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Li X, Ding H, Feng G, Huang Y. Role of angiotensin converting enzyme in pathogenesis associated with immunity in cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2024; 352:122903. [PMID: 38986897 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is not only a critical component in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but also suggested as an important mediator for immune response and activity, such as immune cell mobilization, metabolism, biogenesis of immunoregulatory molecules, etc. The chronic duration of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been increasingly considered to be triggered by uncontrolled pathologic immune reactions from myeloid cells and lymphocytes. Considering the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the traditional antihypertensive ACE inhibitor (ACEi), we attempt to elucidate whether ACE and its catalytically relevant substances as well as signaling pathways play a role in the immunity-related pathogenesis of common CVD, such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis and arrythmias. ACEi was also reported to benefit the prognoses of COVID-19-positive patients with CVD, and COVID-19 disease with preexisting CVD or subsequent cardiovascular damage is featured by a significant influx of immune cells and proinflammatory molecules, suggesting that ACE may also participate in COVID-19 induced cardiovascular injury, because COVID-19 disease basically triggers an overactive pathologic immune response. Hopefully, the ACE inhibition and manipulation of those associated bioactive signals could supplement the current medicinal management of various CVD and bring greater benefit to patients' cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huasheng Ding
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Acharya KR, Gregory KS, Sturrock ED. Advances in the structural basis for angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240130. [PMID: 39046229 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human somatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a key zinc metallopeptidase that plays a pivotal role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Inhibition of ACE is a cornerstone in the management of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and renal disorders. Recent advances in structural biology techniques have provided invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ACE inhibition, facilitating the design and development of more effective therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the latest advancements in elucidating the structural basis for ACE inhibition. High-resolution crystallographic studies of minimally glycosylated individual domains of ACE have revealed intricate molecular details of the ACE catalytic N- and C-domains, and their detailed interactions with clinically relevant and newly designed domain-specific inhibitors. In addition, the recently elucidated structure of the glycosylated form of full-length ACE by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has shed light on the mechanism of ACE dimerization and revealed continuous conformational changes which occur prior to ligand binding. In addition to these experimental techniques, computational approaches have also played a pivotal role in elucidating the structural basis for ACE inhibition. Molecular dynamics simulations and computational docking studies have provided atomic details of inhibitor binding kinetics and energetics, facilitating the rational design of novel ACE inhibitors with improved potency and selectivity. Furthermore, computational analysis of the motions observed by cryo-EM allowed the identification of allosteric binding sites on ACE. This affords new opportunities for the development of next-generation allosteric inhibitors with enhanced pharmacological properties. Overall, the insights highlighted in this review could enable the rational design of novel ACE inhibitors with improved efficacy and safety profiles, ultimately leading to better therapeutic outcomes for patients with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Kyle S Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
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3
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Oosthuizen D, Ganief TA, Bernstein KE, Sturrock ED. Proteomic Analysis of Human Macrophages Overexpressing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7055. [PMID: 39000163 PMCID: PMC11240931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) exerts strong modulation of myeloid cell function independently of its cardiovascular arm. The success of the ACE-overexpressing murine macrophage model, ACE 10/10, in treating microbial infections and cancer opens a new avenue into whether ACE overexpression in human macrophages shares these benefits. Additionally, as ACE inhibitors are a widely used antihypertensive medication, their impact on ACE expressing immune cells is of interest and currently understudied. In the present study, we utilized mass spectrometry to characterize and assess global proteomic changes in an ACE-overexpressing human THP-1 cell line. Additionally, proteomic changes and cellular uptake following treatment with an ACE C-domain selective inhibitor, lisinopril-tryptophan, were also assessed. ACE activity was significantly reduced following inhibitor treatment, despite limited uptake within the cell, and both RNA processing and immune pathways were significantly dysregulated with treatment. Also present were upregulated energy and TCA cycle proteins and dysregulated cytokine and interleukin signaling proteins with ACE overexpression. A novel, functionally enriched immune pathway that appeared both with ACE overexpression and inhibitor treatment was neutrophil degranulation. ACE overexpression within human macrophages showed similarities with ACE 10/10 murine macrophages, paving the way for mechanistic studies aimed at understanding the altered immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Oosthuizen
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Tariq A. Ganief
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edward D. Sturrock
- Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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4
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer’s common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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5
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Jubaidi FF, Zainalabidin S, Taib IS, Abdul Hamid Z, Mohamad Anuar NN, Jalil J, Mohd Nor NA, Budin SB. The Role of PKC-MAPK Signalling Pathways in the Development of Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiovascular Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158582. [PMID: 35955714 PMCID: PMC9369123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among diabetic patients worldwide. Hence, cardiovascular wellbeing in diabetic patients requires utmost importance in disease management. Recent studies have demonstrated that protein kinase C activation plays a vital role in the development of cardiovascular complications via its activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, also known as PKC-MAPK pathways. In fact, persistent hyperglycaemia in diabetic conditions contribute to preserved PKC activation mediated by excessive production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and oxidative stress. PKC-MAPK pathways are involved in several cellular responses, including enhancing oxidative stress and activating signalling pathways that lead to uncontrolled cardiac and vascular remodelling and their subsequent dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the recent discovery on the role of PKC-MAPK pathways, the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of diabetic cardiovascular complications, and their potential as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular management in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Farhana Jubaidi
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.J.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +603-9289-7645 (S.S.B.)
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (N.N.M.A.)
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
| | - Zariyantey Abdul Hamid
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (N.N.M.A.)
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Center for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Anizah Mohd Nor
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University College MAIWP International, Kuala Lumpur 68100, Malaysia
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (I.S.T.); (Z.A.H.); (N.A.M.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.J.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +603-9289-7645 (S.S.B.)
