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James MR, Doss KE, Cramer RA. New developments in Aspergillus fumigatus and host reactive oxygen species responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 80:102521. [PMID: 39079399 PMCID: PMC11475146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus abundant in the environment and the most common causative agent of a spectrum of human diseases collectively termed aspergillosis. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is caused by deficiencies in innate immune function that result in the inability of the host to clear inhaled Aspergillus conidia that then germinate and form invasive hyphae. Myeloid cells, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), are essential for conidia clearance from the host. To combat ROS, A. fumigatus employs an expansive antioxidant system, though how these canonical antioxidant mechanisms contribute to infection initiation and disease progression remain to be fully defined. Recent research has identified noncanonical pathways in the A. fumigatus ROS response and new host populations with ROS deficiencies that are at-risk for invasive aspergillosis. Here, we highlight recent developments in the understanding of ROS at the interface of the dynamic A. fumigatus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R James
- Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Katherine E Doss
- Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
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James MR, Aufiero MA, Vesely EM, Dhingra S, Liu KW, Hohl TM, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c impacts conidial survival during sterilizing immunity. mSphere 2023; 8:e0030523. [PMID: 37823656 PMCID: PMC10871163 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00305-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a life-threatening infection known as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which is marked by fungus-attributable mortality rates of 20%-30%. Individuals at risk for IPA harbor genetic mutations or incur pharmacologic defects that impair myeloid cell numbers and/or function, exemplified by bone marrow transplant recipients, patients that receive corticosteroid therapy, or patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). However, treatments for Aspergillus infections remain limited, and resistance to the few existing drug classes is emerging. Recently, the World Health Organization classified A. fumigatus as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Our cell death research identifies an important aspect of fungal biology that impacts susceptibility to leukocyte killing. Furthering our understanding of mechanisms that mediate the outcome of fungal-leukocyte interactions will increase our understanding of both the underlying fungal biology governing cell death and innate immune evasion strategies utilized during mammalian infection pathogenesis. Consequently, our studies are a critical step toward leveraging these mechanisms for novel therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mariano A. Aufiero
- Louis V Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elisa M. Vesely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ko-Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Louis V Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Nowak PJ, Sokołowski Ł, Meissner P, Pawłowicz-Szlarska E, Sarniak A, Włodarczyk A, Wlazeł RN, Prymont-Przymińska A, Nowak D, Nowicki M. Kidney Transplant Recipients Show Limited Lung Diffusion Capacity but Similar Hydrogen Peroxide Exhalation as Healthy Matched Volunteers: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6964. [PMID: 38002579 PMCID: PMC10672367 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12226964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease show higher systemic oxidative stress and exhale more hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than healthy controls. Kidney transplantation reduces oxidative stress and H2O2 production by blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) may be predisposed to an impairment of lung diffusing capacity due to chronic inflammation. Lung function and H2O2 concentration in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were compared in 20 KTRs with stable allograft function to 20 healthy matched controls. Serum interleukin eight (IL-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP), blood cell counts, and spirometry parameters did not differ between groups. However, KTRs showed lower total lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, corrected for hemoglobin concentration (TLCOc), in comparison to healthy controls (92.1 ± 11.5% vs. 102.3 ± 11.9% of predicted, p = 0.009), but similar EBC H2O2 concentration (1.63 ± 0.52 vs. 1.77 ± 0.50 µmol/L, p = 0.30). The modality of pre-transplant renal replacement therapy had no effect on TLCOc and EBC H2O2. TLCOc did not correlate with time after transplantation. In this study, TLCOc was less reduced in KTRs in comparison to previous reports. We suggest this fact and the non-elevated H2O2 exhalation exhibited by KTRs, may result perhaps from the evolution of the immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jan Nowak
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (E.P.-S.); (M.N.)
| | - Łukasz Sokołowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paweł Meissner
- University Laboratory of Blood Pressure Regulation and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Pawłowicz-Szlarska
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (E.P.-S.); (M.N.)
| | - Agata Sarniak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (A.P.-P.); (D.N.)
| | - Anna Włodarczyk
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Rafał Nikodem Wlazeł
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Prymont-Przymińska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (A.P.-P.); (D.N.)
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (A.P.-P.); (D.N.)
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (E.P.-S.); (M.N.)
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James MR, Aufiero MA, Vesely EM, Dhingra S, Liu KW, Hohl TM, Cramer RA. Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c impacts conidial survival during sterilizing immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.544103. [PMID: 37333187 PMCID: PMC10274773 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening infection caused by species in the ubiquitous fungal genus Aspergillus . While leukocyte-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the clearance of fungal conidia from the lung and resistance to IPA, the processes that govern ROS-dependent fungal cell death remain poorly defined. Using a flow cytometric approach that monitors two independent cell death markers, an endogenous histone H2A:mRFP nuclear integrity reporter and Sytox Blue cell impermeable (live/dead) stain, we observed that loss of A. fumigatus cytochrome c ( cycA ) results in reduced susceptibility to cell death from hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. Consistent with these observations in vitro , loss of cycA confers resistance to both NADPH-oxidase -dependent and -independent killing by host leukocytes. Fungal ROS resistance is partly mediated in part by Bir1, a homolog to survivin in humans, as Bir1 overexpression results in decreased ROS-induced conidial cell death and reduced killing by innate immune cells in vivo . We further report that overexpression of the Bir1 N-terminal BIR domain in A. fumigatus conidia results in altered expression of metabolic genes that functionally converge on mitochondrial function and cytochrome c ( cycA ) activity. Together, these studies demonstrate that cycA in A. fumigatus contributes to cell death responses that are induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 and by host leukocytes. Importance Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a life-threatening infection known as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which is marked by fungus-attributable mortality rates of 20%-30%. Individuals at risk of IPA harbor genetic mutations or incur pharmacologic defects that impair myeloid cell numbers and/or function, exemplified by bone marrow transplant recipients, patients that receive corticosteroid therapy, or patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD). However, treatments for Aspergillus infections remains limited, and resistance to the few existing drug classes is emerging. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified A. fumigatus as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Our research identifies an important aspect of fungal biology that impacts susceptibility to leukocyte killing. Furthering our understanding of mechanisms that mediate the outcome of fungal-leukocyte interactions will increase our understanding of both the underlying fungal biology governing cell death and innate immune evasion strategies utilized during mammalian infection pathogenesis. Consequently, our studies are a critical step toward leveraging these mechanisms for novel therapeutic advances.
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Michaeloudes C, Abubakar-Waziri H, Lakhdar R, Raby K, Dixey P, Adcock IM, Mumby S, Bhavsar PK, Chung KF. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:101026. [PMID: 34625291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are exposed to reactive oxygen species oxygen (ROS) produced as a result of inhalation of oxygen, as well as smoke and other air pollutants. Cell metabolism and the NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate low levels of intracellular ROS that act as signal transduction mediators by inducing oxidative modifications of histones, enzymes and transcription factors. Redox signalling is also regulated by localised production and sensing of ROS in mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inside the nucleus. Intracellular ROS are maintained at low levels through the action of a battery of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Asthma is a heterogeneous airway inflammatory disease with different immune endotypes; these include atopic or non-atopic Th2 type immune response associated with eosinophilia, or a non-Th2 response associated with neutrophilia. Airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness accompany the inflammatory response in asthma. Over-production of ROS resulting from infiltrating immune cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils, and a concomitant impairment of antioxidant responses lead to development of oxidative stress in asthma. Oxidative stress is augmented in severe asthma and during exacerbations, as well as by air pollution and obesity, and causes oxidative damage of tissues promoting airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, deregulated Nox activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and/or oxidative DNA damage, resulting from exposure to irritants, inflammatory mediators or obesity, may lead to redox-dependent changes in cell signalling. ROS play a central role in airway epithelium-mediated sensing, development of innate and adaptive immune responses, and airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. Nonetheless, antioxidant compounds have proven clinically ineffective as therapeutic agents for asthma, partly due to issues with stability and in vivo metabolism of these compounds. The compartmentalised nature of ROS production and sensing, and the role of ROS in homeostatic responses and in the action of corticosteroids and β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, adds another layer of complexity to antioxidant therapy development. Nox inhibitors and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants are in clinical development for a number of diseases but they have not yet been investigated in asthma. A better understanding of the complex role of ROS in the pathogenesis of asthma will highlight new opportunities for more targeted and effective redox therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom.
