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Kutumova E, Kovaleva A, Sharipov R, Lifshits G, Kolpakov F. Mathematical modelling of the influence of ACE I/D polymorphism on blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29988. [PMID: 38707445 PMCID: PMC11068647 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism raises the possibility of personalising ACE inhibitor therapy to optimise its efficiency and reduce side effects in genetically distinct subgroups. However, the extent of its influence among these subgroups is unknown. Therefore, we extended our computational model of blood pressure regulation to investigate the effect of the ACE I/D polymorphism on haemodynamic parameters in humans undergoing antihypertensive therapy. The model showed that the dependence of blood pressure on serum ACE activity is a function of saturation and therefore, the lack of association between ACE I/D and blood pressure levels may be due to high ACE activity in specific populations. Additionally, in an extended model simulating the effects of different classes of antihypertensive drugs, we explored the relationship between ACE I/D and the efficacy of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The model predicted that the response of cardiovascular and renal parameters to treatment directly depends on ACE activity. However, significant differences in parameter changes were observed only between groups with high and low ACE levels, while different ACE I/D genotypes within the same group had similar changes in absolute values. We conclude that a single genetic variant is responsible for only a small fraction of heredity in treatment success and its predictive value is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutumova
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Krasnodar region, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna Kovaleva
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ruslan Sharipov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
- Specialized Educational Scientific Center, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Lifshits
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Center of New Medical Technologies, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fedor Kolpakov
- Department of Computational Biology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Krasnodar region, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., Novosibirsk, Russia
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Taha M, Ibrahim MMM, Sedrak H. Association of epistatic effects of MTHFR, ACE, APOB, and APOE gene polymorphisms with the risk of myocardial infarction and unstable angina in Egyptian patients. Gene 2024; 895:147976. [PMID: 37952748 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable discoveries in the genetic susceptibility of coronary artery disease (CAD), a large part of heritability awaits identification. Epistasis or gene-gene interaction has a profound influence on CAD and might contribute to its missed genetic variability; however, this impact was largely unexplored. Here, we appraised the associations of gene-gene interactions and haplotypes of five polymorphisms, namely methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D), apolipoprotein B (APOB) R3500Q, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina (UA). Gene-environment interactions with traditional risk factors and clinical data were also scrutinized. This study recruited 100 MI, 50 UA patients, and 100 apparently healthy controls. Logistic regression models were employed in association analyses. We remarked that the single locus effect of individual polymorphisms was relatively weak; however, a magnified effect of their combination via gene-gene interaction may predict MI risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Only MTHFR C677T, ACE I/D, and APOB R5300Q were associated with the risk of UA, and the ACE I/D-R3500Q interaction posed a decreased UA risk. APOB R3500Q was in strong linkage disequilibrium with MTHFR C677T, ACE I/D, and APE ε4 polymorphisms. The TCDGε3, CADGε4, and TADGε4-C677T-A1298C-ACE I/D-R3500Q-APOE haplotypes were associated with escalating MI risk, while the CDG or CIG-C677T-ACE I/D-R3500Q haplotype was highly protective against UA risk compared to controls. Interestingly, the CADGε4 and CAIGε3 haplotypes were strongly associated with the presence of diabetes and hypertension, respectively in MI patients; both haplotypes stratified patients according to the ECHO results. In UA, the CDG haplotype was negatively associated with the presence of diabetes or dilated heart. Conclusively, our results advocate that a stronger combined effect of polymorphisms in MTHFR, ACE, APOB, and APOE genes via gene-gene and gene-environment interactions might help in risk stratification of MI and UA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | | | - Heba Sedrak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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3
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Kılıç İ, Palabıyık O, Taylan G, Sipahi T, Üstündağ S. Ace gene polymorphisms are ineffective on contrast induced nephropathy. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Hubacek JA, Dusek L, Majek O, Adamek V, Cervinkova T, Dlouha D, Adamkova V. ACE I/D polymorphism in Czech first-wave SARS-CoV-2-positive survivors. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:206-209. [PMID: 33957095 PMCID: PMC8091801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread from China in 2019/2020 to all continents. Significant geographical and ethnic differences were described, and host genetic background seems to be important for the resistance to and mortality of COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) is one of the candidates with the potential to affect infection symptoms and mortality. METHODS In our study, we successfully genotyped 408 SARS-CoV-2-positive COVID-19 survivors (163 asymptomatic and 245 symptomatic) and compared them with a population-based DNA bank of 2,559 subjects. RESULTS The frequency of ACE I/I homozygotes was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients compared with that in controls (26.2% vs. 21.2%; P = 0.02; OR [95% CI] = 1.55 [1.17-2.05]. Importantly, however, the difference was driven just by the symptomatic subjects (29.0% vs. 21.2% of the I/I homozygotes; P = 0.002; OR [95% CI] = 1.78 [1.22-2.60]). The genotype distribution of the ACE genotypes was almost identical in population controls and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive patients (P = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ACE I/D polymorphism could have the potential to predict the severity of COVID-19, with I/I homozygotes being at increased risk of symptomatic COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A. Hubacek
- Experimental Medicine Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague, Czech Republic,Corresponding author at: IKEM-EMC, Videnska 1958/9, 14021 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Dusek
- Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackeho namesti 4, Prague, Czech Republic,Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice753/5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Majek
- Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, Palackeho namesti 4, Prague, Czech Republic,Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice753/5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Adamek
- Czech Technical University, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sítná 3105, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Cervinkova
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Dlouha
- Experimental Medicine Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Adamkova
- Czech Technical University, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Sítná 3105, Kladno, Czech Republic,Department of Preventive Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958/9, Prague, Czech Republic
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Saadi S, Ghazali HM, Saari N, Abdulkarim SM. The structural reconformation of peptides in enhancing functional and therapeutic properties: Insights into their solid state crystallizations. Biophys Chem 2021; 273:106565. [PMID: 33780688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides derived proteins with alpha-reconformation states like antibody shape have shown potential effects in combating terrible diseases linked with earlier signs of angiogensis, mutagenesis and transgenesis. Alpha reconformation in material design refers to the folding of the peptide chains and their transitions under reversible chemical bonds of disulfide chemical bridges and further non-covalence lesions. Thus, the rational design of signal peptides into alpha-helix is intended in increasing the defending effects of peptides into cores like adjuvant antibiotic and/or vaccines. Thereby, the signal peptides are able in displaying multiple eradicating regions by changing crystal-depositions and deviation angles. These types of molecular structures could have multiple advantages in tracing disease syndromes and impurities by increasing the host defense against the fates of pathogens and viruses, eventually leading to the loss in signaling by increasing peptide susceptibility levels to folding and unfolding and therefore, formation of transgenic peptide models. Alpha reconformation peptides is aimed in triggering as well as other regulatory functions such as remodulating metabolic chain disorders of lipolysis and glucolysis by increasing the insulin and leptin resistance for best lipid storages and lipoprotein density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institut de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-alimentaires INATAA 25017, Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Algeria; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabo Mohammed Abdulkarim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Moorthy N, Saligrama Ramegowda K, Jain S, Bharath G, Sinha A, Nanjappa MC, Christopher R. Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and ACE activity in predicting outcome after acute myocardial infarction. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2021; 32:100701. [PMID: 33426268 PMCID: PMC7782316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of ACE gene polymorphism and its influence on ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome are studied in last so many years without any concrete conclusion. In this study we investigated role of ACE gene polymorphism and Ace activity in large number of study population. The ACE (I/D) polymorphism showed no association with development of acute STEMI. Neither ACE I/D polymorphism nor ACE activity predicted in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with acute STEMI. Hence knowledge of ACE polymorphism and Ace activity is not useful in predicting STEMI or mortality after STEMI.
