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Luna-Luna M, Franco M, Carreón-Torres E, Pérez-Hernández N, Fragoso JM, Bautista-Pérez R, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Total Outflow of High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesteryl Esters from Plasma Is Decreased in a Model of 3/4 Renal Mass Reduction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17090. [PMID: 38069414 PMCID: PMC10707367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Previous studies have enriched high-density lipoproteins (HDL) using cholesteryl esters in rabbits with a three-quarter reduction in functional renal mass, suggesting that the kidneys participate in the cholesterol homeostasis of these lipoproteins. However, the possible role of the kidneys in lipoprotein metabolism is still controversial. To understand the role of the kidneys in regulating the HDL lipid content, we determined the turnover of HDL-cholesteryl esters in rabbits with a three-quarter renal mass reduction. (2) Methods: HDL subclass characterization was conducted, and the kinetics of plasma HDL-cholesteryl esters, labeled with tritium, were studied in rabbits with a 75% reduction in functional renal mass (Ntx). (3) Results: The reduced renal mass triggered the enrichment of cholesterol, specifically cholesteryl esters, in HDL subclasses. The exchange of cholesteryl esters between HDL and apo B-containing lipoproteins (VLDL/LDL) was not significantly modified in Ntx rabbits. Moreover, the cholesteryl esters of HDL and VLDL/LDL fluxes from the plasmatic compartment tended to decrease, but they only reached statistical significance when both fluxes were added to the Nxt group. Accordingly, the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of the HDL-cholesteryl esters was lower in Ntx rabbits, concomitantly with its accumulation in HDL subclasses, probably because of the reduced mass of renal cells requiring this lipid from lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
| | - Martha Franco
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (M.L.-L.); (E.C.-T.); (N.P.-H.); (J.M.F.); (R.B.-P.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
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Pham K, Mertelsmann A, Mages K, Kingery JR, Mazigo HD, Jaka H, Kalokola F, Changalucha JM, Kapiga S, Peck RN, Downs JA. Effects of helminths and anthelmintic treatment on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011022. [PMID: 36827239 PMCID: PMC9956023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, helminth infections and cardiometabolic diseases often overlap in populations and individuals. Neither the causal relationship between helminth infections and cardiometabolic diseases nor the effect of helminth eradication on cardiometabolic risk have been reviewed systematically in a large number of human and animal studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review assessing the reported effects of helminth infections and anthelmintic treatment on the development and/or severity of cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors. The search was limited to the most prevalent human helminths worldwide. This study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered prospectively in PROSPERO (CRD42021228610). Searches were performed on December 10, 2020 and rerun on March 2, 2022 using Ovid MEDLINE ALL (1946 to March 2, 2022), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Global Index Medicus, and Ovid Embase (1974 to March 2, 2022). Randomized clinical trials, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and animal studies were included. Two reviewers performed screening independently. RESULTS Eighty-four animal and human studies were included in the final analysis. Most studies reported on lipids (45), metabolic syndrome (38), and diabetes (30), with fewer on blood pressure (18), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (11), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP, 5), and non-atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (4). Fifteen different helminth infections were represented. On average, helminth-infected participants had less dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Eleven studies examined anthelmintic treatment, of which 9 (82%) reported post-treatment increases in dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes or glucose levels. Results from animal and human studies were generally consistent. No consistent effects of helminth infections on blood pressure, hsCRP, or cardiac function were reported except some trends towards association of schistosome infection with lower blood pressure. The vast majority of evidence linking helminth infections to lower cardiometabolic diseases was reported in those with schistosome infections. CONCLUSIONS Helminth infections may offer protection against dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This protection may lessen after anthelmintic treatment. Our findings highlight the need for mechanistic trials to determine the pathways linking helminth infections with cardiometabolic diseases. Such studies could have implications for helminth eradication campaigns and could generate new strategies to address the global challenge of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Mertelsmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith Mages
- Samuel J. Wood Library, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Justin R. Kingery
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Humphrey D. Mazigo
- Department of Parasitology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Hyasinta Jaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mwanza College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fredrick Kalokola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Robert N. Peck
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A. Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Zhang J, Wang J, Yu H, Wang G, Zhang J, Zhu R, Liu X, Li J. Comparison between Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Secondary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Rate and the Risk Factors in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:818-828. [PMID: 32156233 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200310110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim is to compare atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin on secondary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) rate and explore risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. METHODS A cohort study with 283 CHD subjects was launched from 2011 to 2015. Cox proportional hazards regression model, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and nomogram were used to compare the effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on secondary PCI rate and disease risk factors. Even why the two statins had different effects based on gene expression profile analysis has been explored. RESULTS Gene FFA (Freely fatty acid), AST (Aspartate Transaminase) and ALT (Alanine transaminase) showed the statistical difference between the four statin groups (P<0.05). In the AA group (Continuous Atorvastatin usage), albumin was a risk factor (Hazard Ratio (HR):1.076, 95%CI (1.001, 1.162), p<0.05). In the AR group (Start with Atorvastatin usage, then change to Rosuvastatin usage), ApoA was a protective factor (HR:0.004, 95%CI (0.001, 0.665), p<0.05). GLB (Galactosidase Beta) was a risk factor (HR:1.262, 95%CI (1.010, 1.576), p<0.05). In RR group (Continuous Rosuvastatin usage), ApoE was a protective factor (HR:0.943, 95%CI (0.890, 1.000), <0.05). ALT was a risk factor (HR:1.030, 95%CI (1.000, 1.060), p<0.05). CONCLUSION Patients in the RA group had the lowest secondary PCI rate. ALT was a risk factor in the RR group. Gene Gpt (Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase) encoded for one subtype of ALT had a significantly different expression in different statin groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
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Atorvastatin and Fenofibrate Increase the Content of Unsaturated Acyl Chains in HDL and Modify In Vivo Kinetics of HDL-Cholesteryl Esters in New Zealand White Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102521. [PMID: 31121898 PMCID: PMC6566639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated modifications of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) structure and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I catabolism induced by the atorvastatin and fenofibrate combination. However, it remains unknown whether such structural and metabolic changes of HDL were related to an improvement of the HDL-cholesteryl esters (HDL-CE) metabolism. Therefore, we determined the structure of HDL and performed kinetic studies of HDL-CE radiolabeled with tritium in rabbits treated with atorvastatin, fenofibrate, and a combination of both drugs. The atorvastatin and fenofibrate combination increased the HDL size and the cholesterol and phospholipid plasma concentrations of the largest HDL subclasses. Moreover, the relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids contained in HDL increased, in detriment of saturated fatty acids as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The transfers of cholesteryl esters (CE) from HDL to very low-density lipoproteins/low-density lipoproteins (VLDL/LDL) and vice versa were enhanced with atorvastatin, alone or in combination. Moreover, the direct elimination of CE from plasma via VLDL/LDL decreased with fenofibrate, whereas the direct elimination of CE via HDL augmented with the combination treatment. Taken together, the rise of unsaturated fatty acid content and the size increase of HDL, suggest that atorvastatin and fenofibrate induce more fluid HDL particles, which in turn favor an enhanced CE exchange between HDL and VLDL/LDL. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of HDL during the use of anti-dyslipidemic drugs.
