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Lee YC, Jou YC, Chou WC, Tsai KL, Shen CH, Lee SD. Ellagic acid protects against angiotensin II-induced hypertrophic responses through ROS-mediated MAPK pathway in H9c2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3253-3263. [PMID: 38356441 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The early myocardial response of hypertension is an elevation of angiotensin-II (Ang-II) concentration, leading to heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy. This hypertrophic event of the heart is mediated by the interaction of Ang type 1 receptors (AT-R1), thereby modulating NADPH oxidase activity in cardiomyocytes, which alters redox status in cardiomyocytes. Ellagic acid (EA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacities. Thus, EA has potential preventive effects on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. In the last decades, because the protective effect of EA on Ang-II-induced hypertrophic responses is unclear, this study aims to investigate the protective effect of EA in cardiomyocytes. H9c2 cells were treated to Ang-II 1 μM for 24 h to induce cellular damage. We found that EA protected against Ang-II-increased cell surface area and pro-hypertrophic gene expression in H9c2. EA reduced Ang-II-caused AT-R1 upregulation, thereby inhibiting oxidative stress NADPH oxidase activation. EA mitigated Ang-II-enhanced p38 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Moreover, EA treatment under Ang-II stimulation also reversed NF-κB activity and iNOS expression. This study shows that EA protects against Ang-II-induced myocardial hypertrophy and attenuates oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in H9c2 cells. Thus, EA may be an effective compound for preventing Ang-II-induced myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Che Lee
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Chin Jou
- Department of Urology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, PhD program in Healthcare Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Jackson EK, Tofovic SP, Chen Y, Birder LA. 8-Aminopurines in the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems and Beyond. Hypertension 2023; 80:2265-2279. [PMID: 37503660 PMCID: PMC10592300 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Screening of compounds comprising 8-substituted guanine revealed that 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine cause diuresis/natriuresis/glucosuria, yet decrease potassium excretion. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that 8-aminoguanosine's effects are mediated by its metabolite 8-aminoguanine. The mechanism by which 8-aminoguanine causes diuresis/natriuresis/glucosuria involves inhibition of PNPase (purine nucleoside phosphorylase), which increases renal interstitial inosine levels. Additional evidence suggests that inosine, via indirect or direct adenosine A2B receptor activation, increases renal medullary blood flow which enhances renal excretory function. Likely, 8-aminoguanine has pleiotropic actions that also alter renal excretory function. Indeed, the antikaliuretic effects of 8-aminoguanine are independent of PNPase inhibition. 8-Aminoguanine is an endogenous molecule; nitrosative stress leads to production of biomolecules containing 8-nitroguanine moieties. Degradation of these biomolecules releases 8-nitroguanosine and 8-nitro-2'-deoxyguanosine which are converted to 8-aminoguanine. Also, guanosine and guanine per se may contribute to 8-aminoguanine formation. 8-Aminoinosine, 8-aminohypoxanthine, and 8-aminoxanthine likewise induce diuresis/natriuresis/glucosuria, yet do not reduce potassium excretion. Thus, there are several pharmacologically active 8-aminopurines with nuanced effects on renal excretory function. Chronic treatment with 8-aminoguanine attenuates hypertension in deoxycorticosterone/salt rats, prevents strokes, and increases lifespan in Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high salt diet and attenuates the metabolic syndrome in rats; 8-aminoguanosine retards progression of pulmonary hypertension in rats and anemia and organ damage in sickle cell mice. 8-Aminoguanine reverses age-associated lower urinary tract dysfunction and retinal degeneration. 8-Aminopurines represent a new class of agents (and potentially endogenous factors) that have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and kidneys and may turn back the clock in age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Stevan P. Tofovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Lori A. Birder
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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Yang XF, Wang H, Huang Y, Huang JH, Ren HL, Xu Q, Su XM, Wang AM, Ren F, Zhou MS. Myeloid Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mediates Macrophage Polarization and Promotes Vascular Injury in DOCA/Salt Hypertensive Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879693. [PMID: 35721173 PMCID: PMC9204513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the renin–angiotensin system has been implicated in hypertension. Angiotensin (Ang) II is a potent proinflammatory mediator. The present study investigated the role of myeloid angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in control of macrophage phenotype in vitro and vascular injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt hypertension. In human THP-1/macrophages, Ang II increased mRNA expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokine expressions. Overexpression of AT1R further increased Ang II-induced expressions of M1 cytokines and decreased M2 cytokines. Silenced AT1R reversed Ang II-induced changes in M1 and M2 cytokines. Ang II upregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, and the ratio of pIκB/IκB, which were prevented by silenced AT1R. Silenced HIF1α prevented Ang II activation of the TLR4/NFκB pathway. Furthermore, Ang II increased HIF1α via reactive oxygen species-dependent reduction in prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) expression. The expressions of AT1R and HIF1α and the ratio of pIκB/IκB were upregulated in the peritoneal macrophages of DOCA hypertensive mice, and the specific deletion of myeloid AT1R attenuated cardiac and vascular injury and vascular oxidative stress, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and M1 cytokine expressions, and improved endothelial function without significant reduction in blood pressure. Our results demonstrate that Ang II/AT1R controls the macrophage phenotype via stimulating the HIF1α/NFκB pathway, and specific myeloid AT1R KO improves endothelial function, vascular inflammation, and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. The results support the notion that myeloid AT1R plays an important role in the regulation of the macrophage phenotype, and dysfunction of this receptor may promote vascular dysfunction and injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hao-Lin Ren
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Mei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming-Sheng Zhou, ; Fu Ren,
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Jackson EK, Menshikova EV, Ritov VB, Gillespie DG, Mi Z. Biochemical Pathways of 8-Aminoguanine Production In Sprague-Dawley and Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115076. [PMID: 35551915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 8-Aminoguanine exerts natriuretic and antihypertensive activity. Whether and how "free" 8-aminoguanine exists in vivo is unclear. Because 8-nitroguanosine is naturally occurring, we tested the hypothesis that 8-aminoguanine can arise from: pathway 1, 8-nitroguanosine→8-aminoguanosine→8-aminoguanine; and pathway 2, 8-nitroguanosine→8-nitroguanine→8-aminoguanine. METHODS 8-Aminoguanine biosynthesis was explored in rats using renal microdialysis, mass spectrometry and enzyme kinetics. RESULTS In Sprague-Dawley rats, 8-nitroguanosine infusions increased kidney levels of 8-nitroguanine, 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine; 8-nitroguanine infusions increased 8-aminoguanine. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) converted 8-nitroguanosine to 8-nitroguanine and 8-aminoguanosine to 8-aminoguanine. Forodesine (PNPase inhibitor) reduced metabolism of 8-nitroguanosine by pathway 2 and shunted metabolism of 8-nitroguanosine to 8-aminoguanosine. In Dahl salt-sensitive rats, 8-nitroguanosine infusions increased kidney levels of 8-nitroguanine, 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine. These results indicate that both pathways 1 and 2 participate in the biosynthesis of 8-aminoguanine in Sprague-Dawley and Dahl rats. Endogenous 8-aminoguanine in kidneys and urine were elevated many-fold in Dahl, compared to Sprague-Dawley, rats. The increased levels of 8-aminoguanine in Dahl rats were not due to alterations in pathways 1 and 2 but were associated with increased urine levels of endogenous 8-nitroguanosine suggesting that the "upstream" production of 8-nitroguanosine was increased in Dahl rats. Dahl rats are known to have high levels of peroxynitrite, and peroxynitrite is known to nitrate guanosine in biomolecules. Here we confirm that a peroxynitrite donor increases kidney levels of 8-aminoguanine. CONCLUSION 8-Aminoguanine occurs naturally via two distinct pathways and kidney levels of 8-aminoguanine are increased in Dahl rats, likely due to increased production of 8-nitroguanosine, a by-product of peroxynitrite chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219.