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6
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Lubbe L, Sewell BT, Woodward JD, Sturrock ED. Cryo-EM reveals mechanisms of angiotensin I-converting enzyme allostery and dimerization. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110550. [PMID: 35818993 PMCID: PMC9379546 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. The somatic isoform of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (sACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation, and ACE inhibitors are thus widely used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Our current understanding of sACE structure, dynamics, function, and inhibition has been limited because truncated, minimally glycosylated forms of sACE are typically used for X‐ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we report the first cryo‐EM structures of full‐length, glycosylated, soluble sACE (sACES1211). Both monomeric and dimeric forms of the highly flexible apo enzyme were reconstructed from a single dataset. The N‐ and C‐terminal domains of monomeric sACES1211 were resolved at 3.7 and 4.1 Å, respectively, while the interacting N‐terminal domains responsible for dimer formation were resolved at 3.8 Å. Mechanisms are proposed for intradomain hinging, cooperativity, and homodimerization. Furthermore, the observation that both domains were in the open conformation has implications for the design of sACE modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryan Trevor Sewell
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Woodward
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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p-Aminobenzamidine attenuates cardiovascular dysfunctions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2022; 304:120693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Zhang Q, Ling S, Hu K, Liu J, Xu JW. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in NETosis in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pharmacotherapy 2022; 148:112718. [PMID: 35176710 PMCID: PMC8841219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and stroke are the leading causes of death in the world. Numerous evidence has confirmed that hypertension promotes thrombosis and induces myocardial infarction and stroke. Recent findings reveal that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the induction of myocardial infarction and stroke. Meanwhile, patients with severe COVID-19 suffer from complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke with pathological signs of NETs. Due to the extremely low amount of virus detected in the blood and remote organs (e.g., heart, brain and kidney) in a few cases, it is difficult to explain the mechanism by which the virus triggers NETosis, and there may be a different mechanism than in the lung. A large number of studies have found that the renin-angiotensin system regulates the NETosis at multiple levels in patients with COVID-19, such as endocytosis of SARS-COV-2, abnormal angiotensin II levels, neutrophil activation and procoagulant function at multiple levels, which may contribute to the formation of reticular structure and thrombosis. The treatment of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and neutrophil recruitment and active antagonists helps to regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of net and thrombosis. The review will explore the possible role of the angiotensin system in the formation of NETs in severe COVID-19.
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9
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Khurana V, Goswami B. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Clin Chim Acta 2022; 524:113-122. [PMID: 34728179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was isolated as a 'hypertensinconverting enzyme'. There have been considerable advances in understanding the metabolic role of ACE in the body. This review attempts to highlight the role of ACE enzyme in the physiological and pathological processes occurring in the organs in which it is localized. METHODS The literature was searched from the websites of the National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Pub Med Central, the U.S. National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences journal literature. RESULTS The involvement of ACE in regulation of blood pressure forms its central action but it has a role to play in a variety of physiological processes occurring in the organs in which it is localized like the lungs, macrophages, brain, pancreas, liver etc. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS More studies need to be carried out in order to validate the use of ACE levels in the diagnosis and monitoring of the diseases associated, and facilitate the use of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in the management of the same, so this wonder molecule can be utilized to its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Khurana
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | - Binita Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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10
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Pandolfi S, Chirumbolo S, Ricevuti G, Valdenassi L, Bjørklund G, Lysiuk R, Doşa MD, Lenchyk L, Fazio S. Home pharmacological therapy in early COVID-19 to prevent hospitalization and reduce mortality: Time for a suitable proposal. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:225-239. [PMID: 34811895 PMCID: PMC9011697 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic is a highly dramatic concern for mankind. In Italy, the pandemic exerted its major impact throughout the period of February to June 2020. To date, the awkward amount of more than 134,000 deaths has been reported. Yet, post‐mortem autopsy was performed on a very modest number of patients who died from COVID‐19 infection, leading to a first confirmation of an immune‐thrombosis of the lungs as the major COVID‐19 pathogenesis, likewise for SARS. Since then (June–August 2020), no targeted early therapy considering this pathogenetic issue was approached. The patients treated with early anti‐inflammatory, anti‐platelet, anticoagulant and antibiotic therapy confirmed that COVID‐19 was an endothelial inflammation with immuno‐thrombosis. Patients not treated or scarcely treated with the most proper and appropriate therapy and in the earliest, increased the hospitalization rate in the intensive care units and also mortality, due to immune‐thrombosis from the pulmonary capillary district and alveoli. The disease causes widespread endothelial inflammation, which can induce damage to various organs and systems. Therapy must be targeted in this consideration, and in this review, we demonstrate how early anti‐inflammatory therapy may treat endothelia inflammation and immune‐thrombosis caused by COVID‐19, by using drugs we are going to recommend in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pandolfi
- High School of Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Neurosurgery, Villa Mafalda Health Clinics, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Valdenassi
- High School of Oxygen Ozone Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Direction Board, Council for Nutritional an Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Monica Daniela Doşa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Yalcin HC, Sukumaran V, Al-Ruweidi MKAA, Shurbaji S. Do Changes in ACE-2 Expression Affect SARS-CoV-2 Virulence and Related Complications: A Closer Look into Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6703. [PMID: 34201415 PMCID: PMC8269184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) for cell entry and infection. This enzyme has important functions in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to preserve cardiovascular function. In addition to the heart, it is expressed in many tissues including the lung, intestines, brain, and kidney, however, its functions in these organs are mostly unknown. ACE-2 has membrane-bound and soluble forms. Its expression levels are altered in disease states and by a variety of medications. Currently, it is not clear how altered ACE-2 levels influence ACE-2 virulence and relevant complications. In addition, membrane-bound and soluble forms are thought to have different effects. Most work on this topic in the literature is on the SARS-CoV virus that has a high genetic resemblance to SARS-Co-V-2 and also uses ACE-2 enzyme to enter the cell, but with much lower affinity. More recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 are mainly clinical studies aiming at relating the effect of medications that are thought to influence ACE-2 levels, with COVID-19 outcomes for patients under these medications. This review paper aims to summarize what is known about the relationship between ACE-2 levels and SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 virulence under altered ACE-2 expression states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Samar Shurbaji
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
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12
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Wei Z, Geng Y, Huang J, Qian H. Pathogenesis and management of myocardial injury in coronavirus disease 2019. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22:1994-2006. [PMID: 32683753 PMCID: PMC7405025 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a major health crisis and a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 is characterized by high infectivity, long incubation period, diverse clinical presentations, and strong transmission intensity. COVID-19 can cause myocardial injury as well as other cardiovascular complications, particularly in senior patients with pre-existing medical conditions. The current review summarizes the epidemiological characteristics, potential mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and recent progress in the management of COVID-19 cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Yao Wei
