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Janciauskiene S, Lechowicz U, Pelc M, Olejnicka B, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of human serpin family proteins. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116618. [PMID: 38678961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
SERPIN (serine proteinase inhibitors) is an acronym for the superfamily of structurally similar proteins found in animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, and archaea. Over 1500 SERPINs are known in nature, while only 37 SERPINs are found in humans, which participate in inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis, cell viability, and other pathophysiological processes. Both qualitative or quantitative deficiencies or overexpression and/or abnormal accumulation of SERPIN can lead to diseases commonly referred to as "serpinopathies". Hence, strategies involving SERPIN supplementation, elimination, or correction are utilized and/or under consideration. In this review, we discuss relationships between certain SERPINs and diseases as well as putative strategies for the clinical explorations of SERPINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Urszula Lechowicz
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pelc
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 26 Plocka St, Warsaw 01-138, Poland.
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Chen R, Zhang H, Li L, Li J, Xie J, Weng J, Tan H, Liu Y, Guo T, Wang M. Roles of ubiquitin-specific proteases in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1258740. [PMID: 38322269 PMCID: PMC10844489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1258740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), as one of the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) families, regulate the fate of proteins and signaling pathway transduction by removing ubiquitin chains from the target proteins. USPs are essential for the modulation of a variety of physiological processes, such as DNA repair, cell metabolism and differentiation, epigenetic modulations as well as protein stability. Recently, extensive research has demonstrated that USPs exert a significant impact on innate and adaptive immune reactions, metabolic syndromes, inflammatory disorders, and infection via post-translational modification processes. This review summarizes the important roles of the USPs in the onset and progression of inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, pneumonia, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, hepatitis, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, we highlight a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of USPs in these inflammatory diseases as well as post-translational modifications in the inflammatory responses and pave the way for future prospect of targeted therapies in these inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linke Li
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinsheng Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Third People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Weng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Tan
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tailin Guo
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Center of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Singhal SK, Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Lauckner B, Beyer T, Basson MD. Schlafen 12 Slows TNBC Tumor Growth, Induces Luminal Markers, and Predicts Favorable Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:402. [PMID: 36672349 PMCID: PMC9856841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) protein regulates triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth, differentiation, and proliferation. SLFN12 mRNA expression strongly correlates with TNBC patient survival. We sought to explore SLFN12 overexpression effects on in vivo human TNBC tumor xenograft growth and performed RNA-seq on xenografts to investigate related SLFN12 pathways. Stable SLFN12 overexpression reduced tumorigenesis, increased tumor latency, and reduced tumor volume. RNA-seq showed that SLFN12 overexpressing xenografts had higher luminal markers levels, suggesting that TNBC cells switched from an undifferentiated basal phenotype to a more differentiated, less aggressive luminal phenotype. SLFN12-overexpressing xenografts increased less aggressive BC markers, HER2 receptors ERBB2 and EGFR expression, which are not detectable by immunostaining in TNBC. Two cancer progression pathways, the NAD signaling pathway and the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, were downregulated with SLFN12 overexpression. RNA-seq identified gene signatures associated with SLFN12 overexpression. Higher gene signature levels indicated good survival when tested on four independent BC datasets. These signatures behaved differently in African Americans than in Caucasian Americans, indicating a possible biological difference between these races that could contribute to the worse survival observed in African Americans with BC. These results suggest an increased SLFN12 expression modulates TNBC aggressiveness through a gene signature that could offer new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Bo Lauckner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Trysten Beyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Singhal S, Singhal SK, Stover AD, Rajpathy O, Preszler E, Garcia L, Basson MD. RNA Sequencing of Intestinal Enterocytes Pre- and Post-Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Reveals Alteration in Gene Expression Related to Enterocyte Differentiation, Restitution, and Obesity with Regulation by Schlafen 12. Cells 2022; 11:3283. [PMID: 36291149 PMCID: PMC9601224 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal lining renews itself in a programmed fashion that can be affected by adaptation to surgical procedures such as gastric bypass. METHODS To assess adaptive mechanisms in the human intestine after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), we biopsied proximal jejunum at the anastomotic site during surgery to establish a baseline and endoscopically re-biopsied the same area 6-9 months after bypass for comparison. Laser microdissection was performed on pre- and post-RYGB biopsies to isolate enterocytes for RNA sequencing. RESULTS RNA sequencing suggested significant decreases in gene expression associated with G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation of the cell cycle pathway, and significant increases in gene expression associated with the CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway TCA cycle II pathway, and pyrimidine ribonucleotide salvage pathway after RYGB. Since Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is reported to influence enterocytic differentiation, we stained mucosa for SLFN12 and observed increased SLFN12 immunoreactivity. We investigated SLFN12 overexpression in HIEC-6 and FHs 74 Int intestinal epithelial cells and observed similar increased expression of the following genes that were also increased after RYGB: HES2, CARD9, SLC19A2, FBXW7, STXBP4, SPARCL1, and UTS. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RYGB promotes SLFN12 protein expression, cellular mechanism and replication pathways, and genes associated with differentiation and restitution (HES2, CARD9, SLC19A2), as well as obesity-related genes (FBXW7, STXBP4, SPARCL1, UTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sonalika Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Sandeep K. Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Allie D. Stover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Odele Rajpathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Elizabeth Preszler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Luis Garcia