| | - Elizabeth V Menshikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Vladimir B Ritov
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Deficiency Improves Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Injury in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate/Salt-Hypertensive Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3921074. [PMID: 32190663 PMCID: PMC7064859 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3921074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a role in the development of hypertension and end-stage renal diseases. We hypothesize that TNFα contributes to endothelial dysfunction and cardiac and vascular injury in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-hypertensive mice. The wild-type or TNFα-deficient mice were uninephrectomized and implanted with DOCA pellet treatment for 5 weeks; the mice were given either tap water or 1% NaCl drinking water. DOCA mice developed hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP): 167 ± 5 vs. 110 ± 4 mmHg in control group, p < 0.05), cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, and the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (EDR). TNFα deficiency improved EDR and lowered cardiac and vascular hypertrophy with a mild reduction in SBP (152 ± 4 vs. 167 ± 5 mmHg in DOCA group, p < 0.05) in DOCA mice. The mRNA expressions of the inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, interleukin 1β (IL1β), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), and monocyte/macrophage marker F4/80 were significantly increased in the aorta of DOCA-hypertensive mice; TNFα deficiency reduced these inflammatory gene expressions. DOCA-hypertensive mice also exhibited an increase in the vascular oxidative fluorescence intensities, the protein expressions of gp91phox and p22phox, and the fibrotic factors transforming growth factor β and fibronectin. TNFα deficiency reduced oxidative stress and fibrotic protein expressions. The DOCA mice also showed a decrease in the protein expression of eNOS associated with increased miR155 expression; TNFα deficiency prevented a decrease in eNOS expression and an increase in miR155 expression in DOCA mice. These results support the idea that TNFα significantly contributes to vascular inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and injury in hypertension.
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Bubb KJ, Drummond GR, Figtree GA. New opportunities for targeting redox dysregulation in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 116:532-544. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite substantial promise, the use of antioxidant therapy to improve cardiovascular outcomes has been disappointing. Whilst the fundamental biology supporting their use continues to build, the challenge now is to differentially target dysregulated redox signalling domains and to identify new ways to deliver antioxidant substances. Looking further afield to other disciplines, there is an emerging ‘tool-kit’ containing sophisticated molecular and drug delivery applications. Applying these to the cardiovascular redox field could prove a successful strategy to combat the increasing disease burden. Excessive reactive oxygen species production and protein modifications in the mitochondria has been the target of successful drug development with several positive outcomes emerging in the cardiovascular space, harnessing both improved delivery mechanisms and enhanced understanding of the biological abnormalities. Using this as a blueprint, similar strategies could be applied and expanded upon in other redox-hot-spots, such as the caveolae sub-cellular region, which houses many of the key cardiovascular redox proteins such as NADPH oxidase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, angiotensin II receptors, and beta adrenoceptors. The expanded tool kit of drug development, including gene and miRNA therapies, nanoparticle technology and micropeptide targeting, can be applied to target dysregulated redox signalling in subcellular compartments of cardiovascular cells. In this review, we consider the opportunities for improving cardiovascular outcomes by utilizing new technology platforms to target subcellular ‘bonfires’ generated by dysregulated redox pathways, to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Bubb
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology and Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Health, Kolling Institute and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Kim I, Park CS, Lee HY. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Fimasartan, Reduces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence by Inhibiting the CYR61 Signaling Pathway. Korean Circ J 2019; 49:615-626. [PMID: 31074217 PMCID: PMC6597448 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been suggested to accelerate vascular senescence, however the molecular mechanism(s) remain unknown. METHODS We cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCSMCs) and treated Ang II and/or fimasartan. Or we transfected adenoviral vectors expressing CYR61 (Ad-CYR61) or antisense CYR61 (Ad-As-CYR61). Cellular senescence was evaluated senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay. The molecular mechanisms were investigated real-time PCR and western blots. RESULTS SA-β-gal-positive cells significantly increased in Ang II-treated hCSMCs (5.77±1.43-fold compared with the control). The effect of Ang II was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the Ang II type 1 receptor blocker, fimasartan (2.00±0.92-fold). The expression of both p53 and p16 senescence regulators was significantly increased by Ang II (p53: 1.39±0.17, p16: 1.19±0.10-fold vs. the control), and inhibited by fimasartan. Cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 (CYR61) was rapidly induced by Ang II. Compared with the control, Ad-CYR61-transfected hCSMCs showed significantly increased SA-β-gal-positive cells (3.47±0.65-fold). Upon transfecting Ad-AS-CYR61, Ang II-induced senescence (3.74±0.23-fold) was significantly decreased (1.77±0.60-fold). p53 expression by Ang II was significantly attenuated by Ad-AS-CYR61, whereas p16 expression was not regulated. Ang II activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, which was significantly blocked by fimasartan. ERK and p38 inhibition both regulated Ang II-induced CYR61 expression. However, p53 expression was only regulated by ERK1/2, whereas p16 expression was only attenuated by p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS Ang II induced vascular senescence by the ERK/p38 MAPK-CYR61 pathway and ARB, fimasartan, protected against Ang II-induced vascular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Soon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Pharmacological strategies to lower crosstalk between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and mitochondria. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1478-1498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Masi S, Uliana M, Virdis A. Angiotensin II and vascular damage in hypertension: Role of oxidative stress and sympathetic activation. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 115:13-17. [PMID: 30707954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen derivates and play an active role in vascular biology. These compounds are generated within the vascular wall, at the level of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as by adventitial fibroblasts. Physiologically, ROS generation is counteracted effectively by the rate of elimination. In hypertension, a ROS excess occurs, which is not counterbalanced by the endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, leading to a state of oxidative stress. Angiotensin II, the active peptide of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS), is a significant stimulus for ROS generation within the vasculature. It was also documented that at the level of subfornical cerebral regions an inappropriate RAS stimulation may lead to an increased vascular sympathetic activity. More recently, in conditions of fetal undernutrition, it was also proposed an increased vascular sympathetic activity secondary to inappropriate RAS activation, leading to the development of hypertension in adult life. The present review will discuss the complex interaction between RAS activation, vascular ROS generation and increased sympathetic outflow in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Masi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Uliana
- Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Virdis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
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Transcription Factor ETS-1 and Reactive Oxygen Species: Role in Vascular and Renal Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070084. [PMID: 29970819 PMCID: PMC6071050 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The E26 avian erythroblastosis virus transcription factor-1 (ETS-1) is a member of the ETS family and regulates the expression of a variety of genes including growth factors, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Although ETS-1 was discovered as an oncogene, several lines of research show that it is up-regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) both in the vasculature and the glomerulus. While reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for Ang II-induced ETS-1 expression, ETS-1 also regulates the expression of p47phox, which is one of the subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and a major source of ROS in the kidney and vasculature. Thus, there appears to be a positive feedback between ETS-1 and ROS. ETS-1 is also upregulated in the kidneys of rats with salt-sensitive hypertension and plays a major role in the development of end-organ injury in this animal model. Activation of the renin angiotensin system is required for the increased ETS-1 expression in these rats, and blockade of ETS-1 or haplodeficiency reduces the severity of kidney injury in these rats. In summary, ETS-1 plays a major role in the development of vascular and renal injury and is a potential target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate end-organ injury in hypertension.
