1
|
Dabral D, van den Bogaart G. The Roles of Phospholipase A 2 in Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673502. [PMID: 34179001 PMCID: PMC8222813 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, ingest particles larger than about 0.5 μM and thereby clear microbial pathogens and malignant cells from the body. These phagocytic cargoes are proteolytically degraded within the lumen of phagosomes, and peptides derived from them are presented on Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) for the activation of T cells. Mammalian PLA2 isozymes belong to a large family of enzymes that cleave phospholipids at the second position of the glycerol backbone, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysolipid moiety. In human macrophages, at least 15 different PLA2 forms are expressed, and expression of many of these is dependent on pathogenic stimulation. Intriguing questions are why so many PLA2 forms are expressed in macrophages, and what are the functional consequences of their altered gene expression after encountering pathogenic stimuli. In this review, we discuss the evidence of the differential roles of different forms of PLA2 in phagocytic immune cells. These roles include: lipid signaling for immune cell activation, initial phagocytic particle uptake, microbial action for the killing and degradation of ingested microbes, and the repair of membranes induced by oxygen radicals. We also discuss the roles of PLA2 in the subsequent digestion of ingested phagocytic cargoes for antigen presentation to T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dabral
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takemi S, Nishio R, Taguchi H, Ojima S, Matsumoto M, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning and analysis of Suncus murinus group IIA secretary phospholipase A2 expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103427. [PMID: 31278953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial monolayer forms a mucosal barrier between the gut microbes and the host tissue. The mucosal barrier is composed of mucins and antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). Several animal studies have reported that Paneth cells, which occupy the base of intestinal crypts, play an important role in the intestinal innate immunity by producing AMPs, such as lysozyme, Reg3 lectins, α-defensins, and group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (GIIA sPLA2). The house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) has only a few intestinal commensal bacteria and is reported to lack Paneth cells in the intestine. Although the expression of lysozyme was reported in the suncus intestine, the expression of other AMPs has not yet been reported. Therefore, the current study was focused on GIIA sPLA2 expression in Suncus murinus. GIIA sPLA2 mRNA was found to be most abundant in the spleen and also highly expressed in the intestine. Cells expressing GIIA sPLA2 mRNA were distributed not only in the crypt, but also in the villi. In addition, intragastric injection of lipopolysaccharide increased GIIA sPLA2 expression in the small intestine of suncus. These results suggest that suncus may host unique AMP-secreting cells in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishio
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hayato Taguchi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shiomi Ojima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun CQ, Zhong CY, Sun WW, Xiao H, Zhu P, Lin YZ, Zhang CL, Gao H, Song ZY. Elevated Type II Secretory Phospholipase A2 Increases the Risk of Early Atherosclerosis in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34929. [PMID: 27941821 PMCID: PMC5150250 DOI: 10.1038/srep34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical association between type II secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIa) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. However, the contribution of sPLA2-IIa to early atherosclerosis remains unknown. This study investigated the association between early-stage atherosclerosis and sPLA2-IIa in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. One hundred and thirty-six MetS patients and 120 age- and gender-matched subjects without MetS were included. Serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity were measured using commercial kits. Circulating endothelial activation molecules (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and P-selectin), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), were measured as parameters of vascular endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis. MetS patients exhibited significantly higher sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels than the controls. Both correlated positively with fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in MetS patients. Additionally, MetS patients exhibited strikingly higher levels of endothelial activation molecules and increased cIMT than controls. These levels correlated positively with serum sPLA2-IIa protein levels and activity. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that high sPLA2-IIa protein and activity levels were independent risk factors of early atherosclerosis in MetS patients. This study demonstrates an independent association between early-stage atherosclerosis and increased levels of sPLA2-IIa, implying that increased sPLA2-IIa may predict early-stage atherosclerosis in MetS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wei-Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yi-Zhang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Santoso A, Kaniawati M, Bakri S, Yusuf I. Secretory Phospholipase A2 Is Associated with the Odds of Acute Coronary Syndromes through Elevation of Serum Amyloid-A Protein. Int J Angiol 2014; 22:49-54. [PMID: 24436584 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1334093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In coronary heart disease (CHD), levels of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are commonly increased. Serum amyloid-A (SAA) is increased in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as well. It is needed to verify the hypotheses that sPLA2 is associated with the odds of ACS through elevation of SAA. We conducted a case-control study with 57 male patients with ACS and 30 controls matched by gender category. Levels of sPLA2, SAA, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured by immunoreactive assay on the basis of a double-antibody sandwich technique. Levels of sPLA2, MPO, and SAA were significantly higher in patients than those in controls (11,359.0 ± 10,372.4 pg/mL vs. 1,320.5 ± 654.5 pg/mL, p = 0.00; 438.6 ± 310.7 ng/mL vs. 271.1 ± 176.8 ng/mL, p = 0.01; 10,995.2 ± 2,842.6 ng/mL vs. 3,861.7 ± 3,173.5 ng/mL, p = 0.00). There were significant correlations between age, visceral obesity, MPO, sPLA2, and SAA (r = 0.43; p = 0.00; r = 0.30; p = 0.00; r = 0.28; p = 0.00 and r = 0.53; p = 0.00). On multivariate logistic regression analyses, there were significant and independent associations between sPLA2 and SAA with odds of ACS [OR (95% CI) = 14.2 (2.1 to 98.6), p = 0.00; OR (95% CI) = 44.9 (6.9 to 328.4), p = 0.00]. Our findings suggest that sPLA2 may be associated with the odds of ACS compared with controls through increased inflammation, represented by elevated SAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Santoso