| | - Hisham Abubakar-Waziri
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Raby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piers Dixey
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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Soares FAC, Filho NAK, Beretta BFS, Linden TS, Pöppl AG, González FHD. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 77:106634. [PMID: 34126587 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) are laboratory markers of oxidative stress, which can be used to evaluate the lipid peroxidation that characterizes cell membrane damage caused by excess free radicals. This prospective study aimed to assess TBARS as a parameter of lipid peroxidation in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism (HC) at the time of diagnosis, and after trilostane treatment. Furthermore, it aimed to investigate the correlations between TBARS levels, and laboratory and cardiovascular parameters. Sixteen dogs with HC were evaluated at 3 different time points: At diagnosis (T0), 6 mo after treatment (T1), and 12 mo after trilostane treatment (T2). A control group (n = 20) of dogs with a demographic profile similar to the HC group, but considered healthy was selected and evaluated. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in TBARS levels between the HC group at diagnosis (4.38 ± 1.16 nmoles MDA/mg protein) and the control group (2.15 ± 0.45 nmoles MDA/mg protein). Dogs in the HC group exhibited a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in TBARS levels after treatment. There was no significant difference in TBARS levels between the control group and the HC group at T1 and T2 evaluation. TBARS positively correlated with left atrial dimensions and hematocrit. The study demonstrates that lipid peroxidation is increased in canine HC and suggests that control of the disease is beneficial to normalize the state of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A C Soares
- Veterinary Sciences Post-Graduation Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
| | - N A Kretzmann Filho
- REPROLAB/PPGMAE, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - B F S Beretta
- REPROLAB/PPGMAE, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - T S Linden
- PetEndocrine, Veterinary Endocrinology and Metabology, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - A G Pöppl
- Department of Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - F H D González
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
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Li H, Xia N. The role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease caused by social isolation and loneliness. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101585. [PMID: 32709420 PMCID: PMC7767744 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and social isolation are common sources of chronic stress in modern society. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that loneliness and social isolation increase mortality risk as much as smoking or alcohol consumption and more than physical inactivity or obesity. Loneliness in human is associated with higher blood pressure whereas enhanced atherosclerosis is observed in animal models of social isolation. Loneliness and social isolation lead to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, enhanced sympathetic nerve activity, impaired parasympathetic function and a proinflammatory immune response. These mechanisms have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease conferred by social isolation although a causal relationship has not been established so far. There is evidence that oxidative stress is likely to be a key molecular mechanism linking chronic psychosocial stress to cardiovascular disease. NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress in the hypothalamus has been shown to be required for social isolation-induced HPA axis activation in socially isolated rats. Oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is also a key regulator of sympathetic nerve activity. In the vasculature, oxidative stress increases vascular tone and promote atherogenesis through multiple mechanisms. Thus, preventing oxidative stress may represent a therapeutic strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of social stress on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Kračun D, Klop M, Knirsch A, Petry A, Kanchev I, Chalupsky K, Wolf CM, Görlach A. NADPH oxidases and HIF1 promote cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in response to glucocorticoid excess. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101536. [PMID: 32413743 PMCID: PMC7226895 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular side effects are frequent problems accompanying systemic glucocorticoid therapy, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully resolved. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to promote various cardiovascular diseases although the link between glucocorticoid and ROS signaling has been controversial. As the family of NADPH oxidases has been identified as important source of ROS in the cardiovascular system we investigated the role of NADPH oxidases in response to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone in the cardiovascular system in vitro and in vivo in mice lacking functional NADPH oxidases due to a mutation in the gene coding for the essential NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox. We show that dexamethasone induced NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation, leading to vascular proliferation and angiogenesis due to activation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1). Chronic treatment of mice with low doses of dexamethasone resulted in the development of systemic hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular dysfunction, as well as in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling. In contrast, mice deficient in p22phox-dependent NADPH oxidases were protected against these cardiovascular side effects. Mechanistically, dexamethasone failed to upregulate HIF1α levels in these mice, while vascular HIF1α deficiency prevented pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, p22phox-dependent NADPH oxidases and activation of the HIF pathway are critical elements in dexamethasone-induced cardiovascular pathologies and might provide interesting targets to limit cardiovascular side effects in patients on chronic glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Kračun
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Mathieu Klop
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Anna Knirsch
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Andreas Petry
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Ivan Kanchev
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cordula M Wolf
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Diseases, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, 80636, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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Golbidi S, Li H, Laher I. Oxidative Stress: A Unifying Mechanism for Cell Damage Induced by Noise, (Water-Pipe) Smoking, and Emotional Stress-Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Redox Imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:741-759. [PMID: 29212347 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Modern technologies have eased our lives but these conveniences can impact our lifestyles in destructive ways. Noise pollution, mental stresses, and smoking (as a stress-relieving solution) are some environmental hazards that affect our well-being and healthcare budgets. Scrutinizing their pathophysiology could lead to solutions to reduce their harmful effects. Recent Advances: Oxidative stress plays an important role in initiating local and systemic inflammation after noise pollution, mental stress, and smoking. Lipid peroxidation and release of lysolipid by-products, disturbance in activation and function of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), induction of stress hormones and their secondary effects on intracellular kinases, and dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ can all potentially trigger other vicious cycles. Recent clinical data suggest that boosting the antioxidant system through nonpharmacological measures, for example, lifestyle changes that include exercise have benefits that cannot easily be achieved with pharmacological interventions alone. CRITICAL ISSUES Indiscriminate manipulation of the cellular redox network could lead to a new series of ailments. An ideal approach requires meticulous scrutiny of redox balance mechanisms for individual pathologies so as to create new treatment strategies that target key pathways while minimizing side effects. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Extrapolating our understanding of redox balance to other debilitating conditions such as diabetes and the metabolic syndrome could potentially lead to devising a unifying therapeutic strategy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 741-759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Golbidi
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
| | - Huige Li
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Ismail Laher
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Social and demographic changes have led to an increased prevalence of loneliness and social isolation in modern society. Recent Advances: Population-based studies have demonstrated that both objective social isolation and the perception of social isolation (loneliness) are correlated with a higher risk of mortality and that both are clearly risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lonely individuals have increased peripheral vascular resistance and elevated blood pressure. Socially isolated animals develop more atherosclerosis than those housed in groups. CRITICAL ISSUES Molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased cardiovascular risk are poorly understood. In recent reports, loneliness and social stress were associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Repeated and chronic social stress leads to glucocorticoid resistance, enhanced myelopoiesis, upregulated proinflammatory gene expression, and oxidative stress. However, the causal role of these mechanisms in the development of loneliness-associated CVD remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of how CVD is induced by loneliness and social isolation requires additional studies. Understanding of the pathomechanisms is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent the detrimental effects of social stress on health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 837-851.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany .,2 Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center , Mainz, Germany .,3 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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Karamouzis I, Berardelli R, D'Angelo V, Fussotto B, Zichi C, Giordano R, Settanni F, Maccario M, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Enhanced oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:517-24. [PMID: 24923553 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cushing Syndrome (CS) is implicated by increased cardiovascular risk (CVR) leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress (OS) and platelet activation (PA) are associated with increased CVR. However, scarce data of OS in CS exist. Our objective was to determine the oxidant-antioxidant balance in CS. DESIGN Fourteen patients with CS at diagnosis and fourteen healthy subjects (NS) were evaluated OS by measuring plasma 15-F2t -Isoprostane (15-F2t -IsoP), PA by thromboxaneB2 levels (TXB2 ), and antioxidant reserve measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum vitamin E. RESULTS 15-F2t -IsoP and TXB2 levels were significantly higher (P < 0·01) in CS, while vitamin E levels were higher in NS (P < 0·03). 15-F2t -IsoP levels were significantly higher (P < 0·01) in complicated vs not-complicated CS and NS and significantly higher (P < 0·03) in CS not-complicated vs NS. TXB2 levels were significantly reduced (P < 0·03) in NS vs complicated and not-complicated CS. A negative correlation between Vitamin E and UFC was observed in CS (P < 0·05 r = -0·497). TXB2 correlated with glucose, HbA1c and T-score (P < 0·05 r = 0·512, P < 0·03 r = 0·527 and P < 0·01 r = 0·783, respectively) and HDL (P < 0·01 r = -0·651). 15-F2t -IsoP correlated with triglicerides, HbA1c and diastolic pressure (P < 0·01 r = 0·650, P < 0·03 r = 0·571 and P < 0·05 r = 0·498, respectively) and HDL (P < 0·03 r = -0·594). CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the major role of OS in CS. As our findings demonstrated that enhanced OS and PA take place in this rare metabolic disorder which is associated with increased CVR, it could be suggested that these biochemical alterations can further contribute in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, increased CVR and mortality in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karamouzis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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The impact of DMARD and anti-TNF therapy on functional characterization of short-term T-cell activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a follow-up study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104298. [PMID: 25098248 PMCID: PMC4123936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a systemic dysfunction of T-cells. In this study we tested the impact of DMARD and anti-TNF agents on short-term activation characteristics of T-cells. We enrolled 12 patients with newly diagnosed RA (naïve RA) who were treated with methothrexate (MTX) and glucocorticsteroid (GCS) and 22 patients with established RA non responding to conventional DMARD therapy who were treated with different anti-TNF agents. Nine healthy volunteers served as controls. Blood samples were taken at baseline, then at 4th and 8th week of therapy. The characteristics of several intracellular activation processes during short-term activation of T-cells including cytoplasmic Ca2+ level, mitochondrial Ca2+ level, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation were determined by a novel flow-cytometry technique. At baseline, the tested processes were comparable to controls in naïve RA. During GCS therapy, cytoplasmic Ca2+ level and ROS generation decreased. After the addition of MTX to GCS cytoplasmic Ca2+ level became comparable to controls, while ROS generation decreased further. In DMARD non responders, cytoplasmic Ca2+ level was higher than controls at baseline. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ level became comparable to controls and ROS generation decreased during each of the three anti-TNF-α agent therapies. Mitochondrial Ca2+ level and NO generation were unaltered in all of the patient groups. These results indicate that intracellular machinery is affected in T-cells of RA patients. This may alter the behavior of T-cells during activation. Different therapeutic approaches may modulate the abnormal T-cell functions.