- Sanford Health Clinic, Sioux Falls, ND 57117, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Boulund U, Bastos DM, Ferwerda B, van den Born BJ, Pinto-Sietsma SJ, Galenkamp H, Levin E, Groen AK, Zwinderman AH, Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiome associations with host genotype vary across ethnicities and potentially influence cardiometabolic traits. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1464-1480.e6. [PMID: 36099924 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mainly European populations have reported that the gut microbiome composition is associated with the human genome. However, the genotype-microbiome interaction in different ethnicities is largely unknown. We performed a large fecal microbiome genome-wide association study of a single multiethnic cohort, the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort (N = 4,117). Mendelian randomization was performed using the multiethnic Pan-UK Biobank (N = 460,000) to dissect potential causality. We identified ethnicity-specific associations between host genomes and gut microbiota. Certain microbes were associated with genotype in multiple ethnicities. Several of the microbe-associated loci were found to be related to immune functions, interact with glutamate and the mucus layer, or be expressed in the gut or brain. Additionally, we found that gut microbes potentially influence cardiometabolic health factors such as BMI, cholesterol, and blood pressure. This provides insight into the relationship of ethnicity and gut microbiota and into the possible causal effects of gut microbes on cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Boulund
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diogo M Bastos
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan van den Born
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henrike Galenkamp
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; HorAIzon BV, 2645 LT Delfgauw, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Herrera JA, Dingle L, Montero MA, Venkateswaran RV, Blaikley JF, Lawless C, Schwartz MA. The UIP/IPF fibroblastic focus is a collagen biosynthesis factory embedded in a distinct extracellular matrix. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e156115. [PMID: 35852874 PMCID: PMC9462507 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a histological pattern characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The UIP pattern is patchy with histologically normal lung adjacent to dense fibrotic tissue. At this interface, fibroblastic foci (FF) are present and are sites where myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulate. Utilizing laser capture microdissection-coupled mass spectrometry, we interrogated the FF, adjacent mature scar, and adjacent alveoli in 6 fibrotic (UIP/IPF) specimens plus 6 nonfibrotic alveolar specimens as controls. The data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis and histologically validated. We found that the fibrotic alveoli protein signature is defined by immune deregulation as the strongest category. The fibrotic mature scar classified as end-stage fibrosis whereas the FF contained an overabundance of a distinctive ECM compared with the nonfibrotic control. Furthermore, FF were positive for both TGFB1 and TGFB3, whereas the aberrant basaloid cell lining of FF was predominantly positive for TGFB2. In conclusion, spatial proteomics demonstrated distinct protein compositions in the histologically defined regions of UIP/IPF tissue. These data revealed that FF are the main site of collagen biosynthesis and that the adjacent alveoli are abnormal. This essential information will inform future mechanistic studies on fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis Dingle
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M. Angeles Montero
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajamiyer V. Venkateswaran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Transplant, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Blaikley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Transplant, Manchester University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin A. Schwartz
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Raafat Elsayed AA, Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Basson MD. SLFN12 Over-expression Sensitizes Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy Drugs and Radiotherapy. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2022; 19:328-338. [PMID: 35430566 PMCID: PMC9016483 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) expression correlates with survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). SLFN12 slows TNBC proliferation and induces TNBC differentiation, but whether SLFN12 affects the tumoral response to chemotherapy or radiation is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We over-expressed SLFN12 in MDA-MB-231 cells using two different lentiviral vectors. We assessed viable cell numbers via crystal violet assay after treatment with carboplatin, paclitaxel, olaparib, zoledronic acid, camptothecin, or cesium irradiation. CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation was assessed by western blot and the effects of inhibiting CHK1/CHK2 by AZD7762 were examined. Key findings were confirmed in Hs578t and BT549 TNBC cells after adenoviral SLFN12 over-expression. RESULTS SLFN12 over-expression increased TNBC sensitivity to radiation, carboplatin, paclitaxel, zoledronic acid, and camptothecin, but not to olaparib. SLFN12 over-expression decreased CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation after treatment with the DNA damaging agent camptothecin (CPT). The CHK1/CHK2 inhibitor diminished the significant cytotoxicity difference between over-expression and baseline SLFN12 levels in response to carboplatin. CONCLUSION SLFN12 increases TNBC sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents at least in part by reducing CHK1/2 phosphorylation. This may contribute to improved survival in patients whose TNBC over-expresses SLFN12. Therefore, SLFN12 levels may be used to customize or predict radiotherapy and chemotherapy effects in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adham Raafat Elsayed
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-Dekrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A.;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, U.S.A
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Schlafens Can Put Viruses to Sleep. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020442. [PMID: 35216035 PMCID: PMC8875196 DOI: 10.3390/v14020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen gene family encodes for proteins involved in various biological tasks, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and T cell development. Schlafens were initially discovered in mice, and have been studied in the context of cancer biology, as well as their role in protecting cells during viral infection. This protein family provides antiviral barriers via direct and indirect effects on virus infection. Schlafens can inhibit the replication of viruses with both RNA and DNA genomes. In this review, we summarize the cellular functions and the emerging relationship between Schlafens and innate immunity. We also discuss the functions and distinctions of this emerging family of proteins as host restriction factors against viral infection. Further research into Schlafen protein function will provide insight into their mechanisms that contribute to intrinsic and innate host immunity.