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Harapan Kita Hospital, National Cardiovascular Centre, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Marita Kaniawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Syakib Bakri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Irawan Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gałecki P, Gałecka E, Maes M, Chamielec M, Orzechowska A, Bobińska K, Lewiński A, Szemraj J. The expression of genes encoding for COX-2, MPO, iNOS, and sPLA2-IIA in patients with recurrent depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 138:360-6. [PMID: 22331023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. There are also data indicating altered inflammatory gene expression in depressive disorder and that genetic variants of IO&NS genes are associated with increased risk of the disease in question. The aim of this study was to explore mRNA expression of four IO&NS genes PTGS2, MPO, NOS2A, and PLA2G2A coding respectively: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and secretory phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA). METHOD Expression of the mRNA was determined using quantitative real-time PCR, in peripheral blood cells of patients with recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) and normal controls. RESULTS The mRNA expressions of the genes encoding for COX-2, MPO, iNOS and sPLA2-IIA were significantly increased in the peripheral blood cells of depressed patients versus controls. LIMITATIONS Patients were treated with antidepressants. CONCLUSION Our results indicate and may confirm the role of peripheral IO&NS pathways in the pathophysiology of depression. The results represent a promising way to investigate biological markers of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ishihara K, Kuroda A, Sugihara K, Kanai S, Nabe T, Akiba S. Regulation of macrophage differentiation and polarization by group IVC phospholipase A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
8
|
Leistad L, Feuerherm AJ, Faxvaag A, Johansen B. Multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes participate in the inflammatory process in osteoarthritic cartilage. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:308-16. [PMID: 21417548 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2010.547872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of pro-inflammatory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes in human chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS PLA2 involvement in OA chondrocytes was analysed by (a) arachidonic acid (AA) and oleic acid release, (b) PLA2 mRNA analysis, and (c) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in cultured OA chondrocytes in response to various cytokines and platelet activating factor (PAF). RESULTS Pro-inflammatory cytokines and PAF stimulation led to increased AA release, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) being the strongest inducers. The pattern of oleic acid release was similar to but less prominent than AA release, suggesting that predominantly arachidonyl selective enzymes were activated. IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 upregulated secretory group IIA, IID, and V phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA, -IID, -V) and cytosolic group IVA phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-IVA) expression, where induction of chondrocyte sPLA2-IID is a novel finding. Furthermore, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 also induced COX2 expression. PAF induced expression of group IIA, IID and IVA PLA2, and COX2. In line with its anti-inflammatory properties, IL-4 was unable to induce either AA release or expression of PLA2s or COX2. IL-1β and TNF strongly increased PGE2 production, with IL-1β as the most prominent inducer. CONCLUSION Multiple PLA2 isoforms are expressed and influenced by pro-inflammatory stimuli in OA chondrocytes. Hence, several PLA2 enzymes may contribute to chondrocyte function by their upregulation and activation, and increased AA release and PGE2 production may therefore be important effectors in OA pathophysiology. PLA2 enzymes and cPLA2-IVA in particular are thus possible therapeutic targets in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Leistad
- SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arbo I, Halle C, Malik D, Brattbakk HR, Johansen B. Insulin induces fatty acid desaturase expression in human monocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011; 71:330-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.566350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
Varespladib (A-002), a secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor, reduces atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation in ApoE-/- mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 53:60-5. [PMID: 19129734 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318195bfbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The family of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes has been associated with inflammatory diseases and tissue injury including atherosclerosis. A-001 is a novel inhibitor of sPLA2 enzymes discovered by structure-based drug design, and A-002 is the orally bioavailable prodrug currently in clinical development. A-001 inhibited human and mouse sPLA2 group IIA, V, and X enzymes with IC50 values in the low nM range. A-002 (1 mg/kg) led to high serum levels of A-001 and inhibited PLA2 activity in transgenic mice overexpressing human sPLA2 group IIA in C57BL/6J background. In addition, the effects of A-002 on atherosclerosis in 2 ApoE mouse models were evaluated using en face analysis. (1) In a high-fat diet model, A-002 (30 and 90 mg/kg twice a day for 16 weeks) reduced aortic atherosclerosis by 50% (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol was decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 month and remained lowered throughout the study. (2) In an accelerated atherosclerosis model, with angiotensin II-induced aortic lesions and aneurysms, A-002 (30 mg/kg twice a day) reduced aortic atherosclerosis by approximately 40% (P < 0.05) and attenuated aneurysm formation (P = 0.0096). Thus, A-002 was effective at significantly decreasing total cholesterol, atherogenesis, and aneurysm formation in these 2 ApoE mouse models.