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Stark J, Varga Z, Ghidán Á, Vajdovich P, Szombath D, Marczell I, Várbíró S, Dinya E, Magyar T, Tulassay Z, Székács B, Nagy K, Rácz K, Békési G. The effect of indomethacin, myeloperoxidase, and certain steroid hormones on bactericidal activity: an ex vivo and in vivo experimental study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:27. [PMID: 25001579 PMCID: PMC4105879 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) is essential in the killing of phagocytosed bacteria. Certain steroid hormones increase MPO plasma concentration. Our aim was to test the effect of MPO, its inhibitor indomethacin, and certain steroid hormones on bactericidal activity. METHODS Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were incubated with opsonised Escherichia coli and either MPO, indomethacin, estradiol, or hydrocortisone. Intracellular killing capacity was evaluated with UV microscopy after treatment with fluorescent dye. Next, an in vivo experiment was performed with nine groups of rats: in the first phase of the study indomethacin treatment and Pasteurella multocida infection (Ii), indomethacin treatment without infection (I0), untreated control with infection (Mi) and untreated control without infection (M0); in the second phase of the study rats with infection and testosterone treatment (NT), castration, infection and testosterone treatment (CT), castration, infection and estradiol treatment (CE), non-castrated infected control (N0), and castrated infected control (C0). After treatment bacteria were reisolated from the liver and heart blood on agar plates, and laboratory parameters were analyzed. For the comparison of laboratory results ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test and LSD post hoc test was used. RESULTS Indomethacin did not have a remarkable effect on the bacterial killing of PMNs, while the other compounds increased bacterial killing to various degrees. In the animal model indomethacin and infection caused a poor clinical state, a great number of reisolated bacteria, elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin levels. Testosterone treatment resulted in less bacterial colony numbers in group NT, but not in group CT compared to respective controls (N0, C0). Estradiol treatment (CE) decreased colony numbers compared to control (C0). Hormone administration resulted in lower WBC counts, and in group CE, a decreased CRP. CONCLUSIONS MPO, estradiol, and hydrocortisone improve bacterial killing activity of PMNs. Indomethacin treatment and castration weaken immune responses and clinical state of infected rats, while testosterone and estradiol have a beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Stark
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, 21. Hungaria krt., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágoston Ghidán
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 4. Nagyvarad ter, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Vajdovich
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 2. Istvan u., H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezső Szombath
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Patophysiology, Semmelweis University, 4. Nagyvarad ter, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Marczell
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 78/a Ulloi ut, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elek Dinya
- Faculty of Health and Public Services, Institute of Health Informatics Development and Further Training, Semmelweis University, 78/b Ulloi ut, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, 21. Hungaria krt., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Székács
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Nagy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, 4. Nagyvarad ter, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Rácz
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Békési
- Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46. Szentkiralyi u., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
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Schiavone S, Jaquet V, Trabace L, Krause KH. Severe life stress and oxidative stress in the brain: from animal models to human pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1475-90. [PMID: 22746161 PMCID: PMC3603496 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Severe life stress (SLS), as opposed to trivial everyday stress, is defined as a serious psychosocial event with the potential of causing an impacting psychological traumatism. RECENT ADVANCES Numerous studies have attempted to understand how the central nervous system (CNS) responds to SLS. This response includes a variety of morphological and neurochemical modifications; among them, oxidative stress is almost invariably observed. Oxidative stress is defined as disequilibrium between oxidant generation and the antioxidant response. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we discuss how SLS leads to oxidative stress in the CNS, and how the latter impacts pathophysiological outcomes. We also critically discuss experimental methods that measure oxidative stress in the CNS. The review covers animal models and human observations. Animal models of SLS include sleep deprivation, maternal separation, and social isolation in rodents, and the establishment of hierarchy in non-human primates. In humans, SLS, which is caused by traumatic events such as child abuse, war, and divorce, is also accompanied by oxidative stress in the CNS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The outcome of SLS in humans ranges from resilience, over post-traumatic stress disorder, to development of chronic mental disorders. Defining the sources of oxidative stress in SLS might in the long run provide new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Stark J, Tulassay Z, Lengyel G, Szombath D, Székács B, Adler I, Marczell I, Nagy-Répas P, Dinya E, Rácz K, Békési G. Increased total scavenger capacity in rats fed corticosterone and cortisol on lipid-rich diet. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 100:84-88. [PMID: 23232702 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our earlier studies both corticosterone and cortisol had antioxidant effect in vitro. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to clarify whether corticosterone and cortisol oral administration results in beneficial antioxidant changes in Sprague-Dawley adult male rats in vivo. METHODS Experimental animals were fed a lipid rich diet and treated with corticosterone or cortisol in the drinking fluid. Control group was fed only lipid rich diet with untreated drinking water. The untreated group was feda normal diet with untreated water. Total scavenger capacity (TSC) was measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment in blood samples using a chemiluminometric assay. RESULTS Both corticosterone and cortisol treatment caused increased TSC. The control group and the untreated group showed no significant changes in TSC. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that corticosterone and cortisol administration can improve the antioxidant status not only in vitro but also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stark
- Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Budapest Hungary
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Adler I, Tulassay Z, Stark J, Marczell I, Nagy-Repas P, Varbiro S, Magyar Z, Szekacs B, Racz K, Bekesi G. The effect of certain steroid hormones on the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of free radicals. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:912-6. [PMID: 22621406 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.683067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones influence the antioxidant processes of cells. However, the molecular mechanism of this effect is not fully clear. Our aim was to examine how steroid hormones affect the expression of certain genes that play a role in antioxidant processes. Blood was taken from ten healthy volunteers. Neutrophil granulocytes were separated and treated either with 17-β-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, or cortisol. Whole RNA was isolated and reverse transcription was carried out in treated and control groups. Relative quantification was performed with SYBR Green assay and gene-specific oligonucleotides. We found that the expression of Mn-superoxide dismutase was significantly increased by 17-β-estradiol and testosterone, myeloperoxidase expression was significantly elevated by cortisol and progesterone, and the expression of NADPH oxidase was significantly decreased by progesterone. We conclude that the antioxidant effect of steroid hormones is in part carried out through transcriptional regulation of certain enzymes. Subsequent studies are required in order to examine the non-genomic, membrane receptor mediated effect of steroids on antioxidant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Adler
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkiralyi utca, Budapest, Hungary
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Stark MJ, Hodyl NA, Wright IMR, Clifton VL. Influence of sex and glucocorticoid exposure on preterm placental pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance. Placenta 2011; 32:865-70. [PMID: 21903264 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are known to influence fetal ROS production and anti-oxidant defences yet little attention has focused on the potential for effects in the placenta. We hypothesised that antenatal GC exposure alters placental pro-oxidant-anti-oxidant balance sex-specifically, based upon the known relationship between male sex and poor pregnancy outcome. Placentae were collected from 60 women who delivered between 24 and 31 completed weeks gestation and placental oxidative and nitrative stress (protein carbonyl, lipid hydroperoxide, and nitrotyrosine concentration) and anti-oxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and superoxide dismutase) measured. A pro-oxidant state was observed in placentae of male compared to female infants born within 72 h of antenatal GC exposure, with higher levels of protein carbonyl content (p = 0.04), lipid hydroperoxide (p < 0.01) and nitrotyrosine content (p = 0.02), and lower levels of glutathione peroxidase activity (p = 0.01). A pro-oxidant state continued to be observed in placentae of males compared to females born outside of 72 h, with higher protein carbonyl content (p = 0.04) and lower glutathione peroxidase activity (p = 0.01) than females, however no differences in placental lipid hydroperoxide and nitrotyrosine content were observed. These sex-specific alterations in products of placental oxidative stress could not purely be explained by differences in clinical illness severity (CRIB2 score). Therefore, these sex-specific alterations in placental pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in response to antenatal betamethasone exposure, independent of illness severity, could contribute to the patho-physiologic processes underlying oxygen radical diseases of the newborn, conditions known to exhibit a male excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stark
- Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, The Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
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Jiang F, Zhang Y, Dusting GJ. NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling: roles in cellular stress response, stress tolerance, and tissue repair. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:218-42. [PMID: 21228261 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) has a dedicated function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulating evidence suggests that Nox has an important role in signal transduction in cellular stress responses. We have reviewed the current evidence showing that the Nox system can be activated by a collection of chemical, physical, and biological cellular stresses. In many circumstances, Nox activation fits to the cellular stress response paradigm, in that (1) the response can be initiated by various forms of cellular stresses; (2) Nox-derived ROS may activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, which are the core of the cell stress-response signaling network; and (3) Nox is involved in the development of stress cross-tolerance. Activation of the cell survival pathway by Nox may promote cell adaptation to stresses, whereas Nox may also convey signals toward apoptosis in irreversibly injured cells. At later stage after injury, Nox is involved in tissue repair by modulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. We suggest that Nox may have an integral role in cell stress responses and the subsequent tissue repair process. Understanding Nox-mediated redox signaling mechanisms may be of prominent significance at the crossroads of directing cellular responses to stress, aiming at either enhancing the stress resistance (in such situations as preventing ischemia-reperfusion injuries and accelerating wound healing) or sensitizing the stress-induced cytotoxicity for proliferative diseases such as cancer. Therefore, an optimal outcome of interventions on Nox will only be achieved when this is dealt with in a timely and disease-and stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Yusuf R, Frenkel K. Morphologic transformation of human breast epithelial cells MCF-10A: dependence on an oxidative microenvironment and estrogen/epidermal growth factor receptors. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:30. [PMID: 20809984 PMCID: PMC2944135 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MCF-10A, immortalized but non-transformed human breast epithelial cells, are widely used in research examining carcinogenesis. The studies presented here were initiated with the observation that MCF-10A cells left in continuous culture for prolonged periods without re-feeding were prone to the development of transformed foci. We hypothesized that the depletion of labile culture components led to the onset of processes culminating in the observed cell transformation. The purpose of this study was to define the factors which promoted transformation of this cell line. Results Changes in levels of phenol red (PHR), hydrocortisone (HC), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) with or without estrogen treatment indicated that both oxidative stress- and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated pathways contribute to cell transformation. Gene array and Western blotting analyses of cells maintained in our laboratory and of those from other sources documented detectable ERα and ERbeta (ERβ) in this ERα-negative cataloged cell line. Results also indicate the possibility of a direct association of EGF receptor (EGFR) and ERα in these cells as well as the formation and high induction of a novel ternary complex that includes ERβ (ERα/ERβ/EGFR) in cells grown under conditions facilitating transformation. Conclusions Our studies resulted in the development of a growth protocol where the effects of chronic, physiologically relevant alterations in the microenvironment on cellular transformation were examined. From our results, we were able to propose a model of transformation within the MCF-10A cell line in which oxidative stress, ER and EGFR play essential roles. Overall, our work indicates that the immediate microenvironment of cells exerts powerful growth cues which ultimately determine their transformation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Yusuf
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, PHL Room 802, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Gomis P, Graftieaux JP, Sercombe R, Hettler D, Scherpereel B, Rousseaux P. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:681-8. [PMID: 19522571 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.jns081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The object of this study was to determine the efficacy of methylprednisolone in reducing symptomatic vasospasm and poor outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS Ninety-five patients with proven SAH were recruited into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Starting within 6 hours after angiographic diagnosis of aneurysm rupture, placebo or methylprednisolone, 16 mg/kg, was administered intravenously every day for 3 days to 46 and 49 patients, respectively. Deterioration, defined as development of a focal sign or decrease of more than 1 point on the Glasgow Coma Scale for more than 6 hours, was investigated by using clinical criteria and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, cerebral angiography, or CT when appropriate. The end points were incidence of symptomatic vasospasm (delayed ischemic neurological deficits associated with angiographic arterial narrowing or accelerated flow on Doppler ultrasonography, or both) and outcome 1 year after entry into the study according to a simplified Rankin scale (Functional Outcome Scale [FOS]) in living patients and the Glasgow Outcome Scale in all patients included. RESULTS All episodes of deterioration and all living patients with a 1-year outcome were assessed by a review committee. In patients treated with methylprednisolone, the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm was 26.5% compared with 26.0% in those given placebo. Poor outcomes according to FOS were significantly reduced in the Methylprednisolone Group at 1 year of follow-up; the risk difference was 19.3% (95% CI 0.5-37.9%). The outcome was poor in 15% (6/40) of patients in the Methylprednisolone Group versus 34% (13/38) in the Placebo Group. CONCLUSIONS A safe and simple treatment with methylprednisolone did not reduce the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm but improved ability and functional outcome at 1 year after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gomis
- Departement d'Anesthésie-Réanimation et Biostatistiques, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
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Sullivan JC, Pardieck JL, Brinson K, Kang KT. Effects of estradiol on renal cyclic guanosine monophosphate and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:498-510. [PMID: 19850246 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that estradiol offers protection against the development of cardiovascular and renal pathologies, although the mechanisms involved are still under investigation. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway regulates blood pressure and kidney function, and estradiol is associated with increases in NO bioavailability. We hypothesized that in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), estra-diol increases NO bioavailability, activates the NO synthase (NOS) pathway, and suppresses superoxide production compared with rats that underwent ovariectomy (OVX). OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine whether estradiol regulates the NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and superoxide levels in the kidneys of female SHR. METHODS Three types of SHRs were studied: gonad-intact females, OVX rats, and OVX rats with estra-diol replacement (OVX+E). Renal cortical cGMP levels were measured to assess NO bioavailability. NOS enzymatic activity, NOS protein expression, basal superoxide production, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity were measured in the renal cortex. RESULTS Fifty-six SHRs were included in the study (17 intact females, 21 OVX rats, 18 OVX+E rats). Mean (SEM) cGMP levels were significantly lower in the renal cortex of OVX rats (0.03 [0.008] pmol/mg, n = 5) than in intact females (0.1 [0.02] pmol/mg, n = 6; P < 0.05), and estradiol restored cGMP levels to those seen in intact females (0.1 [0.01] pmol/mg, n = 5; P < 0.05). Despite a decrease in cGMP following OVX, renal cortical NOS activity, NOS1 and NOS3 protein expression, and the phosphorylation status of NOS3 were comparable among the 3 groups (n = 7-9 per group). However, mean basal superoxide production in the renal cortex was higher in OVX rats (3.2 [0.3] cpm/mg, n = 12) than in intact females (1.9 [0.3] cpm/mg, n = 8; P < 0.05) and lower in OVX+E rats (1.3 [0.3] cpm/mg, n = 9; P < 0.05). Mean NADPH oxidase activity was comparable in the renal cortex of intact females and OVX rats (81 [4] and 83 [12] cpm/35 microg, respectively [n = 5 per group]). OVX+E rats had significantly lower mean renal cortical NADPH oxidase activity than did rats in the other groups (45 [6] cpm/35 microg, n = 6; P < 0.05), and the decrease in activity was accompanied by a decrease in p22(phox) protein expression. CONCLUSIONS In vivo manipulations of estradiol levels influenced renal cortical NO bioavailability, as assessed indirectly by cGMP measurements. The decrease in cGMP following OVX was not due to alterations in the activity or expression of NOS.
