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In Search of the Holy Grail: Stem Cell Therapy as a Novel Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054903. [PMID: 36902332 PMCID: PMC10003723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, a leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths, is a major clinical problem. In recent years, the increasing incidence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been observed. Despite extensive research, there is no efficient treatment for HFpEF available. However, a growing body of evidence suggests stem cell transplantation, due to its immunomodulatory effect, may decrease fibrosis and improve microcirculation and therefore, could be the first etiology-based therapy of the disease. In this review, we explain the complex pathogenesis of HFpEF, delineate the beneficial effects of stem cells in cardiovascular therapy, and summarize the current knowledge concerning cell therapy in diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we identify outstanding knowledge gaps that may indicate directions for future clinical studies.
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Bote J, Corkrey HA, Koupenova M. Human Platelets and Influenza Virus: Internalization and Platelet Activation. Platelets 2022; 33:184-191. [PMID: 34369285 PMCID: PMC8821732 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1961710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza infection has long been associated with prothrombotic outcomes in patients and platelets are the blood component predominantly responsible for thrombosis. In this review, we outline what is known about influenza interaction with human platelets, virion internalization, and viral RNA sensing, and the consequent impact on platelet function. We further discuss activation of platelets by IgG-influenza complexes and touch upon mechanisms of environmental platelet activation that relate to prothrombotic outcomes in patients during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Bote
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Heather A. Corkrey
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA,Corresponding Author: Milka Koupenova, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Albert Sherman Center, 368 Plantation St, S7-1041, Worcester, MA 01605, Tel: (774) 455-6646,
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Al-Gburi S, Beissert S, Günther C. Molecular mechanisms of vasculopathy and coagulopathy in COVID-19. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1505-1518. [PMID: 34657406 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system and may lead to severe systemic complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, cytokine storm, and thromboembolic events. Depending on the immune status of the affected individual early disease control can be reached by a robust type-I-interferon (type-I-IFN) response restricting viral replication. If type-I-IFN upregulation is impaired, patients develop severe COVID-19 that involves profound alveolitis, endothelitis, complement activation, recruitment of immune cells, as well as immunothrombosis. In patients with proper initial disease control there can be a second flare of type-I-IFN release leading to post-COVID manifestation such as chilblain-like lesions that are characterized by thrombosis of small vessels in addition to an inflammatory infiltrate resembling lupus erythematosus (LE). Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 invades pneumocytes and endothelial cells by acting on angiotensin-II-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is hypothesized, that viral uptake might downregulate ACE2 bioavailability and enhance angiotensin-II-derived pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state. Since ACE2 is encoded on the X chromosome these conditions might also be influenced by gender-specific regulation. Taken together, SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the vascular compartment leading to variable thrombogenic or inflammatory response depending on the individual immune response status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Al-Gburi
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Novoyatleva T, Kojonazarov B, Owczarek A, Veeroju S, Rai N, Henneke I, Böhm M, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Schermuly RT. Evidence for the Fucoidan/P-Selectin Axis as a Therapeutic Target in Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:1407-1420. [PMID: 30557519 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1170oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular remodeling and excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Fucoidan, a polysaccharidic ligand of the adhesion molecule P-selectin, exhibits antiproliferative properties. The effects of the fucoidan/P-selectin axis on vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension (PH) after hypoxia remain unexplored. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting the fucoidan/P-selectin axis in PH. Methods: Mice with PH induced by chronic hypoxia (35 d) were given either fucoidan (from Fucus vesiculosus) or anti-P-selectin antibody (Rb40.34) during Days 21-35. Right ventricular (RV) function was determined by echocardiography. Vascular morphometry was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Human and experimental PH lungs and PASMCs were used for assessment of P-selectin expression and function. Measurements and Main Results: Fucoidan attenuated chronic hypoxia-induced PH in mice, reducing pulmonary vascular remodeling and restoring RV function. In vitro, fucoidan inhibited hypoxia and growth factor-stimulated PASMC proliferation and migration. Chronic hypoxia caused an upregulation of P-selectin in the medial layer of the small pulmonary arteries. P-selectin was persistently upregulated in PASMCs of human and hypoxia-induced experimental PH. HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) directly bound to the P-selectin promoter and transcriptionally activated P-selectin in hypoxia. P-selectin blockage resulted in a marked reduction of PASMC proliferation in vitro. Blockage of P-selectin by administration of anti-P-selectin Rb40.34 antibody and P-selectin-deficient mice improved vascular remodeling and restored RV function. Conclusions: Fucoidan is a potent natural adjuvant that represents a promising therapeutic approach for PH. Our data indicate a previously unrecognized role of P-selectin in the proliferative response of PASMCs associated with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Novoyatleva
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Owczarek
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Swathi Veeroju
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Nabham Rai
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Mario Böhm
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Werner Seeger
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
- 2 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
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Soto RJ, Hall JR, Brown MD, Taylor JB, Schoenfisch MH. In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Role of Biocompatibility on Performance and Utility. Anal Chem 2017; 89:276-299. [PMID: 28105839 PMCID: PMC6773264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jackson R. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - James B. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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The rs3917779 polymorphism of P-selectin’s significant association with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Yazd, Iran. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1967-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Dayal S, Gu SX, Hutchins RD, Wilson KM, Wang Y, Fu X, Lentz SR. Deficiency of superoxide dismutase impairs protein C activation and enhances susceptibility to experimental thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1798-804. [PMID: 26069236 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical evidence suggests an association between oxidative stress and vascular disease, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species can have prothrombotic effects on vascular and blood cells. It remains unclear, however, whether elevated levels of reactive oxygen species accelerate susceptibility to experimental thrombosis in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a murine model with genetic deficiency in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), we measured susceptibility to carotid artery thrombosis in response to photochemical injury. We found that SOD1-deficient (Sod1(-/-)) mice formed stable arterial occlusions significantly faster than wild-type (Sod1(+/+)) mice (P<0.05). Sod1(-/-) mice also developed significantly larger venous thrombi than Sod1(+/+) mice after inferior vena cava ligation (P<0.05). Activation of protein C by thrombin in lung was diminished in Sod1(-/-) mice (P<0.05 versus Sod1(+/+) mice), and generation of activated protein C in response to infusion of thrombin in vivo was decreased in Sod1(-/-) mice (P<0.05 versus Sod1(+/+) mice). SOD1 deficiency had no effect on the expression of thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor, or tissue factor in lung or levels of protein C in plasma. Exposure of human thrombomodulin to superoxide in vitro caused oxidation of multiple methionine residues, including critical methionine 388, and a 40% decrease in thrombomodulin-dependent activation of protein C (P<0.05). SOD and catalase protected against superoxide-induced methionine oxidation and restored protein C activation in vitro (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SOD prevents thrombomodulin methionine oxidation, promotes protein C activation, and protects against arterial and venous thrombosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Dayal
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle.
| | - Sean X Gu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ryan D Hutchins
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Katina M Wilson
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Steven R Lentz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (S.D., S.X.G., R.D.H., K.M.W., S.R.L.); and BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute (Y.W., X.F.) and Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of Washington, Seattle
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iNOS Activity Modulates Inflammation, Angiogenesis, and Tissue Fibrosis in Polyether-Polyurethane Synthetic Implants. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:138461. [PMID: 26106257 PMCID: PMC4461775 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in implantation techniques and scaffolds for tissue engineering and, for safety and biocompatibility reasons, inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis need to be determined. The contribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the regulation of the foreign body reaction induced by subcutaneous implantation of a synthetic matrix was never investigated. Here, we examined the role of iNOS in angiogenesis, inflammation, and collagen deposition induced by polyether-polyurethane synthetic implants, using mice with targeted disruption of the iNOS gene (iNOS−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice. The hemoglobin content and number of vessels were decreased in the implants of iNOS−/− mice compared to WT mice 14 days after implantation. VEGF levels were also reduced in the implants of iNOS−/− mice. In contrast, the iNOS−/− implants exhibited an increased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. However, no alterations were observed in levels of CXCL1 and CCL2, chemokines related to neutrophil and macrophage migration, respectively. Furthermore, the implants of iNOS−/− mice showed boosted collagen deposition. These data suggest that iNOS activity controls inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis in polyether-polyurethane synthetic implants and that lack of iNOS expression increases foreign body reaction to implants in mice.