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Martínez-Ramírez M, Flores-Castillo C, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Bautista-Pérez R, Carreón-Torres E, Fragoso JM, Rodriguez-Pérez JM, García-Arroyo FE, López-Olmos V, Luna-Luna M, Vargas-Alarcón G, Franco M, Pérez-Méndez O. Hyperuricemia is Associated with Increased Apo AI Fractional Catabolic Rates and Dysfunctional HDL in New Zealand Rabbits. Lipids 2017; 52:999-1006. [PMID: 28940111 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential cause-effect relationship between uric acid plasma concentrations and HDL functionality remains elusive. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of oxonic acid (OA)-induced hyperuricemia on the HDL size distribution, lipid content of HDL subclasses, and apo AI turnover, as well as HDL functionality in New Zealand white rabbits. Experimental animals received OA 750 mg/kg/day by oral gavage during 21 days. The HDL-apo AI fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was determined by exogenous labeling with 125I, and HDL subclasses were determined by sequential ultracentrifugation and PAGE. Paraoxonase-1 activity (PON-1) and the effect of HDL on relaxation of aorta rings in vitro were determined as an indication of HDL functionality. Oxonic acid induced a sixfold increase of uricemia (0.84 ± 0.06 vs. 5.24 ± 0.12 mg/dL, P < 0.001), and significant decreases of triglycerides and phospholipids of HDL subclasses, whereas HDL size distribution and HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged. In addition, HDL-apo AI FCR was significantly higher in hyperuricemic rabbits than in the control group (0.03697 ± 0.0038 vs. 0.02605 ± 0.0017 h-1 respectively, P < 0.05). Such structural and metabolic changes were associated with lower levels of PON-1 activities and deleterious effects of HDL particles on endothelium-mediated vasodilation. In conclusion, hyperuricemia is associated with structural and metabolic modifications of HDL that result in impaired functionality of these lipoproteins. Our data strongly suggest that uric acid per se exerts deleterious effects on HDL that contribute to increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martínez-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Flores-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Rodriguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Victoria López-Olmos
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Franco
- Nephrology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Panahi Y, Ahmadi Y, Teymouri M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Curcumin as a potential candidate for treating hyperlipidemia: A review of cellular and metabolic mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:141-152. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Yasin Ahmadi
- Tabriz University of Medical SciencesStudent Research CommitteeTabrizIran
| | - Manouchehr Teymouri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Thomas P. Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of PharmacyUniversity of Missouri‐Kansas CityKansas CityMissouri
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Flores-Castillo C, Zamora-Pérez JÁ, Carreón-Torres E, Arzola-Paniagua A, Aguilar-Salinas C, López-Olmos V, Fragoso JM, Luna-Luna M, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Franco M, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Atorvastatin and fenofibrate combination induces the predominance of the large HDL subclasses and increased apo AI fractional catabolic rates in New Zealand white rabbits with exogenous hypercholesterolemia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:362-70. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Flores-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Juan Á. Zamora-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición; Vasco de Quiroga 15, 14080, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Victoria López-Olmos
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - José M. Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - José M. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Martha Franco
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’ Juan Badiano 1; Sección XVI 14080 Mexico City Mexico
- Study Group of Atherosclerosis; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ‘Ignacio Chávez’; México City Mexico
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Pecoraro V, Moja L, Dall'Olmo L, Cappellini G, Garattini S. Most appropriate animal models to study the efficacy of statins: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:848-71. [PMID: 25066257 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In animal models and clinical trials, statins are reported as effective in reducing cholesterol levels and lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We have aggregated the findings in animal models - mice, rats and rabbits - using the technique of systematic review and meta-analysis to highlight differences in the efficacy of statins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched Medline and Embase. After examining all eligible articles, we extracted results about total cholesterol and other blood parameters, blood pressure, myocardial infarction and survival. Weighted and standard mean difference random effects meta-analysis was used to measure overall efficacy in prespecified species, strains and subgroups. RESULTS We included in systematic review 161 animal studies and we analysed 120 studies, accounting for 2432 animals. Statins lowered the total cholesterol across all species, although with large differences in the effect size: -30% in rabbits, -20% in mice and -10% in rats. The reduction was larger in animals fed on a high-cholesterol diet. Statins reduced infarct volume but did not consistently reduce the blood pressure or effect the overall survival. Few studies considered strains at high risk of cardiovascular diseases or hard outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although statins showed substantial efficacy in animal models, few preclinical data considered conditions mimicking human pathologies for which the drugs are clinically indicated and utilized. The empirical finding that statins are more effective in lowering cholesterol derived from an external source (i.e. diet) conflicts with statin's supposed primary mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pecoraro
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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9