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Tan C, Wang A, Liu C, Li Y, Shi Y, Zhou MS. Puerarin Improves Vascular Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Remodeling in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1169-1184. [PMID: 28830209 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin is an isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb, Kudzu roots (also known as Gegen), which has been widely used for the treatment of hypertensive diseases and diabetic mellitus in traditional Chinese medicine. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat is a genetic model of salt-sensitive hypertension with cardiovascular injury and vascular insulin resistance. Here, we investigated whether puerarin improved vascular insulin resistance and attenuated cardiac and aortic remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertension. DS rats were given a normal (NS) or high salt diet (HS) for five weeks. An additional group of DS rats was pretreated with puerarin and NS for 10 days, then switched to HS plus puerarin for five weeks. HS for five weeks increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, and aortic hypertrophy with increased the expression of phosphor-ERK1/2 in the aorta and heart; puerarin attenuated cardiac and aortic hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and phosphor-ERK1/2 with a mild reduction in SBP. Hypertensive rats also manifested impairment of acetylcholine- and insulin-mediated vasorelaxation and insulin-mediated Akt and eNOS phosphorylation associated with the activation of NF[Formula: see text]B/TNF[Formula: see text]/JNK pathway. Puerarin improved acetylcholine- and insulin-mediated vasorelaxation and insulin-stimulated Akt/NO signaling with the inhibition of the NF[Formula: see text]B inflammatory pathway. Our results demonstrated that in salt-sensitive hypertension, puerarin improved vascular insulin action with cardiovascular beneficial effects. Our results found that the underlying mechanisms may involve its inhibition of NF[Formula: see text]B/JNK and ERK1/2 pathway. These results suggest that puerarin could be used as a new antihypertensive agent to expand our armamentarium for the prevention and treatment of end-organ damage in individuals with hypertension and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Tan
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Chan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Yuepin Shi
- Department of Chinese Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110034, P. R. China
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Thompson JA, Larion S, Mintz JD, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJ, Stepp DW. Genetic Deletion of NADPH Oxidase 1 Rescues Microvascular Function in Mice With Metabolic Disease. Circ Res 2017; 121:502-511. [PMID: 28684629 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early vascular changes in metabolic disease that precipitate the development of cardiovascular complications are largely driven by reactive oxygen species accumulation, yet the extent to which excess reactive oxygen species derive from specific NADPH oxidase isoforms remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE Identify the role of Nox1 in the development of microvascular dysfunction in metabolic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Four genotypes were generated by breeding Nox1 knockout mice with db/db mice: lean (HdbWnox1), lean Nox1 knockout (HdbKnox1), obese (KdbWnox1), and obese KK (KdbKnox1). The degree of adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in KW mice was not influenced by Nox1 deletion as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, glucose tolerance tests, and plasma analyses. Endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine in pressurized mesenteric arteries were reduced in KW versus HW (P<0.01), whereas deletion of Nox1 in KW mice normalized dilation. Vasodilator responses after inhibition of NO synthase blunted acetylcholine responses in KK and lean controls, but had no impact in KW, attributing recovered dilatory capacity in KK to normalization of NO. Acetylcholine responses were improved (P<0.05) with Tempol, and histochemistry revealed oxidative stress in KW animals, whereas Tempol had no impact and reactive oxygen species staining was negligible in KK. Blunted dilatory responses to an NO donor and loss of myogenic tone in KW animals were also rescued with Nox1 deletion. CONCLUSIONS Nox1 deletion reduces oxidant load and restores microvascular health in db/db mice without influencing the degree of metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, targeted Nox1 inhibition may be effective in the prevention of vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Thompson
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - Sebastian Larion
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - James D Mintz
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - David J Fulton
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - David W Stepp
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA.
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Forte M, Nocella C, De Falco E, Palmerio S, Schirone L, Valenti V, Frati G, Carnevale R, Sciarretta S. The Pathophysiological Role of NOX2 in Hypertension and Organ Damage. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 23:355-364. [PMID: 27915400 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-016-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) represent one of the major sources of reactive oxygen species in the vascular district. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for vascular damage that leads to several cardiovascular pathological conditions. Among NOX isoforms, NOX2 is widely expressed in many cells types, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, confirming its pivotal role in vascular pathophysiology. Studies in mice models with systemic deletion of NOX2, as well as in transgenic mice overexpressing NOX2, have demonstrated the undeniable involvement of NOX2 in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiac hypertrophy, platelet aggregation, and aging. Of note, the inhibition of NOX2 has been found to be protective for cardiovascular homeostasis. Here, we review the evidence demonstrating that the modulation of NOX2 activity is able to improve vascular physiology, suggesting that NOX2 may be a potential target for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angiocardioneurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Italy
| | - Cristina Nocella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Silvia Palmerio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Valentina Valenti
- Department of Imaging, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angiocardioneurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 79 Corso della Repubblica, 04100, Latina, Italy.
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14
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Liu J, Yan Y, Nie Y, Shapiro JI. Na/K-ATPase Signaling and Salt Sensitivity: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E18. [PMID: 28257114 PMCID: PMC5384181 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genetic regulation of salt sensitivity of blood pressure, many factors have been shown to regulate renal sodium handling which contributes to long-term blood pressure regulation and have been extensively reviewed. Here we present our progress on the Na/K-ATPase signaling mediated sodium reabsorption in renal proximal tubules, from cardiotonic steroids-mediated to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated Na/K-ATPase signaling that contributes to experimental salt sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Yanling Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
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15
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Li X, Lin Y, Zhou H, Li Y, Wang A, Wang H, Zhou MS. Puerarin protects against endothelial dysfunction and end-organ damage in Ang II-induced hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:58-64. [DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuhan Lin
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Vagelos Scholars Program of the Molecular Life Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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16
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BERNÁTOVÁ I, BALIŠ P, GOGA R, BEHULIAK M, ZICHA J, SEKAJ I. Lack of Reactive Oxygen Species Deteriorates Blood Pressure Regulation in Acute Stress. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S381-S390. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to blood pressure regulation in conscious adult male Wistar rats exposed to acute stress. Role of ROS was investigated in rats with temporally impaired principal blood pressure regulation systems using ganglionic blocker pentolinium (P, 5 mg/kg), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (C, 10 mg/kg), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (L, 30 mg/kg) and superoxide dismutase mimeticum tempol (T, 25 mg/kg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by the carotid artery catheter and inhibitors were administered intravenously. MAP was disturbed by a 3-s air jet, which increased MAP by 35.2±3.0 % vs. basal MAP after the first exposure. Air jet increased MAP in captopril- and tempol-treated rats similarly as observed in saline-treated rats. In pentolinium-treated rats stress significantly decreased MAP vs. pre-stress value. In L-NAME-treated rats stress failed to affect MAP significantly. Treatment of rats with P+L+C resulted in stress-induced MAP decrease by 17.3±1.3 % vs. pre-stress value and settling time (20.1±4.2 s). In P+L+C+T-treated rats stress led to maximal MAP decrease by 26.4±2.2 % (p<0.005 vs. P+L+C) and prolongation of settling time to 32.6±3.3 s (p<0.05 vs. P+L+C). Area under the MAP curve was significantly smaller in P+L+C-treated rats compared to P+L+C+T-treated ones (167±43 vs. 433±69 a.u., p<0.008). In conclusion, in rats with temporally impaired blood pressure regulation, the lack of ROS resulted in greater stress-induced MAP alterations and prolongation of time required to reach new post-stress steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. BERNÁTOVÁ