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Impact of aliskiren on some hemostatic parameters in experimental arterial thrombosis in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Villela NR, dos Santos AOMT, de Miranda ML, Bouskela E. Fluid resuscitation therapy in endotoxemic hamsters improves survival and attenuates capillary perfusion deficits and inflammatory responses by a mechanism related to nitric oxide. J Transl Med 2014; 12:232. [PMID: 25151363 PMCID: PMC4158098 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relative hypovolemia is frequently found in early stages of severe sepsis and septic shock and prompt and aggressive fluid therapy has become standard of care improving tissue perfusion and patient outcome. This paper investigates the role of the nitric oxide pathway on beneficial microcirculatory effects of fluid resuscitation. Methods After skinfold chamber implantation procedures and endotoxemia induction by intravenous Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administration (2 mg.kg−1), male golden Syrian hamsters were fluid resuscitated and then sequentially treated with L-Nω-Nitroarginine and L-Arginine hydrochloride (LPS/FR/LNNA group). Intravital microscopy of skinfold chamber preparations allowed quantitative analysis of microvascular variables including venular leukocyte rolling and adhesion. Macro-hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological parameters as well as survival rate were also evaluated. Endotoxemic hamsters treated with fluid therapy alone (LPS/FR group) and non-treated animals (LPS group) served as controls. Results Fluid resuscitation was effective in reducing lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory changes. After 3 hours of lipopolysaccharide administration, non-fluid resuscitated animals (LPS group) had the lowest functional capillary density (1% from baseline for LPS group vs. 19% for LPS/FR one; p <0.05). At the same time point, arteriolar mean internal diameter was significantly wider in LPS/FR group than in LPS one (100% vs. 50% from baseline). Fluid resuscitation also reduced leukocyte-endothelium interactions and sequestration (p <0.05 for LPS vs. LPS/FR group) and increased survival (median survival time: 2 and 5.5 days for LPS and LPS/FR groups, respectively; p <0.05). Nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevented these protective effects, while L-Arginine administration markedly restored many of them. Conclusion Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism of fluid therapy is the restoration of nitric oxide bioavailability, because inhibition of NOS prevented many of its beneficial effects. Nevertheless, further investigations are required in experimental models closer to conditions of human sepsis to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivaldo Ribeiro Villela
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, Rio de Janeiro, 77 - Vila Isabel, 20,551-030, RJ, Brazil.
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Sabri M, Ai J, Lakovic K, Macdonald RL. Mechanisms of microthrombosis and microcirculatory constriction after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 115:185-92. [PMID: 22890667 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microcirculatory dysfunction may contribute to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study investigated structural changes in microvessels and their relationship to brain injury after SAH. We used 15 mice (n = 5 for each group) to create sham, saline-injected (100 μl 0.9% NaCl) or SAH (100 μl autologous blood) model by injection into the prechiasmatic cistern. We sacrificed mice 2 days after surgery and examined the brains using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunohistochemical staining of fibrinogen. We assessed neuronal apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP (deoxyuridine triphosphate) nick end labeling (TUNEL). Nitric oxide (NO) was measured with 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2-diacetate. TEM and SEM demonstrated that mice with SAH had significantly more of them arterioles with lesion characteristics consistent with microthrombi. Microthrombi number correlated with the number of apoptotic neurons and decreased NO in the brain. In conclusion, SAH causes microthrombosis and constriction of arterioles, which correlates with neuronal death and decreased NO. These data suggest NO depletion may contribute to the formation of microthrombosis and arteriolar constriction, which in turn results in neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sabri
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sabri M, Ai J, Lakovic K, D’abbondanza J, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald R. Mechanisms of microthrombi formation after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2012; 224:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tyml K. Critical role for oxidative stress, platelets, and coagulation in capillary blood flow impairment in sepsis. Microcirculation 2011; 18:152-62. [PMID: 21199094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex multifaceted response to a local infectious insult. One important facet is the circulatory system dysfunction, which includes capillary bed plugging. This review addresses the mechanisms of capillary plugging and highlights our recent discoveries on the roles of NO, ROS, and activated coagulation in platelet adhesion and blood flow stoppage in septic mouse capillaries. We show that sepsis increases platelet adhesion, fibrin deposition and flow stoppage in capillaries, and that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, rather than NO, play a detrimental role in this adhesion/stoppage. P-selectin and activated coagulation are required for adhesion/stoppage. Further, platelet adhesion in capillaries (i) strongly predicts capillary flow stoppage, and (ii) may explain why severe sepsis is associated with a drop in platelet count in systemic blood. Significantly, we also show that a single bolus of the antioxidant ascorbate (injected intravenously at clinically relevant dose of 10 mg/kg) inhibits adhesion/stoppage. Our data suggest that eNOS-derived NO at the platelet-endothelial interface is anti-adhesive and required for the inhibitory effect of ascorbate. Because of the critical role of ROS in capillary plugging, ascorbate bolus administration may be beneficial to septic patients whose survival depends on restoring microvascular perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Tyml
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Wu BQ, Zhi MJ, Liu H, Huang J, Zhou YQ, Zhang TT. Inhibitory effects of lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus on platelet function and platelet-monocyte aggregation. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:775-82. [PMID: 21503720 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus has been demonstrated to inhibit agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation. However, its effects on platelet inflammatory mediator release and platelet-monocyte aggregation are still unclear. In the present study, LTA is examined for its anti-inflammatory properties and effects on platelet-monocyte aggregation. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 5 healthy volunteers who had taken no medicine in the previous 2 weeks. Washed platelets were prepared and incubated with LTA (0.5-2.0 μg/mL), then platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and soluble CD40L (sCD40L) release were measured by light transmission aggregometry, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunoassays, respectively. Platelet-monocyte aggregate formation in whole blood was measured by flow cytometry. Thrombin was used as a stimulant. RESULTS LTA dose-dependently decreased platelet aggregation from 89.32 ± 10.24% to 36.28 ± 9.01% (P < 0.05), sCD40L release from 3.28 ± 0.76 to 1.13 ± 0.45 ng/mL (P < 0.05) and surface P-selectin expression from 82.01 ± 11.20 to 22.78 ± 6.42% (P < 0.05). In human whole blood, 1.0 μg/mL LTA inhibited platelet-monocyte aggregation from 78.19 ± 10.94 to 38.24 + 8.74% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that LTA from S. aureus can inhibit platelet-dependent inflammatory mediator release and platelet-monocyte aggregation. These findings suggest that LTA-mediated functional alteration of platelets may contribute to immune evasion of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Quan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Street, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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Chang Y, Lee JJ, Chen WF, Chou DS, Huang SY, Sheu JR. A novel role for tamoxifen in the inhibition of human platelets. Transl Res 2011; 157:81-91. [PMID: 21256460 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator (SERM), is widely used therapeutically for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, but its use is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. The mechanism of this adverse effect is still unclear. Arterial thromboses mostly consist of platelets that are adherent to ruptured endothelial surfaces. Several lines of evidence reported that tamoxifen stimulates platelet activation using different methodologies. In our preliminary study, tamoxifen exhibited potent antiplatelet activity in washed human platelets. The aim of this study was to examine the signal transduction pathways of tamoxifen in platelet activation. In this study, tamoxifen (3∼7 μmol/L) exhibited more potent activity in inhibiting platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen than other agonists (ie, thrombin). Tamoxifen inhibited collagen-stimulated platelet activation accompanied by relative Ca(+2) mobilization, thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) formation, and phospholipase C (PLC)γ2, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation (ie, p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), but not hydroxyl radical (OH(•)) formation. However, tamoxifen did not increase nitric oxide (NO) release or vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation in washed platelets. Furthermore, neither ICI 182,780, a pure ER antagonist, nor ODQ, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, significantly reversed the tamoxifen-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that tamoxifen possesses potent antiplatelet activity, the mechanism of which may be involved in the inhibition of the PLCγ2-PKC-p38 MAPK-TxA(2) cascade, thereby leading to the inhibition of platelet activation. In our study, the direct inhibition of platelet activation by tamoxifen possibly may provide new insights into understanding its cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sener A, Enc E, Ozsavci D, Vanizor-Kural B, Yanikkaya-Demirel G, Oba R, Uras F, Demir M. Exogenous l-Arginine and HDL Can Alter LDL and ox-LDL-Mediated Platelet Activation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010; 17:E79-86. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029610385223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of exogenous l-arginine and HDL on LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL)-mediated platelet activation. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-activated platelets have been incubated with lipoproteins with or without l-arginine. P-selectin receptor numbers per platelet have been measured by flow cytometry. After incubation with only l-arginine (without lipoproteins), platelet nitric oxide (NO) levels and P-selectin receptor numbers significantly increased compared to the controls ( P < .05). After incubation with LDL or ox-LDL, receptor numbers of P-selectin significantly increased ( P < .001). However, P-selectin receptor numbers in platelets treated with l-arginine + LDL or l-arginine + ox-LDL decreased compared to the levels in platelets treated with only LDL or ox-LDL ( P < .01, P < .001, respectively). Addition of HDL to l-arginine + ox-LDL caused significant reduction in P-selectin receptor numbers as in the control values ( P < .001).We have concluded that l-arginine causes enhanced platelet NO levels and blocks the effects of LDL or ox-LDL on platelet P-selectin receptor numbers and HDL also strengthens this effect of l-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Sener
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Enc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Ozsavci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birgul Vanizor-Kural
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Rabia Oba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Uras
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Demir
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a structurally simple, highly versatile molecule that was originally discovered over 30 years ago as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor. In addition to its vasorelaxing effects, NO is now recognized as a key determinant of vascular health, exerting antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties within the vasculature. This short-lived molecule exerts its inhibitory effect on vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets largely through cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent mechanisms, resulting in a multitude of molecular effects by which platelet activation and aggregation are prevented. The biosynthesis of NO occurs via the catalytic activity of NO synthase, an oxidoreductase found in many cell types. NO insufficiency can be attributed to limited substrate/cofactor availability as well as interactions with reactive oxygen species. Impaired NO bioavailability represents the central feature of endothelial dysfunction, a common abnormality found in many vascular diseases. In this review, we present an overview of NO synthesis and biochemistry, discuss the mechanisms of action of NO in regulating platelet and endothelial function, and review the effects of vascular disease states on NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Jin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Lubos E, Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in atherothrombosis. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5323-44. [PMID: 18508590 PMCID: PMC2617738 DOI: 10.2741/3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade basic and clinical research has highlighted the central role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiovascular disease. Enhanced production or attenuated degradation of ROS leads to oxidative stress, a process that affects endothelial and vascular function, and contributes to vascular disease. Nitric oxide (NO), a product of the normal endothelium, is a principal determinant of normal endothelial and vascular function. In states of inflammation, NO production by the vasculature increases considerably and, in conjunction with other ROS, contributes to oxidative stress. This review examines the role of oxidative stress and NO in mechanisms of endothelial and vascular dysfunction with an emphasis on atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Lubos
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Ovechkin AV, Lominadze D, Sedoris KC, Robinson TW, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM. Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury: implications of oxidative stress and platelet-arteriolar wall interactions. Arch Physiol Biochem 2007; 113:1-12. [PMID: 17522980 PMCID: PMC3182489 DOI: 10.1080/13813450601118976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury may result from trauma, atherosclerosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary thrombosis and surgical procedures such as cardiopulmonary bypass and lung transplantation. IR injury induces oxidative stress characterized by formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Nitric oxide (NO) overproduction via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is an important component in the pathogenesis of IR. Reaction of NO with ROS forms RNS as secondary reactive products, which cause platelet activation and upregulation of adhesion molecules. This mechanism of injury is particularly important during pulmonary IR with increased iNOS activity in the presence of oxidative stress. Platelet-endothelial interactions may play an important role in causing pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction and post-ischemic alveolar hypoperfusion. This review discusses the relationship between ROS, RNS, P-selectin, and platelet-arteriolar wall interactions and proposes a hypothesis for their role in microvascular responses during pulmonary IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ovechkin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Hsiao G, Wang Y, Tzu NH, Fong TH, Shen MY, Lin KH, Chou DS, Sheu JR. Inhibitory effects of lycopene on in vitro platelet activation and in vivo prevention of thrombus formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 146:216-26. [PMID: 16194683 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene is a natural carotenoid antioxidant that is present in tomatoes and tomato products. The pharmacologic function of lycopene in platelets is not yet understood. Therefore, in this study we sought to systematically examine the effects of lycopene in the prevention of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. We found that lycopene concentration-dependently (2-12 micromol/L) inhibited platelet aggregation in human platelets stimulated by agonists. Lycopene (6 and 12 micromol/L) inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown in platelets labeled with tritiated inositol, intracellular Ca+2 mobilization in Fura-2 AM-loaded platelets, and thromboxane B2 formation stimulated by collagen. In addition, lycopene (6 and 12 micromol/L) significantly increased the formations of cyclic GMP and nitrate but not cyclic AMP in human platelets. Rapid phosphorylation of a protein of 47,000 Da (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by PDBu (60 nmol/L). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by lycopene (12 micromol/L) in phosphorus-32-labeled platelets. In an in vivo study, thrombus formation was induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium. Lycopene (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the latency period for the induction of platelet-plug formation in mesenteric venules. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of lycopene may involve the following pathways: (1) Lycopene may inhibit the activation of phospholipase C, followed by inhibition of phosphoinositide breakdown and thromboxane B2 formation, thereby leading to inhibition of intracellular Ca+2 mobilization. (2) Lycopene also activated the formations of cyclic GMP/nitrate in human platelets, resulting in the inhibition of platelet aggregation. The results may imply that tomato-based foods are especially beneficial in the prevention of platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Hsiao G, Chou PH, Shen MY, Chou DS, Lin CH, Sheu JR. C-phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:7734-40. [PMID: 16190625 DOI: 10.1021/jf051352y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically examine the inhibitory mechanisms of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), one of the major phycobiliproteins of Spirulina platensis (a blue-green alga), in platelet activation. In this study, C-PC concentration-dependently (0.5-10 nM) inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. C-PC (4 and 8 nM) inhibited intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and thromboxane A2 formation but not phosphoinositide breakdown stimulated by collagen (1 microg/mL) in human platelets. In addition, C-PC (4 and 8 nM) markedly increased levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-induced vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation. Rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of Mw 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (150 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by C-PC (4 and 8 nM). In addition, C-PC (4 and 8 nM) markedly reduced the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity of hydroxyl radicals in collagen (1 microg/mL)-activated platelets. The present study reports on a novel and very potent (in nanomolar concentrations) antiplatelet agent, C-PC, which is involved in the following inhibitory pathways: (1) C-phycocyanin increases cyclic GMP/VASP Ser157 phosphorylation and subsequently inhibits protein kinase C activity, resulting in inhibition of both P47 phosphorylation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and (2) C-PC may inhibit free radicals (such as hydroxyl radicals) released from activated platelets, which ultimately inhibits platelet aggregation. These results strongly indicate that C-PC appears to represent a novel and potential antiplatelet agent for treatment of arterial thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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26