Collapse
|
11
|
Karakas M, Koenig W. Phospholipase A2 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Sullivan CP, Seidl SE, Rich CB, Raymondjean M, Schreiber BM. Secretory phospholipase A2, group IIA is a novel serum amyloid A target gene: activation of smooth muscle cell expression by an interleukin-1 receptor-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:565-75. [PMID: 19850938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease characterized by formation of inflammatory lesions. Elevated circulating acute phase proteins indicate disease risk. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one such marker but its function remains unclear. To determine the role of SAA on aortic smooth muscle cell gene expression, a preliminary screen of a number of genes was performed and a strong up-regulation of expression of secretory phospholipase A(2), group IIA (sPLA(2)) was identified. The SAA-induced increase in sPLA(2) was validated by real time PCR, Western blot analysis, and enzyme activity assays. Demonstrating that SAA increased expression of sPLA(2) heteronuclear RNA and that inhibiting transcription eliminated the effect of SAA on sPLA(2) mRNA suggested that the increase was transcriptional. Transient transfections and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified CAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) as key regulatory sites mediating the induction of sPLA(2). Moreover, SAA activated the inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) in cultured smooth muscle cells. Previous reports showed that interleukin (IL)-1beta up-regulates Pla2g2a gene transcription via C/EBPbeta and NFkappaB. Interestingly, SAA activated smooth muscle cell IL-1beta mRNA expression, however, blocking IL-1 receptors had no effect on SAA-mediated activation of sPLA(2) expression. Thus, the observed changes in sPLA(2) expression were not secondary to SAA-induced IL-1 receptor activation. The association of SAA with high density lipoprotein abrogated the SAA-induced increase in sPLA(2) expression. These data suggest that during atherogenesis, SAA can amplify the involvement of smooth muscle cells in vascular inflammation and that this can lead to deposition of sPLA(2) and subsequent local changes in lipid homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koenig W, Vossen CY, Mallat Z, Brenner H, Benessiano J, Rothenbacher D. Association between type II secretory phospholipase A2 plasma concentrations and activity and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2742-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
14
|
Koenig W, Khuseyinova N. Lipoprotein-associated and secretory phospholipase A2 in cardiovascular disease: the epidemiological evidence. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 23:85-92. [PMID: 18949547 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among other lipid related biomarkers, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) and type II secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) represent emerging candidates for refined assessment of future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Indeed, emerging evidence from more than prospective 15 studies conducted since 2000, clearly demonstrate the prognostic ability of increased Lp-PLA(2) concentrations or elevated activity for risk of future coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Moreover, Lp-PLA(2) might have similar predictive power for both, incident CHD in initially healthy subjects, as well as for recurrent events in those with clinically manifest atherosclerosis. DISCUSSION By contrast, to date, there are only few prospective studies that have investigated the relationship of sPLA(2) with future CVD risk. However, most of them show a positive association between increased mass or elevated activity and future atherosclerotic complications. Nonetheless, since inhibitors of Lp-PLA(2) and sPLA(2) have already been developed, these enzymes may be considered as novel therapeutic targets to treat residual risk in certain high risk patient groups. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the epidemiologic evidence on the association between increased mass or elevated activity of these two phospholipases and risk of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein Allee, 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nijmeijer R, Meuwissen M, Krijnen PAJ, van der Wal A, Piek JJ, Visser CA, Hack CE, Niessen HWM. Secretory type II phospholipase A2 in culprit coronary lesions is associated with myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:205-10. [PMID: 18339001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory type-II phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-II) is a cardiovascular risk marker since higher levels of this acute phase protein imply an increased risk for coronary artery disease. Moreover, it is hypothesized that local activity of sPLA(2)-II in the atherosclerotic plaque facilitates an inflammatory response to induce plaque instability or rupture. We have studied the presence of sPLA(2)-II in culprit lesions in the coronary arteries of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or angina pectoris. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a histological examination of culprit lesions in 41 patients with stable (SAP) or unstable angina pectoris (UAP), or AMI using directed coronary atherectomy (DCA). Frozen slides were analysed immuno-histochemically for the presence of sPLA(2)-II, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Immunopositive areas were calculated as a percentage of the total tissue area using image analysis software. RESULTS Intracellular sPLA(2)-II was found in atherosclerotic lesions in the macrophages of the intima as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells. Next to this, extracellular sPLA(2)-II depositions were also found. These depositions were significantly more extensive in patients with AMI, i.e. 26%(median)[6%(25th(percentile))-44%(75th(percentile))] of the intima area, than in patients with SAP 0%(median) (0%(25th)-10%(75th); P = 0.013) or UAP 0%(median) (0%(25th)-0%(75th); P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Extracellular sPLA(2)-II is more abundantly present in atherosclerotic culprit lesions that have led to myocardial infarction. This suggests a role for extracellular sPLA(2)-II in the development of complications of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nijmeijer