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Luo P, Zhang WF, Qian ZX, Xiao LF, Wang H, Zhu TT, Li F, Hu CP, Zhang Z. MiR-590-5p-meidated LOX-1 upregulation promotes Angiotensin II-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Zhou MS, Liu C, Tian R, Nishiyama A, Raij L. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in salt-sensitive hypertension: role of angiotensin II activation of NFκB. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 25928697 PMCID: PMC4422462 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and to insulin is mechanistically linked to up-regulation of angiotensin (Ang) II actions and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor (NF)κB. Here we investigated whether Ang II activation of NFκB contributed to insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle of this animal model. Methods DS rats were fed either a normal (NS, 0.5% NaCl) or high (HS, 4% NaCl) salt diet for 6 weeks. In addition, 3 separate groups of HS rats were given angiotensin receptor 1 blocker candesartan (ARB, 10 mg/kg/day in drinking water), antioxidant tempol (1 mmol/L in drinking water) or NFκB inhibitor PDTC (150 mg/kg in drinking water). Results DS rats manifested an increase in soleus muscle Ang II content, ROS production and phosopho-IκBα/IκBα ratio, ARB or tempol reduced ROS and phospho-IκBα/IκBα ratio. Hypertensive DS rats also manifested a reduction in glucose infusion rate, impaired insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and Glut-4 translocation in the soleus muscle, which were prevented with treatment of either ARB, tempol, or PDTC. Data from the rat diabetes signaling pathway PCR array showed that 8 genes among 84 target genes were altered in the muscle of hypertensive rats with the increase in gene expression of ACE1 and 5 proinflammatory genes, and decrease of 2 glucose metabolic genes. Incubation of the muscle with NFκB SN50 (a specific peptide inhibitor of NFκB) ex vivo reversed changes in hypertension-induced gene expression. Conclusion The current findings strongly suggest that the activation of NFκB inflammatory pathway by Ang II play a critical role in skeletal muscle insulin resistance in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China. .,Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
| | - Runxia Tian
- Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Leopoldo Raij
- Hypertension/Nephrology Section, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. .,Hypertension/Nephrology section, Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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20
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Feng W, Chumley P, Prieto MC, Miyada K, Seth DM, Fatima H, Hua P, Rezonzew G, Sanders PW, Jaimes EA. Transcription factor avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogen homolog-1 is a novel mediator of renal injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 65:813-20. [PMID: 25624342 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor E26 transformation-specific sequence-1 (ETS-1) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of genes, including growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. We recently demonstrated that angiotensin II increases the glomerular expression of ETS-1 and that blockade of ETS-1 ameliorates the profibrotic and proinflammatory effects of angiotensin II. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat is a paradigm of salt-sensitive hypertension associated with local activation of the renin-angiotensin system. In these studies, we determined whether: (1) salt-sensitive hypertension is associated with renal expression of ETS-1 and (2) ETS-1 participates in the development of end-organ injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed a normal-salt diet (0.5% NaCl diet) or a high-salt diet (4% NaCl) for 4 weeks. Separate groups on high-salt diet received an ETS-1 dominant-negative peptide (10 mg/kg/d), an inactive ETS-1 mutant peptide (10 mg/kg/d), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan (10 mg/kg/d), or the combination high-salt diet/dominant-negative peptide/angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker for 4 weeks. High-salt diet rats had a significant increase in the glomerular expression of the phosphorylated ETS-1 that was prevented by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. ETS-1 blockade reduced proteinuria, glomerular injury score, fibronectin expression, urinary transforming growth factor-β excretion, and macrophage infiltration. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker reduced proteinuria, glomerular injury score, and macrophage infiltration, whereas concomitant ETS-1 blockade and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker had additive effects and reduced interstitial fibrosis. Our studies demonstrated that salt-sensitive hypertension results in increased glomerular expression of phosphorylated ETS-1 and suggested that ETS-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of end-organ injury in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Feng
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Phillip Chumley
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Kayoko Miyada
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Dale M Seth
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Huma Fatima
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Ping Hua
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Gabriel Rezonzew
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Paul W Sanders
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.)
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- From the Division of Nephrology (W.F., P.C., P.H., G.R., P.W.S.) and Department of Pathology (H.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Physiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (M.C.P., K.M., D.M.S.); Nephrology Section, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL (P.W.S., E.A.J.); and Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (E.A.J.).
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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Zhou MS, Tian R, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Combination therapy of amlodipine and atorvastatin has more beneficial vascular effects than monotherapy in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:873-80. [PMID: 24413709 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases frequently involves the prescription of several combination therapies, particularly antihypertensive medications and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. We have previously shown that in salt-sensitive hypertension either a statin or the calcium channel blocker amlodipine (Aml) have vasoprotective effects. Here, we investigated in aortas from Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats the effects of Aml, the statin atorvastatin (AT), and their combination on endothelial function, superoxide (O2 (-)) production, and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). METHODS Groups of DS rats were fed either normal-salt (NS, 0.5% NaCl) or high-salt (HS, 4% NaCl) diet or a HS diet with AT (15mg/kg/day), Aml (5mg/kg/day) or combination of AT/Aml for 6 weeks. RESULTS Rats on the HS diet developed hypertension, aortic hypertrophy, accompanied by increased plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), aortic O2 (-), MCP-1 (80%), and LOX-1 (55%) expression and reduced eNOS and endothelial-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (EDR). Aml reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), aortic hypertrophy, plasma CRP, vascular O2 (-), and MCP-1 expression and improved eNOS and EDR. AT reduced aortic hypertrophy and plasma CRP, improved EDR, and normalized vascular O2 (-), eNOS, and proinflammatory gene expression with mild reduction in SBP. Combination therapy further reduced the SBP and normalized aortic hypertrophy, EDR, and plasma CRP. CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of Aml/AT has an additive beneficial effect on the vasculature. These novel findings may provide scientific basis for the combination therapy of statins with antihypertensive agents to reduce and prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, P.R. of China
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Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 24738065 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
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Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:598271. [PMID: 24738065 PMCID: PMC3971506 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
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Santos CXC, Nabeebaccus AA, Shah AM, Camargo LL, Filho SV, Lopes LR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nox-mediated reactive oxygen species signaling in the peripheral vasculature: potential role in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:121-34. [PMID: 23472786 PMCID: PMC3880927 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) metabolism. There is accumulating evidence showing that under stress conditions such as ER stress, ROS production is increased via enzymes of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family, especially via the Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms, which are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular and renal disease, and it has a complex pathophysiology involving the heart, kidney, brain, vessels, and immune system. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway that has prosurvival and proapoptotic components. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we summarize the evidence regarding the association of Nox enzymes and ER stress, and its potential contribution in the setting of hypertension, including the role of other conditions that can lead to hypertension (e.g., insulin resistance and diabetes). CRITICAL ISSUES A better understanding of this association is currently of great interest, as it will provide further insights into the cellular mechanisms that can drive the ER stress-induced adaptive versus maladaptive pathways linked to hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. More needs to be learnt about the precise signaling regulation of Nox(es) and ER stress in the cardiovascular system. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of specific approaches that target individual Nox isoforms and the UPR signaling pathway may be important for the achievement of therapeutic efficacy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celio X C Santos