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Hsiao G, Chang CY, Shen MY, Chou DS, Tzeng SH, Chen TF, Sheu JR. alpha-Naphthoflavone, a potent antiplatelet flavonoid, is mediated through inhibition of phospholipase C activity and stimulation of cyclic GMP formation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5179-86. [PMID: 15969494 DOI: 10.1021/jf0500738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically examine the inhibitory mechanisms of the flavonoid alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) in platelet activation. In this study, alpha-NF concentration dependently (5-20 microM) inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. alpha-NF (5 and 10 microM) inhibited intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, phosphoinositide breakdown, and thromboxane A(2) formation stimulated by collagen (1 microg/mL) in human platelets. In addition, alpha-NF (5 and 10 microM) markedly increased levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-induced vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation. Rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of Mr 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (60 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by alpha-NF (5 and 10 microM). However, alpha-NF (5 and 10 microM) did not reduce the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity of hydroxyl radicals in collagen (1 microg/mL)-activated platelets. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of alpha-NF may be involved in the following pathways. (1) alpha-NF may inhibit the activation of phospholipase C, followed by inhibition of phosphoinositide breakdown, protein kinase C activation, and thromboxane A(2) formation, thereby leading to inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. (2) alpha-NF also activated the formation of cyclic GMP, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation. These results strongly indicate that alpha-NF appears to represent a novel and potent antiplatelet agent for treatment of arterial thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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27
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Leoncini G, Bruzzese D, Signorello MG. The L-arginine/NO pathway in the early phases of platelet stimulation by collagen. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 69:289-96. [PMID: 15627481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide production, L-arginine transport and intracellular [Ca2+] changes in human platelets stimulated without stirring by low doses of collagen have been evaluated. Collagen decreased in a dose-dependent manner the nitric oxide formation. A reduction of about 30% of the basal level was produced by 5 microg/mL. Aspirin did not change the collagen effect. The inhibition was reversed by EGTA. Moreover collagen reduced L-arginine uptake. The exposure of platelets to 5 microg/mL collagen diminished of about 30% L-arginine transport. The specific involvement of the system y+ is suggested. In addition in FURA 2-loaded platelets collagen induced a dose-dependent slow sustained [Ca2+] rise that was almost completely cancelled by EGTA. Finally the treatment of whole platelets with collagen affected in a dose-dependent manner the maximal nitric oxide formation, suggesting a direct effect at the level of nitric oxide synthase enzyme. The phosphorylation of specific serine/threonine residues regulated by protein kinase C could be involved. In conclusion during the early phases of platelet stimulation with collagen nitric oxide formation is diminished. This reduction can be due to a lower availability of L-arginine for cytosolic nitric oxide synthase and/or to a decreased activity related to modifications of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Leoncini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biochemistry Section, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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28
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Voetsch B, Jin RC, Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide insufficiency and atherothrombosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122:353-67. [PMID: 15338226 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-004-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a structurally simple compound that participates in a wide range of biological reactions to maintain normal endothelial function and an antithrombotic intravascular milieu. Among its principal effects are the regulation of vascular tone, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial-leukocyte interactions, and the antiplatelet effects of the endothelium. Impaired NO bioavailability represents the central feature of endothelial dysfunction, the earliest stage in the atherosclerotic process, and also contributes to the pathogenesis of acute vascular syndromes by predisposing to intravascular thrombosis. The causes of NO insufficiency can be grouped into two fundamental mechanisms: inadequate synthesis and increased inactivation of NO. Polymorphisms in the endothelial NO synthase gene and decreased substrate or cofactor availability for this enzyme are the main mechanisms that compromise the synthesis of NO. Inactivation of NO occurs mainly through its interaction with reactive oxygen species and can be favored by a deficiency of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. In this review, we present an overview of NO synthesis and biological chemistry, discuss the mechanisms of action of NO in regulating endothelial and platelet function, and explore the causes of NO insufficiency, as well as the evidence linking these causes to the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Voetsch
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, W507, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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29
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Sheu JR, Fong TH, Liu CM, Shen MY, Chen TL, Chang Y, Lu MS, Hsiao G. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human platelets: regulation of platelet activation in in vitro and in vivo studies. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:193-201. [PMID: 15289295 PMCID: PMC1575278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human platelets and systematically examine its inhibitory mechanisms of platelet activation. 2. In this study, we report on an efficient method for the quantitative analysis of pro-MMP-9 in human platelets using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). To elucidate subcellular localization of MMP-9 in human platelets, we investigated intraplatelet MMP-9 by immunogold labeling and visualized it using electron microscopy. In an in vivo thrombotic study, platelet thrombus formation was induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium. 3. MMP-9-gold labeling was observed on the plasma membrane, alpha-granules, open canalicular system, and within the cytoplasma both in resting and activated platelets. Furthermore, activated MMP-9 concentration-dependently (15-90 ng ml(-1)) inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng ml(-1)) inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown, intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and thromboxane A(2) formation in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg ml(-1)). In addition, activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng ml(-1)) significantly increased the formation of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP. 4. Rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of Mr 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) (60 nm). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng ml(-1)). Activated MMP-9 (1 microg g(-1)) significantly prolonged the latency period of inducing platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. 5. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of activated MMP-9 may be involved in the following pathways. (1) Activated MMP-9 may inhibit the activation of phospholipase C, followed by inhibition of phosphoinositide breakdown, protein kinase C activation, and thromboxane A(2) formation, thereby leading to inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. (2) Activated MMP-9 also activated the formation of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation. These results strongly indicate that MMP-9 is a potent inhibitor of aggregation. It may play an important role as a negative feedback regulator during platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen R Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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30