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Miguel-Carrasco JL, Monserrat MT, Mate A, Vázquez CM. Comparative effects of captopril and l-carnitine on blood pressure and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 632:65-72. [PMID: 20123095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. The aim of this work was to study and compare the molecular mechanisms of the antioxidant properties of l-carnitine and captopril in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Antioxidant enzyme activity/regulation (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) was measured in the erythrocytes and hearts of SHR. The molecular expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type I receptor (AT(1) receptor) and NF-kappaB/IkappaB system was also measured in the hearts of these animals. Both l-carnitine and captopril augmented the antioxidant defense capacity in SHRs. This effect was mediated by an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, an increase in the plasma total antioxidant capacity and a reduction of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion production in the heart. The administration of both compounds to hypertensive animals also produced an upregulation of eNOS and a normalization of ACE, angiotensin AT(1) receptor, and the NF-kappaB/IkappaB system expression. In addition, captopril reduced the arterial blood pressure and the relative heart weights back to control values, whereas l-carnitine caused only a partial reduction of blood pressure values and did not alter the cardiac hypertrophy found in SHRs. In conclusion, we have found that l-carnitine and captopril have a similar antioxidant effect in the hearts of hypertensive rats. The molecular regulation of antioxidant enzymes through an inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and a modulation of the NF-kappaB/IkappaB system seems to be responsible for this antioxidant effect.
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Hadoke PWF, Iqbal J, Walker BR. Therapeutic manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:689-712. [PMID: 19239478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential for manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease was revolutionized by the recognition that access of glucocorticoids to their receptors is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by the isozymes of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 have been shown recently to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. This article addresses the possibility that inhibition of 11beta-hydroxsteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in cells of the cardiovascular system contributes to this beneficial action. The link between glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease is complex as glucocorticoid excess is linked with increased cardiovascular events but glucocorticoid administration can reduce atherogenesis and restenosis in animal models. There is considerable evidence that glucocorticoids can interact directly with cells of the cardiovascular system to alter their function and structure and the inflammatory response to injury. These actions may be regulated by glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid receptors but are also dependent on the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which may be expressed in cardiac, vascular (endothelial, smooth muscle) and inflammatory (macrophages, neutrophils) cells. The activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in these cells is dependent upon differentiation state, the action of pro-inflammaotory cytokines and the influence of endogenous inhibitors (oxysterols, bile acids). Further investigations are required to clarify the link between glucocorticoid excess and cardiovascular events and to determine the mechanism through which glucocorticoid treatment inhibits atherosclerosis/restenosis. This will provide greater insights into the potential benefit of selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Fouad AA, El-Bidawy MH, Uddin AM, Yacoubi MT. A Preliminary Study of Dexamethasone Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Liver Injury in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2009.155.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Loss of redox homeostasis and formation of excessive free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease and hypertension. Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary in physiologic processes. However, loss of redox homeostasis contributes to proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways in the kidney, which in turn lead to reduced vascular compliance and proteinuria. The kidney is susceptible to the influence of various extracellular and intracellular cues, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Redox control of kidney function is a dynamic process with reversible pro- and anti-free radical processes. The imbalance of redox homeostasis within the kidney is integral in hypertension and the progression of kidney disease. An emerging paradigm exists for renal redox contribution to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nistala
- University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
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Liu H, Guo Z, Xu L, Hsu S. Protective effect of green tea polyphenols on tributyltin-induced oxidative damage detected by in vivo and in vitro models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:77-83. [PMID: 18214927 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the protective effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPP) on TBT-induced oxidative damage. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde content of the liver in mice exposed to TBT were reduced in the GTPP-treated group compared to the untreated group. The intracellular ROS level was elevated in TBT-treated human FL cells in a time-dependent manner. Comet assay data demonstrated that the number of cells with damaged DNA in untreated mice was found to be significantly higher compared to GTPP-treated mice. Damage to the nuclei and mitochondria observed in TBT-treated mice were alleviated in mice treated with both TBT and GTPP. The results represent the first observation that GTPP were effective in reducing TBT-induced oxidative damage both in vivo and in vitro. The possible protective mechanism may be due to the powerful ability of GTPP to scavenge ROS and prevent DNA breaks. We conclude that GTPP could be an effective agent or food supplement to reduce the cytotoxicity of TBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huigang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Tiwari R, Singh V, Barthwal M. Macrophages: An elusive yet emerging therapeutic target of atherosclerosis. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:483-544. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kim YM, Kattach H, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Channon KM, Casadei B. Association of Atrial Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Activity With the Development of Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roghair RD, Miller FJ, Scholz TD, Lamb FS, Segar JL. Endothelial superoxide production is altered in sheep programmed by early gestation dexamethasone exposure. Neonatology 2008; 93:19-27. [PMID: 17630494 DOI: 10.1159/000105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models have demonstrated that maternal undernutrition or early gestation glucocorticoid exposure induces endothelial dysfunction in the offspring. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether early gestation dexamethasone (DEX) exposure is further associated with increased vascular superoxide anion production. METHODS DEX (0.28 mg/kg/day i.v. for 48 h) was administered to pregnant ewes at 27-28 days' gestation (term 145 days). Tissues were harvested from DEX-exposed and control lambs at 125 days' gestation (n = 6 for each group) and 4 months following delivery (n = 9 and 12, respectively). RESULTS By lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, coronary and mesenteric arteries from DEX-exposed fetuses exhibited diminished basal superoxide production (both p < 0.01). Similarly, DEX-exposed carotid arteries from 4-month-old lambs had decreased superoxide production (p < 0.01) that localized to the endothelium by endothelial cell culture and dihydroethidium fluorescence. In contrast, DEX-exposed coronary arteries from the 4-month-old sheep had increased superoxide production (p < 0.05). Although early gestation DEX exposure did not alter lipid peroxidation, DEX exposure was associated with significantly increased renal and cerebral cortex aconitase activity (consistent with decreased protein oxidation). These changes occurred in the absence of alterations in renal cortex superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in a DEX-exposure model of fetal programming, endothelial superoxide production and protein oxidation are decreased in the mesenteric and carotid circulation. This contrasts with the postnatal coronary artery-specific increase in superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Roghair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Miller AA, De Silva TM, Jackman KA, Sobey CG. Effect of gender and sex hormones on vascular oxidative stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:1037-43. [PMID: 17714091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. It is well documented that the incidence and severity of several vascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and stroke, are lower in premenopausal women than men of similar age and post-menopausal women. The mechanisms responsible for gender differences in the incidence and severity of vascular disease are not well understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that sex hormone-dependent differences in vascular oxidative stress may play an important role. The aim of the present brief review is to provide an insight into the effect of gender and sex hormones on vascular oxidative stress. 2. When production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced and/or their metabolism by anti-oxidant enzymes is impaired, a condition known as 'oxidative stress' can develop. Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in both the initiation and progression of a variety of vascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. NADPH oxidases are believed to be the major source of vascular ROS. Moreover, excessive production of ROS by NADPH oxidases has been linked to the development of vascular oxidative stress. 3. Increasing evidence suggests that levels of vascular ROS may be lower in women than men during health and disease. Indeed, the activity and expression of vascular NADPH oxidase is lower in female versus male animals under healthy, hypertensive and atherosclerotic conditions. 4. Gonadal sex hormones may play an important role in the regulation of vascular oxidative stress. For example, oestrogens, which are present in highest levels in premenopausal women, have been reported to lower vascular oxidative stress by modulating the expression and function of NADPH oxidases, as well as anti-oxidant enzymes. 