- 1 Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence , London, United Kingdom
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Beyer AM, Fredrich K, Lombard JH. AT1 receptors prevent salt-induced vascular dysfunction in isolated middle cerebral arteries of 2 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1398-404. [PMID: 23934707 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood pressure, elevated angiotensin II (ANG II), and ANG II suppression with high salt (HS) diet all contribute to vascular dysfunction. This study investigated the interplay of HS diet and vascular function in a high renin model of hypertension. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 kidney-1 clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension for 4 weeks and compared with sham-operated controls. RESULTS Middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of 2K1C rats and sham-operated controls fed normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet dilated in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and reduced partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). Switching to HS (4% NaCl) diet for 3 days to reduce plasma renin activity (PRA) eliminated vasodilation to ACh and reduced PO2 in sham-operated controls, with no effect on vasodilation in 2K1C rats. AT1 receptor blockade (losartan, 20 mg/kg/day; 1 week) eliminated vasodilator responses to ACh and reduced PO2 in 2K1C rats fed NS or HS diet. ANG II infusion (5 ng/kg/min, intravenous) for 3 days to prevent salt-induced reductions in plasma ANG II restored vascular relaxation in MCA of sham-operated controls fed HS diet. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase expression and total superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher in arteries of 2K1C rats fed HS diet vs. sham-operated controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the sustained effects of elevated ANG II levels in 2K1C hypertension maintain endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via AT1 receptor-mediated preservation of antioxidant defense mechanisms despite significant elevations in blood pressure and salt-induced suppression of PRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Yu H, Shao H, Yan J, Tsoukias NM, Zhou MS. Bone marrow transplantation improves endothelial function in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:331-7. [PMID: 22995801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) constitute an important endogenous system in the maintenance of endothelial integrity and vascular homeostasis. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with a reduced number and functional capacity of EPCs. Here we investigated the effect of transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells from Dahl salt-resistant rat into age-matched Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat on blood pressure, endothelial function, and circulating EPC number. The recipient DS rats were fed a normal (0.5% NaCl, NS) or high-salt (4% NaCl, HS) diet for 6 weeks after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). DS rats on a NS or a HS diet without BMT were used as controls. Hypertensive DS (HS-DS) rat (systolic blood pressure: 213 ± 4 mm Hg vs. 152 ± 4 mm Hg in NS, P < .05) manifested impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (EDR), increased gene expression of vascular oxidative stress and proinflamamtory cytokines, and decreased eNOS expression. BMT on HS-DS rat significantly improved EDR and eNOS expression, reduced oxidative stress without reduction in SBP (206 ± 6 mm Hg). Flow cytometry analysis showed that there was no difference in the number of circulating EPCs, demonstrated by expression of EPC markers CD34, cKit, and vascular endothelial growth factor, between hypertensive and normotensive rats. Surprisingly, BMT resulted in a 5- to 10-fold increase in the previously mentioned EPC markers in hypertensive, but not normotensive rat. These results suggest that DS rat has an impaired ability to increase bone marrow-derived EPCs in response to HS diet challenge, which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Feng W, Chumley P, Hua P, Rezonzew G, Jaimes D, Duckworth MW, Xing D, Jaimes EA. Role of the transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogen homolog-1 (ETS-1) as mediator of the renal proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of angiotensin II. Hypertension 2012; 60:1226-33. [PMID: 22966006 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.197871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of end-organ injury in hypertension via its diverse hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic effects. Erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogen homolog-1 (ETS-1) is an important transcription factor recently recognized as an important mediator of cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that ETS-1 is a common mediator of the renal proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of Ang II. C57BL6 mice (n=6 per group) were infused with vehicle (control), Ang II (1.4 mg/kg per day), Ang II and an ETS-1 dominant-negative peptide (10 mg/kg per day), or Ang II and an ETS-1 mutant peptide (10 mg/kg per day) via osmotic minipump for 2 or 4 weeks. The infusion of Ang II resulted in significant increases in blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy, which were not modified by ETS-1 blockade. The administration of ETS-1 dominant-negative peptide significantly attenuated Ang II-induced renal injury as assessed by urinary protein excretion, mesangial matrix expansion, and cell proliferation. Furthermore, ETS-1 dominant-negative peptide but not ETS-1 mutant peptide significantly reduced Ang II-mediated upregulation of transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and α-smooth muscle actin. In addition, ETS-1 blockade reduced several proinflammatory effects of Ang II, including macrophage infiltration, nitrotyrosine expression, and NOX4 mRNA expression. Our studies suggest that ETS-1 is a common mediator of the proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of Ang II-induced hypertensive renal damage and may result in the development of novel strategies in the treatment and prevention of end-organ injury in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ziegler Research Building 637, 1530 3rd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Zhou MS, Schulman IH, Zeng Q. Link between the renin-angiotensin system and insulin resistance: implications for cardiovascular disease. Vasc Med 2012; 17:330-41. [PMID: 22814999 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x12450094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing in the United States and worldwide. The metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic and vascular disorder that is associated with inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the cardiovascular (CV) system and increased CV morbidity and mortality. Insulin activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway promotes nitric oxide (NO) production in the endothelium and glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues. Angiotensin (Ang) II inhibits insulin-mediated PI3K pathway activation, thereby impairing endothelial NO production and Glut-4 translocation in insulin-sensitive tissues, which results in vascular and systemic insulin resistance, respectively. On the other hand, Ang II enhances insulin-mediated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which leads to vasoconstriction and pathologic vascular cellular growth. Therefore, the interaction of Ang II with insulin signaling is fully operative not only in insulin-sensitive tissues but also in CV tissues, thereby linking insulin resistance and CV disease. This notion is further supported by an increasing number of experimental and clinical studies indicating that pharmacological blockade of RAAS improves insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, as well as reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes in high-risk patients with CV disease. This article reviews experimental and clinical data elucidating the physiological and pathophysiological role of the interaction between insulin and RAAS in the development of insulin resistance as well as CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Zhou
- Nephrology-Hypertension Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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El-Benna J, Dang PMC, Périanin A. Towards specific NADPH oxidase inhibition by small synthetic peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2307-14. [PMID: 22562604 PMCID: PMC11114506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is essential for host defenses against pathogens. ROS are very reactive with biological molecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA, potentially resulting in cell dysfunction and tissue insult. Excessive NADPH oxidase activation and ROS overproduction are believed to participate in disorders such as joint, lung, vascular and intestinal inflammation. NADPH oxidase is a complex enzyme composed of six proteins: gp91phox (renamed NOX2), p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac1/2. Inhibitors of this enzyme could be beneficial, by limiting ROS production and inappropriate inflammation. A few small non-peptide inhibitors of NADPH oxidase are currently used to inhibit ROS production, but they lack specificity as they inhibit NADPH oxidase homologues or other unrelated enzymes. Peptide inhibitors that target a specific sequence of NADPH oxidase components could be more specific than small molecules. Here we review peptide-based inhibitors, with particular focus on a molecule derived from gp91phox/NOX2 and p47phox, and discuss their possible use as specific phagocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM, U, CRB, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Denis Diderot, France.