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kimura-Matsumoto M, Ishikawa Y, Komiyama K, Tsuruta T, Murakami M, Masuda S, Akasaka Y, Ito K, Ishiguro S, Morita H, Sato S, Ishii T. Expression of secretory phospholipase A2s in human atherosclerosis development. Atherosclerosis 2007; 196:81-91. [PMID: 17353016 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) contribute to the hydrolysis of phospholipid. Among them, sPLA2-IIA, -V, and -X have been regarded as enhancers of lipid accumulation in arterial intima. However, the distribution and production of the other types of sPLA2 in human aortic wall remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, the distribution and production of seven types of sPLA2 including IIA, IID, IIE, IIF, III, V, and X in atherosclerosis development in the human aorta were comprehensively examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH). The extent of sPLA2s expression increased with atherosclerosis development, but only sPLA2-IIF was never observed in the normal aorta. Double-immunostaining demonstrated that sPLA2-V expression was limited to smooth muscle cells (SMCs), although the other sPLA2s were expressed in both macrophages and SMCs. ISH using sPLA2 cDNAs revealed that the expression pattern of each mRNA was consistent with the results of immunohistochemistry for each corresponding sPLA2. These results indicate that the seven types of sPLA2 are expressed with various patterns in all stages of atherosclerosis development and may play an atherogenic role through degradation of phospholipid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Kimura-Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Yukio Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Murakami
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiko Masuda
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kinji Ito
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ishiguro
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toho University Ohmori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toho University Ohmori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Toho University, School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Ohmori-nishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rosengren B, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Peilot H, Camejo G, Hurt-Camejo E. Distinctiveness of secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA and V suggesting unique roles in atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1301-8. [PMID: 17070102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Clinical observations strongly support an association of circulating levels of secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Two modes of action can provide causal support for these statistical correlations. One is the action of the enzymes on circulating lipoproteins and the other is direct action on the lipoproteins once in the arterial extracellular intima. In this review we discuss results suggesting a distinct profile of characteristics related to localization, action on plasma lipoproteins and interaction with arterial proteoglycans for sPLA(2)-IIA and sPLA(2)-V. The differences observed indicate that these enzymes may contribute to atherosclerosis through dissimilar pathways. Furthermore, we comment on recent animal studies from our laboratory indicating that the expression of type V enzyme is up-regulated by genetically and nutritionally-induced dyslipidemias but not the group type IIA enzyme, which is well known to be up-regulated by acute inflammation. The results suggest that if similar up-regulation occurs in humans in response to hyperlipidemia, it may create a distinctive link between the group V enzyme and the disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Oestvang J, Johansen B. PhospholipaseA2: A key regulator of inflammatory signalling and a connector to fibrosis development in atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1309-16. [PMID: 16904370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease that takes place in the intima of the arterial wall. It is characterized by activation of endothelial cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells and macrophages, accumulation of lipoproteins, deposition of extracellular matrix components and enhanced lipolytic enzyme activity. Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) has been postulated to play an important role in the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis, but its molecular mechanism is uncertain. The secretory PLA(2) is expressed at increased levels in an atherosclerotic plaque and may hydrolyze low-density lipoproteins (LDL). This action promotes the production of pro-inflammatory lipids such as lysophospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. The current review highlights recent findings on how LDL-derived lipid mediators, generated by sPLA_2 modification of LDL, regulate pro-inflammatory activation and intracellular signaling in macrophages. Moreover, the review discusses how PLA_2 enzymes regulate signalling that promotes collagen accumulation and fibrotic plaque development. PLA_2 could therefore function as a connector between inflammation and fibrosis, the latter being an endpoint of chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Oestvang
- Department of Biology, Section for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hägg D, Englund MCO, Jernås M, Schmidt C, Wiklund O, Hultén LM, Ohlsson BG, Carlsson LMS, Carlsson B, Svensson PA. Oxidized LDL induces a coordinated up-regulation of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems in human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2006; 185:282-9. [PMID: 16046214 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using DNA microarray analysis, we found that human macrophages respond to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by activating the antioxidative glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Several genes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems were expressed at high levels in macrophages when compared to 80 other human tissues and cell types, indicating that these systems may be of particular importance in macrophages. The up-regulation of three genes in these systems, thioredoxin (P < 0.005), thioredoxin reductase 1 (P < 0.001) and glutathione reductase (P < 0.001) was verified with real-time RT-PCR, using human macrophages from 10 healthy donors. To investigate the possible role of these antioxidative systems in the development of atherosclerosis, expression levels in macrophages from 15 subjects with atherosclerosis (12 men, 3 women) and 15 matched controls (12 men, 3 women) were analyzed using DNA microarrays. Two genes in the glutathione system Mn superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and catalase (P < 0.05) differed in expression between the groups. We conclude that macrophage uptake of oxidized LDL induces a coordinated up-regulation of genes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, suggesting that these systems may participate in the cellular defense against oxidized LDL and possibly modulate the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hägg
- Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Body Composition and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Vita stråket 15, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Menschikowski M, Hagelgans A, Siegert G. Secretory phospholipase A2 of group IIA: Is it an offensive or a defensive player during atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 79:1-33. [PMID: 16516807 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the serum of patients with severe inflammation and in rheumatoid arthritic fluids, the secretory phospholipase A2 of group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) has been chiefly considered as a proinflammatory enzyme, the result of which has been very intense interest in selective inhibitors of sPLA2-IIA in the hope of developing new and efficient therapies for inflammatory diseases. The recent discovery of the antibacterial properties of sPLA2-IIA, however, has raised the question of whether the upregulation of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation is to be considered uniformly negative and the hindrance of sPLA2-IIA in every instance beneficial. The aim of this review is for this reason, along with the results of various investigations which argue for the proinflammatory and proatherogenic effects of an upregulation of sPLA2-IIA, also to array data alongside which point to a protective function of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation. Thus, it could be shown that sPLA2-IIA, apart from the bactericidal effects, possesses also antithrombotic properties and indeed plays a possible role in the resolution of inflammation and the accelerated clearance of oxidatively modified lipoproteins during inflammation via the liver and adrenals. Based on these multipotent properties the knowledge of the function of sPLA2-IIA during inflammation is a fundamental prerequisite for the development and establishment of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat severe inflammatory diseases up to and including sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Menschikowski
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Institut für Klinische Chemie and Laboratoriumsmedizin, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Akiba S, Ii H, Yoneda Y, Sato T. Translocation of phospholipase A2 to membranes by oxidized LDL and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid to contribute to cholesteryl ester formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1686:77-84. [PMID: 15522824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the mechanisms underlying the activation of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)alpha) contributing to the supply of fatty acids required for the formation of cholesteryl ester in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-stimulated macrophages. The possible involvement of oxidized lipids was also examined. In [(3)H]arachidonic acid-labeled mouse peritoneal macrophages, oxLDL stimulated the release of arachidonic acid, which was suppressed by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), a cPLA(2)alpha inhibitor. oxLDL induced an increase in PLA(2)alpha levels in the membrane fraction without affecting those in whole cells or the activity in the lysate. Among 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), 7-ketocholesterol, and 25-hydroxycholesterol, oxidized lipids present in oxLDL particles, only 13-HODE induced the release of arachidonic acid, which was also sensitive to MAFP. Under conditions where addition of Ca(2+) to the cell lysate induced an increase in cPLA(2)alpha protein in the membrane fraction, preincubation with 13-HODE facilitated the Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of cPLA(2)alpha. Furthermore, 13-HODE increased cholesteryl ester formation in the presence of [(3)H]cholesterol. These results suggest that 13-HODE mediates the oxLDL-induced activation of cPLA(2)alpha through an increase in cPLA(2)alpha protein in the membranes, thus contributing, in part, to the supply of fatty acids required for the esterification of cholesterol in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ghesquiere SAI, Gijbels MJJ, Anthonsen M, van Gorp PJJ, van der Made I, Johansen B, Hofker MH, de Winther MPJ. Macrophage-specific overexpression of group IIa sPLA2 increases atherosclerosis and enhances collagen deposition. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:201-10. [PMID: 15576846 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400253-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages and fibrotic material. The initiation of the disease is accompanied by the accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the vessel wall. Group IIa secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2 IIa) is a key candidate player in the enzymatic modification of low density lipoproteins. To study the role of sPLA2 IIa in macrophages during atherogenesis, transgenic mice were generated using the human sPLA2 IIa gene and the CD11b promoter. Bone marrow transplantation to LDL receptor-deficient mice was performed to study sPLA2 IIa in atherosclerosis. After 10 weeks of high-fat diet, mice overexpressing sPLA2 IIa in macrophages showed 2.3-fold larger lesions compared with control mice. Pathological examination revealed that sPLA2 IIa-expressing mice had increased collagen in their lesions, independent of lesion size. However, smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts in the lesions were not affected. Other parameters studied, including T-cells and cell turnover, were not significantly affected by overexpression of sPLA2 IIa in macrophages. These data clearly show that macrophage sPLA2 IIa is a proatherogenic factor and suggest that the enzyme regulates collagen production in the plaque and thus fibrotic cap development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn A I Ghesquiere
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Whatling C, Björk H, Gredmark S, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Effect of macrophage differentiation and exposure to mildly oxidized LDL on the proteolytic repertoire of THP-1 monocytes. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1768-76. [PMID: 15210849 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400195-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-laden monocyte/macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques can produce a range of proteinases capable of degrading components of the plaque extracellular matrix, an event that may weaken plaques, rendering them vulnerable to rupture. The effects of differentiation from monocytes to macrophages and exposure to mildly oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) on the expression of a range of proteinases and their inhibitors were assessed in the human THP-1 cell line. Of 56 proteinases/inhibitors investigated, 17 were upregulated during macrophage differentiation, including several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins along with their native inhibitors. Similarly, expression of matrix-degrading proteinases was also increased during differentiation of human primary macrophages. In conjunction, the proteolytic capacity of the cells increased, as assessed by substrate zymography. Subsequent exposure of differentiated THP-1 cells to mildly Ox-LDL increased the expression of a control gene (adipocyte lipid binding protein) and increased the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in serum-free conditions but did not significantly affect the expression of any of the proteinases or inhibitors investigated. These results indicate that in this model macrophage differentiation, rather than exposure to Ox-LDL, has a more important effect on the expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Whatling