5. Further studies are needed to clarify whether lower vascular oxidative stress in women in fact protects against the initiation and development of vascular disease and to further define the roles of gonadal sex hormones in such an effect. Knowledge gained from these studies may potentially lead to advances in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson A Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Vascular Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Cave AC, Brewer AC, Narayanapanicker A, Ray R, Grieve DJ, Walker S, Shah AM. NADPH oxidases in cardiovascular health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:691-728. [PMID: 16771662 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion. Although several sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved, a family of NADPH oxidases appears to be especially important for redox signaling and may be amenable to specific therapeutic targeting. These include the prototypic Nox2 isoform-based NADPH oxidase, which was first characterized in neutrophils, as well as other NADPH oxidases such as Nox1 and Nox4. These Nox isoforms are expressed in a cell- and tissue-specific fashion, are subject to independent activation and regulation, and may subserve distinct functions. This article reviews the potential roles of NADPH oxidases in both cardiovascular physiological processes (such as the regulation of vascular tone and oxygen sensing) and pathophysiological processes such as endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, migration, angiogenesis, and vascular and cardiac remodeling. The complexity of regulation of NADPH oxidases in these conditions may provide the possibility of targeted therapeutic manipulation in a cell-, tissue- and/or pathway-specific manner at appropriate points in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Cave
- King's College London, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, London, United Kingdom
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Muzaffar S, Shukla N, Jeremy JY. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase: a promiscuous therapeutic target for cardiovascular drugs? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2006; 15:278-82. [PMID: 16297764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased expression and activity of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex has emerged as a major common factor in the etiology of all forms of cardiovascular diseases since the upregulation of intravascular NADPH oxidase results in the formation of superoxide (O(2)(-)), which in turn promotes vasculopathy. An ever-increasing number of drugs commonly used in cardiovascular medicine have been shown to influence NADPH oxidase expression and activity. These include nitric oxide donors, nitroaspirin, eicosanoids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, antioxidants, and specific inhibitors. The objective of this review is to discuss these drugs in relation to the mechanisms underlying their effects on NADPH oxidase activity and the expression and therapeutic implications of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Muzaffar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
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33
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Vieira AT, Pinho V, Lepsch LB, Scavone C, Ribeiro IM, Tomassini T, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Soares MBP, Teixeira MM, Souza DG. Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of the natural secosteroids physalins in a model of intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 146:244-51. [PMID: 16025143 PMCID: PMC1576270 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion of an ischaemic tissue is associated with an intense inflammatory response and inflammation-mediated tissue injury. Physalins, a group of substances with secosteroidal chemical structure, are found in Physalis angulata stems and leaves. Here, we assessed the effects of physalins on the local, remote and systemic injuries following intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) in mice and compared with the effects of dexamethasone. Following I/R injury, dexamethasone (10 mg kg(-1)) or physalin B or F markedly prevented neutrophil influx, the increase in vascular permeability in the intestine and the lungs. Maximal inhibition occurred at 20 mg kg(-1). Moreover, there was prevention of haemorrhage in the intestine of reperfused animals. Dexamethasone or physalins effectively suppressed the increase in tissue (intestine and lungs) and serum concentrations of TNF-alpha. Interestingly, treatment with the compounds was associated with enhancement of IL-10. The anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone or physalins were reversed by pretreatment with the corticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (25 mg kg(-1)). The drug compounds suppressed steady-state concentrations of corticosterone, but did not alter the reperfusion-associated increase in levels of corticosterone. The IL-10-enhancing effects of the drugs were not altered by RU486. In conclusion, the in vivo anti-inflammatory actions of physalins, natural steroidal compounds, appear to be mostly due to the activation of glucocorticoid receptors. Compounds derived from these natural secosteroids may represent novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica T Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Lucilia B Lepsch
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Cristóforo Scavone
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Danielle G Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 – Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
- Author for correspondence:
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Muzaffar S, Shukla N, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Prednisolone augments superoxide formation in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells through differential effects on the expression of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145:688-97. [PMID: 15852033 PMCID: PMC1576183 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Prednisolone, a potent anti-inflammatory drug, has proved ineffective in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is associated with superoxide (O(2)(*-)) generation, which negates nitric oxide (NO). NO also downregulates NADPH oxidase and inhibits O(2)(*-) formation. A possible reason for the lack of effect of prednisolone may due to an inhibition of eNOS expression. In order to test this proposal, the effect of prednisolone on O(2)(*-) formation and the expression of gp91(phox) (catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase) and eNOS in pig pulmonary artery (PA) segments and PA endothelial cells (PAECs) and PA vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs) was investigated. 2. PA segments and cells were incubated with prednisolone and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 16 h. O(2)(*-) formation was measured spectrophometrically and gp91(phox) and eNOS expression by Western blotting. The role of the NO-cGMP axis was studied using morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride, the diethylamine/NO complex (DETA-NONOate), the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-{1,2,4}oxadiazolo{4,3-a}quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and the stable cGMP analogues, 8-bromo cGMP and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP (8-pCPT-cGMP). NO release was studied using a fluorescence assay and O(2)(*-)-NO interactions with a nitrite/nitrate assay. 3. Prednisolone elicited significant increase in O(2)(*-) formation in intact PA segments and PAECs, but not PAVSMCs, in a concentration-dependent manner. In endothelium-denuded segments, prednisolone slightly enhanced O(2)(*-) release. TNF-alpha further increased prednisolone-enhanced O(2)(*-) formation in intact PA segments and PAECs. NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, inhibited O(2)(*-) formation. Increased O(2)(*-) release and gp91(phox) expression in PAECs elicited by prednisolone was blocked by SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride), DETA-NONOate, 8-pCPT-cGMP and 8-bromo cGMP. The effects of SIN-1 on gp91(phox) expression were reversed by ODQ. Finally, eNOS protein expression was significantly reduced by prednisolone. 4. Prednisolone increases O(2)(*-) in porcine PAECs through a downregulation of endogenous eNOS expression. Since the NO-cGMP axis inhibits gp91(phox) expression, the resultant decrease in endogenous NO formation then augments NADPH oxidase activity, which in turn results in increased O(2)(*-) formation. Since O(2)(*-) promotes inflammation, this mechanism may explain why prednisolone is ineffective in treating ARDS. Therapeutically, the coadministration of an NO donor may render prednisolone more effective in treating ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Muzaffar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol
| | - Nilima Shukla
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol
| | - Jamie Y Jeremy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol
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35
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Sin DD, Man P, Lacy P, York E. Fluticasone Reduces CRP in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.171.10.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Don D. Sin
- University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Man
- University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ernest York
- University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Jeon SH, Piao YJ, Choi KJ, Hong F, Baek HW, Kang I, Ha J, Kim SS, Chang SG. Prednisolone suppresses cyclosporin A-induced apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest in MDCK cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 435:382-92. [PMID: 15708382 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive agent, and can cause severe adverse effects including nephrotoxicity partly due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glucocorticoids, which are widely used in combination with CsA, have been shown to reduce oxidative injuries in various cells, but its mechanism is not understood well. To investigate the effects of prednisolone (Pd) on CsA-induced cellular damage and ROS generation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) tubular epithelial cells, cells were treated with CsA, CsA plus Pd, or CsA plus vitamin E. Pretreatment with Pd protected cells from CsA-induced apoptosis but not from G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest even at its maximal protective concentration (30 microM), whereas vitamin E almost completely inhibited both CsA-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at 1 microM concentration. In addition, Pd reduced the amount of CsA-induced ROS and showed partly restored catalase which was down-regulated by 10 microM CsA at both the mRNA and protein levels. Vitamin E completely abolished CsA-induced ROS generation and catalase attenuation at 10 microM concentration. Finally, the effects of 1 microM vitamin E on CsA-induced ROS and apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest were similar to those of 30 microM Pd. We conclude that, in MDCK cells, Pd protects against CsA-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS generation, although its protective effect is weaker than that of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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37