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Metzner FJ, Huber E, Hopfner KP, Lammens K. Structural and biochemical characterization of human Schlafen 5. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:1147-1161. [PMID: 35037067 PMCID: PMC8789055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schlafen family belongs to the interferon-stimulated genes and its members are involved in cell cycle regulation, T cell quiescence, inhibition of viral replication, DNA-repair and tRNA processing. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of full-length human Schlafen 5 (SLFN5) and the high-resolution crystal structure of the highly conserved N-terminal core domain. We show that the core domain does not resemble an ATPase-like fold and neither binds nor hydrolyzes ATP. SLFN5 binds tRNA as well as single- and double-stranded DNA, suggesting a potential role in transcriptional regulation. Unlike rat Slfn13 or human SLFN11, human SLFN5 did not cleave tRNA. Based on the structure, we identified two residues in proximity to the zinc finger motif that decreased DNA binding when mutated. These results indicate that Schlafen proteins have divergent enzymatic functions and provide a structural platform for future biochemical and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Metzner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Katja Lammens
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377 München, Germany
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10
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Stover AD, Labuhn M, Osman MR, Basson MD. Vil-Cre specific Schlafen 3 knockout mice exhibit sex-specific differences in intestinal differentiation markers and Schlafen family members expression levels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259195. [PMID: 34710177 PMCID: PMC8553116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium requires self-renewal and differentiation in order to function and adapt to pathological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, short gut syndrome, and ulcers. The rodent Slfn3 protein and the human Slfn12 analog are known to regulate intestinal epithelial differentiation. Previous work utilizing a pan-Slfn3 knockout (KO) mouse model revealed sex-dependent gene expression disturbances in intestinal differentiation markers, metabolic pathways, Slfn family member mRNA expression, adaptive immune cell proliferation/functioning genes, and phenotypically less weight gain and sex-dependent changes in villus length and crypt depth. We have now created a Vil-Cre specific Slfn3KO (VC-Slfn3KO) mouse to further evaluate its role in intestinal differentiation. There were increases in Slfn1, Slfn2, Slfn4, and Slfn8 and decreases in Slfn5 and Slfn9 mRNA expression that were intestinal region and sex-specific. Differentiation markers, sucrase isomaltase (SI), villin 1, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and glucose transporters, glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), Glut2, and sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), were increased in expression in VC-Slfn3KO mice based on intestinal region and were also highly female sex-biased, except for SI in the ileum was also increased for male VC-Slfn3KO mice and SGLT1 was decreased for both sexes. Overall, the variations that we observed in these VC-Slfn3KO mice indicate a complex regulation of intestinal gene expression that is sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Allie D. Stover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Mary Labuhn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Marcus R. Osman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
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11
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Schlafens: Emerging Proteins in Cancer Cell Biology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092238. [PMID: 34571887 PMCID: PMC8465726 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafens (SLFN) are a family of genes widely expressed in mammals, including humans and rodents. These intriguing proteins play different roles in regulating cell proliferation, cell differentiation, immune cell growth and maturation, and inhibiting viral replication. The emerging evidence is implicating Schlafens in cancer biology and chemosensitivity. Although Schlafens share common domains and a high degree of homology, different Schlafens act differently. In particular, they show specific and occasionally opposing effects in some cancer types. This review will briefly summarize the history, structure, and non-malignant biological functions of Schlafens. The roles of human and mouse Schlafens in different cancer types will then be outlined. Finally, we will discuss the implication of Schlafens in the anti-tumor effect of interferons and the use of Schlafens as predictors of chemosensitivity.
