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Blanot M, Casaroli-Marano RP, Mondéjar-Medrano J, Sallén T, Ramírez E, Segú-Vergés C, Artigas L. Aflibercept Off-Target Effects in Diabetic Macular Edema: An In Silico Modeling Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3621. [PMID: 38612432 PMCID: PMC11011561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) is a treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME), but its mechanism of action (MoA) has not been completely elucidated. Here, we aimed to explore IAI's MoA and its multi-target nature in DME pathophysiology with an in silico (computer simulation) disease model. We used the Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (Anaxomics Biotech property) to generate mathematical models based on the available scientific knowledge at the time of the study, describing the relationship between the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) by IAI and DME pathophysiological processes. We also undertook an enrichment analysis to explore the processes modulated by IAI, visualized the effectors' predicted protein activity, and specifically evaluated the role of VEGFR1 pathway inhibition on DME treatment. The models simulated the potential pathophysiology of DME and the likely IAI's MoA by inhibiting VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 signaling. The action of IAI through both signaling pathways modulated the identified pathophysiological processes associated with DME, with the strongest effects in angiogenesis, blood-retinal barrier alteration and permeability, and inflammation. VEGFR1 inhibition was essential to modulate inflammatory protein effectors. Given the role of VEGFR1 signaling on the modulation of inflammatory-related pathways, IAI may offer therapeutic advantages for DME through sustained VEGFR1 pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Blanot
- Anaxomics Biotech S.L., 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (E.R.); (C.S.-V.); (L.A.)
| | - Ricardo Pedro Casaroli-Marano
- Department of Surgery (FMCS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thaïs Sallén
- Bayer Hispania S.L., 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain; (J.M.-M.); (T.S.)
| | - Esther Ramírez
- Anaxomics Biotech S.L., 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (E.R.); (C.S.-V.); (L.A.)
| | - Cristina Segú-Vergés
- Anaxomics Biotech S.L., 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (E.R.); (C.S.-V.); (L.A.)
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Artigas
- Anaxomics Biotech S.L., 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (E.R.); (C.S.-V.); (L.A.)
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Kim J, Shimizu C, He M, Wang H, Hoffman HM, Tremoulet AH, Shyy JYJ, Burns JC. Endothelial Cell Response in Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12318. [PMID: 37569694 PMCID: PMC10418493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) share some clinical manifestations, their cardiovascular outcomes are different, and this may be reflected at the level of the endothelial cell (EC). We performed RNA-seq on cultured ECs incubated with pre-treatment sera from KD (n = 5), MIS-C (n = 7), and healthy controls (n = 3). We conducted a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using 935 transcripts differentially expressed between MIS-C and KD using relaxed filtering (unadjusted p < 0.05, >1.1-fold difference). We found seven gene modules in MIS-C, annotated as an increased TNFα/NFκB pathway, decreased EC homeostasis, anti-inflammation and immune response, translation, and glucocorticoid responsive genes and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). To further understand the difference in the EC response between MIS-C and KD, stringent filtering was applied to identify 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MIS-C and KD (adjusted p < 0.05, >2-fold-difference). Again, in MIS-C, NFκB pathway genes, including nine pro-survival genes, were upregulated. The expression levels were higher in the genes influencing autophagy (UBD, EBI3, and SQSTM1). Other DEGs also supported the finding by WGCNA. Compared to KD, ECs in MIS-C had increased pro-survival transcripts but reduced transcripts related to EndoMT and EC homeostasis. These differences in the EC response may influence the different cardiovascular outcomes in these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Section of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ming He
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Adriana H. Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - John Y.-J. Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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Zhao Y, Bai L, Yao X, Hang R, Xiao Y. Understanding LncRNAs in Biomaterials Development for Osteointegration. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Willcox A, Lee NT, Nandurkar HH, Sashindranath M. CD39 in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:409-419. [PMID: 35947229 PMCID: PMC9832216 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating progressive disease characterised by pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction and vascular remodelling. Endothelial dysfunction has emerged as a contributing factor in the development of PAH. However, despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, current therapies fail to impact upon long-term outcomes which remain poor in most patients. Recent observations have suggested the disturbances in the balance between ATP and adenosine may be integral to the vascular remodelling seen in PAH. CD39 is an enzyme important in regulating these nucleos(t)ides which may also provide a novel pathway to target for future therapies. This review summarises the role of adenosine signalling in the development and progression of PAH and highlights the therapeutic potential of CD39 for treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Willcox