Background The Ace polymorphism had shown association with ACE activity, premature atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, LV dysfunction, LV remodelling, severity and extent of CAD and mortality after MI. Though ACE I/D polymorphism has been reported to be associated with various cardiovascular diseases it remained a controversial risk factor and studies have presented conflicting results. This study was designed to determine the association between ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, ACE activity and acute STEMI in Indian population and to determine its influence on outcome after acute MI. Materials and methods We investigated 934 patients diagnosed with acute STEMI who underwent thrombolysis. ACE I/D polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and ACE activity was measured in 615 patients. Results The prevalence of DD, ID, and II genotypes in our study group were 41.97%, 34.36%, and 23.66% respectively. The ACE polymorphism was not significantly associated with the type of myocardial infarction, the LV ejection fraction, the number of vessels diseased and patency of the vessel after thrombolysis. The polymorphism had no influence on in hospital mortality (P = 0.453). The ACE activity also showed no influence on in hospital mortality (P = 0.482). The age > 60 years, Male gender, occluded artery and severe LV dysfunction (LVEF < 35%) were predictors of in-hospital mortality on multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion There was no differences among ACE (I/D) polymorphism observed in STEMI population. Neither ACE I/D polymorphism nor ACE activity predicted in-hospital mortality inpatients admitted with acute STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja Moorthy
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore 560069, India
| | - Kalpana Saligrama Ramegowda
- Department of Pathology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore 560069, India
| | - Simran Jain
- Department of Pathology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore 560069, India
| | - G Bharath
- Department of Pathology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore 560069, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Manjunath C Nanjappa
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore 560069, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
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The Association of rs1898830 in Toll-Like Receptor 2 with Lipids and Blood Pressure. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7030024. [PMID: 32650372 PMCID: PMC7569770 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of the innate immune system, involved in establishing immunity to infections. Apart from being implicated in immunity, numerous studies have reported that many TLRs, including TLR2, are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. Since rs1898830 is associated with TLR2-mediated cellular activation, we aimed to study its association with CVD risk factors, such as lipid levels and hypertension. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 460 individuals free from chronic diseases. Clinical and biological data were collected and DNA was extracted and genotyped using Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP™). Multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for six covariates, were used. A power calculation analysis was also performed. RESULTS We found that rs1898830 in TLR2 was positively associated with hypertension (OR = 2.18, p = 0.03) and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 0.66, p = 0.05). In contrast, no relation was found with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION The present results provide additional evidence supporting the implication of TLR2 in CVD risk factors.
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Worldwide Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:2553-2566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shalimova A, Fadieienko G, Kolesnikova O, Isayeva A, Zlatkina V, Nemtsova V, Prosolenko K, Psarova V, Kyrychenko N, Kochuieva M. The Role of Genetic Polymorphism in the Formation of Arterial Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes and their Comorbidity. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:218-227. [PMID: 30868946 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190314124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary component plays a significant role in the formation of insulin resistance (IR) - one of the pathogenetic links of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). However, the genetic predisposition to IR can not be realized and does not manifest itself clinically in the absence of appropriate factors of the environment (excessive nutrition, low physical activity, etc.). OBJECTIVE The review summarizes the results of studies which describe the contribution of genetic polymorphism to the formation and progression of AH, DM2 and their comorbidity in various populations. RESULTS In many studies, it has been established that genetic polymorphism of candidate genes is influenced by the formation, course and complication of AH and DM2. According to research data, the modulating effect of polymorphism of some genetic markers of AH and DM2 on metabolism and hemodynamics has been established. The results of numerous studies have shown a higher frequency of occurrence of AH and DM2, as well as their more severe course with adverse genetic polymorphisms. At the same time, the role of genetic polymorphism in the formation of AH and DM2 differs in different populations. CONCLUSION Contradictory data on the influence of gene polymorphisms on the formation of AH and DM2 in different populations, as well as a small number of studies on the combined effects of several polymorphisms on the formation of comorbidity, determine the continuation of research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shalimova
- The Government Institution 'L.T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Fadieienko
- The Government Institution 'L.T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Kolesnikova
- The Government Institution 'L.T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Isayeva
- The Government Institution 'L.T. Malaya Therapy National Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Vira Zlatkina
- Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | - Maryna Kochuieva
- Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Evolutionary Patterns of Non-Coding RNA in Cardiovascular Biology. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:ncrna5010015. [PMID: 30709035 PMCID: PMC6468844 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the heart and the vascular system with a high prevalence and place a huge burden on society as well as the healthcare system. These complex diseases are often the result of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors and pose a great challenge to understanding their etiology and consequences. With the advent of next generation sequencing, many non-coding RNA transcripts, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been linked to the pathogenesis of CVD. Despite increasing evidence, the proper functional characterization of most of these molecules is still lacking. The exploration of conservation of sequences across related species has been used to functionally annotate protein coding genes. In contrast, the rapid evolutionary turnover and weak sequence conservation of lncRNAs make it difficult to characterize functional homologs for these sequences. Recent studies have tried to explore other dimensions of interspecies conservation to elucidate the functional role of these novel transcripts. In this review, we summarize various methodologies adopted to explore the evolutionary conservation of cardiovascular non-coding RNAs at sequence, secondary structure, syntenic, and expression level.
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Balbino KP, Hermsdorff HHM, Bressan J. Polymorphism related to cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis subjects: a systematic review. J Bras Nefrol 2018; 40:179-192. [PMID: 29944163 PMCID: PMC6533983 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) subjects. In addition to the traditional risk factors that are common in these individuals, genetic factors are also involved, with emphasis on single nucleotide polymorphs (SNPs). In this context, the present study aims to systematically review the studies that investigated the polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular risk in this population. In general, the SNPs present in HD individuals are those of genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular calcification, also able of interfering in the cardiovascular risk of this population. In addition, polymorphisms in genes related to recognized risk factors for CVD, such as dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, also influence cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pereira Balbino
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde,
Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Josefina Bressan
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde,
Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Mani D, Chinniah R, Ravi P, Swaminathan K, Janarthanan RA, Vijayan M, Raju K, Karuppiah B. Predisposition of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Deletion/Deletion Genotype to Coronary Artery Disease with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 21:882-885. [PMID: 29285453 PMCID: PMC5729678 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_215_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, South Asians contribute to a high proportion of coronary artery disease (CAD) burden, mainly attributed to a high prevalence of diabetes. Early identification of such high-risk individuals would enable aggressive disease modification and prevention of complications. Definition of susceptible genotypes early in the course of disease may be one such avenue for reduction in morbidity and mortality from CAD. AIM Our study was aimed to investigate the insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE I/D) gene and susceptibility to CAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a South Indian population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS ACE (I/D) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction specific primer for 187 CAD patients and 185 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS We observed that the ACE"II" genotype was found to be significantly associated with CAD patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.689; P = 0.028). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that ACE "DD" genotype was found to be most predominant risk factor for CAD patients with T2DM (OR = 6.118; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results showed that ACE (I/D) genotypes and alleles presented functional dimorphism in the development of CAD and CAD with T2DM patients in South India. This finding may be extremely useful in identifying subsets of patients where early aggressive treatment of risk factors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivakar Mani