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Structure of PDE3A-SLFN12 complex reveals requirements for activation of SLFN12 RNase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4375. [PMID: 34272366 PMCID: PMC8285493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNMDP and related compounds, or velcrins, induce complex formation between the phosphodiesterase PDE3A and the SLFN12 protein, leading to a cytotoxic response in cancer cells that express elevated levels of both proteins. The mechanisms by which velcrins induce complex formation, and how the PDE3A-SLFN12 complex causes cancer cell death, are not fully understood. Here, we show that PDE3A and SLFN12 form a heterotetramer stabilized by binding of DNMDP. Interactions between the C-terminal alpha helix of SLFN12 and residues near the active site of PDE3A are required for complex formation, and are further stabilized by interactions between SLFN12 and DNMDP. Moreover, we demonstrate that SLFN12 is an RNase, that PDE3A binding increases SLFN12 RNase activity, and that SLFN12 RNase activity is required for DNMDP response. This new mechanistic understanding will facilitate development of velcrin compounds into new cancer therapies. The small molecule DNMDP acts as a velcrin by inducing complex formation between phosphodiesterase PDE3A and SLFN12, which kills cancer cells that express sufficient levels of both proteins. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structure of the DNMDP-stabilized PDE3A-SLFN12 complex and show that SLFN12 is an RNase. PDE3A binding increases SLFN12 RNase activity, and SLFN12 RNase activity is required for DNMDP-mediated cancer cell killing.
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Rashmi, More SK, Wang Q, Vomhof‐DeKrey EE, Porter JE, Basson MD. ZINC40099027 activates human focal adhesion kinase by accelerating the enzymatic activity of the FAK kinase domain. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00737. [PMID: 33715263 PMCID: PMC7955952 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates gastrointestinal epithelial restitution and healing. ZINC40099027 (Zn27) activates cellular FAK and promotes intestinal epithelial wound closure in vitro and in mice. However, whether Zn27 activates FAK directly or indirectly remains unknown. We evaluated Zn27 potential modulation of the key phosphatases, PTP-PEST, PTP1B, and SHP2, that inactivate FAK, and performed in vitro kinase assays with purified FAK to assess direct Zn27-FAK interaction. In human Caco-2 cells, Zn27-stimulated FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation despite PTP-PEST inhibition and did not affect PTP1B-FAK interaction or SHP2 activity. Conversely, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Zn27 directly activates both full-length 125 kDa FAK and its 35 kDa kinase domain. The ATP-competitive FAK inhibitor PF573228 reduced basal and ZN27-stimulated FAK phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells, but Zn27 increased FAK phosphorylation even in cells treated with PF573228. Increasing PF573228 concentrations completely prevented activation of 35 kDa FAK in vitro by a normally effective Zn27 concentration. Conversely, increasing Zn27 concentrations dose-dependently activated kinase activity and overcame PF573228 inhibition of FAK, suggesting the direct interactions of Zn27 with FAK may be competitive. Zn27 increased the maximal activity (Vmax ) of FAK. The apparent Km of the substrate also increased under laboratory conditions less relevant to intracellular ATP concentrations. These results suggest that Zn27 is highly potent and enhances FAK activity via allosteric interaction with the FAK kinase domain to increase the Vmax of FAK for ATP. Understanding Zn27 enhancement of FAK activity will be important to redesign and develop a clinical drug that can promote mucosal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Shyam K. More
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof‐DeKrey
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - James E. Porter
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Lansing JT, Darland DC, Umthun J, Stover AD, Brown C, Basson MD. Loss of Slfn3 induces a sex-dependent repair vulnerability after 50% bowel resection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G136-G152. [PMID: 33237796 PMCID: PMC7864235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bowel resection accelerates enterocyte proliferation in the remaining gut with suboptimal absorptive and digestive capacity because of a proliferation-associated decrease in functional differentiation markers. We hypothesized that although schlafen 3 (Slfn3) is an important regulator of enterocytic differentiation, Slfn3 would have less impact on bowel resection adaptation, where accelerated proliferation takes priority over differentiation. We assessed proliferation, cell shedding, and enterocyte differentiation markers from resected and postoperative bowel of wild-type (WT) and Slfn3-knockout (Slfn3KO) mice. Villus length and crypt depth were increased in WT mice and were even longer in Slfn3KO mice. Mitotic marker, Phh3+, and the proliferation markers Lgr5, FoxL1, and platelet-derived growth factor-α (PDGFRα) were increased after resection in male WT, but this was blunted in male Slfn3KO mice. Cell-shedding regulators Villin1 and TNFα were downregulated in female mice and male WT mice only, whereas Gelsolin and EGFR increased expression in all mice. Slfn3 expression increased after resection in WT mice, whereas other Slfn family members 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 had varied expressions that were affected also by sex difference and loss of Slfn3. Differentiation markers sucrase isomaltase, Dpp4, Glut2, and SGLT1 were all decreased, suggesting that enterocytic differentiation effort is incompatible with rapid proliferation shift in intestinal adaptation. Slfn3 absence