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Bevilacqua M, Guazzini B, Righini V, Barrella M, Toscano R, Chebat E. Metabolic effects of fluvastatin extended release 80 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: a 4-month, prospective, open-label, randomized, blinded-end point (probe) trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 65:330-44. [PMID: 24672088 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by greater triglyceridation of all lipoproteins and low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In this condition, the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is only slightly elevated. The central role of decreased serum HDL-C level in diabetic cardiovascular disease has prompted the establishment of a target of ≥50 mg/dL in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the effects of once-daily administration of fluvastatin extended release (XL) 80 mg or atorvastatin 20 mg on serum HDL-C levels in patients with type 2 DM and low levels of serum HDL-C. METHODS This 4-month, prospective, open-label, randomized, blinded-end point (PROBE) trial was conducted at Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital (Milan, Italy). Patients aged 45 to 71 years with type 2 DM receiving standard oral antidiabetic therapy, with serum HDL-C levels <50 mg/dL, and with moderately high serum levels of LDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were enrolled. After 1 month of lifestyle modification and dietary intervention, patients who were still showing a decreased HDL-C level were randomized, using a 1:1 ratio, to receive fluvastatin XL 80-mg tablets or atorvastatin 20-mg tablets, for 3 months. Lipoprotein metabolism was assessed by measuring serum levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I (the lipoprotein that carries HDL), and apo B (the lipoprotein that binds very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, intermediate-density lipoprotein, and LDL on a molar basis). Patients were assessed every 2 weeks for treatment compliance and subjective adverse events. Serum creatine phosphokinase and liver enzymes were assessed before the run-in period, at the start of the trial, and at 1 and 3 months during the study. RESULTS One hundred patients were enrolled (50 patients per treatment group; fluvastatin XL group: 33 men, 17 women; mean [SD] age, 58 [12] years; atorvastatin group: 39 men, 11 women; mean [SD] age, 59 [11] years). In the fluvastatin group after 3 months of treatment, mean (SD) LDL-C decreased from 149 (33) to 95 (25) mg/dL (36%; P < 0.01), TG decreased from 437 (287) to 261 (164) mg/dL (40%; P < 0.01), and HDL-C increased from 41 (7) to 46 (10) mg/dL (12%; P < 0.05). In addition, apo A-I increased from 118 (18) to 124 (15) mg/dL (5%; P < 0.05) and apo B decreased from 139 (27) to 97 (19) mg/dL (30%; P < 0.05). In the atorvastatin group, LDL-C decreased from 141 (25) to 84 (23) mg/dL (40%; P < 0.01) and TG decreased from 411 (271) to 221 (87) mg/dL (46%; P < 0.01). Neither HDL-C (41 [7] vs 40 [6] mg/dL; 2%) nor apo A-I (117 [19] vs 114 [19] mg/dL; 3%) changed significantly. However, apo B decreased significantly, from 131 (20) to 92 (17) mg/dL (30%; P < 0.05). Mean changes in HDL-C (+5 [8] vs -1 [2] mg/dL; P < 0.01) and apo A-I (+6 [18] mg/dL vs -3 [21] mg/dL; P < 0.01) were significantly greater in the fluvastatin group than in the atorvastatin group, respectively. However, the decreases in LDL-C (54 [31] vs 57 [32] mg/ dL), TG (177 [219] vs 190 [65] mg/dL), and apo B (42 [26] vs 39 [14] mg/dL) were not significantly different between the fluvastatin and atorvastatin groups, respectively. No severe adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Fluvastatin XL 80 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg achieved mean serum LDL-C (≤ 100 mg/dL) and apo B target levels (≤ 100 mg/dL) in the majority of this population of patients with type 2 DM, but mean serum HDL-C level was increased significantly only with fluvastatin-16 patients (32%) in the fluvastatin group compared with none in the atorvastatin group achieved HDL-C levels ≥50 mg/dL. The increase in HDL-C in the fluvastatin-treated patients was associated with an increase in apo A-I, suggesting a potential pleiotropic and selective effect in patients with low HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bevilacqua
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Guazzini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Velella Righini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barrella
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toscano
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Chebat
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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10
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Rashid S, Sniderman A, Melone M, Brown PE, Otvos JD, Mente A, Schulze K, McQueen MJ, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Elevated cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, a major determinant of the atherogenic dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:468-77. [PMID: 24659026 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314528461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Why South Asians are at increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases compared with other ethnic groups is not fully understood. Atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia - hypertriglyceridemia, elevated numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) - is more common in South Asians but the mechanisms responsible have not been explicated. Here we examined whether the circulating lipid transfer protein, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), plays a role in the pathogenesis of the atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia among South Asians. METHODS AND RESULTS CETP activity was determined by exogenous substrate assay in the serum of healthy, metabolically well-characterized individuals of South Asian and European descent (N = 244 and 238, respectively). Serum and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins were measured and lipoprotein particle number and size were quantified via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the elements of the atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia were more severe in South Asians and CETP activity was significantly greater by 30% in South Asians compared with Europeans, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and waist circumference (p < 0.0001). CETP activity was directly associated with serum triglycerides and inversely with HDL-C in the whole population. CETP activity was also directly related to apoB and LDL particle number. Finally, increased CETP activity was associated with pro-atherogenic reductions in HDL and LDL particle size. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel associations between elevated CETP activity and the triad of quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in the atherogenic dyslipidemia in South Asians, a major contributor of increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Melone