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Natasha Ting Lee
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Present Address: Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Harshal H. Nandurkar
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Present Address: Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Present Address: Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Health, Monash AMREP Building, Level 1, Walkway, via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
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Aminuddin NA, Sutan R, Mahdy ZA, Rahman RA, Nasuruddin DN. The feasibility of soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) ratio biomarker in predicting preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes among medium to high risk mothers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265080. [PMID: 35275947 PMCID: PMC8916650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia significantly contributes to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is imperative to identify women at risk of developing preeclampsia in the effort to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes through early intervention. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) level changes are noticeable several weeks before the onset of preeclampsia and its related complications. This study evaluated the feasibility of the sFlt-1/PlGF biomarker ratio in predicting preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes using a single cut-off point of >38. Methods This is a prospective cohort study conducted at a single tertiary centre, in an urban setting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between December 2019 and April 2021. A total of 140 medium to high risk mothers with singleton pregnancies were recruited at ≥20 weeks’ gestation. sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was measured and the participant monitored according to a research algorithm until delivery. The primary outcome measure was incidence of preeclampsia and the secondary outcome measure was incidence of other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results The overall incidence of preeclampsia was 20.7% (29/140). The mean sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was significantly higher in preeclampsia (73.58 ± 93.49) compared to no preeclampsia (13.41 ± 21.63) (p = 0.002). The risk of preeclampsia (adjusted OR 28.996; 95% CI 7.920–106.164; p<0.001) and low Apgar score (adjusted OR 17.387; 95% CI 3.069–98.517; p = 0.028) were significantly higher among women with sFlt-1/PlGF ratio >38 compared with sFLT-1/PlGF ratio ≤38. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) for a combined approach (maternal clinical characteristics and biomarker) was 86.9% (p<0.001, 95% CI 78.7–95.0) compared with AUC biomarker alone, which was 74.8% (p<0.001, 95% CI 63.3–86.3) in predicting preeclampsia. The test sensitivity(SEN) was 58.6%, specificity (SPEC) 91%,positive predictive value (PPV) 63% and negative predictive value (NPV) 89.3% for prediction of preeclampsia. For predicting a low Apgar score at 5 minutes, the SEN was 84.6%, SPEC 87.4%, PPV 40.7%, and NPV 98.2%; low birth weight with SEN 52.6%,SPEC 86.0%, PPV 37.0%, NPV 92.0%; premature delivery with SEN 48.5%, SPEC 89.5%, PPV 59.3%, NPV 84.7% and NICU admission with SEN 50.0%, SPEC 85.8%, PPV 37.0% and NPV 91.2%. Conclusions It is feasible to use single cut-off point of >38 ratio of the biomarkers sFlt-1/PlGF in combination with other parameters (maternal clinical characteristics) in predicting preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes among medium to high risk mothers without restricting outcome measurement period to 1 and 4 weeks in a single urban tertiary centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Afzan Aminuddin
- Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Sutan
- Community Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahana Abd Rahman
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dian Nasriana Nasuruddin
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sissaoui S, Egginton S, Ting L, Ahmed A, Hewett PW. Hyperglycaemia up-regulates placental growth factor (PlGF) expression and secretion in endothelial cells via suppression of PI3 kinase-Akt signalling and activation of FOXO1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16344. [PMID: 34381074 PMCID: PMC8357836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a pro-inflammatory angiogenic mediator that promotes many pathologies including diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. Widespread endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of these conditions. As very little is known of the mechanism(s) controlling PlGF expression in pathology we investigated the role of hyperglycaemia in the regulation of PlGF production in endothelial cells. Hyperglycaemia stimulated PlGF secretion in cultured primary endothelial cells, which was suppressed by IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt activation. Inhibition of PI3K activity resulted in significant PlGF mRNA up-regulation and protein secretion. Similarly, loss or inhibition of Akt activity significantly increased basal PlGF expression and prevented any further PlGF secretion in hyperglycaemia. Conversely, constitutive Akt activation blocked PlGF secretion irrespective of upstream PI3K activity demonstrating that Akt is a central regulator of PlGF expression. Knock-down of the Forkhead box O-1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, which is negatively regulated by Akt, suppressed both basal and hyperglycaemia-induced PlGF secretion, whilst FOXO1 gain-of-function up-regulated PlGF in vitro and in vivo. FOXO1 association to a FOXO binding sequence identified in the PlGF promoter also increased in hyperglycaemia. This study identifies the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signalling axis as a key regulator of PlGF expression and unifying pathway by which PlGF may contribute to common disorders characterised by endothelial dysfunction, providing a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Sissaoui