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Padmamalini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | | | | | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamaraj Raju
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Balakrishnan Karuppiah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Hussain M, Awan FR, Gujjar A, Hafeez S, Islam M. A case control association study of ACE gene polymorphism (I/D) with hypertension in Punjabi population from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:186-191. [PMID: 29058472 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1356842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of renin angiotensin aldosterone system. It converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE gene is found associated with several complications. However, its association with hypertension and related metabolic diseases is still controversial. So, the aim of the present study was to check this association for Punjabi population from Faisalabad, Pakistan. For this purpose, blood samples (patients = 100, controls = 48) were collected and several biochemical parameters were measured. Genotyping for ACE (I/D) polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. ID genotype is found prevalent in the studied population as 41% in control subjects and 61% in patients. Furthermore, chi-square analysis showed significant (p = 0.005) difference for genotypic frequencies between both groups. One-way ANOVA for association of II, ID, and DD genotypes with anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters showed that in patient group, DD genotype is significantly (p = 0.041) associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP). Moreover, ID genotype is found associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases. This study concludes that DD genotype is strongly associated with higher SBP in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah Hussain
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Fazli Rabbi Awan
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan.,b Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) , Nilore , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Amna Gujjar
- c Department of Biotechnology , University of Sargodha , Sargodha , Pakistan
| | - Shakir Hafeez
- c Department of Biotechnology , University of Sargodha , Sargodha , Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Islam
- a Diabetes and Cardio-Metabolic Disorders Lab, Health Biotechnology Division , National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) , Faisalabad , Pakistan
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Valdez-Velazquez LL, Quintero-Ramos A, Perez SA, Mendoza-Carrera F, Montoya-Fuentes H, Rivas F, Olivares N, Celis A, Vazquez OF, Rivas F. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in preterm delivery and premature rupture of membranes. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 8:160-8. [DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2007.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Premature rupture of membranes (PRM) is a late pregnancy complication commonly associated with preterm delivery (PD).Although several markers related to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been evaluated in certain pregnancy complications, only the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D variant has been studied in PD-PRM.The aim of this survey was to investigate the association of the polymorphisms (angiotensin II type 1 [AT1] receptor T174M and M235T, renin G2805A,ACE I/D and AT1-receptor A1166C) of the genes of RAS in women with PD-PRM. Design. Deoxyribonucleic acid samples from 89 Mexican Mestizo women with PD and PRM and 224—288 controls were studied. Polymorphisms were analysed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer assays. restricted fragment length polymorphism or sequence specific prim assays. Results. For all loci , genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy—Weinberg expectations in the control group. Significant intergroup difference (case vs. control) was seen for angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T polymorphism, with an increased allele M235 in affected cases (50% vs. 40% in controls).Analysis of two- locus haplotype agrees with an independent segregation of physically unlinked genes. Haplotype AGT 174T-235M was also increased (50 % vs. 40% in controls). Conclusions. Physically unlinked genes involved in RAS segregate independently. The AGT 174—235 region is associated with PD-PRM in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Valdez-Velazquez
- Universidad de Colima, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Kilometro 9 carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Colima, México. 28400, lauravaldez @ucol.mx, Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Estudios de Posgrado en Genética Humana Sierra Mojada No. 950 Col. Independencia (puerta 7). Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Antonio Quintero-Ramos
- Universidad de Guadalajara Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud Estudios de Posgrado en Genética Humana Sierra Mojada No. 950 Col. Independencia (puerta 7). Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Sandra A Perez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Hospital General Regional No. 46 Lazaro Cardenas 2063 Col. Morelos Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44910
| | - Francisco Mendoza-Carrera
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente Sierra Mojada 800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Hector Montoya-Fuentes
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente Sierra Mojada 800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Fernando Rivas
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente Sierra Mojada 800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Norma Olivares
- Secretaría de Salud Jalisco Hospital General de Occidente Av. Zoquipan 1050 Col. Seattle Zapopan, Jalisco, México. 45130
| | - Alfredo Celis
- Universidad de Guadalajara Departamento de Salud publica Sierra Morena No. 950 Edificio N Col. Independencia Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
| | - Oscar F Vazquez
- Universidad de Colima Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Kilometro 9 carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Colima, México. 28400
| | - Fernando Rivas
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente Sierra Mojada 800 Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. 44340
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Marzbanrad F, Khandoker AH, Hambly BD, Ng E, Tamayo M, Lu Y, Matthews S, Karmakar C, Palaniswami M, Jelinek HF, McLachlan C. Methodological Comparisons of Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Polymorphism. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2015; 20:55-63. [PMID: 26529791 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2015.2480778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism has been shown to be important in hypertension progression and also in diabetes complications, especially associated with heart disease. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an established measure for classification of autonomic function regulating heart rate, based on the interbeat interval time series derived from a raw ECG recording. Results of this paper show that the length (number of interbeat intervals) and preprocessing of the tachogram affect the HRV analysis outcome. The comparison was based on tachogram lengths of 250, 300, 350, and 400 RR-intervals and five preprocessing approaches. An automated adaptive preprocessing method for the heart rate biosignal and tachogram length of 400 interbeat intervals provided the best classification. HRV results differed for the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) group between the I/I genotype and the I/D and D/D genotypes, whereas for controls there was no significant difference in HRV between genotypes. Selecting an appropriate length of recording and automated preprocessing has confirmed that there is an effect of ACE polymorphism including the I/I genotype and that I/I should not be combined with I/D genotype in determining the extent of autonomic modulation of the heart rate.
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Niu S, Zhang B, Zhang K, Zhu P, Li J, Sun Y, He N, Zhang M, Gao Z, Li X, Simayi A, Ge J, Cong M, Zhou W, Qiu C. Synergistic effects of gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on essential hypertension in Kazakhs in Xinjiang. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 38:63-70. [PMID: 26305278 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the synergistic effects of gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on essential hypertension (EH) in Kazakhs in Xinjiang. METHODS A cross-sectional case-control association study was conducted in 52 1 hypertensive and 623 normotensive subjects of Kazakh ethnicity on eight common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interspersed over five genes of the RAAS. SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Interactions among the SNPs were analyzed by the multifactor dimensionality reduction method (MDR). RESULTS In single-locus analysis, subjects with AGT -6G, ACE D, and CYP11B2 -344C had increased susceptibility to EH (OR: 1.249; 1.425; 1.201). When subgrouped by sex, males with the t allele of REN Taq I had decreased risk for EH (OR: 0.529), and those with AGT -6G and CYP11B2 -344 C had increased risk for EH (OR: 1.498; 1.449). In females, carrying ACE D increased the risk for EH. (OR: 1.327). In six AGT haplotypes, H1 was protective, while H3 increased susceptibility to EH (OR: 0.683; 2.025). Interaction analysis by MDR showed that there was a strong synergistic effect between ACE I/D and CY11B2 (T-344C) and a moderate interaction between both ACE I/D and CY11B2 T-344C and AGT A-6G. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong synergistic effect between ACE I/D and CY11B2 T-344C and a moderate effect between both ACE I/D and CY11B2 T-344C and AGT A-6G. AGT -6G, ACE D, and CY11B2 -344C increased susceptibility to EH. REN Taq I, AGT -6G, CY11B2 -344 C and ACE D were associated with male and female EH, respectively. H1 and H3 of AGT were protective and risk haplotypes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Niu
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Bin Zhang
- b Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (National laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology) , Beijing , China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- c Department of Cardiology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumuqi , China