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Jian Geng
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, Department of Internal MedicineMcGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ji Huang
- Department of CardiologyBeijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hai‐Yan Qian
- Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular DiseaseChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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13
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Geng YJ, Wei ZY, Qian HY, Huang J, Lodato R, Castriotta RJ. Pathophysiological characteristics and therapeutic approaches for pulmonary injury and cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease 2019. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 47:107228. [PMID: 32375085 PMCID: PMC7162778 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major health crisis, with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) having infected over a million people around the world within a few months of its identification as a human pathogen. Initially, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells in the respiratory system and causes inflammation and cell death. Subsequently, the virus spreads out and damages other vital organs and tissues, triggering a complicated spectrum of pathophysiological changes and symptoms, including cardiovascular complications. Acting as the receptor for SARS-CoV entering mammalian cells, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cardiovascular cell function. Diverse clinical manifestations and laboratory abnormalities occur in patients with cardiovascular injury in COVID-19, characterizing the development of this complication, as well as providing clues to diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a summary of the rapidly appearing laboratory and clinical evidence for the pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 pulmonary and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Geng
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yao Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Lodato
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Castriotta
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical and Sleep Medicine, University of South California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cell Adhesion-Mediated Actomyosin Assembly Regulates the Activity of Cubitus Interruptus for Hematopoietic Progenitor Maintenance in Drosophila. Genetics 2019; 212:1279-1300. [PMID: 31138608 PMCID: PMC6707476 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin network is involved in crucial cellular processes including morphogenesis, cell adhesion, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and collective cell migration in Drosophila, Caenorhabditiselegans, and mammals. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila larval blood stem-like progenitors require actomyosin activity for their maintenance. Genetic loss of the actomyosin network from progenitors caused a decline in their number. Likewise, the progenitor population increased upon sustained actomyosin activation via phosphorylation by Rho-associated kinase. We show that actomyosin positively regulates larval blood progenitors by controlling the maintenance factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Overexpression of the maintenance signal via a constitutively activated construct (ci.HA) failed to sustain Ci-155 in the absence of actomyosin components like Zipper (zip) and Squash (sqh), thus favoring protein kinase A (PKA)-independent regulation of Ci activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a change in cortical actomyosin assembly mediated by DE-cadherin modulates Ci activity, thereby determining progenitor status. Thus, loss of cell adhesion and downstream actomyosin activity results in desensitization of the progenitors to Hh signaling, leading to their differentiation. Our data reveal how cell adhesion and the actomyosin network cooperate to influence patterning, morphogenesis, and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem-like progenitor pool in the developing Drosophila hematopoietic organ.
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Choi IS, Park IB, Lee K, Ahn TH, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Chae SC, Kim HS, Kim YJ, Cho MC, Kim CJ, Jeong MH, Lee DH. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Provide Better Long-Term Survival Benefits to Patients With AMI Than Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers After Survival Hospital Discharge. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018; 24:1074248418795897. [PMID: 30130974 DOI: 10.1177/1074248418795897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RASIs) are widely used in high-risk cardiovascular (CV) diseases, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, it is not yet clear which class of RASIs provides specific benefits to patients with AMI. The present study aimed to evaluate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) had any different effects on long-term CV and all-cause mortality in patients with AMI who received either agent from admission and were discharged alive from the hospital. METHODS We analyzed data of patients with AMI from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health registry. Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality at 12 months after AMI were assessed. RESULTS Among 12 481 patients with AMI who were discharged alive, RASI treatment was as follows: ACEIs (n = 5910), ARBs (n = 4009), and no RASI (n = 2562). After adjustment for multiple factors, compared with no RASI therapy, ACEI therapy was associated with lower hazard ratios (HRs) for 1-year CV and total mortality rates, whereas ARB therapy was not. In a direct comparison, compared with ARB treatment, ACEI treatment was associated with lower HRs (95% confidence interval) for CV and total mortality: 0.562 (0.420-0.753) and 0.567 (0.451-0.713), respectively. The superiority of ACEI to ARB was also observed across several subgroups. The mortality differences between the 2 treatment groups were reproduced in a propensity-score matched analysis (n = 2855 each). CONCLUSIONS Our study of a recent AMI registry data revealed that ACEI therapy in patients with AMI was associated with better long-term survival benefits than ARB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Suck Choi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ie Byung Park
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Ahn
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chull Chae
- 4 Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jo Kim
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Chan Cho
- 7 Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Jin Kim
- 8 Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Reis RI, Nogueira MD, Campanha-Rodrigues AL, Pereira LM, Andrade MCC, Parreiras-E-Silva LT, Costa-Neto CM, Mortara RA, Casarini DE. The binding of captopril to angiotensin I-converting enzyme triggers activation of signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C367-C379. [PMID: 29874111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, and angiotensin I (ANG I)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are largely used to control this pathology. Recently, it has been shown that ACE can also act as a transducer signal molecule when its inhibitors or substrates bind to it. This new role of ACE could contribute to understanding some of the effects not explained by its catalytic activity only. In this study, we investigated signaling pathway activation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing ACE (CHO-ACE) under different conditions. We also investigated gene modulation after 4 h and 24 h of captopril treatment. Our results demonstrated that CHO-ACE cells when stimulated with ANG I, ramipril, or captopril led to JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. To verify any physiological role at the endogenous level, we made use of primary cultures of mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats. Our results showed that ERK1/2 activation occurred mainly in primary cultures of mesangial cells from SHR rats upon captopril stimulation, suggesting that this signaling pathway could be differentially regulated during hypertension. Our results also showed that captopril treatment leads to a decrease of cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin-1β, and β-arrestin2 and a significant increase of AP2 gene expression levels. Our findings strengthen the fact that, in addition to the blockage of enzymatic activity, ACE inhibitors also trigger signaling pathway activation, and this may contribute to their beneficial effects in the treatment of hypertension and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana I Reis
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marie D Nogueira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Campanha-Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Larissa Miranda Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Claudina C Andrade