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Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Wingler K, Hermans JJR, Schiffers P, Moens A, Paul M, Schmidt HHHW. NOX1, 2, 4, 5: counting out oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:866-83. [PMID: 21323893 PMCID: PMC3195911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, oxidative stress has been discussed as a key mechanism of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. However, attempts to validate and exploit this hypothesis clinically by supplementing antioxidants have failed. Nevertheless, this does not disprove the oxidative stress hypothesis. As a certain degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation appears to be physiological and beneficial. To reduce oxidative stress therapeutically, two alternative approaches are being developed. One is the repair of key signalling components that are compromised by oxidative stress. These include uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase and oxidized/heme-free NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase. A second approach is to identify and effectively inhibit the relevant source(s) of ROS in a given disease condition. A highly likely target in this context is the family of NADPH oxidases. Animal models, including NOX knockout mice and new pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidases have opened up a new era of oxidative stress research and have paved the way for new cardiovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology & Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and stroke. Superoxide is produced by NAD(P)H oxidase in the vasculature and reduces nitric oxide bioavailability, which leads to increased blood pressure. The objective of this study was to determine whether targeting an antioxidant peptide to the vasculature would increase the antioxidant effect and reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a model of genetic hypertension, the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Vascular-targeting peptides CRPPR and CSGMARTKC were identified by phage display in mice. These peptides retain their selectivity across species and target the aorta (CRPPR) and cardiac vasculature (CSGMARTKC) in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. These vascular-targeting peptides were linked to the antioxidant peptide gp91ds, which selectively inhibits assembly of NAD(P)H oxidase, thereby reducing superoxide production. SBP was determined for 1 week before treatment followed by 3 weeks of study duration before euthanasia. SBP in the control animals increased from 178.1 ± 4.1 mmHg to 201.6 ± 9.0 mmHg. The SBP of the animals treated with gp91ds alone, HIV-tat-gp91ds, and CSGMARTKC-gp91ds increased from 177.8 ± 3.5 mmHg, 179.8 ± 4.7 mmHg, and 177.9 ± 5.2 mmHg, respectively, to 201.6 ± 10.8 mmHg, 200.3 ± 11.7 mmHg and 205.7 ± 10.9 mmHg, respectively. This increase in SBP was significantly attenuated in animals receiving CRPPR-gp91ds (maximum SBP 187.5 mmHg ± 5.2, *P , 0.001 versus other treatment groups and control group). Additionally, animals treated with CRPPR-gp91ds, CSGMARTKC-gp91ds, and gp91ds alone showed significantly improved nitric oxide bioavailability determined by large vessel myography. Therefore, targeting an antioxidant to the aortic vasculature in vivo using peptides can significantly improve nitric oxide bioavailability and attenuate the time-dependent and progressive increase in SBP in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. This study has demonstrated the importance and potential benefit of targeting a biologically active peptide in the context of a preclinical model of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension.
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Is oxidative stress, a link between nephrolithiasis and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 40:95-112. [PMID: 22213019 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-011-0448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided the evidence for association between nephrolithiasis and a number of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome. Many of the co-morbidities may not only lead to stone disease but also be triggered by it. Nephrolithiasis is a risk factor for development of hypertension and have higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and some hypertensive and diabetic patients are at greater risk for stone formation. An analysis of the association between stone disease and other simultaneously appearing disorders, as well as factors involved in their pathogenesis, may provide an insight into stone formation and improved therapies for stone recurrence and prevention. It is our hypothesis that association between stone formation and development of co-morbidities is a result of certain common pathological features. Review of the recent literature indicates that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and development of oxidative stress (OS) may be such a common pathway. OS is a common feature of all cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarct. There is increasing evidence that ROS are also produced during idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. Both tissue culture and animal model studies demonstrate that ROS are produced during interaction between CaOx/calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals and renal epithelial cells. Clinical studies have also provided evidence for the development of oxidative stress in the kidneys of stone forming patients. Renal disorders which lead to OS appear to be a continuum. Stress produced by one disorder may trigger the other under the right circumstances.
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Amanso AM, Griendling KK. Differential roles of NADPH oxidases in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:1044-64. [PMID: 22202108 DOI: 10.2741/s317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by all vascular cells and regulate the major physiological functions of the vasculature. Production and removal of ROS are tightly controlled and occur in discrete subcellular locations, allowing for specific, compartmentalized signaling. Among the many sources of ROS in the vessel wall, NADPH oxidases are implicated in physiological functions such as control of vasomotor tone, regulation of extracellular matrix and phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells. They are involved in the response to injury, whether as an oxygen sensor during hypoxia, as a regulator of protein processing, as an angiogenic stimulus, or as a mechanism of wound healing. These enzymes have also been linked to processes leading to disease development, including migration, proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and autophagy. As a result, NADPH oxidases participate in atherogenesis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension and diabetic vascular disease. The role of ROS in each of these processes and diseases is complex, and a more full understanding of the sources, targets, cell-specific responses and counterbalancing mechanisms is critical for the rational development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Amanso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Fedoseeva LA, Riazanova MA, Antonov EV, Dymshits GM, Markel' AL. [Renin-angiotensin system gene expression in the kidney and in the heart in hypertensive ISIAH rats]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2011; 57:410-9. [PMID: 22066266 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20115704410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The content of mRNA of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes in the kidney and heart of hypertensive ISIAH and normotensive WAG rats was measured by the real-time PCR. Statistically significant decrease of RAS gene mRNA was registered in the kidney of ISIAH rats, including Ren (by 45%), Ace (43%), AT1A (34%), COX-2 (50%). In the myocardium AT1A mRNA expression decreased by 28% while Ace mRNA expression increased by 80%. These results demonstrate the reduction of renal RAS basal activity in the hypertensive ISIAH rats, and this allows us to consider the ISIAH rat, as a low-renin hypertensive strain. In support of this viewpoint, in the ISIAH rats, a two-fold increase in the connective tissue sodium concentration as well as statistically significant plasma sodium increase (from 136 +/- 0,25 micromol/l in WAG to 139 +/- 0,3 micromol/l in the ISIAH rats) were found. Our conclusion backed by a tendency of the ISIAH plasma aldosterone level decrease giving in sum a classical picture of a low-renin hypertensive state in the ISIAH rats. It was suggested that the formation of low-renin arterial hypertension in the ISIAH rats may depend on changes in kidney ion channels function. In addition, renal NO system alterations could be also involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in the ISIAH rats.
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Yang WI, Park S, Youn JC, Son NH, Lee SH, Kang SM, Jang Y. Augmentation index association with reactive hyperemia as assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:1234-8. [PMID: 21901014 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmentation pressure has emerged as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease, and endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as related factor. However, the relationship between augmentation pressure and digital endothelial function has not yet been well defined. We investigated the relationship between augmentation pressure and digital reactive hyperemia (RH) in patients with hypertension using peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), which is regarded as being representative of endothelial function. METHODS One hundred hypertensive patients (64 males; mean age, 49 ± 12 years) without a history of taking antihypertensive medication were enrolled in this study. RESULTS The mean augmentation pressure and augmentation index (AIx) normalized for a heart rate of 75 beats/min (AIx75) were 15 ± 8 mm Hg and 26 ± 11%, respectively. The mean RH-PAT index and log transformed PAT ratio were 2.24 ± 0.55 and 0.62 ± 0.30. There was an inverse relationship between the RH-PAT index and age, male sex, and body mass index. The log transformed PAT ratio also showed inverse relationship with age and male sex. The RH-PAT index and the log transformed PAT ratio showed no relationship with augmentation pressure or AIx75. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age, height, and central systolic BP demonstrated an independent association with augmentation pressure and AIx75. CONCLUSION In patients with hypertension, the RH-PAT index determined using PAT was not associated with augmentation pressure or AIx75. Digital vascular function may be a less important factor for pressure augmentation in patients with hypertension.