| | - Jingping Li
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Yujing Sun
- b Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (National laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology) , Beijing , China
| | - Ning He
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- d Altay Region People's Hospital , Aletai City , China , and
| | - Zhiying Gao
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Xueyan Li
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Amuti Simayi
- e People's General Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , Urumuqi , China
| | - Jie Ge
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Mingyu Cong
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Wenna Zhou
- b Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (National laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology) , Beijing , China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- a Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
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Paragliola RM, Capoluongo E, Torino F, Minucci A, Canu G, Prete A, Pontecorvi A, Corsello SM. A rare case of juvenile hypertension: coexistence of type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia -related bilateral pheochromocytoma and reninoma in a young patient with ACE gene polymorphism. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15:30. [PMID: 26084817 PMCID: PMC4472263 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-015-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pheochromocytoma and reninoma represent two rare diseases causing hypertension. We here reported a rare case of association between type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia related bilateral pheochromocytoma and reninoma. Moreover, polymorphism of ACE gene, which is known to be related to an increase of cardiovascular risk, has been found in the same patient. CASE PRESENTATION A 24 year old Caucasian man came to our attention for severe hypertension, resistant to anti-hypertensive polytherapy. At the age of twenty he had undergone total thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy for medullary carcinoma. Genetic testing showed a RET mutation of codon 918 (exon 16) not documented in other family members. During the follow-up, a progressive increase of urinary metanephrines and catecholamines was recorded. Our evaluation confirmed the presence of severe hypertension (220/140 mmHg) and a severe increase of urinary catecholamines and metanephrines. Due to the presence of hypokalemia, other causes of hypertension were researched leading to the discovery of hyperreninemia (236 μUI/ml) with mild hyperaldosteronism, and a mild increase of the renal artery resistance at ultrasound. An abdominal MRI showed multiple adrenal masses and a right kidney nodular lesion of about 2 cm. The patient underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and right nephrectomy, and histology confirmed the presence of bilateral pheochromocytoma and right reninoma. The post-surgery laboratory evaluation showed a rapid reduction of the urinary metanephrines while plasma renin level remained low in spite of the bilateral adrenalectomy without any mineralocorticoid supplementation. To further investigate these unusual feature, we performed genetic testing for the ACE gene, which revealed the presence of ACE I/D polymorphism. CONCLUSION This unique report describes the association between two rare causes of hypertension in the same patient. Furthermore, the absence of requirement of mineralocorticoid supplementation in spite of bilateral adrenalectomy, represent an uncommon and interest finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Endocrinology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Università degli Studi Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Canu
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Endocrinology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Maria Corsello
- Endocrinology Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Liou LM, Yang YH, Lu SR, Hsu CY, Liu CK, Lai CL. Potential cognitive decline linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme gene but not hypertension: Evidence from cognitive event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:2269-75. [PMID: 25743267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of hypertension and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes on cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs), and whether the impact of ACE genotypes on P300 is related to the influence of hypertension. METHODS Using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), we recruited 97 mentally healthy middle-aged and older adults. Medical histories were collected, and blood pressure, ACE insertion/deletion polymorphisms and ERPs in an auditory oddball task were measured for all participants. RESULTS When the participants were stratified according to the presence or absence of hypertension, there were no differences in CASI score, percentage of ACE genotypes and ERPs. The subjects with the D/D homozygote displayed lower amplitude and longer latency of P300, although there were no differences in CASI score and the percentage of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The subjects with the D/D genotype tended to have decreased amplitude and prolonged latency of P300 ERPs which reflected subtle cognitive impairment. There were no associations between hypertension, CASI score and P300 measurements. SIGNIFICANCE Using ERPs, potential cognitive decline was linked to ACE genotypes, independently of the effect of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Liou
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Ru Lu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
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Kim K, Ahn N, Cheun W, Byun J, Joo Y. Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D and α-actinin-3 R577X Genotypes with Growth Factors and Physical Fitness in Korean Children. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:131-9. [PMID: 25729275 PMCID: PMC4342733 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=856, age 10.32±0.07 yr). The anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors for the ACE gene ID or the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism. However, the DD type of ACE gene was highest in the side step test (p<0.05), and the DD type was significantly higher than the II+ID type (p<0.05) in the early bone age. The combined group of the ACE gene II+ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type significantly showed lower early bone age (p< 0.05). This study did not find any individual or compounding effects of the polymorphism in the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors of Korean children. However, the exercise experience and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of the bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Nayoung Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Wookwang Cheun
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Jayoung Byun
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Youngsik Joo
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
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Sakhteh M, Poopak B, Amirizadeh N, Shamshiri A, Bagheri A, Faranoush M. Polymorphism and synergism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genes in coronary artery disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:1168-74. [PMID: 25501306 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314561247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the genetic factors for coronary artery diseases, PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms can be noted. This study was carried out to investigate the association of these two polymorphisms and their synergism in coronary artery disease (CAD) from a sample of the Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one patients with a history of CAD and 92 healthy controls participated in our study. After DNA extraction from leukocytes, PCR was performed to characterize PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms, using an amplification refractory mutation system technique. RESULTS In the studied patients, PAI-1 polymorphisms were 24.6%, 45.9%, and 29.5% for 4G/4G, 4G/5G and 5G/5G, respectively; the values for controls were 20.7%, 42.2% and 37.0%. The distribution rates of genotypes I/I, I/D and D/D in patients accounted for 29.5%, 45.9% and 24.6%; in the control group these figures were estimated to be 40.2%, 40.2% and 19.6%. CONCLUSION Single and multivariate analyses showed a significant difference for the conventional risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking and family history, for CAD between patients and controls (p value ≤ 0.001). However, no significant correlation was demonstrated considering ACE and PAI-1 polymorphisms either in association with 4G/4G or D/D genotypes or a combination of them in the Iranian population in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sakhteh
- High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Amirizadeh
- High Institute of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Shamshiri
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Center,Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Abstract
Background:The angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) gene is known to have two polymorphic alleles insertion/deletion(I/D). People with the DD genotype have been shown to be at greater risk of cerebral infarction, but only in some studies. Identification of cerebral infarction susceptibility genes and quantification of associated risks have been hampered by conflicting results from underpowered case-control studies. This meta-analysis was made to look specifically into the genetics of cerebral infarction among Han Chinese population.Methods:Genetic associations studies published from January 1, 1990 to December 30, 2007 were collected from databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM and CNKI. Data were extracted using standardised forms and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.Results:Twenty-nine original case-control studies of Han Chinese population, comprising 3654 patients with cerebral infarction and 3058 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random effects model, the pooled ORs of ACE DD genotype VS ID+ II was 1.91 (95% CI 1.56 to 2.34, P<0.00001).Conclusions:These data suggest that the ACE DD genotype may be a risk factor for cerebral infarction in Han Chinese population. A large scale case-control study is needed to clarify the functional effect of the polymorphism of the ACE I/D gene in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction in Han Chinese population.
