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Oliveira MS, Tanaka LY, Antonio EL, Brandizzi LI, Serra AJ, Dos Santos L, Krieger JE, Laurindo FRM, Tucci PJF. Hyperbaric oxygenation improves redox control and reduces mortality in the acute phase of myocardial infarction in a rat model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1431-1438. [PMID: 32016473 PMCID: PMC7003025 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the mechanisms of action of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), the chance of reducing injury by interfering with the mechanisms of redox homeostasis in the heart leads to the possibility of extending the period of viability of the myocardium at risk. This would benefit late interventions for reperfusion to the ischemic area. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in the redox system associated with HBO therapy maintained during the first hour after coronary occlusion in an acute myocardial infarction (MI) rat model. Surviving male rats (n=105) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Sham (SH=26), myocardial infarction (MI=45) and infarction+hyperbaric therapy (HBO=34, 1 h at 2.5 atm). After 90 min of coronary occlusion, a sample of the heart was collected for western blot analysis of total protein levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxin and 3‑nitrotyrosine. Glutathione was measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection of the superoxide radical anion was carried out by oxidation of dihydroethidium analyzed with confocal microscopy. The mortality rate of the MI group was significantly higher than that of the HBO group. No difference was noted in the myocardial infarction size. The oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio and peroxiredoxin were significantly higher in the SH and MI when compared to the HBO group. Superoxide dismutase enzymes and catalase were significantly higher in the HBO group compared to the MI and SH groups. 3‑Nitrotyrosine and the superoxide radical were significantly lower in the HBO group compared to these in the MI and SH groups. These data demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygenation therapy decreased mortality by improving redox control in the hearts of rats in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario S Oliveira
- Division of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05403‑900, Brazil
| | - Ednei L Antonio
- Division of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Laura I Brandizzi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05403‑900, Brazil
| | - Andrey J Serra
- Division of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo 29043‑215, Brazil
| | - José E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05403‑900, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05403‑900, Brazil
| | - Paulo J F Tucci
- Division of Cardiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039‑032, Brazil
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Lin SL, Yeh JL, Tsai PC, Chang TH, Huang WC, Lee ST, Wassler M, Geng YJ, Sulistyowati E. Inhibition of Neointima Hyperplasia, Inflammation, and Reactive Oxygen Species in Balloon-Injured Arteries by HVJ Envelope Vector-Mediated Delivery of Superoxide Dismutase Gene. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:413-427. [PMID: 30191468 PMCID: PMC6647364 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) has been implicated in regulation of vascular function but its underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. These two-step experiments investigate whether hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector-mediated EC-SOD gene delivery might protect against neointima formation, vascular inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and also explore cell growth signaling pathways. The first in-vitro experiment was performed to assess the transfection efficacy and safety of HVJ-E compared to lipofectamine®. Results revealed that HVJ-E has higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity than those of lipofectamine®. Another in-vivo study initially used balloon denudation to rat carotid artery, then delivered EC-SOD cDNA through the vector of HVJ-E. Arterial section with H&E staining from the animals 14 days after balloon injury showed a significant reduction of intima-to-media area ratio in EC-SOD transfected arteries when compared with control (empty vector-transfected arteries) (p < 0.05). Arterial tissue with EC-SOD gene delivery also exhibited lower levels of ROS, as assessed by fluorescent microphotography with dihydroethidium staining. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that EC-SOD gene delivery significantly diminished mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β (p < 0.05 in all comparisons). An immunoblotting assay from vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) cultures showed that the EC-SOD transfected group attenuated the activation of MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and Akt signaling significantly. In conclusion, EC-SOD overexpression by HVJ-E vector inhibits neointima hyperplasia, inflammation, and ROS level triggered by balloon injury. The modulation of cell growth-signaling pathways by EC-SOD in VSMCs might play an important role in these inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoa-Lin Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, Yuan's General Hospital, 162, Cheng-Kung First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiung, 80249, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chia Tsai
- Intensive Care Unit, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Intensive Care Unit, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Song-Tay Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Michael Wassler
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erna Sulistyowati
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Malang, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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Nanotherapies for Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: A Case for Antioxidant Targeted Delivery. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 7:47-60. [PMID: 31396435 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves a broad range of clinical manifestations resulting from a dysfunctional vascular system. Overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are causally implicated in the severity of vascular dysfunction and CVD. Antioxidant therapy is an attractive avenue for treatment of CVD associated pathologies. Implementation of targeted nano-antioxidant therapies has the potential to overcome hurdles associated with systemic delivery of antioxidants. This review examines the currently available options for nanotherapeutic targeting CVD, and explores successful studies showcasing targeted nano-antioxidant therapy. Recent Findings Active targeting strategies in the context of CVD heavily focus on immunotargeting to inflammatory markers like cell adhesion molecules, or to exposed extracellular matrix components. Targeted antioxidant nanotherapies have found success in pre-clinical studies. Summary This review underscores the potential of targeted nanocarriers as means of finding success translating antioxidant therapies to the clinic, all with a focus on CVD.