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Targeting endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications associated with diabetes. Int J Vasc Med 2011; 2012:750126. [PMID: 22013533 PMCID: PMC3195347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/750126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes remain a significant health issue in westernized societies. Overwhelming evidence from clinical and laboratory investigations have demonstrated that these cardiovascular complications are initiated by a dysfunctional vascular endothelium. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction is one of the key events that occur during diabetes, leading to the acceleration of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In a diabetic milieu, endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of attenuated production of endothelial derived nitric oxide (EDNO) and augmented levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, in this review, we discuss novel therapeutic targets that either upregulate EDNO production or increase antioxidant enzyme capacity in an effort to limit oxidative stress and restore endothelial function. In particular, endogenous signaling molecules that positively modulate EDNO synthesis and mimetics of endogenous antioxidant enzymes will be highlighted. Consequently, manipulation of these unique targets, either alone or in combination, may represent a novel strategy to confer vascular protection, with the ultimate goal of improved outcomes for diabetes-associated vascular complications.
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McCarty MF. Marinobufagenin and cyclic strain may activate endothelial NADPH oxidase, contributing to the adverse impact of salty diets on vascular and cerebral health. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:191-6. [PMID: 21968275 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Limited but provocative ecologic epidemiology suggests that dietary salt may play a central role in the genesis of not only of stroke, but also dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Impairment of nitric oxide bioactivity in the cerebral microvasculature is a likely mediator of this effect. Salted diets evoke increased adrenal secretion of the natriuretic steroid marinobufagenin (MBG), which promotes natriuresis via inhibition of renal tubular Na+/K+-ATPase; this effect is notably robust in salt-sensitive rodent strains in which other compensatory natriuretic mechanisms are subnormally efficient. MBG-mediated inhibition of sodium pumps in vascular smooth muscle likely plays a role in the hypertension induced by salty diets in these rodents. However, salt sensitivity in humans is associated with increased vascular mortality and ventricular hypertrophy independent of blood pressure; this suggests that MBG may be pathogenic via mechanisms unrelated to blood pressure control. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that MBG, via interaction with alpha1 isoforms of the sodium pump, can activate various intracellular signaling pathways at physiological concentrations too low to notably inhibit pump activity. An overview of current evidence suggests the hypothesis that MBG - as well as the cyclic strain induced by hypertension per se - may induce endothelial oxidative stress by activating NADPH oxidase. If so, this could rationalize the increase in vascular and systemic oxidative stress observed in salt-sensitive rodents fed salty diets, or in rodents infused with MBG; moreover, if this effect is a particularly prominent determinant of oxidative stress in cerebrovascular endothelium, it might help to explain the virtual absence of stroke and dementia in low-salt societies. As a corollary of this hypothesis, it can be predicted that spirulina-derived phycobilins, which appear to mimic the physiological role of bilirubin as an inhibitor of NAPDH oxidase complexes, may have potential for ameliorating the adverse health impacts of MBG and of salty diets. Potassium-rich diets are also likely to be protective in this regard, as they should suppress MBG production via their natriuretic impact, while their stimulatory effect on sodium pump activity may exert a hyperpolarizing effect on plasma membranes that suppresses NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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Liu DX, Liu XM, Su Y, Zhang XJ. Renal expression of proto-oncogene Ets-1 on matrix remodeling in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:527-33. [PMID: 20598359 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) have received scant attention. Ets-1 proto-oncogene plays a role in matrix remodeling by regulating matrix-degrading enzymes. We investigated the possible role of Ets-1 in the pathogenesis of DN. 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two experimental groups as follows: control group (n=30) and a Diabetes mellitus group (n=40) induced by injection of streptozotozin (STZ). The rats were investigated at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after STZ-treatment. By means of immunohistochemistry, the expression of Ets-1 in glomeruli was significantly increased in STZ-treated rat kidneys from week 1 (P<0.05) and reached the peak at week 4 (P<0.05), followed by a downward trend at subsequent time points. Similarly, the expression of Ets-1 in the tubulointerstitium was also markedly increased from week 1 (P<0.05) and reached a maximum at week 8 (P<0.05). By double immunostaining, Ets-1-positive cells were frequently found to co-express matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in STZ-treated rat kidneys. Increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) coincided with increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in STZ-induced DN. A positive relationship was observed between the expression of Ets-1 in glomeruli or tubulointerstitium and the expression of MMP-2 (P<0.01; P<0.01, respectively) in STZ-treated rat kidneys. The ratio of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in glomeruli or tubulointerstitium was negatively correlated with deposition of type IV collagen (P<0.01; P<0.01, respectively). These findings suggest that Ets-1 may play a critical role in fine-tuning matrix remodeling of STZ-induced DN.
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Long-term methylglyoxal treatment impairs smooth muscle contractility in organ-cultured rat mesenteric artery. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:91-9. [PMID: 21884795 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a metabolite of glucose accumulates in vascular tissues of hypertensive rats. We recently showed that short-term (30min) treatment with MGO inhibits noradrenaline (NA)-induced smooth muscle contraction in rat aorta and mesenteric artery. In the present study, long-term effect of MGO was examined using organ culture method. The contractility, morphology, and protein expression of rat mesenteric artery after organ culture with MGO for 3 days were examined. MGO (4 and 42μM) inhibited NA (0.1nM to 3μM) or KCl (72.7mM)-induced contraction. The inhibitory effect was higher in endothelium-denuded than endothelium-intact artery. An anti-oxidant drug, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC; 1mM) or an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), gp91ds-tat (0.1μM) prevented the inhibitory effect of MGO. MGO increased superoxide production as detected by lucigenin assay. In the medial layer of the arteries cultured with MGO, apoptotic morphological change was observed, and NAC or gp91ds-tat prevented it. MGO significantly increased expression of a homolog of gp91(phox), NOX1 but not gp91(phox) as determined by Western blotting. An NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevented the MGO-induced NOX1 expression. MGO had no effect on protein expression of p22(phox), p67(phox), p47(phox), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, SOD-2 and SOD-3. Present results indicate that long-term MGO treatment has an inhibitory effect on contractility of isolated blood vessel, which is likely mediated via increased NOX1-derived superoxide production and subsequent apoptosis.