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Patrick E Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - James D Otvos
- LipoScience Inc., Wilmington, USA North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Andrew Mente
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Karleen Schulze
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew J McQueen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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11
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Elseweidy MM, Abdallah FR, Younis NN, Aldohmy S, Kassem HM. 10-Dehydrogingerdione raises HDL-cholesterol through a CETP inhibition and wards off oxidation and inflammation in dyslipidemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:334-40. [PMID: 24267247 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Toledo-Ibelles P, Franco M, Carreón-Torres E, Luc G, Tailleux A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Fragoso JM, Aguilar-Salinas C, Luna-Luna M, Pérez-Méndez O. Normal HDL-apo AI turnover and cholesterol enrichment of HDL subclasses in New Zealand rabbits with partial nephrectomy. Metabolism 2013; 62:492-8. [PMID: 23089050 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The kidney has been proposed to play a central role in apo AI catabolism, suggesting that HDL structure is determined, at least in part, by this organ. Here, we aimed at determining the effects of a renal mass reduction on HDL size distribution, lipid content, and apo AI turnover. METHODS We characterized HDL subclasses in rabbits with a 75% reduction of functional renal mass (Nptx group), using enzymatic staining of samples separated on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels, and also performed kinetic studies using radiolabeled HDL-apo AI in this animal model. RESULTS Creatinine clearance was reduced to 35% after nephrectomy as compared to the basal values, but without increased proteinuria. A slight, but significant modification of the relative HDL size distribution was observed after nephrectomy, whereas cholesterol plasma concentrations gradually augmented from large HDL2b (+54%) to small HDL3b particles (+150%, P<0.05). Cholesteryl esters were the increased fraction; in contrast, free cholesterol phospholipids and triglycerides of HDL subclasses were not affected by nephrectomy. HDL-apo AI fractional catabolic rates were similar to controls. CONCLUSION Reduction of functional renal mass is associated to enrichment of HDL subclasses with cholesteryl esters. Structural abnormalities were not related to a low apo AI turnover, suggesting renal contribution to HDL remodeling beyond being just a catabolic site for these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Toledo-Ibelles
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico D.F
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13
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Statin therapy prevents expansive remodeling in venous bypass grafts. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Dergunov AD. Apolipoprotein E genotype as a most significant predictor of lipid response at lipid-lowering therapy: mechanistic and clinical studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:597-603. [PMID: 21705182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE alleles and apolipoprotein E isoforms control plasma cholesterol level on population level. Among three ɛ2, ɛ3, ɛ4 alleles, ɛ4 allele is associated with the increase in cholesterol level, risk of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease, while ɛ2 allele is associated with the decrease in cholesterol level and risk of atherosclerosis. The increase in plasma triglyceride is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis and triglyceride-high density lipoprotein coupling determines the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. The impairment of this coupling specifically at hypertriglyceridemia may be followed by specific lipoprotein markers. The influence of major lipid-lowering drugs on lipoprotein metabolism and association of apoE isoforms with the efficiency of therapy by statins and fibrates are summarized both at isolated and combined increase in plasma triglyceride and cholesterol. APOE polymorphism seems to be a single genetic variant with a confirmed stratification both at candidate gene and at wide genome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dergunov
- National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, 10, Petroverigsky Street, 101990 Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Houssen ME, Haron MM, Metwally SS, Ibrahim TM. Effects of immunomodulatory drugs on plasma inflammatory markers in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 67:115-20. [PMID: 20960084 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immuno-inflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammatory cytokines are implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Immunomodulatory therapies have been proposed for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the systemic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of atorvastatin, cyclosporine A (CsA), and tacrolimus (FK506) on plasma inflammatory markers in atherosclerotic rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits were randomized into five groups each of 12 animals. Standard diet-fed group served as control, and the cholesterol-fed group received a diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol alone, cholesterol + atorvastatin, cholesterol + FK506, and cholesterol + CsA. Serum levels of lipid profile parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein) were measured using colorimetric methods. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (Il-6), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) were measured in all studied groups using ELISA techniques. Our results revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the serum levels of lipid profile parameters, CRP, Il-6, and INF-γ in atorvastatin-treated group compared with the cholesterol-fed group. On the other hand, a non-significant difference was observed for the same parameters in either FK506- or CsA-treated groups compared with the cholesterol-fed group. In conclusion, atorvastatin has a systemic anti-inflammatory role that far surpassed the cholesterol reduction effect alone. FK506 or CsA failed to suppress elevated plasma inflammatory markers. Thus, low doses of these two immunomodulating drugs could not have generalized systemic anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha E Houssen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Beni Sueif, Beni Sueif 62514, Egypt.