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Juliet PAR, Hayashi T, Daigo S, Matsui-Hirai H, Miyazaki A, Fukatsu A, Funami J, Iguchi A, Ignarro LJ. Combined effect of testosterone and apocynin on nitric oxide and superoxide production in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1693:185-91. [PMID: 15363632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is most readily observed in macrophages from patients with inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to find out the combined effect of male sex hormone; testosterone and apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) on cytokine-induced iNOS production. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Expression of iNOS was induced by the addition of cytokine mixture? Testosterone was added at different concentrations (10(-6)-10(-12) M) with apocynin (1 mM). Testosterone (10(-8), 10(-10) M) inhibited NOx production in cytokine-added THP-1 cells which was further confirmed by quantikine assay of iNOS protein and RT-PCR analysis. Testosterone treatment decreased 40% of superoxide anion production. Testosterone showed inhibition of NADPH oxidase, especially expression of p67phox and p47phox (cytosol subunits). Addition of testosterone with apocynin further decreased the expression of p67phox and p47phox subunits of NADPH oxidase. The findings of the present study suggest that, testosterone; the male androgen plays an important role in the prevention of atherogenesis. Even though apocynin does not have any role on NO production, addition of apocynin together with testosterone is effective in suppressing iNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Packiasamy A R Juliet
- Department of Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai Cho, Showa Ku, 466 8550, Nagoya, Japan
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Mouithys-Mickalad A, Deby-Dupont G, Mathy-Hartert M, Habraken Y, Nys M, Henrotin Y, Lamy M, Deby C. Effects of glucocorticoids on the respiratory burst of Chlamydia-primed THP-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:941-8. [PMID: 15147963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed that the respiratory burst of human monocytes (THP-1 cell line) triggered by phorbol myristate acetate was strongly enhanced by a priming of the cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 (2001) 781]. We describe here the modifications of the responses of Chlamydia-primed THP-1 cells to hydrocortisone (HCT) and methylprednisolone (MPL). HCT and MPL inhibited the production of the cytokines TNFalpha and IL-8. But HCT, which inhibited the respiratory burst in LPS-primed monocytes, paradoxically stimulated the phenomenon in Chlamydia-primed cells; MPL exerted no significant effect. Both glucocorticoids did not significantly modify the triggering effect of Chlamydia on NF-kappaB binding activity. On the expression of p22(phox), a protein subunit of the NADPH oxidase, HCT had an increasing and MPL a decreasing effect. Glucocorticoids thus had unexpected effects on the inflammatory response of Chlamydia-primed monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Mouithys-Mickalad
- Centre for Oxygen, Research and Development (CORD), Institut de Chimie, B6a, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Tobacco smoke is the number one risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and contains a high concentration of oxidants. The lung has a high concentration of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes; however, COPD patients show evidence of increased oxidative stress suggesting that endogenous antioxidants may be insufficient to prevent oxidative damage from cigarette smoke. The consequences of increased oxidative stress in the lung include increased transcription of inflammatory genes, increased protease activity, and increased mucus secretion. Oxidative stress is often associated with impaired skeletal muscle function and may be one of the causes of glucocorticoid resistance. While current pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not commonly include antioxidants, preclinical studies involving animal models suggest that antioxidant superoxide dismutase mimetics offer a potential new therapeutic approach to the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Mansart A, Bollaert PE, Levy B, Nicolas MB, Mallié JP. Comparative effects of dexamethasone and L-canavanine in experimental septic shock. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 475:61-7. [PMID: 12954360 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids can reverse hemodynamic disturbances and dependence on catecholamines in septic shock. The relevant beneficial mechanisms of steroids in septic shock are unknown, although inducible nitric oxide synthase could account for them. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid and L-canavanine, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in a rodent model of sepsis. Mean arterial pressure was restored by dexamethasone and L-canavanine administration at 24 h, no longer at 30 h. Dexamethasone but not L-canavanine improved aortic blood flow at 24 and 30 h. Although both dexamethasone and L-canavanine administration significantly reduced nitrite/nitrate production, and improved survival, steroids did better for survival. In conclusion, dexamethasone and L-canavanine displayed similar vasopressor effects. In addition, steroids improved blood flow suggesting that steroid-induced hemodynamic improvement in sepsis is not solely due to inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Mansart
- Laboratoire de Néphrologie Expérimentale (UPRES-JE 2165), Faculté de Médecine, 54 505 Vandoeuvre les, Nancy, France
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Lassègue B, Clempus RE. Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: specific features, expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R277-97. [PMID: 12855411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00758.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular physiology and pathology is becoming increasingly evident. All cell types in the vascular wall produce ROS derived from superoxide-generating protein complexes similar to the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. Specific features of the vascular enzymes include constitutive and inducible activities, substrate specificity, and intracellular superoxide production. Most phagocyte enzyme subunits are found in vascular cells, including the catalytic gp91phox (aka, nox2), which was the earliest member of the newly discovered nox family. However, smooth muscle frequently expresses nox1 rather than gp91phox, and nox4 is additionally present in all cell types. In cell culture, agonists increase ROS production by activating multiple signals, including protein kinase C and Rac, and by upregulating oxidase subunits. The oxidases are also upregulated in vascular disease and are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and a significant part of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, possibly via nox1 and nox4. Likewise, enhanced vascular oxidase activity is associated with diabetes. Therefore, members of this enzyme family appear to be important in vascular biology and disease and constitute promising targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Analysis of expired air for oxidation products. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:S31-7. [PMID: 12471086 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2206012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a critical feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and asthma. This inflammation is associated with the increased production of reactive oxygen species or oxidative stress in the lungs. Oxidative stress may have several adverse effects and may amplify the inflammatory process; however, monitoring oxidative stress is difficult and may not be reflected by changes in blood markers. We have therefore developed several noninvasive markers in the exhaled breath that may indicate oxidative stress in the lungs, and we studied these in relationship to the severity of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. We analyzed the exhaled breath for the content of nitric oxide as a marker of inflammation, carbon monoxide as a marker of oxidative stress, and ethane, which is one of the end products of lipid peroxidation. In addition, we measured the concentration of markers of oxidative stress such as isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate. Our results confirm that there are increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in lung disease, as shown by elevated levels of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and ethane, respectively. The finding of lower levels of these gases in patients on steroid treatment and of higher levels in those with more severe lung disease, as assessed by lung function tests and clinical symptoms, reinforces the hypothesis that the noninvasive measurement of exhaled gases maybe useful in monitoring the underlying pathologic pathways of lung disease. Longitudinal studies are required to assess the clinical usefulness of these measurements in the monitoring of chronic inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Paredi
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
There is ample evidence that allergic disorders, such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, are mediated by oxidative stress. Excessive exposure to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is the hallmark of oxidative stress and leads to damage of proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress occurs not only as a result of inflammation but also from environmental exposure to air pollution and cigarette smoke. The specific localization of antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the rapid reaction of nitric oxide with reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, suggest that antioxidant enzymes might also function as cell-signaling agents or regulators of cell signaling. Therapeutic interventions that decrease exposure to environmental reactive oxygen species or augment endogenous antioxidant defenses might be beneficial as adjunctive therapies for allergic respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80236, USA
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44
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Abstract