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Hsiao G, Huang HY, Fong TH, Shen MY, Lin CH, Teng CM, Sheu JR. Inhibitory mechanisms of YC-1 and PMC in the induction of iNOS expression by lipoteichoic acid in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1411-9. [PMID: 15013857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the signal pathways involved in NO formation and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by LTA were investigated. We also compared the relative inhibitory activities and mechanisms of PMC, a novel potent antioxidant of alpha-tocopherol derivatives, with those of YC-1, an sGC activator, on the induction of iNOS expression by LTA in cultured macrophages in vitro and LTA-induced hypotension in vivo. LTA induced concentration (0.1-50 microg/mL)- and time (4-24 hr)-dependent increases in nitrite (an indicator of NO biosynthesis) in macrophages. Both PMC (50 microM) and YC-1 (10 microM) inhibited NO production, iNOS protein, mRNA expression, and IkappaBalpha degradation upon stimulation by LTA (20 microg/mL) in macrophages. On the other hand, PMC (50 microM) almost completely suppressed JNK/SAPK activation, whereas YC-1 (10 microM) only partially inhibited its activation in LTA-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, PMC (10 mg/kg, i.v.) and YC-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly inhibited the fall in MAP stimulated by LTA (10 mg/kg, i.v.) in rats. In conclusion, we demonstrate that YC-1 shows more-potent activity than PMC at abrogating the expression of iNOS in macrophages in vitro and reversing delayed hypotension in rats with endotoxic shock stimulated by LTA. The inhibitory mechanisms of PMC may be due to its antioxidative properties, with a resulting influence on JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations. YC-1 may be mediated by increasing cyclic GMP, followed by, at least partly, inhibition of JNK/SAPK and NF-kappaB activations, thereby leading to inhibition of iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia and one of the most important factors for ischemic stroke. In general, AF is treated with "channel-blocking drugs" to restore sinus rhythm and warfarin is recommended in the majority of patients to prevent atrial thrombus formation and thromboembolic events. In the recent years, a tremendous amount has been learned about the pathophysiology and molecular biology of AF. Thus, pharmacologic interference with specific signal transduction pathways with "non-channel-blocking drugs" appears promising as a novel antiarrhythmic approach to maintain sinus rhythm and to prevent atrial clot formation. Therefore, this review will highlight some novel "nonchannel drug targets" for AF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goette
- Division of Cardiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipzigerstrasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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32
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Sheu JR, Hsiao G, Shen MY, Wang Y, Lin KH, Lin CH, Chou DS. Inhibitory mechanisms of metallothionein on platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 228:1321-8. [PMID: 14681547 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322801110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich protein that contains heavy metals such as cadmium and zinc. The biological function of MT in platelets is not yet understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically examine the inhibitory mechanisms of metallothionein in platelet aggregation. In this study, metallothionein concentration-dependently (1-8 microM) inhibited platelet aggregation in human platelets stimulated by agonists. Metallothionein (4 and 8 microM) inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown in [3H]-inositol-labeled platelets, intracellular Ca+2 mobilization in Fura-2 AM-loaded platelets, and thromboxane A2 formation stimulated by collagen. In addition, metallothionein (4 and 8 microM) significantly increased the formation of cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP in human platelets. Rapid phosphorylation of a protein of Mr 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by PDBu (100 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by metallothionein (4 and 8 microM) in phosphorus-32-labeled platelets. In an in vivo thrombotic study, platelet thrombus formation was induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium. Metallothionein (6 microg/g) significantly prolonged the latency period for inducing platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of metallothionein may involve the following pathways: (1) metallothionein may inhibit the activation of phospholipase C, followed by inhibition of phosphoinositide breakdown and thromboxane A2 formation, thereby leading to inhibition of intracellular Ca+2 mobilization; (ii) Metallothionein also activated the formation of cyclic GMP in human platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation. The results strongly indicate that metallothionein provides protection against thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen R Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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33
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Roberts AM, Ovechkin AV, Mowbray JG, Robinson TW, Lominadze D. Effects of pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion on platelet adhesion in subpleural arterioles in rabbits. Microvasc Res 2004; 67:29-37. [PMID: 14709400 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion of the ischemic lung is associated with increased pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced alveolar perfusion in conjunction with an inflammatory response. To determine the contribution of platelet-endothelial interactions, we examined effects of pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) on platelet adhesion and diameter of arterioles and investigated the hypothesis that this process is P-selectin mediated. In anesthetized rabbits with open-chest and ventilated lungs, we examined subpleural arterioles by fluorescence microscopy. Ischemia was caused by reversibly occluding the right pulmonary artery for 2 h. Fluorescently labeled platelets were injected into the right atrium and the right lung was observed after 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 h of reperfusion. Platelets rolling and adherence along arterioles occurred with a decrease in diameter that was significant during IR, but not after 3- to 5-min occlusion (control). Systemic pretreatment with Fucoidan (a ligand to P- and L-selectin) inhibited platelet rolling, adherence, and the decrease in diameter. Pretreatment of only exogenously labeled platelets with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to P-selectin prevented platelet rolling and adherence, but not the decrease in diameter. These results indicate that in the intact lung, pulmonary IR causes platelet rolling and adhesion along arteriolar walls, and suggest that this process, which is mediated by P-selectin, contributes to vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion. Thus, it appears that platelet-endothelial interactions may contribute to the development of pulmonary IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Roberts
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Abstract
Platelets play an important role in physiologic hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis that complicate the course of vascular disorders. A number of platelet functions including adhesion, aggregation and recruitment are controlled by nitric oxide (NO) generated by platelets and the endothelial cells. Derangements in this generation may contribute to the pathogenesis of thrombotic complications of vascular disorders. The pharmacologic supplementation of the diseased vasculature with drugs releasing NO may help to restore the hemostatic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston, 77030, USA
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35
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Prorock AJ, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Laubach VE, Liao JK, Ley K. Vascular protection by estrogen in ischemia-reperfusion injury requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H133-40. [PMID: 12388253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00957.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen increases nitric oxide (NO) production by inducing the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (Simoncini et al. Nature 407: 538, 2000). Ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (I/R) increased the number of adherent leukocytes and decreased their rolling velocities in mouse cremaster muscle venules with a strong dependence on wall shear rate. Minimum rolling velocity at approximately 5 min after the onset of reperfusion was accompanied by increased P-selectin expression. This preceded the peak in leukocyte adhesion (at 10-15 min). In untreated wild-type mice, I/R caused a decrease of leukocyte rolling velocity from 37 to 26 microm/s and a 2.0-fold increase in leukocyte adhesion. Both were completely abolished by 0.25 mg ip estrogen 1 h before surgery. In eNOS(-/-) mice, the decrease of leukocyte rolling velocity and increase in adhesion were similar but were only marginally improved by estrogen. We conclude that the protective effect of estrogen, as measured by leukocyte rolling and adhesion, is significantly reduced in eNOS(-/-) mice, suggesting that induction of eNOS activity is the major mechanism of vasoprotection by estrogen in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J Prorock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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36
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Scalia R, Stalker TJ. Microcirculation as a target for the anti-inflammatory properties of statins. Microcirculation 2002; 9:431-42. [PMID: 12483541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mn.7800168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a ubiquitous enzyme critical for the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Because of their cholesterol-lowering properties, statins are extensively used in medical practice, and large clinical trials have shown that statins effectively reduce cardiovascular related morbidity and mortality. In the past 5 years, an important, new concept suggesting that the cardioprotective effects of statins are not necessarily related to cholesterol-lowering actions has emerged. Indeed, in vivo findings have clearly shown that statins exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and that they modulate vascular remodeling under normocholesterolemic conditions. These pleiotropic properties of statins affect important molecules in vascular biology and help preserve endothelial function in acute and chronic inflammatory states of the cardiovascular system, including coronary and cerebral artery diseases, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that the microcirculation is a crucial target for the pleiotropic actions of statins because of its important role in regulating blood flow, leukocyte-endothelium interactions, and vascular remodeling. Accordingly, this review focuses on the role that the microcirculation plays in the vascular protective action of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Scalia
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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37