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16
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Murty D, Rajesh E, Raghava D, Raghavan TV, Surulivel MKM. Hypolipidemic effect of arborium plus in experimentally induced hypercholestermic rabbits. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:841-6. [PMID: 20519862 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesteremia is one of the risk factors for coronary artery disease. The present study highlights the efficacy of the ayurvedic herbal formulation Arborium Plus [Hyppophae ramnoides L. fruit juice (S) and Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Linn flower juice (R) in a 1:4 ratio] on triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), atherogenic index (AI), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs CRP) in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Four groups of rabbits were subjected to different treatments for 8 weeks: control group, CHOL group (1% w/w cholesterol for 8 weeks), S+R group (1% w/w cholesterol and Arborium Plus for 8 weeks), and A group (1% w/w cholesterol and atorvastatin for 8 weeks). The results showed significant increases in TG, TC, LDL, AI, and hs CRP in hypercholesterolemic rabbits which was significantly reduced in Arborium Plus-treated hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The data demonstrated that the Arborium Plus formulation was associated with hypolipidemic effects in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
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17
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Ito BR, Zhang BH, Cable EE, Song X, Fujitaki JM, MacKenna DA, Wilker CE, Chi B, van Poelje PD, Linemeyer DL, Erion MD. Thyroid hormone beta receptor activation has additive cholesterol lowering activity in combination with atorvastatin in rabbits, dogs and monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:454-65. [PMID: 19183199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists are in clinical trials for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. As statins are the standard of clinical care, any new therapies must have adjunctive activity, when given in combination with statins. As already known for the statins, the cholesterol lowering effect of TR activation involves increased expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Using animal models, we tested whether TR activation would have additive cholesterol lowering activity in the presence of effective doses of a statin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the activity of a liver-targeted prodrug, MB07811, of a novel TH receptor beta agonist, MB07344, as monotherapy and in combination with atorvastatin in rabbits, dogs and monkeys. KEY RESULTS In rabbits, MB07344 (i.v.) decreased total plasma cholesterol (TPC) comparable to that achieved with a maximally effective dose of atorvastatin (p.o.). The addition of MB07344 to atorvastatin resulted in a further decrease in TPC. Similarly, the addition of MB07811 (p.o.) to atorvastatin treatment decreased TPC beyond the level achieved with either agent as monotherapy. In dogs and monkeys, atorvastatin and MB07811 were administered as monotherapy or in combination. Consistent with the rabbit studies, the combination treatment caused a greater decrease in TPC than either MB07811 or atorvastatin administered as monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that the effects of MB07811 and atorvastatin in lowering cholesterol are additive in animals. These results would encourage and support the demonstration of similarly improved efficacy of combination versus monotherapy with such agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Lipid apheresis applications in childhood: Experience in the University Hospital of Gazi. Transfus Apher Sci 2008; 39:235-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Carreón-Torres E, Rendón-Sauer K, Monter-Garrido M, Toledo-Ibelles P, Gamboa R, Menjivar M, López-Marure R, Luc G, Fievet C, Cruz D, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez O. Rosiglitazone modifies HDL structure and increases HDL-apo AI synthesis and catabolic rates. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 401:37-41. [PMID: 19036342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosiglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma that may modify HDL metabolism in humans, but this effect has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we determined the effect of rosiglitazone on apo AI turnover, HDL structure, and PON1 plasma activity. METHODS Kinetic studies of HDL-apo AI radiolabeled with (125)I were performed in 7 chow-fed, male, New Zealand white rabbits after 6 weeks of 0.32 mg/kg/d rosiglitazone-treatment vs. vehicle-treated rabbits (n=11). HDL size distribution was determined by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis and paraoxonase-1 (PON1); plasma activity was assessed spectrophotometrically using phenylacetate as substrate. RESULTS Fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL apo AI was higher in the rosiglitazone-treated group than in the control group (0.031+/-0.004 vs. 0.025+/-0.006 pools/h, respectively, p<0.05). The mean apo AI production rate (PR) was 62% higher in the rosiglitazone group as compared to controls (0.918+/-0.238 vs. 0.564+/-0.160 mg/kg/h, p<0.01). Accordingly, apo AI plasma levels in rosiglitazone-treated animals were about 37% higher than in the control group. Rosiglitazone-induced changes in apo AI turnover appeared concomitantly with a significant increase of phospholipids and a decrease in colesteryl esters content of the HDL. Compositional changes resulted in a relative increase of the HDL3b and HDL3c subfractions and a significant enhancement of the plasma PON1 activity (488.5+/-138.2 vs. 595.2+/-179.4 micromol/min/ml, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone increased apo AI plasma concentrations, resulting from an enhancement of apo AI synthesis, and induced the synthesis of smaller HDL particles with a concomitant increase of plasma PON1 activity. These modifications may contribute to the anti-atherogenic potential of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Dergunov AD, Visvikis-Siest S, Siest G. Statins as effectors of key activities involved in apoE-dependent VLDL metabolism: Review and hypothesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 48:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Simvastatin reverses the hypertension of heterozygous mice lacking cystathionine beta-synthase and apolipoprotein A-I. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 377:35-43. [PMID: 18224302 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Double heterozygous mice lacking Apoa1 and Cbs genes show mild hyperhomocysteinemia in combination with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. This situation leads to a moderate hypertension associated with a dysregulation in nitric oxide metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effects of statin treatment in these mice. After 4 weeks of simvastatin administration, plasma parameters; apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and A-IV; lipid profile; and blood pressure were assessed, Western blotting was performed in the aorta of these mice to measure endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 content. The high blood pressure level present in the double heterozygous group was corrected down to that of the wild-type group after simvastatin treatment (124+/-7.7 vs. 109+/-11.2 mmHg, p<0.01). Concomitant with this effect, an increase in nitric oxide levels was observed in these double heterozygous mice receiving simvastatin treatment probably mediated in part by a decrease in caveolin-1 levels. Blood pressure changes appeared to be independent of the arylesterase activity of paraoxonase or the lipid content. Another remarkable result was the significant increase in apoA-IV content in animals receiving simvastatin, an effect considered to be protective for the endothelium. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the use of simvastatin can improve blood pressure control in mice with elevated homocysteinemia and low levels of apoA-I, and this effect is mediated by mechanisms independent of plasma lipids and related to nitric oxide levels.