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Kiss I, Ambrus C, Kulcsár I, Szegedi J, Kerkovits L, Tislér A, Kiss Z. Interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on survival in hemodialyzed patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e315. [PMID: 25526485 PMCID: PMC4603087 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and mortality has been inconsistently observed in earlier studies in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. We hypothesized that the effect of ACE gene I/D polymorphism on mortality may be influenced by concurrent ACE inhibitor therapy in this population. In this prospective, multicenter cohort, observational study, data was collected from 716 prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients, blood samples were genotyped for I/D single nucleotide polymorphism. Patient mortality was assessed in tree genotype groups insertion/insertion, insertion/deletion and deletion/deletion (I/I, I/D, and D/D) using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. The most frequent genotype was I/D (42.6%), followed by D/D (37.7%) and I/I (19.7%) genotypes. The mean age was 54.9±15.5 years, 53.2% of all patients were male and in the total group the prevalence of diabetes was 19.3%. ACE inhibitor therapy was prescribed for 47.9% of all patients. The median duration of dialysis before blood sampling was 23.8 months (IQR 11.2-47.1). Patients were followed for 10 years, the median follow-up time was 29.8 months (IQR 12.6-63.4). Patient characteristics were well balanced among the genotype groups. D/D genotype, was associated with inferior survival (I/I vs D/D: log-rank test: P=0.04) in patients not receiving ACE inhibitor therapy, and the presence of this therapy diminished this difference. There was no difference in survival among unselected patients with different genotypes. In multivariate Cox regression models, D/D genotype (compared to I/I) was a significant predictor of mortality only in patients without ACE inhibitor therapy (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46-0.97, P=0.03). Our data suggests that hemodialyzed patients with the deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype might have inferior outcome, and ACE inhibitor therapy may be associated with improved survival in this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Kiss
- From the B.Braun Avitum Hungary (BRAVHU) CPLC Dialysis Network (IK, CA, IKulcsár, JS, LK, BBAVHU-DIALGENE Workgroup); Department of Nephrology-Hypertension, St Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest (IK, CA, LK); Division Section of Geriatrics, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest (IK); School for Ph.D. Candidates of Aesculap Academy, Budapest (IKulcsár, ZK); and 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (AT)
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Petkeviciene J, Klumbiene J, Simonyte S, Ceponiene I, Jureniene K, Kriaucioniene V, Raskiliene A, Smalinskiene A, Lesauskaite V. Physical, behavioural and genetic predictors of adult hypertension: the findings of the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109974. [PMID: 25313554 PMCID: PMC4196949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The roots of adult hypertension go back to childhood. This study aimed to examine the independent effects of physical, behavioural and genetic factors identified in childhood and mid-adulthood for prediction of adult hypertension. Methods The study subjects were participants of the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study started in 1977 (n = 1082, age 12–13 years). In 2012, a total of 507 individuals (63.9% of eligible sample) participated in the 35-year follow-up survey. Health examination involved measurements of blood pressure (BP), anthropometric parameters, and interview about health behaviours. Subjects were genotyped for AGT (M235T), ACE (I/D, rs4340), ADM (rs7129220), and CACNB2 (rs12258967) genes polymorphisms. A genetic risk score was calculated as the sum of the number of risk alleles at each of four single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results AGT TT genotype male carriers had the highest mean values of systolic BP in childhood. In females, ADM genotype AA was associated with the highest values of systolic and diastolic BP, while CACNB2 genotype CC carriers had the highest values of diastolic BP in childhood. Systolic and diastolic BP in childhood, gain in BMI from childhood to adulthood, and risky alcohol consumption predicted hypertension in middle-aged men. In women, genetic risk score together with diastolic BP in childhood and gain in BMI were significant predictors of adult hypertension. The comparison of four nested logistic regression models showed that the prediction of hypertension improved significantly after the addition of BMI gain. Genetic risk score had a relatively weak effect on the improvement of the model performance in women. Conclusions BP in childhood and the gain in BMI from childhood to adulthood were significant predictors of adult hypertension in both genders. Genetic risk score in women and risky alcohol consumption in men were independently related with the risk of adult hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Petkeviciene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- * E-mail:
| | - Jurate Klumbiene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sandrita Simonyte
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Indre Ceponiene
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Jureniene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kriaucioniene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Raskiliene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alina Smalinskiene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Lesauskaite
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Litovkina O, Nekipelova E, Dvornyk V, Polonikov A, Efremova O, Zhernakova N, Reshetnikov E, Churnosov M. Genes involved in the regulation of vascular homeostasis determine renal survival rate in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Gene 2014; 546:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kumar A, Prasad K, Vivekanandhan S, Srivastava A, Goswami S, Srivastava MVP, Tripathi M. Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and intracerebral haemorrhage in North Indian population: a case control study and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1983-90. [PMID: 25016961 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and ICH with an ACE level in a North Indian population. Patient with ICH and age- and sex- matched control subjects were recruited. Case control study design was used. Genotyping was performed by using Polymerase chain reaction. Serum ACE levels were measured by colorimetric method. Our results were integrated with other reported studies across different countries in a meta-analysis. One hundred and six patients with ICH and 106 age- and sex- matched control subjects were recruited. Mean age of cases and control subjects were 53.4 ± 1 and 52.9 ± 13.4, respectively. The DD genotypes were more frequency distributed in cases compared with controls (OR 2; 95 % CI, 1.02-3.8, P = 0.04) under a recessive model of inheritance. Meta-analysis suggests significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and risk of ICH (OR 1.98; 95 % CI, 1.53-2.57) under the recessive model of inheritance and under the dominant model of inheritance (OR 1.31; 95 % CI, 1.18-1.45). The findings of the present study show a significant association between ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and ICH. Meta-analysis indicate that ACE I/D polymorphism may be a susceptible marker for risk factor of ICH in Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India,
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Gromo G, Mann J, Fitzgerald JD. Cardiovascular drug discovery: a perspective from a research-based pharmaceutical company. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/6/a014092. [PMID: 24890831 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The theme of this review is to summarize the evolving processes in cardiovascular drug discovery and development within a large pharmaceutical company. Emphasis is placed on the contrast between the academic and industrial research operating environments, which can influence the effectiveness of research collaboration between the two constituencies, but which plays such an important role in drug innovation. The strategic challenges that research directors face are also emphasized. The need for improved therapy in many cardiovascular indications remains high, but the feasibility in making progress, despite the advances in molecular biology and genomics, is also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gromo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Mann
- Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) I: endogenous angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87843. [PMID: 24691160 PMCID: PMC3972180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors represent the fifth most often prescribed drugs. ACE inhibitors decrease 5-year mortality by approximately one-fifth in cardiovascular patients. Surprisingly, there are reports dating back to 1979 suggesting the existence of endogenous ACE inhibitors, which endogenous inhibitory effects are much less characterized than that for the clinically administered ACE inhibitors. Here we aimed to investigate this endogenous ACE inhibition in human sera. It was hypothesized that ACE activity is masked by an endogenous inhibitor, which dissociates from the ACE when its concentration decreases upon dilution. ACE activity was measured by FAPGG hydrolysis first. The specific (dilution corrected) enzyme activities significantly increased by dilution of human serum samples (23.2 ± 0.7 U/L at 4-fold dilution, 51.4 ± 0.3 U/L at 32-fold dilution, n = 3, p = 0.001), suggesting the presence of an endogenous inhibitor. In accordance, specific enzyme activities did not changed by dilution when purified renal ACE was used, where no endogenous inhibitor was present (655 ± 145 U/L, 605 ± 42 U/L, n = 3, p = 0.715, respectively). FAPGG conversion strongly correlated with angiotensin I conversion suggesting that this feature is not related to the artificial substrate. Serum samples were ultra-filtered to separate ACE (MW: 180 kDa) and the hypothesized inhibitor. Filtering through 50 kDa filters was without effect, while filtering through 100 kDa filters eliminated the inhibiting factor (ACE activity after <100 kDa filtering: 56.4 ± 2.4 U/L, n = 4, control: 26.4 ± 0.7 U/L, n = 4, p<0.001). Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated non-competitive inhibition of ACE by this endogenous factor. The endogenous inhibitor had higher potency on the C-terminal active site than N-terminal active site of ACE. Finally, this endogenous ACE inhibition was also present in mouse, donkey, goat, bovine sera besides men (increasing of specific ACE activity from 4-fold to 32-fold dilution: 2.8-fold, 1.7-fold, 1.5-fold, 1.8-fold, 2.6-fold, respectively). We report here the existence of an evolutionary conserved mechanism suppressing circulating ACE activity, in vivo, similarly to ACE inhibitory drugs.