potentiates villus length and crypt depth, suggesting that the differentiating stimulus of Slfn3 signaling may restrain mucosal mass increase through regulating Villin1, Gelsolin, EGFR, TNFα, and proliferation markers. Therefore, Slfn3 may be an important regulator not only of "normal" enterocytic differentiation but also in response to bowel resection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The differentiating stimulus of Slfn3 signaling restrains an increase in mucosal mass after bowel resection, and there is a Slfn3-sex interaction regulating differentiation gene expression and intestinal adaptation. This current study highlights the combinatory effects of gender and Slfn3 genotype on the gene expression changes that contribute to the adaptation in intestinal cellular milleu (i.e. villus and crypt structure) which are utilized to compensate for the stress-healing response that the animals display in intestinal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Jack T Lansing
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Diane C Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Josey Umthun
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Allie D Stover
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Christopher Brown
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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15
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Al-Marsoummi S, Pacella J, Dockter K, Soderberg M, Singhal SK, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Basson MD. Schlafen 12 Is Prognostically Favorable and Reduces C-Myc and Proliferation in Lung Adenocarcinoma but Not in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2738. [PMID: 32987632 PMCID: PMC7650563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is an intermediate human Schlafen that induces differentiation in enterocytes, prostate, and breast cancer. We hypothesized that SLFN12 influences lung cancer biology. We investigated survival differences in high versus low SLFN12-expressing tumors in two databases. We then adenovirally overexpressed SLFN12 (AdSLFN12) in HCC827, H23, and H1975 cells to model lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and in H2170 and HTB-182 cells representing lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). We analyzed proliferation using a colorimetric assay, mRNA expression by RT-qPCR, and protein by Western blot. To further explore the functional relevance of SLFN12, we correlated SLFN12 with seventeen functional oncogenic gene signatures in human tumors. Low tumoral SLFN12 expression predicted worse survival in LUAD patients, but not in LUSC. AdSLFN12 modulated expression of SCGB1A1, SFTPC, HOPX, CK-5, CDH1, and P63 in a complex fashion in these cells. AdSLFN12 reduced proliferation in all LUAD cell lines, but not in LUSC cells. SLFN12 expression inversely correlated with expression of a myc-associated gene signature in LUAD, but not LUSC tumors. SLFN12 overexpression reduced c-myc protein in LUAD cell lines but not in LUSC, by inhibiting c-myc translation. Our results suggest SLFN12 improves prognosis in LUAD in part via a c-myc-dependent slowing of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
| | - Jonathan Pacella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
| | - Kaylee Dockter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
| | - Matthew Soderberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
| | - Sandeep K. Singhal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (S.A.-M.); (J.P.); (K.D.); (M.S.); (E.E.V.-D.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Saleiro D, Platanias LC. Interferon signaling in cancer. Non-canonical pathways and control of intracellular immune checkpoints. Semin Immunol 2020; 43:101299. [PMID: 31771762 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are cytokines with important antineoplastic and immune modulatory effects. These cytokines have been conserved through evolution as important elements of the immune surveillance against cancer. Despite this, defining their precise and specific roles in the generation of antitumor responses remains challenging. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of previously unknown roles for IFNs in the control of the immune response against cancer that may redefine our understanding on how these cytokines function. Beyond the engagement of classical JAK-STAT signaling pathways that promote transcription and expression of gene products, the IFNs engage multiple other signaling cascades to generate products that mediate biological responses and outcomes. There is recent emerging evidence indicating that IFNs control the expression of both traditional immune checkpoints like the PD-L1/PD1 axis, but also less well understood "intracellular" immune checkpoints whose targeting may define new approaches for the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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17
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Ambrosini YM, Shin W, Min S, Kim HJ. Microphysiological Engineering of Immune Responses in Intestinal Inflammation. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e13. [PMID: 32395365 PMCID: PMC7192834 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a protective interface that endures constant exposure to the external environment while maintaining its close contact with the local immune system. Growing evidence has suggested that the intercellular crosstalk in the GI tract contributes to maintaining the homeostasis in coordination with the intestinal microbiome as well as the tissue-specific local immune elements. Thus, it is critical to map the complex crosstalks in the intestinal epithelial-microbiome-immune (EMI) axis to identify a pathological trigger in the development of intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease. However, deciphering a specific contributor to the onset of pathophysiological cascades has been considerably hindered by the challenges in current in vivo and in vitro models. Here, we introduce various microphysiological engineering models of human immune responses in the EMI axis under the healthy conditions and gut inflammation. As a prospective model, we highlight how the human “gut inflammation-on-a-chip” can reconstitute the pathophysiological immune responses and contribute to understanding the independent role of inflammatory factors in the EMI axis on the initiation of immune responses under barrier dysfunction. We envision that the microengineered immune models can be useful to build a customizable patient's chip for the advance in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko M Ambrosini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Woojung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Soyoun Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Wu X, Schnitzler GR, Gao GF, Diamond B, Baker AR, Kaplan B, Williamson K, Westlake L, Lorrey S, Lewis TA, Garvie CW, Lange M, Hayat S, Seidel H, Doench J, Cherniack AD, Kopitz C, Meyerson M, Greulich H. Mechanistic insights into cancer cell killing through interaction of phosphodiesterase 3A and schlafen family member 12. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3431-3446. [PMID: 32005668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic molecules can kill cancer cells by disrupting critical cellular processes or by inducing novel activities. 6-(4-(Diethylamino)-3-nitrophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (DNMDP) is a small molecule that kills cancer cells by generation of novel activity. DNMDP induces complex formation between phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) and schlafen family member 12 (SLFN12) and specifically kills cancer cells expressing elevated levels of these two proteins. Here, we examined the characteristics and covariates of the cancer cell response to DNMDP. On average, the sensitivity of human cancer cell lines to DNMDP is correlated with PDE3A expression levels. However, DNMDP could also bind the related protein, PDE3B, and PDE3B supported DNMDP sensitivity in the absence of PDE3A expression. Although inhibition of PDE3A catalytic activity did not account for DNMDP sensitivity, we found that expression of the catalytic domain of PDE3A in cancer cells lacking PDE3A is sufficient to confer sensitivity to DNMDP, and substitutions in the PDE3A active site abolish compound binding. Moreover, a genome-wide CRISPR screen identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP), a co-chaperone protein, as required for response to DNMDP. We determined that AIP is also required for PDE3A-SLFN12 complex formation. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how DNMDP induces PDE3A-SLFN12 complex formation, thereby killing cancer cells with high levels of PDE3A and SLFN12 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | - Galen F Gao
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Brett Diamond
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Andrew R Baker
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Bethany Kaplan
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | | | - Selena Lorrey
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Colin W Garvie
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Martin Lange
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Seidel
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Charlotte Kopitz
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Heidi Greulich
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Umthun J, Basson MD. Loss of Schlafen3 influences the expression levels of Schlafen family members in ileum, thymus, and spleen tissue. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8461. [PMID: 32025381 PMCID: PMC6993753 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Schlafen (Slfn) family proteins are important for regulation of cell growth, cell differentiation and cell cycle progression. We sought to distinguish Slfn family expression in Slfn3 knockout (KO) mice after RNA sequencing analysis of Slfn3KO vs. wildtype (WT) mice revealed varying expressions of Slfn family in ileal mucosa. Methods Quantitative PCR analysis of Slfn members was evaluated in ileal mucosa, thymus and spleen tissue since Slfn family members have roles in differentiating intestinal and immune cells. Results Ileal mucosa of Slfn3KO mice displayed a decrease in Slfn3, 4, 8 and 9 while Slfn1 and 5 increased in mRNA expression vs. WT mice. Thymic tissue had a Slfn9 increase and a Slfn4 decrease while splenic tissue had a Slfn8 and Slfn9 increase in Slfn3KO mice vs. WT mice. These differential expressions of Slfn members could indicate a feedback regulatory mechanism within the Slfn family. Indeed, MATCH™ tool from geneXplain predicted that all Slfn members have regions in their promoters for the Kruppel-like factor-6 transcription factor. In addition, NFAT related factors, ING4, ZNF333 and KLF4 are also predicted to bind in up to 6 of the 8 Slfn promoters. This study further describes a possible autoregulatory mechanism amongst the Slfn family members which could be important in how they regulate the differentiation of various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Josey Umthun
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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20