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Lohsiriwat V, Wilson VG, Scholefield JH, Dashwood MR. Regional Distribution of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human Anorectal Tissue: A Pilot Study on the Potential Role for Nitric Oxide in Haemorrhoids. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 18:43-49. [PMID: 30058493 DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180730101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and protein levels in human haemorrhoids and rectal tissue. METHODS Protein expression of NOS1, NOS2 and NOS3 was compared between haemorrhoids (n=14) and normal rectal submucosa (n=6) using Western blot analysis. The localisation of all NOS isoforms to specific structures was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed median (interquartile range) protein levels of all NOS isoforms were 1.5-2.4 times higher in haemorrhoids than rectal tissue; 121.4 (55.2-165.5) vs 50.0 (25.5-73.7) for NOS1 (p=0.020), 32.2 (23.8-140.6) vs 14.8 (9.6-34.0) for NOS2 (p=0.109), and 80.1 (62.0-139.5) vs 54.3 (48.7 -61.7) for NOS3 (p=0.015). Immunohistochemistry revealed a different distribution and location of all NOS isoforms in vascular and non-vascular structure of haemorrhoids and rectal tissues. The number of haemorrhoid specimens showing positive immunoreactivity of NOS in the vascular endothelium was significantly higher than that in rectal tissue for NOS1 (11/14 (79%) vs 1/6 (17%); p=0.018) and NOS3 (8/14 (57%) vs 0/6 (0%); p=0.042), but not for NOS2 (6/14 (43%) vs 4/6 (67%); p=0.63). CONCLUSION Haemorrhoids have significantly higher protein levels of NOS1 and NOS3 than rectal tissue. The vascular endothelium of haemorrhoids also has significantly higher positive immunoreactivity of NOS1 and NOS3 than rectal tissue suggesting that blood vessels in haemorrhoids are exposed to higher NO concentrations than those of rectal tissue. Since haemorrhoids exhibit marked vascular dilatation and present with bleeding or swelling, a reduction in NOS - by applying NOS inhibitors - may potentially improve the symptoms of haemorrhoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varut Lohsiriwat
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent G Wilson
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John H Scholefield
- The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Dashwood
- Surgical and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Implications of plasma thiol redox in disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1257-1280. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiol groups are crucially involved in signaling/homeostasis through oxidation, reduction, and disulphide exchange. The overall thiol pool is the resultant of several individual pools of small compounds (e.g. cysteine), peptides (e.g. glutathione), and thiol proteins (e.g. thioredoxin (Trx)), which are not in equilibrium and present specific oxidized/reduced ratios. This review addresses mechanisms and implications of circulating plasma thiol/disulphide redox pools, which are involved in several physiologic processes and explored as disease biomarkers. Thiol pools are regulated by mechanisms linked to their intrinsic reactivity against oxidants, concentration of antioxidants, thiol-disulphide exchange rates, and their dynamic release/removal from plasma. Major thiol couples determining plasma redox potential (Eh) are reduced cysteine (CyS)/cystine (the disulphide form of cysteine) (CySS), followed by GSH/disulphide-oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Hydrogen peroxide and hypohalous acids are the main plasma oxidants, while water-soluble and lipid-soluble small molecules are the main antioxidants. The thiol proteome and thiol-oxidoreductases are emerging investigative areas given their specific disease-related responses (e.g. protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs) in thrombosis). Plasma cysteine and glutathione redox couples exhibit pro-oxidant changes directly correlated with ageing/age-related diseases. We further discuss changes in thiol-disulphide redox state in specific groups of diseases: cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative. These results indicate association with the disease states, although not yet clear-cut to yield specific biomarkers. We also highlight mechanisms whereby thiol pools affect atherosclerosis pathophysiology. Overall, it is unlikely that a single measurement provides global assessment of plasma oxidative stress. Rather, assessment of individual thiol pools and thiol-proteins specific to any given condition has more solid and logical perspective to yield novel relevant information on disease risk and prognosis.
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Tanaka LY, Laurindo FRM. Vascular remodeling: A redox-modulated mechanism of vessel caliber regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:11-21. [PMID: 28109889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling, i.e. whole-vessel structural reshaping, determines lumen caliber in (patho)physiology. Here we review mechanisms underlying vessel remodeling, with emphasis in redox regulation. First, we discuss confusing terminology and focus on strictu sensu remodeling. Second, we propose a mechanobiological remodeling paradigm based on the concept of tensional homeostasis as a setpoint regulator. We first focus on shear-mediated models as prototypes of remodeling closely dominated by highly redox-sensitive endothelial function. More detailed discussions focus on mechanosensors, integrins, extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton and inflammatory pathways as potential of mechanisms potentially coupling tensional homeostasis to redox regulation. Further discussion of remodeling associated with atherosclerosis and injury repair highlights important aspects of redox vascular responses. While neointima formation has not shown consistent responsiveness to antioxidants, vessel remodeling has been more clearly responsive, indicating that despite the multilevel redox signaling pathways, there is a coordinated response of the whole vessel. Among mechanisms that may orchestrate redox pathways, we discuss roles of superoxide dismutase activity and extracellular protein disulfide isomerase. We then discuss redox modulation of aneurysms, a special case of expansive remodeling. We propose that the redox modulation of vascular remodeling may reflect (1) remodeling pathophysiology is dominated by a particularly redox-sensitive cell type, e.g., endothelial cells (2) redox pathways are temporospatially coordinated at an organ level across distinct cellular and acellular structures or (3) the tensional homeostasis setpoint is closely connected to redox signaling. The mechanobiological/redox model discussed here can be a basis for improved understanding of remodeling and helps clarifying mechanisms underlying prevalent hard-to-treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex II, 9th Floor, São Paulo CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Annex II, 9th Floor, São Paulo CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
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Jordão CP, Fernandes T, Tanaka LY, Bechara LRG, de Sousa LGO, Oliveira EM, Ramires PR. Aerobic Swim Training Restores Aortic Endothelial Function by Decreasing Superoxide Levels in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:310-316. [PMID: 28591344 PMCID: PMC5439113 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(05)09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine whether aerobic training decreases superoxide levels, increases nitric oxide levels, and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were distributed into 2 groups: sedentary (SHRsd and WKYsd, n=10 each) and swimming-trained (SHRtr, n=10 and WKYtr, n=10, respectively). The trained group participated in training sessions 5 days/week for 1 h/day with an additional work load of 4% of the animal's body weight. After a 10-week sedentary or aerobic training period, the rats were euthanized. The thoracic aortas were removed to evaluate the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (10-10 to 10-4 M) with or without preincubation with L-NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 10-4 M) in vitro. The aortic tissue was also used to assess the levels of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoforms 1 and 4 proteins, as well as the superoxide and nitrite contents. Blood pressure was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. RESULTS: Aerobic training significantly increased the acetylcholine-induced maximum vasodilation observed in the SHRtr group compared with the SHRsd group (85.9±4.3 vs. 71.6±5.2%). Additionally, in the SHRtr group, superoxide levels were significantly decreased, nitric oxide bioavailability was improved, and the levels of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 protein were decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Moreover, after training, the blood pressure of the SHRtr group decreased compared to the SHRsd group. Exercise training had no effect on the blood pressure of the WKYtr group. CONCLUSIONS: In SHR, aerobic swim training decreased vascular superoxide generation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase subunit isoform 4 and increased nitric oxide bioavailability, thereby improving endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila P Jordão
- Unidade de Reabilitação, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular do Exercicio, Escola de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Leonardo Yuji Tanaka
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Luiz R. Grassmann Bechara
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular do Exercicio, Escola de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Luis Gustavo Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular do Exercicio, Escola de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Edilamar M Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular do Exercicio, Escola de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Paulo Rizzo Ramires
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular do Exercicio, Escola de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase: Growth Promoter or Tumor Suppressor? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3612589. [PMID: 27293512 PMCID: PMC4880707 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3612589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) gene transfer to tissue damage results in increased healing, increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. At molecular level, in vivo SOD3 overexpression reduces superoxide anion (O2−) concentration and increases mitogen kinase activation suggesting that SOD3 could have life-supporting characteristics. The hypothesis is further strengthened by the observations showing significantly increased mortality in conditional knockout mice. However, in cancer SOD3 has been shown to either increase or decrease cell proliferation and survival depending on the model system used, indicating that SOD3-derived growth mechanisms are not completely understood. In this paper, the author reviews the main discoveries in SOD3-dependent growth regulation and signal transduction.