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jostarndt K, Rubic T, Kuhn H, Anthosen MW, Andera L, Gellert N, Trottman M, Weber C, Johansen B, Hrboticky N, Neuzil J. Enzymatically modified low-density lipoprotein upregulates CD36 in low-differentiated monocytic cells in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-dependent way. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:841-54. [PMID: 15104237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) has been suggested to upregulate CD36. Since free oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids are PPARgamma ligands, we studied the effects of LDL modified by the simultaneous action of sPLA2 and 15-lipoxygenase (15LO) on CD36 expression and PPARgamma activation in monocytic cells. Exposure of MM6 cells, which do not express CD36 or other scavenger receptors, to such enzymatically modified LDL (enzLDL) resulted in upregulation of CD36 surface protein and mRNA expression. Similar effects were observed with free 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid but not its esterified counterpart. Less pronounced effects were observed with LDL modified by 15LO alone. Upregulation of CD36 was inversely correlated to the state of cell differentiation, as showed by lower response to enzLDL of the scavenger receptor-expressing MM6-sr and THP1 cells. Importantly, LDL modified by sPLA2 and 15LO did not efficiently induce upregulation CD36 in PPARgamma-deficient macrophage-differentiated embryonic stem cells confirming a role of PPARgamma in CD36 expression in cells stimulated with enzLDL. Our data show that LDL modified with physiologically relevant enzymes stimulates CD36 expression in non-differentiated monocytes and that this process involves PPARgamma activation. These effects of enzLDL can be considered pro-atherogenic in the context of early atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Jostarndt
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oestvang J, Anthonsen MW, Johansen B. Role of secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) enzymes in lysophosphatidylcholine-stimulated monocyte arachidonic acid release. FEBS Lett 2004; 555:257-62. [PMID: 14644424 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine if lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is able to induce proinflammatory changes in monocytes, its ability to stimulate arachidonic acid (AA) release, a product of phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) activity, has been analyzed. LysoPC increased AA release in THP-1 and Mono Mac6 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The monocytes expressed both secretory and cytosolic PLA(2) enzymes and AA release was strongly reduced by cellular pretreatment with different PLA(2) inhibitors and by pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of G(i)-protein activation. This indicates that both cytosolic and secretory PLA(2) enzymes regulate specific lysoPC receptor-induced AA release, suggesting lysoPC participation in monocyte proinflammatory activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Oestvang
- Department of Biology, Section on Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leistad L, Feuerherm AJ, Ostensen M, Faxvaag A, Johansen B. Presence of secretory group IIa and V phospholipase A2 and cytosolic group IVα phospholipase A2 in chondrocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:602-10. [PMID: 15259375 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBoth secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Leistad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Antonio V, Janvier B, Brouillet A, Andreani M, Raymondjean M. Oxysterol and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulate the group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 gene in rat smooth-muscle cells. Biochem J 2003; 376:351-60. [PMID: 12882648 PMCID: PMC1223770 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2003] [Revised: 07/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The inflammation that occurs during rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis is characterized by the release of large amounts of sPLA(2) (group IIA secretory phospholipase A(2)). We have shown previously that the sPLA(2) promoter in SMC (smooth-muscle cells) is activated by interleukin-1beta and cAMP-signalling pathways, through the interplay of multiple transcription factors [Antonio, Brouillet, Janvier, Monne, Bereziat, Andreani, and Raymondjean (2002) Biochem. J. 368, 415-424]. In the present study, we have investigated the regulation of sPLA(2) gene expression in rat aortic SMCs by oxysterols. We found that oxysterol ligands that bind to the LXR (liver X receptor), including 25-HC (25-hydroxycholesterol) and 22( R )-HC, cause the accumulation of sPLA(2) mRNA and an increased enzyme activity. Transient transfection experiments demonstrated that the sPLA(2) promoter is synergistically activated by 22( R )-HC in combination with 9- cis -retinoic acid, a ligand for the LXR heterodimeric partner RXR (retinoid X receptor). Promoter activity was also increased in a sterol-responsive fashion when cells were co-transfected with LXRalpha/RXRalpha or LXRbeta/RXRalpha. Mutagenesis studies and gel mobility-shift assays revealed that LXR/RXR heterodimers regulate sPLA(2) transcription directly, by interacting with a degenerated LXRE (LXR response element) at position [-421/-406] of the sPLA(2) promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed the in vivo occupancy of LXR on the sPLA(2) promoter. In addition, the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 (liver receptor homologue-1) potentiated the sterol-dependent regulation of the sPLA(2) promoter by binding to an identified promoter element (TCAAGGCTG). Finally, we have demonstrated that oxysterols act independent of interleukin-1beta and cAMP pathways to activate the sPLA(2) promoter. In the present study, we have identified a new pathway activating sPLA(2) gene expression in SMCs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alitretinoin
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Enzyme Induction
- Group II Phospholipases A2
- Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Liver X Receptors
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors
- Phospholipases A/biosynthesis
- Phospholipases A/genetics
- Phospholipases A/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Antonio