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Al-Marsoummi S, Vomhof-DeKrey E, Basson MD. Schlafen12 Reduces the Aggressiveness of Triple Negative Breast Cancer through Post-Transcriptional Regulation of ZEB1 That Drives Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:999-1014. [PMID: 31838790 DOI: 10.33594/000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Schlafen12 (SLFN12) promotes human intestinal and prostatic epithelial differentiation. We sought to determine whether SLFN12 reduces triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) aggressiveness. METHODS We validated bioinformatics analyses of publicly available databases by staining human TNBC. After virally overexpressing or siRNA-reducing SLFN12 in TNBC cell lines, we measured proliferation by CCK-8 assay, invasion into basement-membrane-coated pores, mRNA by q-RT-PCR and protein by Western blotting. Flow cytometry assessed proliferation and stem cell marker expression, and sorted CD44+/CD24- cells. Stemness was also assessed by mammosphere formation, and translation by click-it-AHA chemistry. RESULTS SLFN12 expression was lower in TNBC tumors and correlated with survival. SLFN12 overexpression reduced TNBC MDA-MB-231, BT549, and Hs578T proliferation. In MDA-MB-231 cells, AdSLFN12 reduced invasion, promoted cell cycle arrest, increased E-cadherin promoter activity, mRNA, and protein, and reduced vimentin expression and protein. SLFN12 knockdown increased vimentin. AdSLFN12 reduced the proportion of MDA-MB-231 CD44+CD24- cells, with parallel differentiation changes. SLFN12 overexpression reduced MDA-MB-231 mammosphere formation. SLFN12 overexpression decreased ZEB1 and Slug protein despite increased ZEB1 and Slug mRNA in all three lines. SLFN12 overexpression accelerated MDA-MB-231 ZEB1 proteasomal degradation and slowed ZEB1 translation. SLFN12 knockdown increased ZEB1 protein. Coexpressing ZEB1 attenuated the SLFN12 effect on E-cadherin mRNA and proliferation in all three lines. CONCLUSION SLFN12 may reduce TNBC aggressiveness and improve survival in part by a post-transcriptional decrease in ZEB1 that promotes TNBC cancer stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emilie Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA, .,Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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21
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Small molecule FAK activator promotes human intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure and mouse ulcer healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14669. [PMID: 31604999 PMCID: PMC6789032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GI mucosal healing requires epithelial sheet migration. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) stimulates epithelial motility. A virtual screen identified the small drug-like FAK mimic ZINC40099027, which activates FAK. We assessed whether ZINC40099027 promotes FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation and wound healing in Caco-2 monolayers and two mouse intestinal injury models. Murine small bowel ulcers were generated by topical serosal acetic acid or subcutaneous indomethacin in C57BL/6J mice. One day later, we began treatment with ZINC40099027 or DMSO, staining the mucosa for phosphorylated FAK and Ki-67 and measuring mucosal ulcer area, serum creatinine, ALT, and body weight at day 4. ZINC40099027 (10–1000 nM) dose-dependently activated FAK phosphorylation, without activating Pyk2-Tyr-402 or Src-Tyr-419. ZINC40099027 did not stimulate proliferation, and stimulated wound closure independently of proliferation. The FAK inhibitor PF-573228 prevented ZINC40099027-stimulated wound closure. In both mouse ulcer models, ZINC40099027accelerated mucosal wound healing. FAK phosphorylation was increased in jejunal epithelium at the ulcer edge, and Ki-67 staining was unchanged in jejunal mucosa. ZINC40099027 serum concentration at sacrifice resembled the effective concentration in vitro. Weight, creatinine and ALT did not differ between groups. Small molecule FAK activators can specifically promote epithelial restitution and mucosal healing and may be useful to treat gut mucosal injury.
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Lee J, Lansing J, Brown C, Darland D, Basson MD. Schlafen 3 knockout mice display gender-specific differences in weight gain, food efficiency, and expression of markers of intestinal epithelial differentiation, metabolism, and immune cell function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219267. [PMID: 31260507 PMCID: PMC6602453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation are essential for intestinal epithelium absorptive functioning and adaptation to pathological states such as short gut syndrome, ulcers, and inflammatory bowel disease. The rodent Slfn3 and its human analog Slfn12 are critical in regulating intestinal epithelial differentiation. We sought to characterize intestinal function in Slfn3 knockout (KO) mice. Male and female pair-fed Slfn3KO mice gained less weight with decreased food efficiency than wild type (WT) mice, with more pronounced effects in females. RNA sequencing performed on intestinal mucosa of Slfn3KO and WT mice showed gene ontology decreases in cell adhesion molecule signaling, tumor necrosis factor receptor binding, and adaptive immune cell proliferation/functioning genes in Slfn3KO mice, with greater effects in females. qPCR analysis of fatty acid metabolism genes, Pla2g4c, Pla2g2f, and Cyp3c55 revealed an increase in Pla2g4c, and a decrease in Pla2g2f in Slfn3KO females. Additionally, adipogenesis genes, Fabp4 and Lpl were decreased and ketogenesis gene Hmgcs2 was increased in female Slfn3KO mice. Sequencing did not reveal significant changes in differentiation markers, so qPCR was utilized. Slfn3KO tended to have decreased expression of intestinal differentiation markers sucrase isomaltase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, villin 1, and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) vs. WT males, although these trends did not achieve statistical significance unless data from several markers was pooled. Differentiation markers, Glut2 and sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), did show statistically significant sex-dependent differences. Glut2 mRNA was reduced in Slfn3KO females, while SGLT1 increased in Slfn3KO males. Notch2 and Cdx2 were only increased in female Slfn3KO mice. Although Slfn3KO mice gain less weight and decreased food efficiency, their biochemical phenotype is more subtle and suggests a complex interplay between gender effects, Slfn3, and another regulatory pathway yet to be identified that compensates for the chronic loss of Slfn3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Jun Lee