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Kohlstedt K, Trouvain C, Frömel T, Mudersbach T, Henschler R, Fleming I. Role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the G-CSF-induced mobilization of progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:18. [PMID: 29549541 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a peptidase, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can be phosphorylated and involved in signal transduction. We evaluated the role of ACE in granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization and detected a significant increase in mice-lacking ACE. Transplantation experiments revealed that the loss of ACE in the HPC microenvironment rather than in the HPCs increased mobilization. Indeed, although ACE was expressed by a small population of bone-marrow cells, it was more strongly expressed by endosteal bone. Interestingly, there was a physical association of ACE with the G-CSF receptor (CD114), and G-CSF elicited ACE phosphorylation on Ser1270 in vivo and in vitro. A transgenic mouse expressing a non-phosphorylatable ACE (ACES/A) mutant demonstrated increased G-CSF-induced HPC mobilization and decreased G-CSF-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. These results indicate that ACE expression/phosphorylation in the bone-marrow niche interface negatively regulates G-CSF-induced signaling and HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Trouvain
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Mudersbach
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Blood Donor Services Zürich and Chur, Swiss Red Cross, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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18
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Siregar S, Parardya A, Sibarani J, Romdan T, Adi K, Hernowo BS, Yantisetiasti A. AT 1 expression in human urethral stricture tissue. Res Rep Urol 2017; 9:181-186. [PMID: 28979891 PMCID: PMC5602470 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s141327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urethral stricture has a high recurrence rate. There is a common doctrine stating that "once a stricture, always a stricture". This fibrotic disease pathophysiology, pathologically characterized by excessive production, deposition and contraction of extracellular matrix is unknown. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor primarily induces angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and inflammatory responses. AT1 receptors are also expressed in the fibroblasts of hypertrophic scars, whereas angiotensin II (AngII) regulates DNA synthesis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts through a negative cross talk between AT1 and angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptors, which might contribute to the formation and maturation of human hypertrophic scars. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the expression of AT1 receptors in urethral stricture tissues. METHODS Urethral stricture tissues were collected from patients during anastomotic urethroplasty surgery. There were 24 tissue samples collected in this study with 2 samples of normal urethra for the control group. Immunohistochemistry study was performed to detect the presence of AT1 receptor expression. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, and statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 20. RESULTS This study showed that positive staining of AT1 receptor was found in all urethral stricture tissues (n=24). A total of 8.33% patients had low intensity, 41.67% had moderate intensity and 50% had high intensity of AT1 receptors, while in the control group, 100% patients had no intensity of AT1 receptors. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, it was found that urethral stricture tissue had a higher intensity of AT1 receptors than normal urethral tissue with a p-value = 0.012. CONCLUSION The results showed that AT1 receptor had a higher intensity in the urethral stricture tissue and that AT1 receptor may play an important role in the development of urethral stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bethy S Hernowo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anglita Yantisetiasti
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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19
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Martinez J. Joseph Rudinger memorial lecture: Unexpected functions of angiotensin converting enzyme, beyond its enzymatic activity. J Pept Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Regulates Cell Proliferation and Migration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165371. [PMID: 27992423 PMCID: PMC5167550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in the renin-angiotensin system, acting by converting the hormone angiotensin-I to the active peptide angiotensin-II (Ang-II). More recently, ACE was shown to act as a receptor for Ang-II, and its expression level was demonstrated to be higher in melanoma cells compared to their normal counterparts. However, the function that ACE plays as an Ang-II receptor in melanoma cells has not been defined yet. Aim Therefore, our aim was to examine the role of ACE in tumor cell proliferation and migration. Results We found that upon binding to ACE, Ang-II internalizes with a faster onset compared to the binding of Ang-II to its classical AT1 receptor. We also found that the complex Ang-II/ACE translocates to the nucleus, through a clathrin-mediated process, triggering a transient nuclear Ca2+ signal. In silico studies revealed a possible interaction site between ACE and phospholipase C (PLC), and experimental results in CHO cells, demonstrated that the β3 isoform of PLC is the one involved in the Ca2+ signals induced by Ang-II/ACE interaction. Further studies in melanoma cells (TM-5) showed that Ang-II induced cell proliferation through ACE activation, an event that could be inhibited either by ACE inhibitor (Lisinopril) or by the silencing of ACE. In addition, we found that stimulation of ACE by Ang-II caused the melanoma cells to migrate, at least in part due to decreased vinculin expression, a focal adhesion structural protein. Conclusion ACE activation regulates melanoma cell proliferation and migration.
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Haulica I, Bild W, Serban DN. Review: Angiotensin Peptides and their Pleiotropic Actions. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 6:121-31. [PMID: 16525942 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2005.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of tissue renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) is now well established and it is now usual to think in terms of renal and tissue systems. At the same time it has emerged that angiotensin II (Ang II) is not the only biologically active peptide generated by the RAS. At least three others have been identified: the heptapeptide Ang III, the hexapeptide Ang IV and Ang 1-7. Specific receptors exits for the last two peptides. In addition, the range of possible physiological and pathophysiological properties for Ang II„ has been expanding. The current perception of the RAS is therefore that of a much more complex system than previously believed, with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine properties extending beyond the cardiovascular system. This mini-review focuses on the synthetic pathways of the Ang peptides and describes some of their pleiotropic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Haulica
- Laboratory for Experimental and Applied Physiology, Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by regulating the balance between angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Shock 2016; 43:395-404. [PMID: 25768373 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]/angiotensin II [Ang II] and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2]/Ang-1-7) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory response and acute lung injury (ALI). Previous studies have shown that the ACE inhibitor captopril (Cap) may be a potent therapeutic drug for ALI. However, the mechanisms of its protective effects on ALI are still largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Cap on preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury and further investigated the underlying mechanisms of these protective effects. Rats were intraperitoneally pretreated with Cap (50 mg/kg) 30 min prior to an intravenous administration of LPS (7.5 mg/kg). Furthermore, following a 30-min pretreatment with Cap (10 mol/mL) or combined with the ACE2 inhibitor MLN4760 (10 mol/mL), rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were stimulated with LPS (1 mg/mL). Captopril pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced pathophysiological changes in the lung, inhibited secretion of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, reduced the ratio of Ang II to Ang-1-7, and reversed the increased ratio of ACE to ACE2, which was remarkably decreased from 7.07 (LPS only) to 1.71 (LPS + Cap). The protective effects of Cap on ALI were also confirmed by in vitro studies, in which Cap suppressed LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and modulated the expression levels of ACE and ACE2. After Cap pretreatment, the ratio of ACE to ACE2 expression was remarkably decreased from 5.18 (LPS alone) to 1.52 (LPS + Cap). Furthermore, Cap given before LPS administration led to inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) 1/2, and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) phosphorylation in PMVECs, whereas MLN4760 abolished the protective effects of Cap on LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and abolished Cap-induced blockade of p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation. Our findings reveal that Cap exerts protective effects on LPS-induced lung injury and the cytotoxicity of PMVECs, and these effects may, at least in part, regulate the balance of ACE and ACE2 expression and inhibit the activation of MAPKs.