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Fagyas M, Úri K, Siket IM, Daragó A, Boczán J, Bányai E, Édes I, Papp Z, Tóth A. New perspectives in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) III: endogenous inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) provides protection against cardiovascular diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93719. [PMID: 24690767 PMCID: PMC3972147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE inhibitor drugs decrease mortality by up to one-fifth in cardiovascular patients. Surprisingly, there are reports dating back to 1979 suggesting the existence of endogenous ACE inhibitors. Here we investigated the clinical significance of this potential endogenous ACE inhibition. ACE concentration and activity was measured in patient's serum samples (n = 151). ACE concentration was found to be in a wide range (47–288 ng/mL). ACE activity decreased with the increasing concentration of the serum albumin (HSA): ACE activity was 56±1 U/L in the presence of 2.4±0.3 mg/mL HSA, compared to 39±1 U/L in the presence of 12±1 mg/mL HSA (values are mean±SEM). Effects of the differences in ACE concentration were suppressed in human sera: patients with ACE DD genotype exhibited a 64% higher serum ACE concentration (range, 74–288 ng/mL, median, 155.2 ng/mL, n = 52) compared to patients with II genotype (range, 47–194 ng/mL, median, 94.5 ng/mL, n = 28) while the difference in ACE activities was only 32% (range, 27.3–59.8 U/L, median, 43.11 U/L, and range 15.6–55.4 U/L, median, 32.74 U/L, respectively) in the presence of 12±1 mg/mL HSA. No correlations were found between serum ACE concentration (or genotype) and cardiovascular diseases, in accordance with the proposed suppressed physiological ACE activities by HSA (concentration in the sera of these patients: 48.5±0.5 mg/mL) or other endogenous inhibitors. Main implications are that (1) physiological ACE activity can be stabilized at a low level by endogenous ACE inhibitors, such as HSA; (2) angiotensin II elimination may have a significant role in angiotensin II related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Fagyas
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Úri
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ivetta M. Siket
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Daragó
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Boczán
- Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Bányai
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Édes
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Kumar A, Vivekanandhan S, Srivastava A, Tripathi M, Padma Srivastava MV, Saini N, Kumar P, Prasad K. Association between angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and ischemic stroke in north Indian population: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Neurol Res 2014; 36:786-94. [PMID: 24620983 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this case-control study was to determine the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and serum ACE level in north Indian patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS In the present study, 224 ischemic stroke patients and 224 age- and sex-matched control participants were recruited. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Serum ACE levels were measured by colorimetric method. Our results were integrated with other reported studies from India for a meta-analysis. RESULTS We observed that DD genotypes were more frequently distributed in cases (32·6%) compared with controls (26·8%). Borderline significance was observed between DD genotype and risk of small vessel disease (SVD) stroke as compared to controls (OR, 1·9; 95% CI, 0·88-4·4; P value 0·09) assuming dominant model of inheritance. The mean ACE serum level in IU/l for II, ID, and DD genotypes were 17·1 ± 7·7, 26 ± 12·4, and 51·3 ± 21 (P value < 0·001) in cases and 16·5 ± 9·4, 26·8 ± 13, and 45·19 ± 18·3 (P value < 0·001) in controls, respectively. DISCUSSION The results of the study show lack of significant association between ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and ischemic stroke, however, higher risk was observed with DD genotype in small vessel disease stroke, but with borderline significance. Meta-analysis of studies from India showed that DD genotype is associated with risk of ischemic stroke.
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Pan Y, Wang F, Qiu Q, Ding R, Zhao B, Zhou H. Influence of the angiotensin converting enzyme insertion or deletion genetic variant and coronary restenosis risk: evidence based on 11,193 subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83415. [PMID: 24349507 PMCID: PMC3862770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene encoding angiotensin converting enzyme is a controversial risk factor for restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCA) in patients. Genetic association studies can be problematic to reproduce due to insufficient power, phenotypic heterogeneity, population stratification, small effect of the variant and even publication biases. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship as well as to quantify the between-study heterogeneity and potential bias, a meta-analysis including 11,193 patients from 33 published cohort studies was performed. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for restenosis was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.08-1.58, P = 0.006), and 1.22 (95% CI: 0.95-1.56, P = 0.12), for PTCA-stent and PTCA-balloon, respectively. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased restenosis risks after PTCA-stent were found in Asians for the polymorphism; whereas no significant associations were found among Caucasians. As for restenosis risks after PTCA-balloon, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained in the stratified analyses according to ethnicity and study size. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that the DD homozygous of ACE I/D polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated restenosis susceptibility after PTCA-stent among Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ren Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baolong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Baoshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Bernstein EA, Janjulia T, Taylor B, Giani JF, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Shi PD, Fuchs S, Bernstein KE. Rediscovering ACE: novel insights into the many roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1143-54. [PMID: 23686164 PMCID: PMC3779503 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is best known for the catalytic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, the use of gene-targeting techniques has led to mouse models highlighting many other biochemical properties and actions of this enzyme. This review discusses recent studies examining the functional significance of ACE tissue-specific expression and the presence in ACE of two independent catalytic sites with distinct substrates and biological effects. It is these features which explain why ACE makes important contributions to many different physiological processes including renal development, blood pressure control, inflammation, and immunity.
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Genetic polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme and risk of coronary restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties: evidence from 33 cohort studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75285. [PMID: 24098690 PMCID: PMC3787085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, a number of cohort studies studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the gene encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme and risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties in patients. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. Genetic association studies addressing this issue are frequently hampered by insufficient power. We therefore performed a meta-analysis of the published studies to clarify this inconsistency and to establish a comprehensive picture of the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and post-PTCA restenosis risk. Methods Databases including Pubmed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane Library databases and CNKI were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. The random-effects model was applied, addressing heterogeneity and publication bias. Results A total of 33 cohort studies involving 11,099 subjects were included. In a combined analysis, the OR for post-PTCA restenosis of the ACE DD genotype was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.27–2.04; P<10−5). In the subgroup analysis by intervention, significantly increased risks were also found in PTCA-stent and PTCA-balloon for the DD genotype of the polymorphism. Conclusions Our meta-analysis showed that the DD genotype of ACE I/D polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of restenosis, particularly for PTCA-stent.
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Jaramillo MI, Genes L, Tovar RJ, Moreno GA, Quintana MM. Polimorfismo inserción/deleción del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiontensina y enfermedad coronaria en la población de Montería, Córdoba. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-5633(13)70070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Bochud M, Guessous I. Gene-environment interactions of selected pharmacogenes in arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:677-86. [PMID: 23234325 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Owing to population aging, hypertension-related cardiovascular burden is expected to rise in the near future. In addition to genetic variants influencing the blood pressure response to antihypertensive drugs, several genes encoding for drug-metabolizing or -transporting enzymes have been associated with blood pressure and/or hypertension in humans (e.g., ACE, CYP1A2, CYP3A5, ABCB1 and MTHFR) regardless of drug treatment. These genes are also involved in the metabolism and transport of endogenous substances and their effects may be modified by selected environmental factors, such as diet or lifestyle. However, little is currently known on the complex interplay between environmental factors, endogenous factors, genetic variants and drugs on blood pressure control. This review will discuss the respective role of population-based primary prevention and personalized medicine for arterial hypertension, taking a pharmacogenomics' perspective focusing on selected pharmacogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
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35
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Lima SG, Albuquerque MFPM, Oliveira JRM, Ayres CFJ, Cunha JEG, Oliveira DF, Lemos RR, Souza MBR, Barbosa e Silva O. Exaggerated blood pressure response during the exercise treadmill test as a risk factor for hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:368-47. [PMID: 23598646 PMCID: PMC3854408 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) during the exercise treadmill test (ETT) has been considered to be a risk factor for hypertension. The relationship of polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system gene with hypertension has not been established. Our objective was to evaluate whether EBPR during exercise is a clinical marker for hypertension. The study concerned a historical cohort of normotensive individuals. The exposed individuals were those who presented EBPR. At the end of the observation period (41.7 months = 3.5 years), the development of hypertension was analyzed within the two groups. Genetic polymorphisms and blood pressure behavior were assessed as independent variables, together with the classical risk factors for hypertension. The I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and M235T of angiotensinogen were ruled out as risk factors for hypertension. EBPR during ETT is not an independent influence on the chances of developing hypertension. No differences were observed between the hypertensive and normotensive individuals regarding gender (P = 0.655), skin color (P = 0.636), family history of hypertension (P = 0.225), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.285), or hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.734). The risk of developing hypertension increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) and advancing age. The risk factors, which independently influenced the development of hypertension, were age and BMI. EBPR did not constitute an independent risk factor for hypertension and is probably a preclinical phase in the spectrum of normotension and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Lima
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE, Brasil.