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Tanaka LY, Araújo HA, Hironaka GK, Araujo TL, Takimura CK, Rodriguez AI, Casagrande AS, Gutierrez PS, Lemos-Neto PA, Laurindo FR. Peri/Epicellular Protein Disulfide Isomerase Sustains Vascular Lumen Caliber Through an Anticonstrictive Remodeling Effect. Hypertension 2016; 67:613-22. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Y. Tanaka
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haniel A. Araújo
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo K. Hironaka
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís L.S. Araujo
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso K. Takimura
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andres I. Rodriguez
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annelise S. Casagrande
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Gutierrez
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Lemos-Neto
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R.M. Laurindo
- From the Vascular Biology Laboratory (L.Y.T., H.A.A., G.K.H., T.L.S.A., A.I.R., A.S.C., F.R.M.L.), Interventional Cardiology Unit (C.K.T., P.A.L.-N.), and Pathology Laboratory (P.S.G.), Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Schulz
- From the University Medical Center Mainz, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- From the University Medical Center Mainz, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Mainz, Germany
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Exercise improves endothelial function: a local analysis of production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Nitric Oxide 2015; 45:7-14. [PMID: 25619203 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the acute effects of aerobic exercise on endothelium-dependent vasomotor function of rat aorta, as well as mechanisms involved in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. Wistar rats were assigned to either a resting control (C, n = 21) or acutely exercised (E, n = 21) groups (60 min, 55-60% of maximum speed). After exercise, thoracic aorta was excised and cut into rings. Two rings were promptly applied to evaluate vasomotor function and the rest of aorta was used for additional measurements. Acute exercise significantly improved maximum ACh-induced relaxation (C, 91.6 ± 1.2 vs. E, 102.4 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and sensitivity to ACh (C, -7.3 ± 0.06 vs. E, -7.3 ± 0.02 log M, p < 0.01), and was accompanied by significantly increases on serine1177 eNOS phosphorylation, reflecting its enhanced activation. However, acute exercise also enhanced both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, as assayed by dihydroethidium oxidation, lucigenin chemiluminescence and Amplex Red assays. We also provided evidence for Nox2 NADPH oxidase (Nox) activation through gp91dstat-mediated inhibition of superoxide signals. Enhanced arterial relaxations associated with acute exercise were nearly-completely prevented by catalase, suggesting a role for paracrine hydrogen peroxide. Despite increased detectable oxidant generation, cellular oxidative stress was not evident, as suggested by unaltered GSH:GSSG ratio and lipid hydroperoxides. Collectively, these results demonstrate that one bout of moderate aerobic exercise improves endothelial function by increasing NO bioavailability, while superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are generated in a controlled fashion.
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Fosen KM, Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen, vasculogenic stem cells, and wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1634-47. [PMID: 24730726 PMCID: PMC4175035 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress is recognized as playing a role in stem cell mobilization from peripheral sites and also cell function. RECENT ADVANCES This review focuses on the impact of hyperoxia on vasculogenic stem cells and elements of wound healing. CRITICAL ISSUES Components of the wound-healing process in which oxidative stress has a positive impact on the various cells involved in wound healing are highlighted. A slightly different view of wound-healing physiology is adopted by departing from the often used notion of sequential stages: hemostatic, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling and instead organizes the cascade of wound healing as overlapping events or waves pertaining to reactive oxygen species, lactate, and nitric oxide. This was done because hyperoxia has effects of a number of cell signaling events that converge to influence cell recruitment/chemotaxis and gene regulation/protein synthesis responses which mediate wound healing. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Our alternative perspective of the stages of wound healing eases recognition of the multiple sites where oxidative stress has an impact on wound healing. This aids the focus on mechanistic events and the interplay among various cell types and biochemical processes. It also highlights the areas where additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina M. Fosen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R. Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Western-type diet induces senescence, modifies vascular function in non-senescence mice and triggers adaptive mechanisms in senescent ones. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Pescatore LA, Bonatto D, Forti FL, Sadok A, Kovacic H, Laurindo FRM. Protein disulfide isomerase is required for platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration, Nox1 NADPH oxidase expression, and RhoGTPase activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29290-300. [PMID: 22773830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell (VSMC) migration into vessel neointima is a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and postinjury restenosis. Nox1 NADPH oxidase-derived oxidants synergize with growth factors to support VSMC migration. We previously described the interaction between NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum redox chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in many cell types. However, physiological implications, as well as mechanisms of such association, are yet unclear. We show here that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promoted subcellular redistribution of PDI concomitant to Nox1-dependent reactive oxygen species production and that siRNA-mediated PDI silencing inhibited such reactive oxygen species production, while nearly totally suppressing the increase in Nox1 expression, with no change in Nox4. Furthermore, PDI silencing inhibited PDGF-induced VSMC migration assessed by distinct methods, whereas PDI overexpression increased spontaneous basal VSMC migration. To address possible mechanisms of PDI effects, we searched for PDI interactome by systems biology analysis of physical protein-protein interaction networks, which indicated convergence with small GTPases and their regulator RhoGDI. PDI silencing decreased PDGF-induced Rac1 and RhoA activities, without changing their expression. PDI co-immunoprecipitated with RhoGDI at base line, whereas such association was decreased after PDGF. Also, PDI co-immunoprecipitated with Rac1 and RhoA in a PDGF-independent way and displayed detectable spots of perinuclear co-localization with Rac1 and RhoGDI. Moreover, PDI silencing promoted strong cytoskeletal changes: disorganization of stress fibers, decreased number of focal adhesions, and reduced number of RhoGDI-containing vesicular recycling adhesion structures. Overall, these data suggest that PDI is required to support Nox1/redox and GTPase-dependent VSMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Pescatore
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil 05403-000
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15
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Cerqueira FM, Brandizzi LI, Cunha FM, Laurindo FRM, Kowaltowski AJ. Serum from calorie-restricted rats activates vascular cell eNOS through enhanced insulin signaling mediated by adiponectin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31155. [PMID: 22319612 PMCID: PMC3271099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS activation resulting in mitochondrial biogenesis is believed to play a central role in life span extension promoted by calorie restriction (CR). We investigated the mechanism of this activation by treating vascular cells with serum from CR rats and found increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, in addition to enhanced nitrite release. Inhibiting Akt phosphorylation or immunoprecipitating adiponectin (found in high quantities in CR serum) completely prevented the increment in nitrite release and eNOS activation. Overall, we demonstrate that adiponectin in the serum from CR animals increases NO• signaling by activating the insulin pathway. These results suggest this hormone may be a determinant regulator of the beneficial effects of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. Cerqueira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura I. Brandizzi
- Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Cunha
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R. M. Laurindo
- Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on early outcomes of deceased renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:1443-9. [PMID: 21693215 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on early outcomes of deceased donor renal transplantation. Between April 2005 and June 2008, adult primary graft recipients of deceased renal donors were assigned to treatment (n = 38) or control (n = 36) groups and evaluated for 90 days and one year after renal transplantation. The treatment group received NAC orally (600 mg twice daily) from day 0 to 7 postoperatively. Renal function was determined by serum creatinine, MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault estimated GFR (eGFR), delayed graft function (DGF) and dialysis free Kaplan-Meier estimate curve. Serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were employed as markers of oxidative stress. The NAC group displayed a lower mean serum creatinine during the first 90 days (P = .026) and at 1 year after transplantation (P = .005). Furthermore, the NAC group showed a higher mean eGFR throughout the first 90 days and at 1 year. DGF was lower among the NAC group (P = .017) and these recipients required fewer days of dialysis (P = .012). Oxidative stress was significantly attenuated with NAC (P < .001). Our results suggested that NAC enhanced early outcomes of deceased donor renal transplantation by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Ishigami N, Isoda K, Adachi T, Niida T, Kujiraoka T, Hakuno D, Kondo H, Kusuhara M, Ohsuzu F. Deficiency of CuZn superoxide dismutase promotes inflammation and alters medial structure following vascular injury. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:1009-17. [PMID: 21946535 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The anti-oxidant enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) metabolizes superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) in vascular cells. However, the role of CuZnSOD in vascular injury remains poorly understood. METHODS Using CuZnSOD-deficient (CuZnSOD(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) mice, we investigated morphometric changes and the role of O(2)(-) in vascular remodeling after femoral artery injury induced by an external vascular cuff model. RESULTS Three days post-injury, inflammatory cell infiltration increased significantly. Moreover, the percent positive area of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in media were higher in CuZnSOD(-/-) mice than in WT mice (TNF-α: 34.8±8.4% versus 18.8±5.6%, p < 0.05, ICAM-1: 29.6±6.5% versus 11.0±2.8%, p < 0.05, VCAM-1: 23.5±7.5% versus 3.7±1.1%, p < 0.05). mRNA expression of iNOS was markedly increased in CuZnSOD(-/-) mice with cuff injury. Dihydroethidine staining revealed increased levels of vascular O(2)(-) in media from CuZnSOD(-/-) mice. Although neointimal formation remained unchanged, 14 days postinjury, we observed degeneration of the media, and the media/vessel wall ratio increased in CuZnSOD(-/-) mice (40.4±2.1% versus 26.8±1.4%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, SMemb/MHC-B-stained lesions increased markedly in CuZnSOD(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS CuZnSOD-deficiency promoted inflammation, expressed adhesion molecules, and altered the structure of the media post-injury. Our results suggest that O(2)(-) participates importantly in the progression of early stage vascular inflammation, resulting in vascular remodeling in media but not neointimal formation, post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Ishigami
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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18
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Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M. Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1583-606. [PMID: 21473702 PMCID: PMC3151424 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1290] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species Revised abstract, especially superoxide anion (O₂•-), play important roles in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the major antioxidant defense systems against (O₂•-), which consist of three isoforms of SOD in mammals: the cytoplasmic Cu/ZnSOD (SOD1), the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), and the extracellular Cu/ZnSOD (SOD3), all of which require catalytic metal (Cu or Mn) for their activation. Recent evidence suggests that in each subcellular location, SODs catalyze the conversion of (O₂•-), H2O2, which may participate in cell signaling. In addition, SODs play a critical role in inhibiting oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide, thereby preventing peroxynitrite formation and endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. The importance of each SOD isoform is further illustrated by studies from the use of genetically altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer. Given the essential role of SODs in cardiovascular disease, the concept of antioxidant therapies, that is, reinforcement of endogenous antioxidant defenses to more effectively protect against oxidative stress, is of substantial interest. However, the clinical evidence remains controversial. In this review, we will update the role of each SOD in vascular biologies, physiologies, and pathophysiologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Because of the importance of metal cofactors in the activity of SODs, we will also discuss how each SOD obtains catalytic metal in the active sites. Finally, we will discuss the development of future SOD-dependent therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Fukai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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19
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Laatikainen LE, Incoronato M, Castellone MD, Laurila JP, Santoro M, Laukkanen MO. SOD3 decreases ischemic injury derived apoptosis through phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Akt, and FoxO3a. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24456. [PMID: 21909393 PMCID: PMC3164207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), which dismutates superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide, has been shown to reduce the free radical stress derived apoptosis in tissue injuries. Since both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide have a marked impact on signal transduction pathways and could potentially explain a number of apoptosis and survival -related phenomena in different pathological conditions, we clarified the impact of SOD3 on Akt and Erk1/2 cell survival pathways in rat hind limb injury model. Methodology and Principal Findings Based on our data, the hind limb ischemic rats treated with virally delivered sod3 have milder injury and less apoptosis than control animals that could be due to parallel activation of pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. The common downstream factor of both signaling pathways, the apoptosis related forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a), was phosphorylated and translocated to the cytoplasm in sod3 treated tissues and cell line. Additionally, we obtained increased mRNA production of elk-1, ets-1, and microRNA 21 (miR-21), whereas synthesis of bim mRNA was decreased in sod3 overexpressing tissues. We further showed that overexpression of sod3 modulated redox related gene expression by downregulating nox2 and inos when compared to injured control animals. Conclusions and Significance The study shows the complexity of SOD3-derived effects on tissue injury recovery that are not limited to the reduction of superoxide anion caused cellular stress but highlights the impact of SOD3 related signal transduction on tissue functions and suggests an important role for SOD3 in attenuating cell stress effects in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Domenica Castellone
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Juha P. Laurila
- University of Turku, Medicity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mikko O. Laukkanen
- University of Turku, Medicity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
- Fondazione IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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20
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Cellular prion protein (PrPC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in vascular cells under oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Paulino EC, Ferreira JCB, Bechara LR, Tsutsui JM, Mathias W, Lima FB, Casarini DE, Cicogna AC, Brum PC, Negrão CE. Exercise Training and Caloric Restriction Prevent Reduction in Cardiac Ca
2+
-Handling Protein Profile in Obese Rats. Hypertension 2010; 56:629-35. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.156141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies show that exercise training and caloric restriction improve cardiac function in obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect on cardiac function remain unknown. Thus, we studied the effect of exercise training and/or caloric restriction on cardiac function and Ca
2+