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Sheu JR, Yeh GC, Fang CL, Lin CH, Hsiao G. Morphine-potentiated agonist-induced platelet aggregation through alpha2-adrenoceptors in human platelets. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 40:743-50. [PMID: 12409983 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200211000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Morphine dose-dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and ATP release stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Furthermore, morphine (1 and 5 microM) markedly potentiated collagen (1 microg/ml) evoked an increase of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in fura 2-AM loading human platelets. Morphine (1 and 5 microM) did not influence the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-triflavin to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen. Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E1 (10 microM)-induced cAMP formation in human platelets, and yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cAMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. Morphine (1 and 5 microM) significantly potentiated thromboxane B2 formation stimulated by collagen in human platelets, and yohimbine also reversed this effect of morphine in this study. In addition, morphine (1 and 5 microM) did not significantly affect nitrate production in human platelets. Morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha2-adrenoceptors in human platelets, which leads to reduced cAMP formation and subsequently to increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization; this, in turn, is followed by increased thromboxane A formation and finally potentiates platelet aggregation and ATP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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38
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Murohara T, Ikeda H, Katoh A, Takajo Y, Otsuka Y, Haramaki N, Imaizumi T. Vitamin E inhibits lysophosphatidylcholine-induced endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:791-8. [PMID: 12470507 DOI: 10.1089/152308602760598945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a lysolipid contained in oxidized low-density lipoprotein, is an atherogenic molecule that induces endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation and inhibits angiogenesis. Although studies showed that vitamin E has antiatherogenic properties, the effects of vitamin E on LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation are little known. We examined whether vitamin E has protecting actions against LPC-induced alterations of endothelial and platelet functions. Incubation of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) with LPC (10 microM) significantly inhibited bradykinin (1 microM)-stimulated nitric oxide release, which was prevented by cotreatment with vitamin E (50, 100, and 500 microg/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner. In isolated human platelets, LPC stimulated P-selectin expression and induced leukocyte-platelet interaction, which functionally depends on P-selectin expressed on the platelet surface. Vitamin E treatment significantly prevented the LPC-induced platelet P-selectin expression and leukocyte-platelet interaction. As LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction and platelet activation have been shown to involve the protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signal transduction pathway, we examined the effects of vitamin E on LPC-induced PKC activation in human platelets and BAECs. Vitamin E significantly inhibited LPC (10 microM)-stimulated PKC activation in a concentration-dependent manner. It is concluded that (a) Vitamin E prevented LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction and preserved endothelial nitric oxide release, (b) vitamin E inhibited LPC-induced platelet activation (P-selectin expression) and leukocyte-platelet interaction, and (c) these mechanisms appeared to be at least partly mediated by suppression of the PKC in endothelial cells and platelets. The present findings may provide new insights into antiatherogenic mechanisms of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Murohara
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine III, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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39
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Booth G, Stalker TJ, Lefer AM, Scalia R. Mechanisms of amelioration of glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction following inhibition of protein kinase C in vivo. Diabetes 2002; 51:1556-64. [PMID: 11978656 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity has been shown to improve the endothelial dysfunction associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes. The mechanisms by which inhibition of PKC activity ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in diabetes are not well understood. We investigated the relationship between PKC inhibition and leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the microcirculation of the rat mesentery exposed to 25 mmol/l D-glucose for 12 h. D-Glucose significantly increased leukocyte rolling and adherence in mesenteric postcapillary venules. This proinflammatory action of D-glucose was inhibited by superfusion of the mesentery with 30 nmol/l bisindolylmaleimide-I, a potent, selective PKC inhibitor (P < 0.01 vs. glucose alone after 90 min of superfusion). Immunohistochemical localization of the cell adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on the endothelial cell surface was increased by 25 mmol/l D-glucose (P < 0.001 vs. control tissue from rats injected with saline), which was significantly reduced by bisindolylmaleimide-I (P < 0.001 vs. glucose alone). In addition, we studied adhesion of isolated neutrophils to rat superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vascular segments stimulated with 25 mmol/l D-glucose for 4 h in vitro. Pretreatment of the SMA vascular segments with either superoxide dismutase enzyme (100 units/ml) or bisindolylmaleimide-I (30 nmol/l) equally inhibited the increased neutrophil adherence to SMA endothelium in response to glucose. These data demonstrate that inhibition of PKC activity reduces leukocyte-endothelium interactions by suppressing surface expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in response to increased oxidative stress. These results provide a novel mechanism by which inhibition of PKC activity improves endothelial cell function in hyperglycemia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Booth
- Department of Physiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-6799, USA
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40
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Ritchie JL, Alexander HD, Allen P, Morgan D, McVeigh GE. Effect of nitric oxide modulation on systemic haemodynamics and platelet activation determined by P-selectin expression. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:892-8. [PMID: 11886397 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2002.03352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting platelet and endothelial nitric oxide production favours platelet adhesion and aggregation, and arterial vasoconstriction. This study investigated the effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a stereospecific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on P-selectin expression on platelets, platelet-derived microparticles and platelet-leucocyte aggregates, and on soluble P-selectin levels. Twelve healthy male volunteers were infused intravenously with L-NAME and then with a 10% solution of either l- or d-arginine. Blood pressure responses were recorded and whole blood and serum collected at baseline and after each infusion. P-selectin expression was analysed in all samples by flow cytometry. Serum levels of soluble P-selectin were batch analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the end of the study. P-selectin expression on platelets, platelet-derived microparticles and platelet-leucocyte aggregates did not vary significantly from baseline levels following the infusion of L-NAME or l- or d-arginine. However, endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition caused a marked elevation of arterial blood pressure (P < 0.01) that was restored to pretreatment values by l- but not d-arginine. Serum levels of the soluble form decreased significantly (P = 0.001) following the infusion of l- and d-arginine compared with samples taken at baseline and following L-NAME infusion. In conclusion, inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in the endothelium and platelets produced significant increases in blood pressure but did not alter platelet membrane expression of P-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Ritchie
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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41
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Park JY, Gemmell CH, Davies JE. Platelet interactions with titanium: modulation of platelet activity by surface topography. Biomaterials 2001; 22:2671-82. [PMID: 11519787 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endosseous implants initially come into contact with blood. Thus, the nature of the interactions between blood and implanted endosseous implants may influence subsequent bone healing events in the peri-implant healing compartment. We conducted studies to address the following question: Does implant surface microtexture modulate platelet activity? We used commercially pure Ti (cpTi) disks with four different surface finishes: dual acid-etched (DAE), 320 grit (320G) abraded, machined, and p1200 polished cpTi. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry. The DAE and 320G surfaces presented more complex microtextures than the machined or polished surfaces. Platelet activities were measured by quantifying platelet adherence, platelet-derived microparticle (MP) formation, and P-selectin expression as function of surface type. Platelet adhesion, measured using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. was increased on DAE and 320G surfaces compared to machined and polished surfaces (p < 0.05). M P formation and P-selectin expression, assayed by flow cytometry, also showed increased activation of platelets on DAE and 320G surfaces. Because increased activation of platelets may lead to up-regulation of osteogenic responses during bone healing, these results may explain the enhanced osteoconductivity known to occur with DAE cpTi surfaces in comparison with machined cpTi surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Park