Since prednisolone and dexamethasone are known as potent anti-inflammatory agents, the effects of prednisolone and dexamethasone on production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated in human platelets. Platelet ROS were measured using the intracellular fluorescent dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate after activation of protein kinase C by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG). NAD(P)H oxidase activity was measured photometrically. PMA and OAG significantly increased ROS in platelets (P<0.001). Prednisolone or dexamethasone concentration-dependently reduced the PMA-induced ROS production. The PMA-induced ROS increase was significantly reduced in the presence of 10 micromol/l prednisolone to 9+/-1% (n=31; P<0.001) or in the presence of 10 micromol/l dexamethasone to 9+/-1% (n=24; P<0.001). The inhibitory effect of prednisolone or dexamethasone could also be observed in the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor, mifepristone (RU486). Administration of testosterone or aldosterone did not significantly reduce PMA-induced ROS increase. Prednisolone had no effect on platelet NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by sodium azide reduced platelets ROS to 8+/-1% (n=35). It is concluded that glucocorticoids, prednisolone and dexamethasone, directly inhibit production of intracellular ROS. This effect may contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Sanner
- Med. Klinik I, Univ.-Klinik Marienhospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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45
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Brandes RP, Miller FJ, Beer S, Haendeler J, Hoffmann J, Ha T, Holland SM, Görlach A, Busse R. The vascular NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox is involved in redox-mediated gene expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1116-22. [PMID: 12031896 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An NADPH oxidase is thought to be a main source of vascular superoxide (O(2)(-)) production. The functional role of this oxidase, however, and the contribution of the different subunits of the enzyme to cellular signaling are still incompletely understood. We determined the role of the p47phox subunit of the oxidase in O(2)(-) generation and signaling in aortic rings and cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) from wild-type (WT) and p47phox-deficient (p47phox -/-) mice. Basal O(2)(-) levels in aortae of p47phox -/- mice were lower than those in WT aortae. Infusion of [val(5)]-angiotensin II increased O(2)(-) levels in aortae from WT more than in aortae from p47phox -/- mice. O(2)(-) generation was similar in quiescent SMC from WT and p47phox -/- mice. However, exposure to thrombin selectively increased O(2)(-) generation in VSMC from WT, but not from p47phox -/- mice. Thrombin-activated redox-mediated signal transduction and gene expression was attenuated in VSMC from p47phox -/- compared to cells from WT mice as determined by p38 MAP kinase activation and VEGF gene expression. We conclude that p47phox is important for vascular ROS production and redox-modulated signaling and gene expression in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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46
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Whitworth JA, Schyvens CG, Zhang Y, Andrews MC, Mangos GJ, Kelly JJ. The nitric oxide system in glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2002; 20:1035-43. [PMID: 12023661 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200206000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The blood pressure-raising effects of adrenocortical steroids with predominantly glucocorticoid activity, both naturally occurring and synthetic, are well known. Recent evidence suggests that the nitric oxide system plays a key role in the hypertension produced by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid actions at various sites in the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway may result in elevated blood pressure. These include: alterations in l-arginine availability or transport; NOS2 and NOS3 downregulation; reduced cofactor bioavailability; NOS uncoupling; a concomitant elevation in reactive oxygen species and removal of nitric oxide (NO) from the vascular environment; alterations in whole body antioxidant status; and erythropoietin induced resistance to NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Whitworth
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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47
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Kim CD, Shin HK, Lee HS, Lee JH, Lee TH, Hong KW. Gene transfer of Cu/Zn SOD to cerebral vessels prevents FPI-induced CBF autoregulatory dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282:H1836-42. [PMID: 11959650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether gene transfer of human copper-zinc (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) has preventive effects on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulatory dysfunction after fluid percussion injury (FPI). Rats subjected to FPI (2-2.5 atm) exhibited enhanced activity of reduced NADP (NADPH) oxidase in the cerebral vasculature. In line with these findings, the rats showed not only reduced vasodilation of the pial artery in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide and levcromakalim but also impaired autoregulatory vasodilation in response to acute hypotension. The FPI-induced hemodynamic alterations were significantly prevented by pretreatment with diphenyleneiodonium (10 micromol/l), an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor. Intracisternal application of recombinant adenovirus (100 microl of 1 x 10(10) pfu/ml)-encoding human Cu/Zn SOD 3 days before FPI prevented the impairment of vasodilation to hypotension and vasorelaxants, resulting in the restoration of CBF autoregulation. Our findings demonstrate that FPI-induced impairment of CBF autoregulation is closely related with NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anion, and these alterations can be prevented by the recombinant adenovirus-mediated transfer of human Cu/Zn SOD gene to the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Dae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 602-739, South Korea
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48
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Békési G, Kakucs R, Várbíró S, Rácz K, Sprintz D, Fehér J, Székács B. In vitro effects of different steroid hormones on superoxide anion production of human neutrophil granulocytes. Steroids 2000; 65:889-94. [PMID: 11077087 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes play an important role in atherogenesis also through their free radical generation. According to recent studies, a point of action by which estrogens can provide protection against atherosclerosis is their inhibiting effect on superoxide anion production. The aim of our study was to test whether this means a common effect of steroids on superoxide production, or whether various steroid hormones have different action on superoxide generation of human granulocytes. Neutrophils were separated from the blood samples of twelve healthy volunteers. Isolated cells were incubated with different concentrations (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) M) of hydrocortisone, aldosterone, cortexolone, 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. Superoxide anion production was determined by photometry using the reduction of ferricytochrome-C. Compared to that of control cells neutrophils incubated with 17-beta-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone and hydrocortisone showed significantly reduced superoxide production. No significant alteration of superoxide anion production was found after the incubation of cells with aldosterone and cortexolone. It is concluded that similarly to estradiol other sex steroids and cortisol can inhibit the free radical production of human granulocytes, but mineralocorticoid aldosterone and Reichstein's substance S do not show such activity. Our results provide new evidence supporting the theory that certain types of steroid hormones have antioxidant capacity. This may give further reasons for investigating the molecular background of the existence or absence of this property and thus might lead to the development of new free radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Békési
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 46, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary.
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49
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism, primarily in the mitochondria. When cellular production of ROS overwhelms its antioxidant capacity, damage to cellular macromolecules such as lipids, protein, and DNA may ensue. Such a state of "oxidative stress" is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases including those of the lung. Recent studies have also implicated ROS that are generated by specialized plasma membrane oxidases in normal physiological signaling by growth factors and cytokines. In this review, we examine the evidence for ligand-induced generation of ROS, its cellular sources, and the signaling pathways that are activated. Emerging concepts on the mechanisms of signal transduction by ROS that involve alterations in cellular redox state and oxidative modifications of proteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Thannickal
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center/Tupper Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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50
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Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Elevation of exhaled ethane concentration in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1450-4. [PMID: 11029360 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.2003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethane is a product of lipid peroxidation as a result of oxidative stress and can be detected in the exhaled air. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We measured exhaled ethane in 26 asthmatic subjects (mean age +/- SEM, 38 +/- 8 yr; 15 male, FEV(1) 60 +/- 4%) and compared it with exhaled nitric oxide (NO) measured by chemiluminescence, a noninvasive marker of oxidative stress and inflammation. Exhaled ethane was collected during a flow- and pressure-controlled exhalation into a reservoir discarding dead space air contaminated with ambient air. A sample of the expired air was analyzed by chromatography. Exhaled ethane levels were elevated in asthma patients not receiving steroid (n = 12, 2.06 +/- 0.30 ppb) compared with steroid-treated patients (n = 14, 0.79 +/- 0.10 ppb, p < 0.01) and to 14 nonsmoking control subjects (0.88 +/- 0.09 ppb, p < 0.05). In patients not receiving steroid treatment there was a positive correlation between exhaled ethane and NO (r = 0.55, p < 0.05) and air trapping assessed by the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/ TLC) (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). In addition, untreated patients with FEV(1) < 60% predicted value had higher concentrations of ethane (2.86 +/- 0.37 ppb) compared with less obstructed patients (FEV(1) > 60%, 1.26 +/- 0.12 ppb, p < 0.05). NO concentrations were higher in patients not on steroid treatment (14.7 +/- 1.7 ppb) than in steroid-treated patients (8.6 +/- 0.5 ppb, p < 0.05). Exhaled ethane is elevated in asthma, reduced in steroid-treated patients, and correlates with NO and airway obstruction. It may be a useful noninvasive marker of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paredi
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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