handling protein expression in obese rats. To accomplish this goal, male rats fed with a high-fat and sucrose diet for 25 weeks were randomly assigned into 4 groups: high-fat and sucrose diet, high-fat and sucrose diet and exercise training, caloric restriction, and exercise training and caloric restriction. An additional lean group was studied. The study was conducted for 10 weeks. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and Ca
2+
handling protein expression by Western blotting. Our results showed that visceral fat mass, circulating leptin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were higher in rats on the high-fat and sucrose diet compared with the lean rats. Cardiac nitrate levels, reduced/oxidized glutathione, left ventricular fractional shortening, and protein expression of phosphorylated Ser
2808
-ryanodine receptor and Thr
17
-phospholamban were lower in rats on the high-fat and sucrose diet compared with lean rats. Exercise training and/or caloric restriction prevented increases in visceral fat mass, circulating leptin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels and prevented reduction in cardiac nitrate levels and reduced:oxidized glutathione ratio. Exercise training and/or caloric restriction prevented reduction in left ventricular fractional shortening and in phosphorylation of the Ser
2808
-ryanodine receptor and Thr
17
-phospholamban. These findings show that exercise training and/or caloric restriction prevent cardiac dysfunction in high-fat and sucrose diet rats, which seems to be attributed to decreased circulating neurohormone levels. In addition, this nonpharmacological paradigm prevents a reduction in the Ser
2808
-ryanodine receptor and Thr
17
-phospholamban phosphorylation and redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellena Christina Paulino
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Julio Cesar Batista Ferreira
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Luiz Roberto Bechara
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Jeane Mike Tsutsui
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Wilson Mathias
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Fabio Bessa Lima
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Antonio Carlos Cicogna
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Patricia Chakur Brum
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
| | - Carlos Eduardo Negrão
- From the Heart Institute (InCor) (E.C.P., J.M.T., W.M., C.E.N.) and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (F.B.L.), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Physical Education and Sport (J.C.B.F., L.R.B., P.C.B., C.E.N.), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine (D.E.C.), Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine and Cardiology (A.C.C.), School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University-State
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Zhang HB, Wen JK, Wang YY, Zheng B, Han M. Flavonoids from Inula britannica L. inhibit injury-induced neointimal formation by suppressing oxidative-stress generation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:176-183. [PMID: 19559080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to investigate whether and how the total flavonoid extracts (TFE) from Inula britannica L. block neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were administered orally TFE doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/d by gastric gavage from 3 days before balloon injury to 14 days after the injury. The ratio of intima (I) to media (M) thickness (I/M) in carotid arteries was examined by morphological analyses. The MDA content and SOD activity in plasma were measured. The O(2)(-) production in vascular tissues was detected in situ. The expression of p47(phox) in carotid arteries was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The rats treated with TFE 50 mg/kg/d showed a reduction in neointimal hyperplasia, and the ratio of I/M of balloon injured-carotid arteries was significantly reduced by over 70% after TFE treatment, compared with the injured group. The inhibitory effect of TFE on neointimal hyperplasia was almost consistent with that of atorvastatin, a positive control. The plasma SOD activity was obviously increased by TFE treatment (P<0.01), while plasma MDA production was markedly decreased by TFE treatment (P<0.05). On day 14 after balloon injury, the carotid arteries showed an increase in O(2)(-) production that was most evident in the neointimal and medial layer of the vessel. Thus, TFE significantly inhibited injury-induced O(2)(-) production and p47(phox) expression in carotid arteries. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TFE inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, at least partly, by suppressing oxidative-stress generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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23
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Wosniak J, Santos CXC, Kowaltowski AJ, Laurindo FRM. Cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase: effects of mild mitochondrial dysfunction on angiotensin II-mediated increase in Nox isoform expression and activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1265-78. [PMID: 19281299 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase activation are concomitantly involved in pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. However, possible cross-talk between those ROS-generating systems is unclear. We induced mild mitochondrial dysfunction due to mitochondrial DNA damage after 24 h incubation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle (VSMC) with 250 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr). VSMC remained viable and had 29% less oxygen consumption, 16% greater baseline hydrogen peroxide, and unchanged glutathione levels. Serum-stimulated proliferation was unaltered at 24 h. Although PCR amplification of several mtDNA sequences was preserved, D-Loop mtDNA region showed distinct amplification of shorter products after EtBr. Such evidence for DNA damage was further enhanced after angiotensin-II (AngII) incubation. Remarkably, the normally observed increase in VSMC membrane fraction NADPH oxidase activity after AngII was completely abrogated after EtBr, together with failure to upregulate Nox1 mRNA expression. Conversely, basal Nox4 mRNA expression increased 1.6-fold, while being unresponsive to AngII. Similar loss in AngII redox response occurred after 24 h antimycin-A incubation. Enhanced Nox4 expression was unassociated with endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Protein disulfide isomerase, an NADPH oxidase regulator, exhibited increased expression and inverted pattern of migration to membrane fraction after EtBr. These results unravel functionally relevant cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, which markedly affects redox responses to AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Wosniak
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Wu J, Hecker JG, Chiamvimonvat N. Antioxidant enzyme gene transfer for ischemic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:351-63. [PMID: 19233238 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The balance of redox is pivotal for normal function and integrity of tissues. Ischemic insults occur as results of a variety of conditions, leading to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalanced redox status in the tissues. The oxidant stress may activate signaling mechanisms provoking more toxic events, and eventually cause tissue damage. Therefore, treatments with antioxidants, free radical scavengers and their mimetics, as well as gene transfer approaches to overexpress antioxidant genes represent potential therapeutic options to correct the redox imbalance. Among them, antioxidant gene transfer may enhance the production of antioxidant scavengers, and has been employed to experimentally prevent or treat ischemic injury in cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, intestinal, central nervous or other systems in animal models. With improvements in vector systems and delivery approaches, innovative antioxidant gene therapy has conferred better outcomes for myocardial infarction, reduced restenosis after coronary angioplasty, improved the quality and function of liver grafts, as well as outcome of intestinal and cerebral ischemic attacks. However, it is crucial to be mindful that like other therapeutic armentarium, the efficacy of antioxidant gene transfer requires extensive preclinical investigation before it can be used in patients, and that it may have unanticipated short- or long-term adverse effects. Thus, it is critical to balance between the therapeutic benefits and potential risks, to develop disease-specific antioxidant gene transfer strategies, to deliver the therapy with an optimal time window and in a safe manner. This review attempts to provide the rationale, the most effective approaches and the potential hurdles of available antioxidant gene transfer approaches for ischemic injury in various organs, as well as the possible directions of future preclinical and clinical investigations of this highly promising therapeutic modality.