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7079) Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courrier 256, Bâtiment A, 5èmeétage, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of monocytes in the early phase of atherogenesis, before foam cell formation. An emerging consensus underscores the importance of the cellular inflammatory system in atherogenesis. Initiation of the process apparently hinges on accumulating low-density lipoproteins (LDL) undergoing oxidation and glycation, providing stimuli for the release of monocyte attracting chemokines and for the upregulation of endothelial adhesive molecules. These conditions favor monocyte transmigration to the intima, where chemically modified, aggregated, or proteoglycan- or antibody-complexed LDL may be endocytotically internalized via scavenger receptors present on the emergent macrophage surface. The differentiating monocytes in concert with T lymphocytes exert a modulating effect on lipoproteins. These events propagate a series of reactions entailing generation of lipid peroxides and expression of chemokines, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and growth factors, thereby sustaining an ongoing inflammatory process leading ultimately to lesion formation. New data emerging from studies using transgenic animals, notably mice, have provided novel insights into many of the cellular interactions and signaling mechanisms involving monocytes/macrophages in the atherogenic processes. A number of these studies, focusing on mechanisms for monocyte activation and the roles of adhesive molecules, chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, are addressed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Osterud
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Akiba S. [Involvement of phospholipase A2 in the supply of fatty acids required for cholesterol esterification associated with uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophages]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2003; 123:845-53. [PMID: 14577330 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.123.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of foam cells, a critical event in the early stages of atherosclerosis, is associated with the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages and the subsequent accumulation of cholesterol ester formed by the catalytic action of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). Although free cholesterol, a substrate for ACAT, is supplied from the intracellular cholesterol pool, little is known about the pathways involved in the supply of fatty acids, precursors for fatty acyl-CoA as another substrate for ACAT. Our recent studies were undertaken to examine the possible involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the supply of fatty acids required for the cholesterol esterification. In mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 macrophages, oxLDL induced the liberation of fatty acids from membrane phospholipids to increase cholesterol ester having the fatty acids as an acyl chain. The changes in these lipids were suppressed by the inhibition of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). Although oxLDL did not affect the activity or amounts of cPLA2, preincubation with oxLDL enhanced the release of fatty acids induced by Ca2+ ionophore, which accelerates the hydrolytic action of cPLA2. We further observed that oxLDL induced the generation of ceramide through the de novo synthesis. Exogenous ceramide and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, an oxidized lipid in oxLDL particles, also stimulated fatty acid release. Based on these findings, we propose that oxLDL activates cPLA2 to supply fatty acids required for the cholesterol esterification, through the acceleration of the hydrolytic action of cPLA2 by endogenous ceramide and by oxidized lipids in oxLDL particles in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Akiba S, Yoneda Y, Ohno S, Nemoto M, Sato T. Oxidized LDL activates phospholipase A2 to supply fatty acids required for cholesterol esterification. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1676-85. [PMID: 12777475 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300012-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the roles of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-induced cholesteryl ester formation in macrophages. In [3H]oleic acid-labeled RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages, oxLDL induced [3H]cholesteryl oleate formation with an increase in free [3H]oleic acid and a decrease in [3H]phosphatidylcholine. The changes in these lipids were suppressed by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), a cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) inhibitor. However, MAFP had no effect on the ACAT activity or the binding and/or uptake of oxLDL. Stimulation with oxLDL in the presence of [3H]cholesterol increased [3H]cholesteryl ester bearing fatty acyl chains derived from cellular and/or exogenous (oxLDL) lipids. The formation of cholesteryl ester under this condition was also inhibited by MAFP, and the inhibitory effect was reversed by adding oleic acid. While oxLDL did not affect the activity or amounts of cPLA2, preincubation with oxLDL enhanced the release of oleic acid and arachidonic acid induced by ionomycin in RAW264.7 cells. 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, but not 7-ketocholesterol, also enhanced ionomycin-induced oleic acid release. These results suggest that oxLDL induces cPLA2 activation, which contributes, at least in part, to the supply of fatty acids required for the cholesteryl esterification, probably through the acceleration by oxidized lipids of the catalytic action of cPLA2 in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fuentes L, Hernández M, Nieto ML, Sánchez Crespo M. Biological effects of group IIA secreted phosholipase A(2). FEBS Lett 2002; 531:7-11. [PMID: 12401194 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IIA) is the most abundant element in human tissues of a large family of low molecular weight phospholipases A(2), which shows properties different from those displayed by the cytosolic phospholipase A(2) involved in the release of arachidonic acid. sPLA(2)-IIA behaves as a ligand for a group of receptors inside the C-type multilectin mannose receptor family and also interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as glypican, the dermatan/chondroitin sulfate-rich decorin, and the chondroitin sulfate-rich versican, thus being able to internalize to specific compartments within the cell and producing biological responses. This review provides a short summary of the biological actions of sPLA(2)-IIA on intracellular signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fuentes
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Medicina, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kitatani K, Nemoto M, Akiba S, Sato T. Stimulation by de novo-synthesized ceramide of phospholipase A(2)-dependent cholesterol esterification promoted by the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophages. Cell Signal 2002; 14:695-701. [PMID: 12020770 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and ceramide in the accumulation of cholesteryl ester induced by the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) in macrophages was investigated. Uptake of oxLDL by [(3)H]oleic acid-labeled macrophages stimulated the formation of cholesteryl oleate, and this process was completely inhibited by a cPLA(2) inhibitor. Under the conditions, a time-dependent increase in ceramide was observed, while sphingomyelin levels were unaffected. The production of ceramide was completely inhibited by fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of the de novo synthesis of ceramide, and oxLDL-induced cholesteryl oleate formation was inhibited partially. Treatment of the cells with sphingomyelinase accelerated the formation of cholesteryl ester. Furthermore, sphingomyelinase or cell-permeable ceramide induced the release of oleic acid, and this was inhibited by a cPLA(2) inhibitor. These results suggest that activation of cPLA(2) is responsible for the formation of cholesteryl ester induced by the uptake of oxLDL in macrophages, and that de novo-synthesized ceramide is implicated, at least in part, in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kitatani