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22
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Rashid S, Patterson BW, Lewis GF. Thematic review series: patient-oriented research. What have we learned about HDL metabolism from kinetics studies in humans? J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1631-42. [PMID: 16685079 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r600008-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma measurements of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins provide information on the static levels of these fractions without providing key information on the dynamic fluxes of lipoproteins in the circulation. Kinetics studies, in contrast, provide additional information on the production and clearance rates of lipoproteins and the flow of lipids and apolipoproteins through lipoprotein fractions. This information is crucial in accurately delineating the metabolism of HDL in plasma, because plasma concentrations of HDL are the net result of the de novo production and catabolism of HDL as well as the recycling of HDL particles and the contribution to HDL from components of other lipoproteins. Studies aimed at measuring the metabolism of HDL particles have shown that HDL metabolism in vivo is complex and consists of multiple components. Kinetics studies provide a window into the metabolism of HDL, allowing us to better understand the mechanisms of HDL decrease in human conditions and the functionality of HDL particles. Here, we review the progress in our understanding of HDL metabolism derived from in vivo kinetics studies, focusing primarily on studies in humans but also reviewing key studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- Department of Cardiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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23
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Briand F, Magot T, Krempf M, Nguyen P, Ouguerram K. Effects of atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I metabolism in dogs. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:224-30. [PMID: 16620283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in the decline of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels at a higher dose of atorvastatin have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the effects of atorvastatin on HDL-apolipoprotein (apo) A-I metabolism in dogs, a species lacking cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven ovariectomized normolipidaemic female Beagle dogs underwent a primed constant infusion of [5,5,5-(2)H(3)] leucine to determine HDL-apo A-I kinetics before and after atorvastatin treatment (5 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for 6 weeks). Plasma lipoprotein profiles, activity of HDL-modifying enzymes involved in reverse cholesterol transport and hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression were also studied. RESULTS Atorvastatin treatment decreased HDL-cholesterol levels (3.56 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.64 +/- 0.15 mmol L(-1), P < 0.05). HDL-triglycerides were not affected. HDL-phospholipids levels were decreased (4.28 +/- 0.13 vs. 3.29 +/- 0.13 mmol L(-1), P < 0.05), as well as phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) activity (0.83 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.05 pmol microL(-1) min(-1), P < 0.05). Activity of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), hepatic lipase (HL) and SR-BI expression did not change. HDL-apo A-I absolute production rate (APR) was higher after treatment (twofold, P < 0.05) as well as fractional catabolic rate (FCR) (threefold, P < 0.05). This resulted in lower HDL-apo A-I levels (2.36 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.55 +/- 0.04 g l(-1), P < 0.05). Plasma lipoprotein profiles showed a decrease in large HDL(1) levels, with lower apo A-I and higher apo E levels in this subfraction. CONCLUSIONS Although a high dose of atorvastatin up-regulated HDL-apo A-I production, this drug also increased HDL-apo A-I FCR in dogs. This effect could be explained by a higher uptake of apo E-enriched HDL(1) by hepatic lipoprotein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Briand
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, INSERM U539, CHU Nantes, France
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24
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Rosenson RS. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: risk reduction with statin therapy. Am Heart J 2006; 151:556-63. [PMID: 16504615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, patients with low levels of HDL-C without raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are not currently eligible for lipid-lowering therapy. Many individuals with low levels of HDL-C have a combination of cardiovascular risk factors that include high LDL particle concentrations. Lowering LDL particle concentration and its surrogate measure, LDL-C, is an important approach to reducing cardiovascular risk. Statins are the most effective agents for lowering levels of LDL and can significantly increase levels of HDL-C. Extending statin therapy to patients with low levels of HDL-C but with LDL-C levels below target may have benefits for cardiovascular disease reduction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Preventive Cardiology Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Carreón-Torres E, Juárez-Meavepeña M, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Gómez CH, Franco M, Fievet C, Luc G, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Pérez-Méndez O. Pioglitazone increases the fractional catabolic and production rates of high-density lipoproteins apo AI in the New Zealand White Rabbit. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181:233-40. [PMID: 16039276 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) that raises HDL-cholesterol plasma in humans. Whether pioglitazone-mediated modifications in HDL-apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) turnover in vivo contribute to this effect has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we performed kinetic studies of HDL-apo AI radiolabeled with 125I in male New Zealand White rabbits after 6 weeks of 0.6 (n = 8), 1.75 (n = 8), and 2.6 mg/kg/day (n = 7) pioglitazone and vehicle (n = 12) treatment. Fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of HDL-apo AI was significantly higher in 1.75 and 2.6 mg/kg pioglitazone-treated animals, as compared with control rabbits (0.057+/-0.014 and 0.049+/-0.01 versus 0.025+/-0.005 pools/h, respectively); these changes were associated to a similar increase in apo AI production rates (PR) (1.24+/-0.62 and 1.14+/-0.40 versus 0.53+/-0.17 mg/kg/h, p < 0.01). Consequently, apo AI plasma levels in pioglitazone-treated animals were similar to those of controls. The apo AI-FRC and -PR correlated with the relative proportion of the HDL3c subclass, as determined by polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis. Our data demonstrate that pioglitazone markedly modifies apo AI kinetics and enhances the proportion of small HDL3c particles, despite the unchanged apo AI concentration. Whether or not the pioglitazone-induced structural changes of HDL contribute to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of the drug remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Physiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080 Mexico D.F., Mexico
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26
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Bach-Ngohou K, Ouguerram K, Frénais R, Maugère P, Ripolles-Piquer B, Zaïr Y, Krempf M, Bard JM. Influence of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein E and AI kinetics in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:363-9. [PMID: 16014756 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.085522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin reduces both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, but mechanisms underlying triglyceride decrease and the effect of atorvastatin on high density lipoprotein (HDL) still remain unclear. Apolipoprotein (apo) E plays a crucial role in modulating production and clearance of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). The main effect of apoAI is to modulate HDL metabolism. The aim of this work was to study the influence of atorvastatin on apoAI and apoE kinetics and to determine whether its hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects could be related to changes in this apolipoprotein metabolism. Plasma VLDL-apoE, HDL-apoE, and HDL-apoAI were studied in seven patients with diabetes with mixed hyperlipidemia using a stable isotope labeling technique ([(2)H3]leucine-primed constant infusion) and monocompartmental model before and after 2 months of treatment with 40 mg/day of atorvastatin. Plasma apoE concentration was significantly reduced (44.1 +/- 19.1 versus 32 +/- 11.6 mg/l, p < 0.05) after treatment. This decrease was associated with a diminution of HDL-apoE concentration (17.46 +/- 6.71 versus 13.37 +/- 6.05 mg/l, p < 0.05) and production rate (0.202 +/- 0.085 versus 0.119 +/- 0.047 mg/kg/day, p < 0.05), whereas an increase in VLDL-apoE concentration (6.44 +/- 2.16 before versus 9.23 +/- 4.02 mg/l after, p < 0.05) and production rate (0.827 +/- 0.367 versus 1.524 +/- 0.664 mg/kg/day, p < 0.05) was observed. No significant difference was observed after treatment for apoAI parameters. We conclude that atorvastatin treatment promotes different apoE distribution between HDL and VLDL, favoring VLDL apoE content. The increased number of apoE per VLDL particle suggests that atorvastatin could enhance the direct catabolism of triglyceride-rich VLDL through apoE receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bach-Ngohou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U539, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, CHU Hôtel-Dieu Nantes, France.