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Virdis A, Duranti E, Taddei S. Oxidative Stress and Vascular Damage in Hypertension: Role of Angiotensin II. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011:916310. [PMID: 21747985 PMCID: PMC3124711 DOI: 10.4061/2011/916310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are oxygen derivates and play an active role in vascular biology. These compounds are generated within the vascular wall, at the level of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as by adventitial fibroblasts. In healthy conditions, ROS are produced in a controlled manner at low concentrations and function as signaling molecules regulating vascular contraction-relaxation and cell growth. Physiologically, the rate of ROS generation is counterbalanced by the rate of elimination. In hypertension, an enhanced ROS generation occurs, which is not counterbalanced by the endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, leading to a state of oxidative stress. In the present paper, major angiotensin II-induced vascular ROS generation within the vasculature, and relative sources, will be discussed. Recent development of signalling pathways whereby angiotensin II-driven vascular ROS induce and accelerate functional and structural vascular injury will be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Virdis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Fedoseeva LA, Ryazanova MA, Antonov EV, Dymshits GM, Markel AL. Expression of the renin angiotensin system genes in the kidney and heart of ISIAH hypertensive rats. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Drenjančević-Perić I, Jelaković B, Lombard JH, Kunert MP, Kibel A, Gros M. High-salt diet and hypertension: focus on the renin-angiotensin system. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 34:1-11. [PMID: 21071956 DOI: 10.1159/000320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-salt diet is one of the major risk factors in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Numerous experimental and observational studies have confirmed the association of sodium intake with blood pressure levels. The effects of a high-salt diet are related to the function of the renin-angiotensin system, which is normally suppressed by a high-salt diet. Endothelial dysfunction probably plays an important role in the influence of high sodium intake on blood pressure, although the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Genetic factors are known to be very important, and various consomic and congenic rat strains as animal models have proven to be very useful in bringing us a step closer to understanding the interaction between salt intake and hypertension. In this article, experimental data obtained in studies on animals and humans, as well as epidemiological data are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Drenjančević-Perić
- University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, School of Medicine Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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Manucha W, Kurbán F, Mazzei L, Benardón ME, Bocanegra V, Tosi MR, Vallés P. eNOS/Hsp70 interaction on rosuvastatin cytoprotective effect in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:487-95. [PMID: 20940012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that statins may exert renoprotective effects beyond cholesterol reduction. The cholesterol-independent or "pleiotropic" effects of statins include the upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Here we determined whether eNOS associated with Hsp70 expression is involved in rosuvastatin resistance to obstruction-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Neonatal rats subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) within two days of birth and controls were treated daily with vehicle or rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Decreased endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and lower mRNA and protein eNOS expression associated with downregulation of heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) mRNA and Hsp70 protein levels were observed in the obstructed kidney cortex. Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADHP) oxidase activity and apoptosis induction, regulated by mitochondrial signal pathway through an increased pro-apoptotic Bax/BcL(2) ratio and caspase 3 activity, were demonstrated. Conversely, in cortex membrane fractions from rosuvastatin-treated UUO rats, marked upregulation of eNOS expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels linked to increased Hsf1 mRNA expression and enhanced mRNA and protein Hsp70 expression, were observed. Consequently, there was an absence of apoptotic response and transiently decreased NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, interaction between eNOS and Hsp70 was determined by communoprecipitation in cortex membrane fractions, showing an increased ratio of both proteins, after rosuvastatin treatment in obstructed kidney. In summary, our data demonstrate that the effect of rosuvastatin on eNOS interacting with Hsp70, results in the capacity of both to prevent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and oxidative stress in neonatal early kidney obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Manucha
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Abstract
Vascular disease in hypertension and diabetes is associated with increased oxidants. The oxidants arise from NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are produced by both leukocytes and vascular cells. Nitric oxide is produced in excess by inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the potent oxidant, peroxynitrite, is formed from superoxide and nitric oxide. The damage to proteins caused by oxidants is selective, affecting specific oxidant-sensitive amino acid residues. With some important vascular proteins, for example, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, prostacycline synthase, and superoxide dismutase, oxidation of a single susceptible amino acid inactivates the enzyme. The beneficial effects of antioxidants, at least in animal models of hypertension and diabetes, can in part be ascribed to protection of these and other proteins. Mutant proteins lacking their reactive constituent can recapitulate some disease phenotypes suggesting a pathogenic role of the oxidation. Thus, many of the shared functional abnormalities of hypertensive and diabetic blood vessels may be caused by oxidants. Although studies using antioxidants have failed in patients, the successful treatment of vascular disease with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, thromboxane A2 antagonists, and polyphenols may depend on their anti-inflammatory effects and ability to decrease production of damaging oxidants.
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Kang BY, Hu C, Ryu S, Khan JA, Biancolella M, Prayaga S, Seung KB, Novelli G, Mehta P, Mehta JL. Genomics of cardiac remodeling in angiotensin II-treated wild-type and LOX-1-deficient mice. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:42-54. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00009.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the gene expression profile during cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin (ANG) II in wild-type mice and the influence of LOX-1 deletion on the gene expression profile. Wild-type and LOX-1 knockout mice were given saline or ANG II infusion for 4 wk. The saline-treated LOX-1 knockout mice showed upregulation of several genes including Ddx3y and Eif2s3y. ANG II infusion enhanced expression of genes known to be associated with cardiac remodeling, such as Agt, Ace, Timp4, Fstl, and Tnfrst12a, as well as oxidant stress-related genes Gnaq, Sos1, and Rac1. Some other strongly upregulated genes identified in this study have not been previously associated with LOX-1 deletion and/or hypertension. To confirm these observations with ANG II infusion and LOX-1 deletion, cultured HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to ANG II or transfected with pCI-neo/LOX-1, which resulted in severalfold increase in reactive oxygen species generation, upregulation of ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor, and cardiomyocyte growth. Quantitative PCR analysis of these treated cardiomyocytes confirmed upregulation of many of the genes identified in the in vivo study. This study provides the first set of data on the gene expression profiling of cardiac tissue treated with ANG II and expands on the important role of LOX-1 in cardiac response to ANG II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sunhyo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Junaid A. Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michela Biancolella
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sastry Prayaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paulette Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Peptide-based inhibitors of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:778-85. [PMID: 20510204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages play an essential role in host defenses against pathogens. To kill these pathogens, phagocytes produce and release large quantities of antimicrobial molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), microbicidal peptides, and proteases. The enzyme responsible for ROS generation is called NADPH oxidase, or respiratory burst oxidase, and is composed of six proteins: gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac1/2. The vital importance of this enzyme in host defenses is illustrated by a genetic disorder called chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), in which the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is dysfunctional, leading to life-threatening recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. However, excessive NADPH oxidase activation and ROS over-production can damage surrounding tissues and participate in exaggerated inflammatory processes. As ROS production is believed to be involved in several inflammatory diseases, specific phagocyte NADPH oxidase inhibitors might have therapeutic value. In this commentary, we summarize the structure and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, and describe pharmacological inhibitors of this enzyme, with particular emphasis on peptide-based inhibitors derived from gp91phox, p22phox and p47phox.
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Dikalova AE, Bikineyeva AT, Budzyn K, Nazarewicz RR, McCann L, Lewis W, Harrison DG, Dikalov SI. Therapeutic targeting of mitochondrial superoxide in hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:106-16. [PMID: 20448215 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.214601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Superoxide (O2(-) ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including hypertension; however, commonly used antioxidants have proven ineffective in clinical trials. It is possible that these agents are not adequately delivered to the subcellular sites of superoxide production. OBJECTIVE Because the mitochondria are important sources of reactive oxygen species, we postulated that mitochondrial targeting of superoxide scavenging would have therapeutic benefit. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we found that the hormone angiotensin (Ang II) increased endothelial mitochondrial superoxide production. Treatment with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoTEMPO decreased mitochondrial O2(-), inhibited the total cellular O2(-), reduced cellular NADPH oxidase activity, and restored the level of bioavailable NO. These effects were mimicked by overexpressing the mitochondrial MnSOD (SOD2), whereas SOD2 depletion with small interfering RNA increased both basal and Ang II-stimulated cellular O2(-). Treatment of mice in vivo with mitoTEMPO attenuated hypertension when given at the onset of Ang II infusion and decreased blood pressure by 30 mm Hg following establishment of both Ang II-induced and DOCA salt hypertension, whereas a similar dose of nontargeted TEMPOL was not effective. In vivo, mitoTEMPO decreased vascular O2(-), increased vascular NO production and improved endothelial-dependent relaxation. Interestingly, transgenic mice overexpressing mitochondrial SOD2 demonstrated attenuated Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular oxidative stress similar to mice treated with mitoTEMPO. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that mitochondrial O2(-) is important for the development of hypertension and that antioxidant strategies specifically targeting this organelle could have therapeutic benefit in this and possibly other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dikalova
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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