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Benoist
- Inserm U466, Institut Louis Bugnard, CHU Rangueil, 31403 Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Michiels C, Renard P, Bouaziz N, Heck N, Eliaers F, Ninane N, Quarck R, Holvoet P, Raes M. Identification of the phospholipase A(2) isoforms that contribute to arachidonic acid release in hypoxic endothelial cells: limits of phospholipase A(2) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:321-32. [PMID: 11841807 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in endothelium functions during ischemia are thought to be of importance in numerous pathological conditions, with, for instance, an increase in the release of inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins. Here, we showed that hypoxia increases phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Both basal PLA(2) activity and PG synthesis are sensitive to BEL and AACOCF3, respectively, inhibitors of calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) and cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)), while OPC, an inhibitor of soluble PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) only inhibited the hypoxia-induced AA release and PGF(2alpha) synthesis. Hypoxia does not alter expression of iPLA(2), sPLA(2) and cPLA(2) and cycloheximide did not inhibit PLA(2) activation, indicating that hypoxia-induced increase in PLA(2) activity is due to activation rather than induction. However, mRNA levels for sPLA(2) displayed a 2-fold increase after 2 hr incubation under hypoxia. BAPTA, an intracellular calcium chelator, partially inhibited the AA release in normoxia and in hypoxia. Direct assays of specific PLA(2) activity showed an increase in sPLA(2) activity but not in cPLA(2) activity after 2hr hypoxia. Taken together, these results indicate that the hypoxia-induced increase in PLA(2) activity is mostly due to the activation of sPLA(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Michiels
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Cellulaire, Facultes Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Increased LDL oxidation is associated with coronary artery disease. The predictive value of circulating oxidized LDL is additive to the Global Risk Assessment Score for cardiovascular risk prediction based on age, gender, total and HDL cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking. Circulating oxidized LDL does not originate from extensive metal ion-induced oxidation in the blood but from mild oxidation in the arterial wall by cell-associated lipoxygenase and/or myeloperoxidase. Oxidized LDL induces atherosclerosis by stimulating monocyte infiltration and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. It contributes to atherothrombosis by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, and thus plaque erosion, by impairing the anticoagulant balance in endothelium, stimulating tissue factor production by smooth muscle cells, and inducing apoptosis in macrophages. HDL cholesterol levels are inversely related to risk of coronary artery disease. HDL prevents atherosclerosis by reverting the stimulatory effect of oxidized LDL on monocyte infiltration. The HDL-associated enzyme paraoxonase inhibits the oxidation of LDL. PAF-acetyl hydrolase, which circulates in association with HDL and is produced in the arterial wall by macrophages, degrades bioactive oxidized phospholipids. Both enzymes actively protect hypercholesterolemic mice against atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL inhibits these enzymes. Thus, oxidized LDL and HDL are indeed antagonists in the development of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase
- Animals
- Aryldialkylphosphatase
- Coronary Artery Disease/etiology
- Esterases/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, HDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/physiology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Phospholipases A/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B
- Thrombosis/etiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mertens
- Center for Experimental Surgery and Anesthesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anthonsen MW, Solhaug A, Johansen B. Functional coupling between secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 modulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1beta-induced NF-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30527-36. [PMID: 11390371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta are potent activators of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, induced during inflammatory conditions. We have previously shown that both secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) are involved in TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation. In this study, we have addressed the mechanism of PLA(2) involvement with respect to downstream arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites and the functional coupling between PLA(2)s mediating NF-kappaB activation. We show that in addition to inhibitors of secretory and cytosolic PLA(2)s, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors attenuate TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. Exogenous addition of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) restored NF-kappaB activation reduced by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors or an LTB(4) receptor antagonist, thus identifying LTB(4) as a mediator in signaling to NF-kappaB. TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-induced AA release from cellular membranes was accompanied by phosphorylation of cytosolic PLA(2). Inhibitors of secretory PLA(2) and of 5-lipoxygenase/LTB(4) functionality markedly reduced AA release and nearly completely abolished cytosolic PLA(2) phosphorylation. This demonstrates that secretory PLA(2), through 5-lipoxygenase metabolites, is an essential upstream regulator of cytosolic PLA(2) and AA release. Our results therefore suggest the existence of a functional link between secretory and cytosolic PLA(2) in cytokine-activated keratinocytes, providing a molecular explanation for the participation of both secretory and cytosolic PLA(2) in arachidonic acid signaling and NF-kappaB activation in response to proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Anthonsen
- UNIGEN Center for Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Capper EA, Marshall LA. Mammalian phospholipases A(2): mediators of inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. Prog Lipid Res 2001; 40:167-97. [PMID: 11275266 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(01)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Capper
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Department of Immunology, Upper Merion, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|