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Jack Lansing
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Chris Brown
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Diane Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chen J, Kuhn LA. Deciphering the three-domain architecture in schlafens and the structures and roles of human schlafen12 and serpinB12 in transcriptional regulation. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:59-76. [PMID: 31026779 PMCID: PMC6657700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen proteins are important in cell differentiation and defense against viruses, and yet this family of vertebrate proteins is just beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Here, the three-dimensional architecture and molecular interfaces of human schlafen12 (hSLFN12), which promotes intestinal stem cell differentiation, are analyzed by sequence conservation and structural modeling in light of the functions of its homologs and binding partners. Our analysis shows that the schlafen or divergent AAA ATPase domain described in the N-terminal region of schlafens in databases and the literature is a misannotation. This N-terminal region is conclusively an AlbA_2 DNA/RNA binding domain, forming the conserved core of schlafens and their sequence homologs from bacteria through mammals. Group III schlafens additionally contain a AAA NTPase domain in their C-terminal helicase region. In hSLFN12, we have uncovered a domain matching rho GTPases, which directly follows the AlbA_2 domain in all group II-III schlafens. Potential roles for the GTPase-like domain include antiviral activity and cytoskeletal interactions that contribute to nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and cell polarization during differentiation. Based on features conserved with rSlfn13, the AlbA_2 region in hSLFN12 is likely to bind RNA, possibly as a ribonuclease. We hypothesize that RNA binding by hSLFN12 contributes to an RNA-induced transcriptional silencing/E3 ligase complex, given the functions of hSLFN12's partners, SUV39H1, JMJD6, and PDLIM7. hSLFN12's partner hSerpinB12 may contribute to heterochromatin formation, based on its homology to MENT, or directly regulate transcription via its binding to RNA polymerase II. The analysis presented here provides clear architectural and transcriptional regulation hypotheses to guide experimental design for hSLFN12 and the thousands of schlafens that share its motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Chen
- Protein Structural Analysis and Design Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Protein Structural Analysis and Design Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1319, USA.
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Chaturvedi LS, Wang Q, More SK, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Basson MD. Schlafen 12 mediates the effects of butyrate and repetitive mechanical deformation on intestinal epithelial differentiation in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Hum Cell 2019; 32:240-250. [PMID: 30875077 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial differentiation may be stimulated by diverse pathways including luminal short-chain fatty acids and repetitive mechanical deformation engendered by villous motility and peristalsis. Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is a cytosolic protein that stimulates sucrase-isomaltase (SI) expression. We hypothesized that two disparate differentiating stimuli, butyrate and repetitive deformation, would each stimulate SLFN12 expression in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and that increased SLFN12 expression would contribute to the differentiating activity of the human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. We stimulated Caco-2 cells with 1-2 mM butyrate or repetitive mechanical deformation at 10 cycles/min at an average 10% strain, and measured SLFN12 and SI expression by qRT-PCR. Sodium butyrate enhanced SLFN12 expression at both 1 mM and 2 mM although SI expression was only significantly increased at 2 mM. Repetitive deformation induced by cyclic mechanical strain also significantly increased both SLFN12 and SI gene expression. Reducing SLFN12 by siRNA decreased basal, deformation-stimulated, and butyrate-stimulated SLFN12 levels, compared to control cells treated with non-targeting siRNA, although both deformation and butyrate were still able to stimulate SLFN12 expression in siRNA-treated cells compared to control cells treated with the same siRNA. This attenuation of the increase in SLFN12 expression in response to mechanical strain or butyrate was accompanied by parallel attenuation of SI expression. Butyrate stimulated SI-promoter activity, and reducing SLFN12 by siRNA attenuated butyrate-induced SI-promoter activity. These data suggest that SLFN12 mediates at least in part the stimulation by both butyrate and repetitive mechanical deformation of sucrase-isomaltase, a late stage differentiation marker in human intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi S Chaturvedi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Currently at Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences-College of Pharmacy, Departments of Basic Sciences and Surgery-College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Shyam K More
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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