- Bone Interface Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ont, Canada
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42
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Goette A, Ittenson A, Hoffmanns P, Reek S, Hartung W, Klein H, Ansorge S, Geller JC. Increased expression of P-selectin in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23:1872-5. [PMID: 11139946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2000.tb07041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that platelets are activated during atrial fibrillation (AF). However, prophylactic therapy with aspirin is not associated with a reduction of thromboembolic complications in patients with AF. Stimulation of platelet thrombin and ADP receptors causes a release of P-selectin, which is not affected by aspirin. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of AF on platelet P-selectin expression. Blood samples from 30 patients were studied ex vivo. Nineteen patients had chronic AF (> 3 months), 11 patients were in sinus rhythm (SR). P-selectin expression was determined by flow cytometry (antibody binding capacity [BC]) at baseline and after platelet stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). To determine the effect of heart rate and atrial pressure (RAP), measurements were repeated after 10 minutes of ventricular pacing (120 beats/min) in patients with SR. P-selectin expression was increased in patients with AF at baseline (AF: 1329 +/- 81 BC vs SR: 968 +/- 108 BC; P < 0.05) and after stimulation with ADP (AF: 1445 +/- 101 BC vs SR: 1061 +/- 109 BC; P < 0.05) and TRAP (AF: 13,783 +/- 2442 BC vs SR: 5977 +/- 800 BC; P < 0.05). RAP (2.0 +/- 0.5 vs 6.0 +/- 0.8 mmHg; P < 0.01) and atrial rate (75 +/- 5 vs 114 +/- 5 beats/min; P < 0.001) increased during ventricular pacing. However, P-selectin levels remained stable. AF was accompanied by increased P-selectin expression. In contrast, increased ventricular rate and elevated atrial pressure alone had no effect on platelet activity. Further studies are needed to determine if platelet ADP receptor inhibitors offer a therapeutic benefit in patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goette
- University Hospital Magdeburg, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Leipzigerstr. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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43
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Schwarz UR, Kobsar AL, Koksch M, Walter U, Eigenthaler M. Inhibition of agonist-induced p42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and CD40 ligand/P-selectin expression by cyclic nucleotide-regulated pathways in human platelets. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1399-407. [PMID: 11008134 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation and adhesion to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins are crucial events in the development of arterial cardiovascular diseases. Platelet activation is initiated by stimulation of intracellular signaling cascades, including the p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p38 MAPK pathways, followed by major changes in the platelet cytoskeleton and expression and activation of platelet surface receptors, such as P-selectin (CD62P) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). Activated platelets directly bind to vascular endothelial cells via CD40L/CD40 interactions and induce inflammatory reactions that initiate or aggravate atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of two known platelet inhibitors-the cAMP-elevating prostaglandin E(1) (PG-E(1)) and the cGMP-elevating sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-on platelet p42 MAPK and p38 MAPK activation as well as on surface expression of CD62P and CD40L. MAPK activation was analyzed by Western blot experiments using phosphorylation-specific antibodies, and surface CD40L and CD62P expression was determined by flow cytometry analysis. PG-E(1) and SNP strongly inhibited p42 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation as well as CD40L and CD62P expression in response to thrombin, a thromboxane A(2) analog, and ADP. These data indicate that adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinases not only inhibit platelet pathways leading to activation and aggregation, but also those resulting in enhanced surface expression of protein ligands involved in inflammation. Expression of CD40L and CD62P was found to be independent of MAPK activation, since it was not inhibited by specific MAPK inhibitors. Inhibition of platelet-induced inflammatory responses including CD62P- and CD40L-mediated interaction of platelets with leukocytes and endothelial cells, respectively, is suggested to be an important component of the long-term vasoprotective effects of cyclic nucleotide-elevating prostaglandins and NO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Schwarz
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Institut für Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Würzburg, Germany
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44
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Chakraborti T, Mandal A, Mandal M, Das S, Chakraborti S. Complement activation in heart diseases. Role of oxidants. Cell Signal 2000; 12:607-17. [PMID: 11080612 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that atherosclerosis is an immunologically mediated disease. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is accompanied by an inflammatory response contributing to reversible and irreversible changes in tissue viability and organ function. Three major components are recognized as the major contributing factors in reperfusion injury. These are: (1) molecular oxygen; (2) cellular blood elements (especially the neutrophils); and (3) components of the activated complement system. The latter two often act in concert. Endothelial and leukocyte responses are involved in tissue injury, orchestrated primarily by the complement cascade. Anaphylatoxins and assembly of the membrane attack complex contribute directly and indirectly to further tissue damage. Tissue damage mediated by neutrophils can be initiated by complement fragments, notably C5a, which are potent stimulators of neutrophil superoxide production and adherence to coronary artery endothelium. The complement cascade, particularly the alternative pathway, is activated during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Complement fragments such as the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, are produced both locally and systematically, and the membrane attack complex is deposited on cell membranes and subsequent release of mediators such as histamine and platelet activating factor (PAF), thereby causing an increase in vascular permeability with concomitant manifestation of cellular edema. Complement increases the expression of CD18 on the neutrophils and increases P-selectin expression on the surface of the endothelium. Mitochondria may be a source of molecules that activate complements during ischemia/reperfusion injury to myocardium, providing therewith a stimulus for infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Tissue salvage can be achieved by depletion of complement components, thus making evident a contributory role for the complement cascade in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The complexities of the complement cascade provide numerous sites as potential targets for therapeutic interventions designed to modulate the complement response to injury. The latter is exemplified by the ability of soluble form of complement receptor 1 (sCR1) to decrease infarct size in in vitro models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanism(s) that initiates complement activation is not clearly known, although loss of CD59 (protectin) from cells compromised by ischemia/reperfusion may contribute to direct damage of the coronary vascular bed by the terminal complement complex. Therapeutic approaches to ischemia/reperfusion injury in general, and especially those involving complements, are at the very beginning and their potential benefits have still to be adequately evaluated. It may be noted that complement activation has both positive and negative effects and, therefore, might be modulated rather than abruptly blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chakraborti
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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45
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Opdahl H, Haugen T, Hagberg IA, Aspelin T, Lyberg T. Effects of short-term nitrogen monoxide inhalation on leukocyte adhesion molecules, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cytokine release in human blood. Nitric Oxide 2000; 4:112-22. [PMID: 10835291 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2000.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased nitrogen monoxide (NO) concentrations change leukocyte function under a multitude of experimental conditions. NO inhalation is an experimental treatment for lung failure and exposes leukocytes to increased NO concentrations during passage through the lungs. To investigate whether short-term NO inhalation induces lasting changes in the function of circulating human leukocytes, venous blood samples were drawn from eight healthy male volunteers before and at the end of a 35-min period of breathing 40 ppm NO in 30% O(2). The leukocytes in the samples were subsequently analyzed for NO-induced changes in expression of cell surface molecules, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokine production by flow cytometry and ELISA techniques. The results were (1) NO inhalation changed neither the baseline nor the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD62L (l-selectin) on neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) or monocytes (Mo). The expression of CD14 and HLA-DR was also unchanged. (2) The generation of ROS in response to activation with phorbol myristate acetate increased in PMN after NO inhalation; an increase in Mo did not reach significance. (3) Baseline and LPS-stimulated production of IL-1beta decreased after NO inhalation, while the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-alpha increased. No changes in IL-6 production were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Opdahl
