as well as important caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ju-dong Luo
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Dayue Darrel Duan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Phenomics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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22
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Yeo JC, Kenry, Zhao Z, Zhang P, Wang Z, Lim CT. Label-free extraction of extracellular vesicles using centrifugal microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:024103. [PMID: 30867854 PMCID: PMC6404916 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role as active messengers in intercellular communication and distant microenvironment modeling. Increasingly, these EVs are recognized as important biomarkers for clinical diagnostics. However, current isolation methods of EVs are time-consuming and ineffective due to the high diffusive characteristics of nanoparticles coupled with fluid flow instability. Here, we develop a microfluidic CEntrifugal Nanoparticles Separation and Extraction (µCENSE) platform for the rapid and label-free isolation of microvesicles. By utilizing centrifugal microhydrodynamics, we subject the nanosuspensions between 100 nm and 1000 nm to a unique fluid flow resulting in a zonal separation into different outlets for easy post-processing. Our centrifugal platform utilizes a gentle and efficient size-based separation without the requirements of syringe pump and other accessories. Based on our results, we report a high separation efficiency of 90% and an extraction purity of 85% within a single platform. Importantly, we demonstrate high EV extraction using a table top centrifuge within a short duration of eight minutes. The simple processes and the small volume requirement further enhance the utility of the platform. With this platform, it serves as a potential for liquid biopsy extraction and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Zhihai Zhao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Singapore 138634
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23
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Bae S, Brumbaugh J, Bonavida B. Exosomes derived from cancerous and non-cancerous cells regulate the anti-tumor response in the tumor microenvironment. Genes Cancer 2018; 9:87-100. [PMID: 30108680 PMCID: PMC6086005 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a unique platform of cancer biology that considers the local cellular environment in which a tumor exists. Increasing evidence points to the TME as crucial for either promoting immune tumor rejection or protecting the tumor. The TME includes surrounding blood vessels, the extracellular matrix (ECM), a variety of immune and regulatory cells, and signaling factors. Exosomes have emerged to be molecular contributors in cancer biology, and to modulate and affect the constituents of the TME. Exosomes are small (40-150 nm) membrane vesicles that are derived from an endocytic nature and are later excreted by cells. Depending on the cells from which they originate, exosomes can play a role in tumor suppression or tumor progression. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have their own unique phenotypic functions. Evidence points to TDEs as key players involved in tumor growth, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape, metastasis, and resistance to therapies, as well as in promoting anti-tumor response. General exosomes, TDEs, and their influence on the TME are an area of promising research that may provide potential biomarkers for therapy, potentiation of anti-tumor response, development of exosome-based vaccines, and exosome-derived nanocarriers for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bae
- Department of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Brumbaugh
- Department of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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