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de Andrade CR, Leite PF, Montezano AC, Casolari DA, Yogi A, Tostes RC, Haddad R, Eberlin MN, Laurindo FRM, de Souza HP, Corrêa FMA, de Oliveira AM. Increased endothelin-1 reactivity and endothelial dysfunction in carotid arteries from rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:568-80. [PMID: 19371338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There are interactions between endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial vascular injury in hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we evaluated the effects of HHcy on the endothelin system in rat carotid arteries. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular reactivity to ET-1 and ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antagonists was assessed in rings of carotid arteries from normal rats and those with HHcy. ET(A) and ET(B) receptor expression was assessed by mRNA (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and binding of [(125)I]-ET-1. KEY RESULTS HHcy enhanced ET-1-induced contractions of carotid rings with intact endothelium. Selective antagonism of ET(A) or ET(B) receptors produced concentration-dependent rightward displacements of ET-1 concentration response curves. Antagonism of ET(A) but not of ET(B) receptors abolished enhancement in HHcy tissues. ET(A) and ET(B) receptor gene expressions were not up-regulated. ET(A) receptor expression in the arterial media was higher in HHcy arteries. Contractions to big ET-1 served as indicators of endothelin-converting enzyme activity, which was decreased by HHcy, without reduction of ET-1 levels. ET-1-induced Rho-kinase activity, calcium release and influx were increased by HHcy. Pre-treatment with indomethacin reversed enhanced responses to ET-1 in HHcy tissues, which were reduced also by a thromboxane A(2) receptor antagonist. Induced relaxation was reduced by BQ788, absent in endothelium-denuded arteries and was decreased in HHcy due to reduced bioavailability of NO. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Increased ET(A) receptor density plays a fundamental role in endothelial injury induced by HHcy. ET-1 activation of ET(A) receptors in HHcy changed the balance between endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors, favouring enhanced contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R de Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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26
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Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a growth regulatory mediator of tissue injury recovery. Mol Ther 2008; 17:448-54. [PMID: 19107121 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) gene therapy has been shown to attenuate tissue damages and to improve the recovery of the tissue injuries, but the cellular events delivering the therapeutic response of the enzyme are not well defined. In the current work, we overexpressed SOD3 in rat hindlimb ischemia model to study the signal transduction and injury healing following the sod3 gene transfer. The data suggest a novel sod3 gene transfer-derived signal transduction cascade through Ras-Mek-Erk mitogenic pathway leading to activation of AP1 and CRE transcription factors, increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and cyclin D1 expression, increased cell proliferation, and consequently improved metabolic functionality of the injured tissue. Increased cell proliferation could explain the improved metabolic performance and the healing of the tissue damages after the sod3 gene transfer. The present data is a novel description of the molecular mechanism of SOD3-mediated recovery of tissue injury and suggests a new physiological role for SOD3 as a Ras regulatory molecule in signal transduction.
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27
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Zanchi NE, Bechara LRG, Tanaka LY, Debbas V, Bartholomeu T, Ramires PR. Moderate exercise training decreases aortic superoxide production in myocardial infarcted rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104:1045-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Levonen AL, Vähäkangas E, Koponen JK, Ylä-Herttuala S. Antioxidant gene therapy for cardiovascular disease: current status and future perspectives. Circulation 2008; 117:2142-50. [PMID: 18427144 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.718585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated to play an important role in a number of cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and restenosis after angioplasty or venous bypass grafting. The formation of reactive oxygen species is balanced out by antioxidant defenses, and augmenting this defense by antioxidant therapies could therefore provide a potential means to treat conditions in which the formation of reactive oxygen species exceeds the capability of natural protective mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the studies in which antioxidant gene therapy has been used successfully to treat cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss the current limitations of antioxidant gene therapy and envision future therapeutic targets and methodological approaches for an improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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29
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Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Accelerates Endothelial Recovery and Inhibits In-Stent Restenosis in Stented Atherosclerotic Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit Aorta. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:2249-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Maksimenko AV. Extracellular oxidative damage of vascular walls and their protection using antioxidant enzymes. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Levonen AL, Inkala M, Heikura T, Jauhiainen S, Jyrkkänen HK, Kansanen E, Määttä K, Romppanen E, Turunen P, Rutanen J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Nrf2 Gene Transfer Induces Antioxidant Enzymes and Suppresses Smooth Muscle Cell Growth In Vitro and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Rabbit Aorta In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:741-7. [PMID: 17255530 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258868.80079.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in vascular inflammation and pathophysiology of many vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and injury-induced neointima formation after balloon angioplasty. Nuclear factor E2–related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor orchestrating antioxidant and cytoprotective responses on oxidative and electrophilic stress, and it has been shown to have antiinflammatory effects in vascular cells in vitro. We therefore postulated that Nrf2 gene transfer would have salutary effects on vascular inflammation after angioplasty.
Methods and Results—
Transduction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with Nrf2-expressing adenovirus increased the expression of several antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) compared with β-galactosidase (AdLacZ)-transduced controls. Moreover, Nrf2 gene transfer also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, and the effect was partially reversed by the HO inhibitor Sn(IV) protoporphyrin. In vivo, adenoviral gene transfer effectively reduced oxidative stress determined by antibody staining against oxidized epitopes of LDL, as well as inhibited vascular inflammation assessed by the macrophage cell count and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) staining. However, the antiproliferative effects of Nrf2 in vivo were counterbalanced with diminished apoptosis in neointimal VSMCs, resulting in no change in neointimal hyperplasia.
Conclusions—
Nrf2 gene transfer or Nrf2-inducing drugs may have therapeutic applications in vascular diseases in which inflammation and oxidative stress play a role. However, the contrasting growth inhibitory and antiapoptotic effects of Nrf2 need to be considered in pathological conditions in which SMC proliferation plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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32
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Fukai T. Extracellular SOD inactivation in high-volume hypertension: role of hydrogen peroxide. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:442-4. [PMID: 17301320 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258920.36436.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Jung O, Marklund SL, Xia N, Busse R, Brandes RP. Inactivation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Contributes to the Development of High-Volume Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:470-7. [PMID: 17170376 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000254823.15843.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) lowers superoxide anions and maintains vascular nitric oxide level. We studied the function of ecSOD in high-volume hypertension induced by the 1-kidney-1-clip model in wild-type, ecSOD
−/−
mice, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
−/−
mice.
Methods and Results—
The 1-kidney–1-clip model resulted in impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and hypertension and vascular oxidative stress in wild-type and ecSOD
−/−
mice. Recombinant ecSOD lowered the blood pressure and improved aortic nitric oxide bioavailability in wild-type and ecSOD
−/−
but not eNOS
−/−
mice. ecSOD had no effect on blood pressure in eNOS
−/−
or wild-type mice treated with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The 1-kidney–1-clip model markedly induced ecSOD protein expression, whereas activity was increased by only 25%, suggesting a partial inactivation of ecSOD in high-volume hypertension. Incubation of aortic segments with peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide attenuated ecSOD activity, but peroxynitrite did not induce tyrosine nitration of ecSOD, suggesting oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. Administration of polyethyleneglycol-catalase for 3 days selectively lowered the blood pressure in ecSOD
+/+
but not ecSOD
−/−
mice and improved nitric oxide bioavailability. In contrast, acute application of catalase had no effect.