- Department of Intensive Care, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Wakefield TW, Strieter RM, Schaub R, Myers DD, Prince MR, Wrobleski SK, Londy FJ, Kadell AM, Brown SL, Henke PK, Greenfield LJ. Venous thrombosis prophylaxis by inflammatory inhibition without anticoagulation therapy. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:309-24. [PMID: 10664500 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(00)90162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand Ig (rPSGL-Ig) pretreatment to decrease thrombosis and inflammation in experimental venous thrombosis. rPSGL-Ig, a unique mucin-like glycoprotein, has a high affinity for P-selectin. METHODS Twelve juvenile baboons underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis with temporary 6-hour IVC balloon occlusion. Before balloon placement, the animals received rPSGL-Ig (4 mg/kg; n = 8) or saline solution for control (n = 4). The animals underwent evaluation with duplex ultrasound scan imaging, magnetic resonance venography (MRV), phlebography, coagulation profile, and tissue analysis at death for cytokines and vein wall leukocyte morphometrics. With the MRV results, thrombus development, thrombus resolution, and inflammation (gadolinium; square millimeters of enhancement) were assessed. RESULTS Each animal provided two time points for evaluation (days 2 and 6 after balloon occlusion). A significant decrease in IVC thrombosis between balloons was found in the rPSGL-Ig animals (1 of 16) versus the control animals (5 of 8; P <.01). The MRV results showed significantly less enhancement in the rPSGL-Ig animals at days 2 and 6 (P <.05). Spontaneous thrombus resolution (including balloon sites) was significantly greater from day 2 to day 6 in the rPSGL-Ig animals versus the control animals (23% vs 2%; P <.001), without pulmonary embolism. Lower interleukin-8, platelet factor IV, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels were found in rPSGL-Ig vein walls without significant differences in vein wall leukocyte morphometrics. There were significantly lower D-dimer levels in the rPSGL-Ig-treated animals (P <.05), but there were no differences in measurements of coagulation. Adequate circulating rPSGL-Ig levels were documented. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with rPSGL-Ig results in: (1) a significant inhibition of thrombosis and vein wall inflammation; (2) a decrease in vein wall cytokine expression; and (3) a promotion of thrombus resolution. Inflammatory inhibition by rPSGL-Ig without anticoagulation therapy provides effective venous thrombosis prophylaxis in experimental venous thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Wakefield
- Jobst Vascular Surgery Laboratory, Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0329, USA
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47
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McCarty MF. The reported clinical utility of taurine in ischemic disorders may reflect a down-regulation of neutrophil activation and adhesion. Med Hypotheses 1999; 53:290-9. [PMID: 10608263 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1998.0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first publications regarding clinical use of taurine were Italian reports claiming therapeutic efficacy in angina, intermittent claudication and symptomatic cerebral arteriosclerosis. A down-regulation of neutrophil activation and endothelial adhesion might plausibly account for these observations. Endothelial platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a crucial stimulus to neutrophil adhesion and activation, whereas endothelial nitric oxide (NO) suppresses PAF production and acts in various other ways to antagonize binding and activation of neutrophils. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a neutrophil product which avidly oxidizes many sulfhydryl-dependent proteins, can be expected to inhibit NO synthase while up-regulating PAF generation; thus, a vicious circle can be postulated whereby HOCl released by marginating neutrophils acts on capillary or venular endothelium to promote further neutrophil adhesion and activation. Taurine is the natural detoxicant of HOCl, and thus has the potential to intervene in this vicious circle, promoting a less adhesive endothelium and restraining excessive neutrophil activation. Agents which inhibit the action of PAF on neutrophils, such as ginkgolides and pentoxifylline, have documented utility in ischemic disorders and presumably would complement the efficacy of taurine in this regard. Fish oil, which inhibits endothelial expression of various adhesion factors and probably PAF as well, and which suppresses neutrophil leukotriene production, may likewise be useful in ischemia. These agents may additionally constitute a non-toxic strategy for treating inflammatory disorders in which activated neutrophils play a prominent pathogenic role. Double-blind studies to confirm the efficacy of taurine in symptomatic chronic ischemia are needed.
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48
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Playford D, Watts GF. Endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance and diabetes: exploring the web of causality. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1999; 29:523-34. [PMID: 10868531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1999.tb00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Playford
- University Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital
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49
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Stohlawetz P, Horvath M, Pernerstorfer T, Nguyen H, Vondrovec B, Robisch A, Eichler HG, Spitzauer S, Jilma B. Effects of nitric oxide on platelet activation during plateletpheresis and in vivo tracking of biotinylated platelets in humans. Transfusion 1999; 39:506-14. [PMID: 10336001 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39050506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of platelet transfusions has risen considerably over the last few years, which leads to the collection and transfusion of a greater number of donor plateletpheresis units. Plateletpheresis activates platelets in platelet concentrates, which determines the degree of the storage lesion subsequently observed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS As nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and activation, a placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed in healthy young male volunteers to determine whether the NO-donating compound, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), decreases platelet activation during apheresis and whether activated (p-selectin+) platelets circulate in vivo after transfusion. The study also investigated whether nonradioactive biotin labeling of apheresis platelets is feasible for the study of platelet recovery after transfusion in humans. RESULTS Platelet activation increased after plateletpheresis in the platelet components, but SNP did not inhibit platelet activation during apheresis, as measured by the percentage of p-selectin expression and the secretion of soluble p-selectin and RANTES. Only a minor increase in p-selectin+ platelets was seen in peripheral blood at 60 minutes after transfusion of the platelets, a rise that was considerably less than that calculated in p-selectin+ platelets if they all were recovered as activated platelets after transfusion. Biotin-labeled platelets averaged 1.5 percent at 10 minutes after transfusion and increased slowly to 2.6 and 3.4 percent after 60 minutes and 24 hours, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION SNP does not decrease platelet activation during apheresis and subsequent storage, and only a minor proportion of activated (p-selectin+) platelets circulate after transfusion in men. Moreover, biotin labeling of PCs can safely be used in humans for the study of platelet recovery after transfusion, and measuring recovery at 1 hour may lead to an underestimation of the true recovery when activated platelets are transfused.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stohlawetz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology-TARGET, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Vienna University Hospital School of Medicine, Austria
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Sheu JR, Hung WC, Su CH, Lin CH, Lee LW, Lee YM, Yen MH. The antiplatelet activity of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is mediated through a nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62:317-26. [PMID: 10359060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1999.tb01909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Escherichia coli LPS dose-dependently (100-500 microg/ml) and time-dependently (10-60 min) inhibited platelet aggregation in human and rabbit platelets stimulated by agonists. LPS also dose-dependently inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen. In addition, LPS (200 and 500 microg/ml) significantly increased the formation of cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP in platelets. LPS (200 microg/ml) significantly increased the production of nitrate within a 10-min incubation period. Furthermore, LPS also dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation induced by PDBu (30 nmol/l), a protein kinase C activator. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of E. coli LPS may be involved in the activation of a nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in platelets, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation. Therefore, LPS-mediated alteration of platelet function may contribute to bleeding diathesis in septicemic and endotoxemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical College, Taiwan.
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