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Ferrão FM, Lara LS, Lowe J. Renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: What is new? World J Nephrol 2014; 3:64-76. [PMID: 25332897 PMCID: PMC4202493 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been known for more than a century as a cascade that regulates body fluid balance and blood pressure. Angiotensin II(Ang II) has many functions in different tissues; however it is on the kidney that this peptide exerts its main functions. New enzymes, alternative routes for Ang IIformation or even active Ang II-derived peptides have now been described acting on Ang II AT1 or AT2 receptors, or in receptors which have recently been cloned, such as Mas and AT4. Another interesting observation was that old members of the RAS, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), renin and prorenin, well known by its enzymatic activity, can also activate intracellular signaling pathways, acting as an outside-in signal transduction molecule or on the renin/(Pro)renin receptor. Moreover, the endocrine RAS, now is also known to have paracrine, autocrine and intracrine action on different tissues, expressing necessary components for local Ang II formation. This in situ formation, especially in the kidney, increases Ang II levels to regulate blood pressure and renal functions. These discoveries, such as the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis and its antangonistic effect rather than classical deleterious Ang II effects, improves the development of new drugs for treating hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Luteolin inhibits behavioral sensitization by blocking methamphetamine-induced MAPK pathway activation in the caudate putamen in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98981. [PMID: 24901319 PMCID: PMC4047057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal To investigate the effect of luteolin on methamphetamine (MA)-induced behavioral sensitization and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway activation in mice. Methods Mice received a single dose of MA to induce hyperactivity or repeated intermittent intraperitoneal injections of MA to establish an MA-induced behavioral sensitization mouse model. The effect of luteolin on the development and expression of MA-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization was examined. The expression and activity of ΔFosB and the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (pp38) in the caudate putamen (CPu) were measured by western blot. Results Luteolin significantly decreased hyperactivity as well as the development and expression of MA-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. ΔFosB, pERK1/2, and pJNK levels in the CPu were higher in MA-treated mice than in control mice, whereas the pp38 level did not change. Injection of luteolin inhibited the MA-induced increase in ΔFosB, pERK1/2, and pJNK levels, but did not affect the pp38 level. Conclusions Luteolin inhibits MA-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in mice through the ERK1/2/ΔFosB pathway. Furthermore, the JNK signaling pathway might be involved in MA-induced neurodegeneration in the CPu, and luteolin inhibits this process.
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Tissue-specific expression of transgenic secreted ACE in vasculature can restore normal kidney functions, but not blood pressure, of Ace-/- mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87484. [PMID: 24475296 PMCID: PMC3903672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) regulates normal blood pressure and fluid homeostasis through its action in the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS). Ace-/- mice are smaller in size, have low blood pressure and defective kidney structure and functions. All of these defects are cured by transgenic expression of somatic ACE (sACE) in vascular endothelial cells of Ace-/- mice. sACE is expressed on the surface of vascular endothelial cells and undergoes a natural cleavage secretion process to generate a soluble form in the body fluids. Both the tissue-bound and the soluble forms of ACE are enzymatically active, and generate the vasoactive octapeptide Angiotensin II (Ang II) with equal efficiency. To assess the relative physiological roles of the secreted and the cell-bound forms of ACE, we expressed, in the vascular endothelial cells of Ace-/- mice, the ectodomain of sACE, which corresponded to only the secreted form of ACE. Our results demonstrated that the secreted form of ACE could normalize kidney functions and RAS integrity, growth and development of Ace-/- mice, but not their blood pressure. This study clearly demonstrates that the secreted form of ACE cannot replace the tissue-bound ACE for maintaining normal blood pressure; a suitable balance between the tissue-bound and the soluble forms of ACE is essential for maintaining all physiological functions of ACE.
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Pan Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Fang Q, Sun Y, Tong C, Peng K, Wang Y, Miao L, Cai L, Zhao Y, Liang G. Inhibition of MAPK-mediated ACE expression by compound C66 prevents STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:231-41. [PMID: 24330074 PMCID: PMC3930410 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A range of in vitro, experimental and clinical intervention studies have implicated an important role for hyperglycaemia-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Blockade of RAS by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is an effective strategy in treating diabetic kidney diseases. However, few studies demonstrate the mechanism by which hyperglycaemia up-regulates the expression of ACE gene. Our previous studies have identified a novel curcumin analogue, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)cyclohexanone (C66), which could inhibit the high glucose (HG)-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in mouse macrophages. In this study, we found that the renal protection of C66 in diabetic mice was associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inactivation and ACE/angiotensin II (Ang II) down-regulation. Generally, MAPKs have been considered as a downstream signalling of Ang II and a mediator for Ang II-induced pathophysiological actions. However, using C66 and specific inhibitors as small molecule probes, in vitro experiments demonstrate that the MAPK signalling pathway regulates ACE expression under HG stimulation, which contributes to renal Ang II activation and the development of DN. This study indicates that C66 is a potential candidate of DN therapeutic agents, and more importantly, that reduction in ACE expression by MAPKs inhibition seems to be an alternative strategy for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Motawi TK, El-Maraghy SA, Senousy MA. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin AT1 Receptor Blockade Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Expression and Attenuate Renal Injury in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:378-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K. Motawi
- Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo; Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Senousy
- Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo; Egypt
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Bernstein KE, Ong FS, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Giani JF, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Fuchs S, Touyz RM. A modern understanding of the traditional and nontraditional biological functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 65:1-46. [PMID: 23257181 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, ACE is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. Because of this, ACE and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. The defining feature of ACE is that it is composed of two homologous and independently catalytic domains, the result of an ancient gene duplication, and ACE-like genes are widely distributed in nature. The two ACE catalytic domains contribute to the wide substrate diversity of ACE and, by extension, the physiologic impact of the enzyme. Several studies suggest that the two catalytic domains have different biologic functions. Recently, the X-ray crystal structure of ACE has elucidated some of the structural differences between the two ACE domains. This is important now that ACE domain-specific inhibitors have been synthesized and characterized. Once widely available, these reagents will undoubtedly be powerful tools for probing the physiologic actions of each ACE domain. In turn, this knowledge should allow clinicians to envision new therapies for diseases not currently treated with ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis 2021, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Tchaikovski V, Lip GYH. Angiotensin receptor blockers and tumorigenesis: something to be (or not to be) concerned about? Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:183-92. [PMID: 22467342 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of carcinogenic side effects of antihypertensive therapies due to their chronic administration has been raised multiple times in the past. Recently, the issue has again drawn attention, this time in relation to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). This, among others, caused both American and European drug regulation authorities to review the underlying evidence concerning the relationship between this class of medications and potential adverse carcinogenic outcome. A plethora of both basic science and preclinical evidence has been generated, and three meta-analyses and one nationwide cohort have focused on this specific question. The current review aims to summarize the contemporary multidisciplinary evidence on whether ARBs may be associated with an increased risk of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Tchaikovski
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, B18 7QH, England, UK
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30
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in 2011: role in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:1835-45. [PMID: 21947887 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its roles in various disease states. In this review, we will discuss the current state of knowledge of the many components of the RAAS, including new data on prorenin and its receptors, and important angiotensin fragments. The roles of these components of the RAAS in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) will also be highlighted. Given the new understanding of the many components and roles of the RAAS, it may be possible to develop improved therapies for hypertension and CKD.