Conclusions—
Nitric oxide mediates the vascular effects of ecSOD. Vascular dysfunction in 1-kidney–1-clip model hypertension is partially a consequence of inactivation of ecSOD by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jung
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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35
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Cooney R, Hynes SO, Sharif F, Howard L, O'Brien T. Effect of gene delivery of NOS isoforms on intimal hyperplasia and endothelial regeneration after balloon injury. Gene Ther 2006; 14:396-404. [PMID: 17080182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell loss is a critical event in the pathological repair of the injured blood vessel. Impaired endothelial function results in reduced production of key vascular mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) within the vessel wall leading to enhanced smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and ultimately intimal hyperplasia. The aim of the present study was to directly compare the effects of adenoviral-mediated gene delivery of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, eNOS and iNOS on endothelial regeneration and intimal hyperplasia following endothelial injury in the rabbit carotid artery. The right carotid arteries of male New Zealand white rabbits were denuded by passing a 3French Fogarty balloon catheter along the artery three times. In all, 1 x 10(9) PFU of adenoviral(Ad)eNOS, AdiNOS or Adbeta-galactosidase (Adbeta-Gal) was then delivered intraluminally and allowed to dwell for 20 min. Transgene expression was sought after 3 days by immunohistochemistry and at 7 days by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The effect on intimal hyperplasia was sought using histological staining after 14 days. Evans blue staining was used to determine the effect on endothelial regeneration. eNOS and iNOS expression was detected in transduced arteries. Neointima/media ratios were significantly reduced in eNOS (0.07+/-0.044) and iNOS (0.087+/-0.086) transduced arteries compared with Adbeta-Gal (0.332+/-0.14) transduced arteries (n=7). In addition, AdeNOS treatment (4.21+/-3.12% de-endothelialized area) enhanced endothelial regeneration compared to Adbeta-Gal treatment (10.05+/-4.98), while treatment with AdiNOS (25.17+/-11.92) inhibited endothelial regeneration in the injured rabbit carotid artery (n=7-8). These results highlight the potential of NOS gene therapy, in particular, eNOS gene therapy as a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of restenosis after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cooney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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36
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Fernandes DC, Wosniak J, Pescatore LA, Bertoline MA, Liberman M, Laurindo FRM, Santos CXC. Analysis of DHE-derived oxidation products by HPLC in the assessment of superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity in vascular systems. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C413-22. [PMID: 16971501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroethidium (DHE) is a widely used sensitive superoxide (O2(*-)) probe. However, DHE oxidation yields at least two fluorescent products, 2-hydroxyethidium (EOH), known to be more specific for O2(*-), and the less-specific product ethidium. We validated HPLC methods to allow quantification of DHE products in usual vascular experimental situations. Studies in vitro showed that xanthine/xanthine oxidase, and to a lesser degree peroxynitrite/carbon dioxide system led to EOH and ethidium formation. Peroxidase/H2O2 but not H2O2 alone yielded ethidium as the main product. In vascular smooth muscle cells incubated with ANG II (100 nM, 4 h), we showed a 60% increase in EOH/DHE ratio, prevented by PEG-SOD or SOD1 overexpression. We further validated a novel DHE-based NADPH oxidase assay in vascular smooth muscle cell membrane fractions, showing that EOH was uniquely increased after ANG II. This assay was also adapted to a fluorescence microplate reader, providing results in line with HPLC results. In injured artery slices, shown to exhibit increased DHE-derived fluorescence at microscopy, there was approximately 1.5- to 2-fold increase in EOH/DHE and ethidium/DHE ratios after injury, and PEG-SOD inhibited only EOH formation. We found that the amount of ethidium product and EOH/ethidium ratios are influenced by factors such as cell density and ambient light. In addition, we indirectly disclosed potential roles of heme groups and peroxidase activity in ethidium generation. Thus HPLC analysis of DHE-derived oxidation products can improve assessment of O2(*-) production or NADPH oxidase activity in many vascular experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Fernandes
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44 CEP, 05403-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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Tasaki H, Yamashita K, Tsutsui M, Kamezaki F, Kubara T, Tanaka S, Sasaguri Y, Adachi T, Nakashima Y. Heparin-released extracellular superoxide dismutase is reduced in patients with coronary artery atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:131-8. [PMID: 16191429 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied whether the amount of heparin-released extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), which is an antioxidative enzyme, is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS EC-SOD was measured in plasma at basal and at post-heparin injection in 315 patients. Heparin-released EC-SOD was calculated as the difference between the two values. After exclusion of a mutant EC-SOD group (n = 27:8.6%), 288 patients were divided into three groups by angiographic findings; those with normal coronary (the normal group; n = 63), those with atherosclerosis without significant stenosis (the mild atherosclerosis group; n = 36), and those with significant stenosis (the atherosclerosis group; n = 189). Although the basal values were similar among the three groups, heparin-released EC-SOD levels were significantly lower in the atherosclerosis group (131.0 +/- 42.8 ng/ml, p = 0.0003) than in the normal group (156.9 +/- 66.2 ng/ml). Moreover, logistic analysis revealed that heparin-released EC-SOD independently contributed to CAD. The coronary score showed a significant correlation with heparin-released EC-SOD. As for factors affecting the level of heparin-released EC-SOD, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and age showed a positive correlation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that heparin-released EC-SOD is significantly reduced in CAD and that the tissue-bound location of this enzyme might be important for antioxidative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tasaki
- Second Department of Internal medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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38
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de Andrade CR, Fukada SY, Olivon VC, de Godoy MAF, Haddad R, Eberlin MN, Cunha FQ, de Souza HP, Laurindo FRM, de Oliveira AM. Alpha1D-adrenoceptor-induced relaxation on rat carotid artery is impaired during the endothelial dysfunction evoked in the early stages of hyperhomocysteinemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 543:83-91. [PMID: 16828078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanisms of this pathology are complex. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia in vasorelaxations induced by alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor agonists. Vascular reactivity of rat carotid artery to the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, was enhanced in hyperhomocysteinemia. Mechanical removal of endothelium did not modify the carotid responsiveness to phenylephrine, compared to control. Phenylephrine induces endothelium-dependent relaxation, in the presence of 5-methyl urapidil (alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist). We hypothesised that endothelial-relaxant alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are impaired by hyperhomocysteinemia. Incubation with prazosin (selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist) or BMY7378 (8-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane-7, 9-dione dihydrochloride) (selective alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist), similarly inhibited phenylephrine-induced relaxations in both control and hyperhomocysteinemic carotids. Immunohistochemistry showed enhanced immunoreactivity for eNOS and iNOS in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. In carotid arteries from hyperhomocysteinemic rats there was a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and enhanced superoxide anion production. We conclude that alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors mediate endothelium-dependent relaxation triggered by phenylephrine in rat carotid artery and affect the final tone. Furthermore, the enhanced phenylephrine-induced contraction in carotid artery due to hyperhomocysteinemia is endothelium-dependent and involves a loss of the inhibitory effect of relaxant alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors by reducing NO biodisponibility.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/chemically induced
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/metabolism
- Hyperhomocysteinemia/physiopathology
- Male
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Prazosin/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Roberta de Andrade