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27
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Mauger JF, Couture P, Paradis ME, Lamarche B. Comparison of the impact of atorvastatin and simvastatin on apoA-I kinetics in men. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:157-63. [PMID: 15585213 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of simvastatin and atorvastatin, two HMG-CoA inhibitors, on plasma HDL-C concentrations has been shown to be inconsistent, simvastatin being reported to induce greater increases in HDL-C than atorvastatin. The physiological mechanisms underlying this diverging effect are still unknown. OBJECTIVES To compare the impact of simvastatin and atorvastatin on apoA-I kinetics in vivo. METHODS In this double-blind, cross-over study, seven men with relatively low baseline HDL-C were assigned in random order to one of two experimental 8-week treatments (atorvastatin 40 mg or simvastatin 80 mg), each separated by a 6-week washout period. After each phase, apoA-I kinetics were measured using a primed-constant infusion of l-(5,5,5-D3) leucine for 12 h with patients being kept in constant fed, steady state. Isotopic enrichment of apoA-I over time was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and kinetic parameters were calculated by multicompartmental modeling. RESULTS Both treatments reduced plasma LDL-C levels to a similar extent while HDL-C levels remained statistically unchanged after both experimental phases. However, compared to atorvastatin, plasma apoA-I concentrations were significantly higher after treatment with simvastatin (1.33 +/- 0.07 g/L versus 1.23 +/- 0.07 g/L, P = 0.05). Treatment with simvastatin also induced a significant increase in apoA-I production rate compared to atorvastatin (15.2 +/- 3.0 mg/kg/d versus 13.2 +/- 2.6 mg/kg/d, P = 0.05). There was no statistical difference in apoA-1 fractional catabolic rate between simvastatin and atorvastatin (0.26 +/- 0.05 pool/d versus 0.24 +/- 0.04 pool/d). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the diverging impact of simvastatin and atorvastatin on plasma HDL-C levels in humans may be attributable, at least partly, to a greater production rate of apoA-I with simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Mauger
- Institute on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2440 Boul Hochelaga, Local 2742, Laval University, Que., Canada G1K 7P4
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28
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Lawrence JM, Reid J, Taylor GJ, Stirling C, Reckless JPD. The effect of high dose atorvastatin therapy on lipids and lipoprotein subfractions in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174:141-9. [PMID: 15135263 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the effects of high dose statin therapy on lipoprotein subfractions in type 2 diabetes. In a double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial we have studied the effects of 80 mg atorvastatin over 8 weeks on LDL, VLDL and HDL subfractions in 40 overweight type 2 diabetes patients. VLDL and LDL subfractions were prepared by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein and phospholipids were measured and mass of subfractions calculated. HDL subfractions were prepared by precipitation. Atorvastatin 80 mg produced significant falls in LDL subfractions (LDL(1) 66.2 mg/dl:36.6 mg/dl, LDL(2) 118:56.6 mg/dl, LDL(3) 36.9:19.9 mg/dl all P < 0.01 relative to placebo) and VLDL subfractions (VLDL(1) 55:22.1 mg/dl, VLDL(2) 40.1:19.1 mg/dl, VLDL(3) 52.6:30 mg/dl all P < 0.01 relative to placebo). There was no change in the proportion of LDL present as LDL(3). There was a reduction in the proportion of VLDL as VLDL(1) and a reciprocal increase in the proportion as VLDL(3). Changes in VLDL subfractions were associated with changes in lipid composition, particularly a reduction in cholesterol ester and a reduction in the cholesterol ester/triglyceride ratio. Effects on HDL subfractions were largely neutral. High dose atorvastatin produces favourable effects on lipoprotein subfractions in type 2 diabetes which may enhance antiatherogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lawrence
- Diabetes and Lipid Research, Wolfson Centre, Royal United Hospital, Wolfson Centre Combre Park, Bath, UK.
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29
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Evans M, Roberts A, Davies S, Rees A. Medical lipid-regulating therapy: current evidence, ongoing trials and future developments. Drugs 2004; 64:1181-96. [PMID: 15161326 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200464110-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are well recognised CHD risk factors, with recent evidence supporting the benefits of intensive LDL-C reduction on CHD risk. Such observations suggest that the most recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, with LDL-C targets of 2.6 mmol/L, may result in under-treatment of a significant number of patients and form the basis for the proposed new joint European Societies treatment targets of 2 and 4 mmol/L, respectively, for LDL and total cholesterol. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce LDL-C by inhibiting the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis and reduced CHD event rates in primary and secondary prevention trials. The magnitude of this effect is not fully accounted for by LDL-C reduction alone and may relate to effects on other lipid parameters such as HDL-C and apolipoproteins B and A-I, as well as additional anti-inflammatory effects. With increasing focus on the benefits of intensive cholesterol reduction new, more efficacious statins are being developed. Rosuvastatin is a potent, hydrophilic enantiomeric statin producing reductions in LDL-C of up to 55%, with about 80% of patients reaching European LDL-C treatment targets at the 10 mg/day dosage. The Heart Protection Study (HPS) demonstrated that LDL-C reduction to levels as low as 1.7 mmol/L was associated with significant clinical benefit in a wide range of high-risk individuals, including patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, or peripheral and cerebrovascular disease, irrespective of baseline cholesterol levels, with no apparent lower threshold for LDL-C with respect to risk. Various large endpoint trials, including Treating to New Targets (TNT) and Study of Effectiveness of Additional reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH) will attempt to further address the issue of optimal LDL-C reduction. At low LDL-C levels, HDL-C becomes an increasingly important risk factor and is the primary lipid abnormality in over half of CHD patients, with the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study set to assess the effect of raising HDL-C on cardiovascular events in patients with low HDL-C and LDL-C levels below 3 mmol/L. A variety of agents are being developed, which affect both LDL-C and HDL-C metabolism, including inhibitors of acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyl transferase, microsomal transfer protein and cholesterol ester transfer protein, as well as specific receptor agonists. Ezetimibe is a selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, which produces reductions in LDL-C of up to 25 and 60% reduction in chylomicron cholesterol content with a 10 mg/day dosage. A 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C results in a 25% reduction in cardiovascular risk, independent of baseline LDL-C levels. Growing evidence supports the concept that lower is better for LDL-C and that increasing HDL-C represents an important therapeutic target. Furthermore, there is growing appreciation of the role of inflammation in atherogenesis. Consequently, increasing numbers of people should receive lipid-regulating therapy with the development of newer agents offering potential mechanisms of optimising lipid profiles and thus risk reduction. In addition, the pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects of lipid lowering therapy may provide further risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Evans
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales.