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the first decade. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2012:307315. [PMID: 22121476 PMCID: PMC3216391 DOI: 10.1155/2012/307315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of hypertension, primarily through the actions of the vasoactive peptide Ang II, which is generated by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mediating an increase in blood pressure. The discovery of ACE2, which primarily metabolises Ang II into the vasodilatory Ang-(1-7), has added a new dimension to the traditional RAS. As a result there has been huge interest in ACE2 over the past decade as a potential therapeutic for lowering blood pressure, especially elevation resulting from excess Ang II. Studies focusing on ACE2 have helped to reveal other actions of Ang-(1-7), outside vasodilation, such as antifibrotic and antiproliferative effects. Moreover, investigations focusing on ACE2 have revealed a variety of roles not just catalytic but also as a viral receptor and amino acid transporter. This paper focuses on what is known about ACE2 and its biological roles, paying particular attention to the regulation of ACE2 expression. In light of the entrance of human recombinant ACE2 into clinical trials, we discuss the potential use of ACE2 as a therapeutic and highlight some pertinent questions that still remain unanswered about ACE2.
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Barauna VG, Campos LCG, Miyakawa AA, Krieger JE. ACE as a mechanosensor to shear stress influences the control of its own regulation via phosphorylation of cytoplasmic Ser(1270). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22803. [PMID: 21901117 PMCID: PMC3161988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and phosphorylation of Ser(1270) are involved in shear-stress (SS)-induced downregulation of the enzyme. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting analysis showed that SS (18 h, 15 dyn/cm(2)) decreases ACE expression and phosphorylation as well as p-JNK inhibition in human primary endothelial cells (EC). CHO cells expressing wild-type ACE (wt-ACE) also displayed SS-induced decrease in ACE and p-JNK. Moreover, SS decreased ACE promoter activity in wt-ACE, but had no effect in wild type CHO or CHO expressing ACE without either the extra- or the intracellular domains, and decreased less in CHO expressing a mutated ACE at Ser(1270) compared to wt-ACE (13 vs. 40%, respectively). The JNK inhibitor (SP600125, 18 h), in absence of SS, also decreased ACE promoter activity in wt-ACE. Finally, SS-induced inhibition of ACE expression and phosphorylation in EC was counteracted by simultaneous exposure to an ACE inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS ACE displays a key role on its own downregulation in response to SS. This response requires both the extra- and the intracellular domains and ACE Ser(1270), consistent with the idea that the extracellular domain behaves as a mechanosensor while the cytoplasmic domain elicits the downstream intracellular signaling by phosphorylation on Ser(1270).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Garrone Barauna
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciene Cristina Gastalho Campos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayumi Aurea Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AAM); (JEK)
| | - Jose Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AAM); (JEK)
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Schröder K, Schütz S, Schlöffel I, Bätz S, Takac I, Weissmann N, Michaelis UR, Koyanagi M, Brandes RP. Hepatocyte growth factor induces a proangiogenic phenotype and mobilizes endothelial progenitor cells by activating Nox2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:915-23. [PMID: 21050133 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by stimulating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met induces angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. HGF has been shown to antagonize the angiotensin II-induced senescence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. As growth factors, however, usually require ROS for their signaling, we hypothesized that the proangiogenic effects of HGF require NADPH oxidases and focused on the homolog Nox2, which is most abundantly expressed in EPCs and endothelial cells. Indeed, HGF increased the H(2)O(2) formation in EPCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and this effect was not observed in Nox2-deficient cells. HGF induced the mobilization of EPCs and vascular outgrowth from aortic explants in wild-type (WT) but not Nox2(y/-) mice. HGF also stimulated migration and tube formation in HUVECs, and antisense oligonucleotides against Nox2 prevented this effect. To identify the signal transduction underlying these effects, we focused on the kinases Jak2 and Jnk. In HUVECs, HGF increased the phosphorylation of these in a Nox2-dependent manner as demonstrated by antisense oligonucleotides. Also, the HGF-induced Jak2-dependent activation of a STAT3 reporter construct was attenuated after downregulation of Nox2. Accordingly, the HGF-stimulated tube formation of HUVEC was blocked by inhibitors of Jak2 and Jnk. In vivo treatment with the Jnk inhibitor SP600125 blocked the HGF-induced mobilization of EPCs. Ex vivo, SP600125 blocked HGF-induced migration and tube formation. We conclude that HGF-induced mobilization of EPCs and the proangiogenic effects of the growth factor require a Nox2-dependent ROS-mediated activation of Jak2 and Jnk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Abstract
Despite ongoing medical advances, cardiovascular disease continues to be a leading health concern. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in regulating cardiovascular function, and is, therefore, the subject of extensive study. Several drugs currently used to treat hypertension and heart failure are designed to target angiotensin II synthesis and function, but thus far, none have been able to completely block the effects of RAS signaling. This review discusses current and emerging approaches towards inhibiting cardiac RAS function in order to further improve cardiovascular disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building G-609, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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35
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Guimarães PB, Alvarenga ÉC, Siqueira PD, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Sabatini RA, Morais RL, Reis RI, Santos EL, Teixeira LG, Casarini DE, Martin RP, Shimuta SI, Carmona AK, Nakaie CR, Jasiulionis MG, Ferreira AT, Pesquero JL, Oliveira SM, Bader M, Costa-Neto CM, Pesquero JB. Angiotensin II Binding to Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme Triggers Calcium Signaling. Hypertension 2011; 57:965-72. [PMID: 21422380 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) I–converting enzyme (ACE) is involved in the control of blood pressure by catalyzing the conversion of Ang I into the vasoconstrictor Ang II and degrading the vasodilator peptide bradykinin. Human ACE also functions as a signal transduction molecule, and the binding of ACE substrates or its inhibitors initiates a series of events. In this study, we examined whether Ang II could bind to ACE generating calcium signaling. Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with an ACE expression vector reveal that Ang II is able to bind with high affinity to ACE in the absence of the Ang II type 1 and type 2 receptors and to activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and calcium. These effects could be blocked by the ACE inhibitor, lisinopril. Calcium mobilization was specific for Ang II, because other ACE substrates or products, namely Ang 1-7, bradykinin, bradykinin 1-5, and
N
-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline, did not trigger this signaling pathway. Moreover, in Tm5, a mouse melanoma cell line endogenously expressing ACE but not Ang II type 1 or type 2 receptors, Ang II increased intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, we describe for the first time that Ang II can interact with ACE and evoke calcium and other signaling molecules in cells expressing only ACE. These findings uncover a new mechanism of Ang II action and have implications for the understanding of the renin-Ang system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola B. Guimarães
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Érika C. Alvarenga
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Paula D. Siqueira
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Edgar J. Paredes-Gamero
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Regiane A. Sabatini
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Rafael L.T. Morais
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Rosana I. Reis
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Edson L. Santos