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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39
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Francisco YA, Dantas APV, Carvalho MHC, Laurindo FRM. Estrogen enhances vasoconstrictive remodeling after injury in male rabbits. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:1325-9. [PMID: 16138215 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete spectrum of estrogen vascular effects remains unclear. In particular, estrogen effects in the vascular response to profound injury in males have not been explored in detail. Therefore, we submitted 44 male New Zealand rabbits weighing 3.4 +/- 0.6 kg to overdistention balloon injury of the right iliac artery. Rabbits were given 17beta-estradiol (5.45 micromol/day, sc) or vehicle for 7 days before and 14 days after injury, when the arteries were examined by post-mortem histomorphometry. Arteriographic caliber was assessed in vivo at baseline and before sacrifice. On day 14 after injury, in vivo arteriographic caliber (baseline = 2.44 +/- 0.43 mm) was decreased by 23.1 +/- 0.1% in controls and by 44.5 +/- 0.1% in estrogen-treated rabbits (P < 0.001). Neither the neointimal area nor the neointima/media area ratio changed after estrogen treatment. Collagen fraction was increased in the media and neointima of estrogen-treated rabbits vs control (1.38 +/- 1.30 vs 0.35 +/- 0.67, respectively, P = 0.01). Taken together, these findings suggest that estrogen increased negative vascular remodeling. Transcription of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS) was analyzed by RT-PCR. eNOS mRNA expression was marginally increased after estrogen (P = 0.07) and injury. iNOS mRNA was increased 2- to 3-fold on day 14 after injury. With estrogen treatment, iNOS mRNA increased in uninjured arteries and exhibited a further 5.5-fold increase after injury. We concluded that estrogen increased lumen loss after balloon injury in male rabbits, likely by increased negative remodeling, which may be related to increased iNOS transcriptional rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Francisco
- Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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40
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Kuo MD, Bright IJ, Wang DS, Ghafouri P, Yuksel E, Hilfiker PR, Miniati DN, Dake MD. Local resistance to oxidative stress by overexpression of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase limits neointimal formation after angioplasty. J Endovasc Ther 2005; 11:585-94. [PMID: 15615548 DOI: 10.1583/04-1310.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of oxidative stress on neointimal hyperplasia through local overexpression of human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD). METHODS The left common femoral arteries (CFA) of 18 New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to balloon overdilation injury. Each dilated CFA was then incubated with either a nonviral (buffer) or viral (adenovirus overexpressing beta-galactosidase) control or an adenovirus overexpressing Cu-Zn SOD. Animals were then sacrificed at 3, 7, or 28 days (3 arteries per group per time point) and the treated CFA segments were harvested for analysis of esterase-positive inflammatory cells and extracellular matrix elements. The intima-to-media ratio (I/M) was measured to assess the degree of neointimal formation. RESULTS At 3 days, local SOD levels in the Cu-Zn SOD-treated group were significantly elevated relative to both controls (p<0.01). Significant reductions in lipid peroxidation byproducts were also seen in the SOD group relative to viral and nonviral controls (p<0.05). Mean I/M at 28 days was 0.582+/-0.088 for the nonviral control group versus 0.565+/-0.133 for the viral control group. The SOD-treated group had a significant reduction relative to both controls: 0.259+/-0.045 (p<0.05). Statistically significant reductions in I/M were also demonstrated in the SOD group relative to control groups at 7 days (p<0.05). The SOD-treated group demonstrated significant preservation of elastin relative to controls, as well as a significant reduction in esterase-positive granulocytes relative to controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Direct buffering of oxidative stress in balloon-injured vessels can significantly alter postinjury response and limit neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kuo
- Division of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Ozumi K, Tasaki H, Takatsu H, Nakata S, Morishita T, Koide S, Yamashita K, Tsutsui M, Okazaki M, Sasaguri Y, Adachi T, Nakashima Y. Extracellular superoxide dismutase overexpression reduces cuff-induced arterial neointimal formation. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:55-62. [PMID: 15939054 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of neointimal formation in cuff-injury models are still uncertain. To examine whether extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) can reduce neointimal formation in a cuff-injury model, adenoviruses expressing EC-SOD (AxCAEC-SOD) or Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (AxCALacZ) was injected between the cuff and the adventitia of rat femoral arteries. As a result, EC-SOD protein was effectively produced in the adventitia, as assessed by immunohistochemical staining. In comparison with cuff-treated control arteries and AxCALacZ-transfected arteries, neointimal formation was significantly reduced in AxCAEC-SOD-transfected arteries. Furthermore, proliferating smooth muscle cells in neointima and media were reduced by EC-SOD treatment. Similarly, augmented iNOS expression, apoptosis and collagen content in the vascular wall were also reduced by EC-SOD treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in tissue was reduced by EC-SOD expression, as assessed by dihydroethidium staining and coelenterazine chemiluminescence. These results suggest that ROS, especially superoxide anions at an adventitia, are responsible for neointimal formation in a cuff-injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ozumi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Nguyen AD, Itoh S, Jeney V, Yanagisawa H, Fujimoto M, Ushio-Fukai M, Fukai T. Fibulin-5 is a novel binding protein for extracellular superoxide dismutase. Circ Res 2004; 95:1067-74. [PMID: 15528465 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000149568.85071.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) plays an important role in atherosclerosis and endothelial function by modulating levels of the superoxide anion (O2*-) in the extracellular space. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycan is an important ligand for ecSOD, little is known about other biological binding partners of ecSOD. The goal of this study was to identify novel proteins that interact with ecSOD. A yeast two-hybrid screening of a human aorta cDNA library using ecSOD as bait identified fibulin-5 as a predominant binding protein for ecSOD. Further analysis showed that the binding domain of ecSOD within fibulin-5 mapped to its C-terminal domain. In vitro pulldown assays and coimmunoprecipitation analysis further confirmed that ecSOD interacts with fibulin-5 in vitro and in vivo. Studies using fibulin-5-/- mice indicated that fibulin-5 is required for binding of ecSOD to vascular tissue. Importantly, the decrease in tissue-bound ecSOD levels in aortas from fibulin-5-/- mice was associated with an increase in vascular O2*- levels. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis using ApoE-/- mice suggested a codistribution of ecSOD and fibulin-5 in atherosclerotic vessels. In summary, we provide in this study the first evidence that the ecSOD-fibulin-5 interaction is required for ecSOD binding to vascular tissues, thereby regulating vascular O2*- levels. This interaction may represent a novel mechanism for controlling vascular redox state in the extracellular space in various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension in which oxidative stress is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga 30322, USA
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Abstract
Blood vessels express 3 isoforms of superoxide dismutase (SOD): cytosolic or copper-zinc SOD (CuZn-SOD), manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) localized in mitochondria, and an extracellular form of CuZn-SOD (EC-SOD). Because there are no selective pharmacological inhibitors of individual SOD isoforms, the functional importance of the different SODs has been difficult to define. Recent molecular approaches, primarily the use of genetically-altered mice and viral-mediated gene transfer, have allowed investigators to begin to define the role of specific SOD isoforms in vascular biology. This review will focus mainly on the role of individual SODs in relation to endothelium under normal conditions and in disease states. This area is important because reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion are thought to play major roles in changes in vascular structure and function in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
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Brandes RP. Out of balance: a role of impaired superoxide dismutase activity for vascular constrictive remodeling after angioplasty. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 23:2121-2. [PMID: 14672879 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000099269.04527.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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