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30
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Chan DC, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiological and interventional studies employing stable isotopy and modelling methods. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:233-49. [PMID: 15225143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The accompanying review in this issue of Clinical Science [Chan, Barrett and Watts (2004) Clin. Sci. 107, 221–232] presented an overview of lipoprotein physiology and the methodologies for stable isotope kinetic studies. The present review focuses on our understanding of the dysregulation and therapeutic regulation of lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome based on the application of stable isotope and modelling methods. Dysregulation of lipoprotein metabolism in metabolic syndrome may be due to a combination of overproduction of VLDL [very-LDL (low-density lipoprotein)]-apo (apolipoprotein) B-100, decreased catabolism of apoB-containing particles and increased catabolism of HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-apoA-I particles. These abnormalities may be consequent on a global metabolic effect of insulin resistance, partly mediated by depressed plasma adiponectin levels, that collectively increases the flux of fatty acids from adipose tissue to the liver, the accumulation of fat in the liver and skeletal muscle, the hepatic secretion of VLDL-triacylglycerols and the remodelling of both LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL particles in the circulation. These lipoprotein defects are also related to perturbations in both lipolytic enzymes and lipid transfer proteins. Our knowledge of the pathophysiology of lipoprotein metabolism in the metabolic syndrome is well complemented by extensive cell biological data. Nutritional modifications may favourably alter lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome by collectively decreasing the hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB and the catabolism of HDL-apoA-I, as well as by potentially increasing the clearance of LDL-apoB. Several pharmacological treatments, such as statins, fibrates or fish oils, can also correct the dyslipidaemia by diverse kinetic mechanisms of action, including decreased secretion and increased catabolism of apoB, as well as increased secretion and decreased catabolism of apoA-I. The complementary mechanisms of action of lifestyle and drug therapies support the use of combination regimens in treating dyslipoproteinaemia in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Lipoprotein Research Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6847
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31
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Shimoji E, Zhang B, Fan P, Saku K. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein increases serum apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels by increasing the synthesis of apo A-I in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2004; 172:247-57. [PMID: 15019534 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is an effective way to increase HDL levels in animals and humans. The effects of a CETP inhibitor, JTT-705, on the in vivo kinetics of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apo A-I gene expression in the liver and intestine were investigated. METHODS Japanese White rabbits were randomly fed normal rabbit chow LRC-4 (n=10, control) or a food admixture of LRC-4 and 0.75% JTT-705 (n=10, treated) for 7 months. An in vivo kinetics study of apo A-I was performed by injecting rabbit 125I-apo A-I, and apo A-I mRNA levels were quantified by RT-PCR. RESULTS JTT-705 significantly inhibited CETP activities, increased serum levels of HDL-cholesterol (C), HDL2-C, HDL-phospholipid, and apo A-I, and decreased HDL-triglyceride levels. The synthetic rate of apo A-I was higher in the treated rabbits than in control rabbits (13.7 +/- 2.6 versus 9.5 +/- 1.3 mg/kg per day, P < 0.05), while the fractional catabolic rate was similar in the two groups. JTT-705 increased apo A-I mRNA levels in the liver without affecting those in the intestine. CONCLUSION Inhibition of CETP activity by JTT-705 increases HDL levels by increasing the synthesis of apo A-I, suggesting that it could be a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiso Shimoji
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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32
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Sposito AC, Gonbert S, Bruckert E, Atassi M, Beucler I, Amsellem S, Khallouf O, Benlian P, Turpin G. Magnitude of HDL Cholesterol Variation After High-Dose Atorvastatin Is Genetically Determined at the LDL Receptor Locus in Patients With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:2078-82. [PMID: 14512370 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000097768.51278.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The combination of LDL apheresis with high doses of a potent hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, such as atorvastatin, has been the best therapy available for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH). However, some concerns have been made about the effect of atorvastatin on HDL cholesterol levels in these patients.
Methods and Results—
HDL cholesterol levels were determined bimonthly over the course of 2 years of treatment with high-dose atorvastatin in genotypically defined HFH patients either receptor-defective (n=6) or receptor-negative (n=6) under long-term treatment with LDL apheresis. We additionally stratified the atorvastatin effect on HDL cholesterol according to the genotype as an indicator of residual in vivo LDL receptor activity. Our findings indicate that (1) an early and transitory reduction of plasma HDL cholesterol levels occurs during the first 4 weeks of atorvastatin treatment; (2) the degree of the transient HDL reduction is higher in receptor-negative than in receptor-defective patients (−21±11 versus −10±4%;
P
=0.01); and (3) after long-term treatment, HDL cholesterol concentration remains higher in receptor-defective than receptor-negative patients (
P
=0.026).
Conclusions—
The present study reveals that HDL cholesterol reduction after high-dose atorvastatin is an early and transient event in HFH patients which magnitude depends on the presence of a residual LDL-R activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C Sposito
- Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit (U.551), National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Paris, France.
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