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Luis G.D. Teixeira
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Dulce E. Casarini
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Renan P. Martin
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Suma I. Shimuta
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Adriana K. Carmona
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Clovis R. Nakaie
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Miriam G. Jasiulionis
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Alice T. Ferreira
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Jorge L. Pesquero
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Suzana M. Oliveira
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - Claudio M. Costa-Neto
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
| | - João B. Pesquero
- From the Departamento de Biofísica (P.B.G., É.C.A., P.D.S., E.J.P.-G., R.A.S., R.L.T.M., L.G.D.T., R.P.M., S.I.S., A.K.C., C.R.N., A.T.F., S.M.O., J.B.P.), Departamento de Medicina (D.E.C.), and Departamento de Farmacologia (M.G.J.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia (R.I.R., C.M.C.-N.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (E.L.S.), Universidade
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36
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Adipocyte-derived lipids increase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and modulate macrophage phenotype. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 106:205-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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López-Novoa JM, Martínez-Salgado C, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Hernández FJL. Common pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease: Therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:61-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Upregulation of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 via a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike-ACE2 signaling pathway. J Virol 2010; 84:7703-12. [PMID: 20484496 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02560-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified to be the causative agent of SARS with atypical pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major receptor for SARS-CoV. It is not clear whether ACE2 conveys signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and regulates expression of cellular genes upon SARS-CoV infection. To understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, human type II pneumocyte (A549) cells were incubated with the viral spike protein or with SARS-CoV virus-like particles containing the viral spike protein to examine cytokine modulation in lung cells. Results from oligonucleotide-based microarray, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated an upregulation of the fibrosis-associated chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by the viral spike protein and the virus-like particles. The upregulation of CCL2 by SARS-CoV spike protein was mainly mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and AP-1 but not the IkappaBalpha-NF-kappaB signaling pathway. In addition, Ras and Raf upstream of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway were involved in the upregulation of CCL2. Furthermore, ACE2 receptor was activated by casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation in cells pretreated with the virus-like particles containing spike protein. These results indicate that SARS-CoV spike protein triggers ACE2 signaling and activates fibrosis-associated CCL2 expression through the Ras-ERK-AP-1 pathway.
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39
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Bader M. Tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems: Targets for pharmacological therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 50:439-65. [PMID: 20055710 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the most important systems in cardiovascular control and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is already a very successful drug target for the therapy of these diseases. However, angiotensins are generated not only in the plasma but also locally in tissues from precursors and substrates either locally expressed or imported from the circulation. In most areas of the brain, only locally generated angiotensins can exert effects on their receptors owing to the blood-brain barrier. Other tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems are found in cardiovascular organs such as kidney, heart, and vessels and play important roles in the function of these organs and in the deleterious actions of hypertension and diabetes on these tissues. Novel components with mostly opposite actions to the classical renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems have been described and need functional characterization to evaluate their suitability as novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany.
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40
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Sun X, Rentzsch B, Gong M, Eichhorst J, Pankow K, Papsdorf G, Maul B, Bader M, Siems WE. Signal transduction in CHO cells stably transfected with domain-selective forms of murine ACE. Biol Chem 2010; 391:235-244. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Membrane-bound human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been reported to initiate intracellular signaling after interaction with substrates or inhibitors. Somatic ACE is known to contain two distinct, extracellular catalytic centers. We analyzed the signal transduction mechanisms in cells transfected with different forms of murine ACE (mACE) and investigated whether the two domains are similarly involved in these processes. For this purpose, CHO cells were stably transfected with mACE or with its domain-selective mutants. In addition to these modified cellular models, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used in this study. Signal transduction molecules such as JNK and c-Jun were analyzed after activation of cells with several ACE substrates and inhibitors. ACE-targeting compounds such as substrates, inhibitors, or even the ACE product angiotensin-II induce in mACE-expressing cells a signal transduction response. These processes are also evoked by partially inactivated forms of mACE and finally result in an enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 transcription. Surprisingly, the membrane-bound ACE activity is also influenced by ACE-targeted interventions. Our data suggest that the two catalytic domains of mACE do not function independently but that the signal transduction is influenced by negative cooperativity of the two catalytic domains. This study underlines that ACE indeed has receptor-like properties which occur in a species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Sun
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brit Rentzsch
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maolian Gong
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Pankow
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Papsdorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Maul
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Albiston AL, Fernando RN, Yeatman HR, Burns P, Ng L, Daswani D, Diwakarla S, Pham V, Chai SY. Gene knockout of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase: Loss of the specific binding site for angiotensin IV and age-related deficit in spatial memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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42
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Lambert DW, Clarke NE, Turner AJ. Not just angiotensinases: new roles for the angiotensin-converting enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:89-98. [PMID: 19763395 PMCID: PMC7079792 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensin II, the primary bioactive peptide of the RAS, is generated from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). A homologue of ACE, ACE2, is able to convert angiotensin II to a peptide with opposing effects, angiotensin-(1-7). It is proposed that disturbance of the balance of ACE and ACE2 expression and/or function is important in pathologies in which angiotensin II plays a role. These include cardiovascular and renal disease, lung injury and liver fibrosis. The critical roles of ACE and ACE2 in regulating angiotensin II levels have traditionally focussed attention on their activities as angiotensinases. Recent discoveries, however, have illuminated the roles of these enzymes and of the ACE2 homologue, collectrin, in intracellular trafficking and signalling. This paper reviews the key literature regarding both the catalytic and non-catalytic roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Lambert
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, Sheffield, UK.