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Brugts JJ, Simoons ML. Genetic influences of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor response: an opportunity for personalizing therapy? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 10:1001-9. [PMID: 23030290 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a cornerstone drug therapy in the current treatment of patients with hypertension, stable coronary artery disease and heart failure. Individualizing therapy of ACE inhibitors with clinical risk factors in low-risk patients with stable coronary artery disease is not feasible. The concept of pharmacogenetics, by studying patient factors more individually, offers a first glimpse in the quest for the 'holy grail' of personalized medicine. As such, genetic targets in the direct pharmacodynamic pathway of ACE inhibitors, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is a plausible candidate for such an approach. In the past few decades, results of pharmacogenetic studies were scarce and inconsistent. However, recently the first reports of larger pharmacogenetic studies are now confirming that the 'pharmacogenetic approach' might be feasible in the future. The current review focuses on the recent developments in pharmacogenetic research in response to ACE inhibitors in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J Brugts
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Al-Harbi EM, Farid EM, Gumaa KA, Darwish AH, Alenizi M, Singh J. Genetic combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bahrain. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:172-7. [PMID: 23447104 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313478286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bahrain has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previously, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was found to be associated with T2DM in Bahrainis. The relationship between the disease progression in Bahraini T2DM population and the genetic polymorphism of methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) C677T is still under investigation. AIM The current study investigated the distribution of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism among Bahraini T2DM patients and examined the interaction between ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on the risk of developing T2DM and its long-term complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to test for the presence of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in 171 patients with T2DM compared to 188 healthy (non-diabetic) age-matched control subjects from Bahrain. RESULTS The incidence of the DD genotype and D allele of the ACE gene was high among Bahraini T2DM patients. MTHFR allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls. No significant relationship was identified between the combinations of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly showed an association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the progression of T2DM, but when it interacts with MTHFR polymorphism no influence was detected on the increased risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einas M Al-Harbi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Medical Genetic Center, State of Kuwait
| | - Eman M Farid
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khalid A Gumaa
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdulla H Darwish
- Department of Pathology, Bahrain Defense Force Royal Medical Services Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mohammad Alenizi
- General Department of Criminal Evidences, Ministry of Interior, Farwaneyia, State of Kuwait
| | - Jaipaul Singh
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK
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Zhang YF, Cheng Q, Tang NLS, Chu TTW, Tomlinson B, Liu F, Kwok TCY. Gender difference of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in DD genotype of ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in elderly Chinese. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:547-52. [PMID: 23390188 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we investigated the gender difference of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in a population of Hong Kong-dwelling elderly Chinese. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1767 (843 male, 924 female) Hong Kong-dwelling elderly Chinese were recruited. ACE I/D genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and serum ACE activity was determined using a commercially available kinetic kit. ACE I/D genotype distribution was compared by chi-square test, the correlation between ACE I/D polymorphism and serum ACE activity was analysed by ANOVA test and gender difference of serum ACE activity of different genotypes was compared by independent sample t-test. RESULTS No statistically significant difference of genotype distribution between male and female subjects was found. Serum ACE activity was significantly correlated with ACE genotype. Overall, there was no gender difference of serum ACE activity; however, when sub-grouping the subjects by ACE I/D genotype, male subjects with DD genotype had higher serum ACE activity than female subjects with DD genotype. CONCLUSIONS No significant gender difference of genotype distribution was found in elderly Chinese. Serum ACE activity was significantly correlated with ACE I/D polymorphism in elderly Chinese. Male subjects with DD genotype had higher serum ACE activity than female subjects with DD genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital to Nantong University, PR China Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Nantong University, PR China
| | - Nelson L S Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tanya T W Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital to Nantong University, PR China
| | - Timothy C Y Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Bernstein KE, Ong FS, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Giani JF, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Fuchs S, Touyz RM. A modern understanding of the traditional and nontraditional biological functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 65:1-46. [PMID: 23257181 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, ACE is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. Because of this, ACE and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. The defining feature of ACE is that it is composed of two homologous and independently catalytic domains, the result of an ancient gene duplication, and ACE-like genes are widely distributed in nature. The two ACE catalytic domains contribute to the wide substrate diversity of ACE and, by extension, the physiologic impact of the enzyme. Several studies suggest that the two catalytic domains have different biologic functions. Recently, the X-ray crystal structure of ACE has elucidated some of the structural differences between the two ACE domains. This is important now that ACE domain-specific inhibitors have been synthesized and characterized. Once widely available, these reagents will undoubtedly be powerful tools for probing the physiologic actions of each ACE domain. In turn, this knowledge should allow clinicians to envision new therapies for diseases not currently treated with ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis 2021, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Fyhrquist F, Eriksson A, Saijonmaa O, Nordestgaard BG, Kontula K, de Faire U, Ibsen H, Kjeldsen S, Os I, Dahlöf B. Telomere length is associated with ACE I/D polymorphism in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:227-34. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320312460292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frej Fyhrquist
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Saijonmaa
- Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Kimmo Kontula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ingrid Os
- Department of Nephrology, Ullevaal University Hospital, Norway
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41
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Zajc Petranović M, Skarić-Jurić T, Smolej Narančić N, Tomas Z, Krajačić P, Miličić J, Barbalić M, Tomek-Roksandić S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion allele is beneficial for the longevity of Europeans. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:583-595. [PMID: 21614448 PMCID: PMC3337925 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is one of the most investigated candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the understanding of its role among the elderly is vague. Therefore, this study focuses at: (a) testing the association of ACE polymorphism with CVD risk factors among the elderly, and (b) detecting the possible unequal distribution of ACE genotypes between senescent and younger segments of the European populations. The association of ACE I/D polymorphism with CVD health status [hypertension (HT), obesity, dislypidemia] in 301 very old subjects (88.2 ± 5 years; F/M = 221/80) was tested by means of logistic regression analysis. The meta-analysis of D allele frequency in general vs. elderly (80+ years) groups was conducted using all publicly available data for European populations comprising both age cohorts. Multiple multinomial logistic regression revealed that within this elderly sample, age (younger olds, 80-90 years), female sex (OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.59-6.19), and elevated triglycerides (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.29-4.95) were positively associated with HT, while ACE polymorphism was not. It was also established that the DD genotype was twice as high in 80+ cohort compared to general population of Croatia (p < 0.00001). This trend was confirmed by the meta-analysis that showed higher D allele frequencies in olds from nine of ten considered European populations (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.08-1.31). The data in elderly cohort do not confirm previously reported role of ACE DD genotype to the development of HT. Moreover, meta-analysis indicated that ACE D allele has some selective advantage that contributes to longevity in majority of European populations.
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Woo J, Tang NLS, Leung J, Kwok T. The Alu polymorphism of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) and atherosclerosis, incident chronic diseases and mortality in an elderly Chinese population. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:262-8. [PMID: 22456784 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the contribution of ACE I/D polymorphism in a large Chinese population to four year change in ankle-brachial index (ABI), development of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in a prospective study adjusting for many confounding factors. METHOD Data are drawn from a longitudinal study of 4000 community-living men and women aged 65 years and over, for which detailed information regarding lifestyle, chronic diseases, body mass index (BMI), ABI measurements and ACE polymorphisms were documented at baseline. During the fifth year of follow up, incident cardiovascular diseases, ABI, and mortality were documented, and related to ACE genotype adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, dietary intake, physical activity, body mass index, and use of ACE inhibitors. RESULTS Women with the D/D genotype had the greatest reduction in mean ABI after adjusting for confounding factors. D/D genotype was also more common among women who developed hypertension or myocardial infarction. However D/D genotype was associated with mortality only in men. CONCLUSION In a Chinese elderly population, ACE polymorphism may be considered "deleterious" to longevity, the D/D genotype being associated with mortality, the atherosclerotic process, hypertension and myocardial infarction. There are gender differences in the relationship between D/D genotype and cardiovascular diseases and mortality may not be mediated by the atherosclerotic process alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with severity of coronary artery disease in men with high total cholesterol levels. J Appl Genet 2012; 53:175-82. [PMID: 22307319 PMCID: PMC3334489 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms: ACE (encoding for angiotensin converting enzyme) c.2306-117_404 I/D, AGTR1 (encoding for angiotensin II type-1 receptor) c.1080*86A>C and CYP11B2 (encoding for aldosterone synthase) c.-344C>T are associated with the extension of coronary atherosclerosis in a group of 647 patients who underwent elective coronary angiography. The extension of CAD was evaluated using the Gensini score. The polymorphisms were determined by PCR and RFLP assays. The associations between genotypes and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis were tested by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by pairwise comparisons using Wilcoxon test. The population has been divided into groups defined by: sex, smoking habit, past myocardial infarction, BMI (>, ≤ 25), age (>, ≤ 55), diabetes mellitus, level of total cholesterol (>, ≤ 200 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (>, ≤ 130 mg/dl), HDL cholesterol (>, ≤ 40 mg/dl), triglycerides (>, ≤ 150 mg/dl). Significant associations between the ACE c.2306-117_404 I/D polymorphism and the Gensini score in men with high total cholesterol levels (P(Kruskal-Wallis) = 0.008; P(adjusted) = 0.009), high level of LDL cholesterol (P(Kruskal-Wallis) = 0.016; P(adjusted) = 0.028) and low level of HDL cholesterol (P(Kruskal-Wallis) = 0.04; P(adjusted) = 0.055) have been found. No association between the AGTR1 c.1080*86A>C and CYP11B2 c.-344C>T and the Gensini score has been found. These results suggest that men who carry ACE c.2306-117_404 DD genotype and have high total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol levels may be predisposed to the development of more severe CAD.