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43
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Lucero HA, Kintsurashvili E, Marketou ME, Gavras H. Cell signaling, internalization, and nuclear localization of the angiotensin converting enzyme in smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5555-68. [PMID: 20022959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the extracellular formation of angiotensin II, and degradation of bradykinin, thus regulating blood pressure and renal handling of electrolytes. We have previously shown that exogenously added ACE elicited transcriptional regulation independent of its enzymatic activity. Because transcriptional regulation generates from protein-DNA interactions within the cell nucleus we have investigated the initial cellular response to exogenous ACE and the putative internalization of the enzyme in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). The following phenomena were observed when ACE was added to cells in culture: 1) it bound to SMC and EC with high affinity (K(d) = 361.5 +/- 60.5 pM) and with a low binding occupancy (B(max) = 335.0 +/- 14.0 molecules/cell); 2) it triggered cellular signaling resulting in late activation of focal adhesion kinase and SHP2; 3) it modulated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling; 4) it was endocytosed by SMC and EC; and 5) it transited through the early endosome, partially occupied the late endosome and the lysosome, and was localized to the nuclei. The incorporation of ACE or a fragment of it into the nuclei reached saturation at 120 min, and was preceded by a lag time of 40 min. Internalized ACE was partially cleaved into small fragments. These results revealed that extracellular ACE modulated cell signaling properties, and that SMC and EC have a pathway for delivery of extracellular ACE to the nucleus, most likely involving cell surface receptor(s) and requiring transit through late endosome/lysosome compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Lucero
- Alapis Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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44
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Penna C, Tullio F, Moro F, Folino A, Merlino A, Pagliaro P. Effects of a protocol of ischemic postconditioning and/or captopril in hearts of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:181-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Donnini S, Terzuoli E, Ziche M, Morbidelli L. Sulfhydryl Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Promotes Endothelial Cell Survival through Nitric-Oxide Synthase, Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, and Telomerase Cross-Talk. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:776-84. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.159178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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46
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Unger T. The rationale for choosing telmisartan and ramipril in the ONTARGET programme. Eur Heart J Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/sup033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Skrbic R, Igic R. Seven decades of angiotensin (1939-2009). Peptides 2009; 30:1945-50. [PMID: 19595728 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two research groups in both North and South America independently discovered that renin released a novel vasopressor agent. The Argentine group named it hypertensin, and called its plasma protein substrate hypertensinogen. The group from the United States named it angiotonin. In 1958, Braun Menendez and Irvine Page suggested that the peptide should be named angiotensin. The combined name eventually became commonly used to avoid linguistic confusion. Research scientists and physicians today acknowledge that studies of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have greatly improved our understanding of several diseases. Certainly, medical practice profited significantly from the synthesis and application of numerous pharmacological agents that antagonize either the biosynthesis or pharmacological responses of endogenously generated angiotensin II. Ultimately, discovery of the renin-angiotensin system led to many studies that resulted in therapies for vascular disease. This article briefly reviews research related to the discovery of angiotensin and indicates the importance of additional studies related to the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranko Skrbic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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48
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Sun X, Wiesner B, Lorenz D, Papsdorf G, Pankow K, Wang P, Dietrich N, Siems WE, Maul B. Interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with membrane-bound carboxypeptidase M (CPM) - a new function of ACE. Biol Chem 2009; 389:1477-85. [PMID: 18844448 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) demonstrates, besides its typical dipeptidyl-carboxypeptidase activity, several unusual functions. Here, we demonstrate with molecular, biochemical, and cellular techniques that the somatic wild-type murine ACE (mACE), stably transfected in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) or Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, interacts with endogenous membranal co-localized carboxypeptidase M (CPM). CPM belongs to the group of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. Here we report that ACE, completely independent of its known dipeptidase activities, has GPI-targeted properties. Our results indicate that the spatial proximity between mACE and the endogenous CPM enables an ACE-evoked release of CPM. These results are discussed with respect to the recently proposed GPI-ase activity and function of sperm-bound ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Sun
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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49
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Granstein RD, Luger TA. The Role of Neuropeptide Endopeptidases in Cutaneous Immunity. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY OF THE SKIN 2009. [PMCID: PMC7120023 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-35989-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing and degradation plays an important role in modulating the generation and bioactivity of neuroendocrine peptide mediators, a class of key molecules in cutaneous biology. Accordingly, the cellular localization and expression, and the molecular biology and structural properties of selected intracellular prohormone convertases and ectopically expressed zinc-binding metalloendoproteases are discussed. A special reference will be made to the physiologic and pathophysiologic significance of these endopeptidases in cutaneous immunobiology. Because of the number of pathologically relevant changes in inflammation and tumor progression that can be directly attributed to neprilysin and angiotensin-converting enzyme, a particular focus will be on the role of these enzymes in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Granstein
- Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Dermatology, Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., 10021 New York, NY USA
| | - Thomas A. Luger
- Medizinische Einrichtungen Klinik und Poliklinik für, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
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50
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Kohlstedt K, Gershome C, Trouvain C, Hofmann WK, Fichtlscherer S, Fleming I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors modulate cellular retinol-binding protein 1 and adiponectin expression in adipocytes via the ACE-dependent signaling cascade. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:685-92. [PMID: 19114589 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.051631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) decrease angiotensin II production and activate an intracellular signaling cascade that affects gene expression in endothelial cells. Because ACE inhibitors have been reported to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes, we determined ACE signaling-modulated gene expression in endothelial cells and adipocytes. Using differential gene expression analysis, several genes were identified that were 3-fold up- or down-regulated by ramiprilat in cells expressing wild-type ACE versus cells expressing a signaling-dead ACE mutant. One up-regulated gene was the cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (CRBP1). In adipocytes, the overexpression of CRBP1 enhanced (4- to 5-fold) the activity of promoters containing response elements for retinol-dependent nuclear receptors [retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR)] or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). CRBP1 overexpression also enhanced the promoter activity (by 470 +/- 40%) and expression/release of the anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipokine adiponectin (cellular adiponectin by 196 +/- 24%, soluble adiponectin by 228 +/- 74%). Significantly increased adiponectin secretion was also observed after ACE inhibitor treatment of human preadipocytes, an effect prevented by small interfering RNA against CRBP1. Furthermore, in ob/ob mice, ramipril markedly potentiated both the basal (approximately 2-fold) and rosiglitazonestimulated circulating levels of adiponectin. In patients with coronary artery disease or type 2 diabetes, ACE inhibition also significantly increased plasma adiponectin levels (1.6- or 2.1-fold, respectively). In summary, ACE inhibitors affect adipocyte homeostasis via CRBP1 through the activation of RAR/RXR-PPAR signaling and up-regulation of adiponectin. The latter may contribute to the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors on the development of type 2 diabetes in patients with an activated renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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