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Ned RM, Yesupriya A, Imperatore G, Smelser DT, Moonesinghe R, Chang MH, Dowling NF. The ACE I/D polymorphism in US adults: limited evidence of association with hypertension-related traits and sex-specific effects by race/ethnicity. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:209-15. [PMID: 21993364 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insertion/deletion (I/D) variant (rs4646994) of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is one of the most studied polymorphisms in relation to blood pressure and essential hypertension in humans. The evidence to date, however, on an association of this variant with blood pressure-related outcomes has been inconclusive. METHODS We examined 5,561 participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a population-based and nationally representative survey of the United States, who were ≥20 years of age and who self-identified as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Mexican American. Within each race/ethnicity, we assessed genetic associations of the I/D variant with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and hypertension, as well as genotype-sex interactions, in four genetic models (additive, dominant, recessive, and codominant). RESULTS The frequency of the I/D variant differed significantly by race/ethnicity (P = 0.001). Among non-Hispanic blacks, the D allele was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with increased SBP in additive and dominant covariate-adjusted models and was also associated with increased DBP in dominant models when participants taking ACE inhibitors were excluded from the analyses. No other significant associations were observed in any race/ethnic group. Significant genotype-sex interactions were detected among Mexican Americans, for whom positive associations with SBP and hypertension were seen among females, but not males. CONCLUSIONS This study gives limited support for association of the ACE I/D variant with blood pressure and for sex-specific effects among particular race/ethnic groups, though we cannot rule out the role of genetic or environmental interactions.
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Abstract
There is ongoing research into potential pharmacogenetic targets in heart failure. Several challenges exist despite the potential benefits, and questions remain on the level of evidence needed to support product approval or labeling. High annual mortality, high morbidity, and heterogeneity of response to treatment underscore the need for predictability of response in this patient population. Although prime time testing and application of pharmacogenetics is not currently being used in heart failure, we believe this treatment approach is not too distant. The data are supportive, and further research is warranted to strengthen the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Fiuzat
- Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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A common variant of the ABO gene protects against hypertension in a Spanish population. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:592-6. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hühne K, Leis S, Schmelz M, Rautenstrauss B, Birklein F. A polymorphic locus in the intron 16 of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is not correlated with complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I). Eur J Pain 2012; 8:221-5. [PMID: 15109972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated neurogenic inflammation has been recognized to be one reason for many CRPS symptoms. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key enzyme for the termination of neurogenic inflammation, it has been selected as a candidate gene for CRPS predisposition. A previous report of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16 within the ACE gene implicated an increased risk to develop CRPS I associated with the D allele. However, in the present study the D allele frequency was not increased in CRPS I cases (0.51 for D allele, 0.49 for I allele). Furthermore, there was no co-segregation of any genotype (DD, ID, II) with the CRPS phenotype in 12 selected familial CRPS I cases from six CRPS I families. In conclusion, the results presented herein render this particular ACE gene polymorphism unlikely to be a predisposing factor for CRPS I.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hühne
- Institut für Humangenetik, Erlangen, Germany
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Bochud M, Burnier M, Guessous I. Top Three Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Applications at the Nexus of Renal Pathophysiology and Cardiovascular Medicine. CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2011; 9:299-322. [PMID: 23049672 PMCID: PMC3460365 DOI: 10.2174/187569211798377135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a field with origins in the study of monogenic variations in drug metabolism in the 1950s. Perhaps because of these historical underpinnings, there has been an intensive investigation of 'hepatic pharmacogenes' such as CYP450s and liver drug metabolism using pharmacogenomics approaches over the past five decades. Surprisingly, kidney pathophysiology, attendant diseases and treatment outcomes have been vastly under-studied and under-theorized despite their central importance in maintenance of health, susceptibility to disease and rational personalized therapeutics. Indeed, chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an increasing public health burden worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. Patients with CKD suffer from high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is mainly attributable to cardiovascular events before reaching end-stage renal disease. In this paper, we focus our analyses on renal function before end-stage renal disease, as seen through the lens of pharmacogenomics and human genomic variation. We herein synthesize the recent evidence linking selected Very Important Pharmacogenes (VIP) to renal function, blood pressure and salt-sensitivity in humans, and ways in which these insights might inform rational personalized therapeutics. Notably, we highlight and present the rationale for three applications that we consider as important and actionable therapeutic and preventive focus areas in renal pharmacogenomics: 1) ACE inhibitors, as a confirmed application, 2) VDR agonists, as a promising application, and 3) moderate dietary salt intake, as a suggested novel application. Additionally, we emphasize the putative contributions of gene-environment interactions, discuss the implications of these findings to treat and prevent hypertension and CKD. Finally, we conclude with a strategic agenda and vision required to accelerate advances in this under-studied field of renal pharmacogenomics with vast significance for global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Demirel Y, Dogan S, Uludag A, Silan C, Atik S, Silan F, Ozdemir O. Combined Effect of Factor V Leiden, MTHFR, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Insertion/Deletion) Gene Mutations in Hypertensive Adult Individuals: A Population-Based Study from Sivas and Canakkale, Turkey. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:785-91. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeltekin Demirel
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sezai Dogan
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uludag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Coskun Silan
- Department of Pharmacology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Sinem Atik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Fatma Silan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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50
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Kolaković A, Živković M, Radak D, Djurić T, Končar I, Davidović L, Dinčić D, Alavantić D, Stanković A. The association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism with severe carotid atherosclerosis in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 13:141-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320311423271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The ACE I/D polymorphism was mostly investigated in association with intima-media thickness, rarely with severe atherosclerotic phenotype. Materials and methods: We investigated the association of I/D polymorphism with severe carotid atherosclerosis (CA) (stenosis > 70%) in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The 504 patients subjected to endarterectomy and 492 healthy controls from a population in Serbia were investigated as a case-control study. Results: The univariate logistic regression analysis revealed ACE DD as a significant risk factor for severe CA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.7, p = 0.04). After adjustment for the common risk factors (age, hypertension, smoking, and HDL) ACE was no longer significant. However, we found a significant independent influence of DD genotype on plaque presence in a normotensive subgroup of patients (OR 1.8, CI 1.2–3.0, p = 0.01, corrected for multiple testing). In symptomatic patients D allele carriers were significantly more frequent compared with asymptomatic patients (OR 1.6 CI 1.0–2.6, p = 0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggests that ACE I/D is not an independent risk factor for severe CA. On the other hand, a significant independent genetic influence of ACE I/D appeared in normotensive and symptomatic patients with severe CA. This should be considered in further research toward resolving the complex genetic background of severe CA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kolaković
- VINčA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- VINčA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Radak
- Cardiovascular Institute Dedinje, Vascular Surgery Clinic, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Djurić
- VINčA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Končar
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Davidović
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for the Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Dinčić
- Clinic for the Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Urgent Internal Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Alavantić
- VINčA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINčA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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