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Arima Genomics, 6404 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stuart Egginton
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ling Ting
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asif Ahmed
- MyrZyme Therapeutics Ltd, Faraday Wharf, Innovation Birmingham Campus, Holt Street, Birmingham, B4 4BB, UK
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Peter W Hewett
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Huang Z, Huang S, Song T, Yin Y, Tan C. Placental Angiogenesis in Mammals: A Review of the Regulatory Effects of Signaling Pathways and Functional Nutrients. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2415-2434. [PMID: 34167152 PMCID: PMC8634476 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal placental development and proper angiogenesis are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. Angiogenesis involves the regulatory action of many angiogenic factors and a series of signal transduction processes inside and outside the cell. The obstruction of placental angiogenesis causes fetal growth restriction and serious pregnancy complications, even leading to fetal loss and pregnancy cessation. In this review, the effects of placental angiogenesis on fetal development are described, and several signaling pathways related to placental angiogenesis and their key regulatory mediators are summarized. These factors, which include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor, delta-like ligand 4 (DLL-4)-Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog, may affect the placental angiogenesis process. Moreover, the degree of vascularization depends on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which is affected by the synthesis and secretion of metabolites or intermediates and mutual coordination or inhibition in these pathways. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances regarding the role of functional nutrients (including amino acids and fatty acids) in regulating placental angiogenesis. Understanding the specific mechanism of placental angiogenesis and its influence on fetal development may facilitate the establishment of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction, and provide a theoretical basis for formulating nutritional regulation strategies during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangbo Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxing Song
- Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Li W, Liu W, Wang W, Wang J, Ma T, Chen J, Wu H, Liu C. Sinusoidal electromagnetic fields accelerate bone regeneration by boosting the multifunctionality of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:234. [PMID: 33849651 PMCID: PMC8042357 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repair of critical-sized bone defects is always a challenging problem. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), used as a physiotherapy for bone defects, have been suspected to cause potential hazards to human health due to the long-term exposure. To optimize the application of EMF while avoiding its adverse effects, a combination of EMF and tissue engineering techniques is critical. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of EMF will lead to better applications in the future. Methods In this research, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds were treated with sinusoidal EMFs in vitro. Then, 5.5 mm critical-sized calvarial defects were created in rats, and the cell scaffolds were implanted into the defects. In addition, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which EMFs regulate BMSCs were explored with various approaches to gain deeper insight into the effects of EMFs. Results The cell scaffolds treated with EMF successfully accelerated the repair of critical-sized calvarial defects. Further studies revealed that EMF could not directly induce the differentiation of BMSCs but improved the sensitivity of BMSCs to BMP signals by upregulating the quantity of specific BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) receptors. Once these receptors receive BMP signals from the surrounding milieu, a cascade of reactions is initiated to promote osteogenic differentiation via the BMP/Smad signalling pathway. Moreover, the cytokines secreted by BMSCs treated with EMF can better facilitate angiogenesis and osteoimmunomodulation which play fundamental roles in bone regeneration. Conclusion In summary, EMF can promote the osteogenic potential of BMSCs and enhance the paracrine function of BMSCs to facilitate bone regeneration. These findings highlight the profound impact of EMF on tissue engineering and provide a new strategy for the clinical treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Bai L, Chen P, Tang B, Hang R, Xiao Y. Correlation between LncRNA Profiles in the Blood Clot Formed on Nano-Scaled Implant Surfaces and Osseointegration. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030674. [PMID: 33803187 PMCID: PMC8001142 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Implant surfaces with a nanoscaled pattern can dominate the blood coagulation process resulting in a defined clot structure and its degradation behavior, which in turn influence cellular response and the early phase of osseointegration. Long non-coding (Lnc) RNAs are known to regulate many biological processes in the skeletal system; however, the link between the LncRNA derived from the cells within the clot and osseointegration has not been investigated to date. Hence, the sequence analysis of LncRNAs expressed within the clot formed on titania nanotube arrays (TNAs) with distinct nano-scaled diameters (TNA 15 of 15 nm, TNA 60 of 60 nm, TNA 120 of 120 nm) on titanium surfaces was profiled for the first time. LncRNA LOC103346307, LOC103352121, LOC108175175, LOC103348180, LOC108176660, and LOC108176465 were identified as the pivotal players in the early formed clot on the nano-scaled surfaces. Further bioinformatic prediction results were used to generate co-expression networks of LncRNAs and mRNAs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that distinct nano-scaled surfaces could regulate the biological functions of target mRNAs in the clot. LOC103346307, LOC108175175, and LOC108176660 upregulated mRNAs related to cell metabolism and Wnt, TGF-beta, and VEGF signaling pathways in TNA 15 compared with P-Ti, TNA 60, and TNA 120, respectively, whereas LOC103352121, LOC103348180, and LOC108176465 downregulated mRNAs related to bone resorption and inflammation through negatively regulating osteoclast differentiation, TNF, and NF-kappa signaling pathways. The results indicated that surface nano-scaled characteristics can significantly influence the clot-derived LncRNAs expression profile, which affects osseointegration through multiple signaling pathways of the targeted mRNAs, thus paving a way for better interpreting the link between the properties of a blood clot formed on the nano-surface and de novo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
- Laboratory of Biomaterial Surfaces & Interfaces, Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030000, China;
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Peiru Chen
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Bin Tang
- Laboratory of Biomaterial Surfaces & Interfaces, Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030000, China;
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Laboratory of Biomaterial Surfaces & Interfaces, Institute of New Carbon Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030000, China;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (Y.X.)
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Rudraraju M, Narayanan SP, Somanath PR. Regulation of blood-retinal barrier cell-junctions in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105115. [PMID: 32750417 PMCID: PMC7755666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) integrity and subsequent damage to the neurovascular unit in the retina are the underlying reasons for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Damage to BRB eventually leads to severe visual impairment in the absence of prompt intervention. Diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR are the advanced stages of the disease where BRB integrity is altered. Primary mechanisms contributing to BRB dysfunction include loss of cell-cell barrier junctions, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products-induced damage, and oxidative stress. Although much is known about the involvement of adherens and tight-junction proteins in the regulation of vascular permeability in various diseases, there is a significant gap in our knowledge on the junctional proteins expressed in the BRB and how BRB function is modulated in the diabetic retina. In this review article, we present our current understanding of the molecular composition of BRB, the changes in the BRB junctional protein turnover in DR, and how BRB functional modulation affects vascular permeability and macular edema in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Rudraraju
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life‐threatening disease characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, which result in an increase in afterload imposed onto the right ventricle, leading to right heart failure. Current therapies are incapable of reversing the disease progression. Thus, the identification of novel and potential therapeutic targets is urgently needed. An alteration of nucleotide‐ and nucleoside‐activated purinergic signaling has been proposed as a potential contributor in the pathogenesis of PAH. Adenosine‐mediated purinergic 1 receptor activation, particularly A2AR activation, reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricle hypertrophy, thereby exerting a protective effect. Conversely, A2BR activation induces pulmonary vascular remodeling, and is therefore deleterious. ATP‐mediated P2X7R activation and ADP‐mediated activation of P2Y1R and P2Y12R play a role in pulmonary vascular tone, vascular remodeling, and inflammation in PAH. Recent studies have revealed a role of ectonucleotidase nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, that degrades ATP/ADP, in regulation of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Interestingly, existing evidence that adenosine activates erythrocyte A2BR signaling, counteracting hypoxia‐induced pulmonary injury, and that ATP release is impaired in erythrocyte in PAH implies erythrocyte dysfunction as an important trigger to affect purinergic signaling for pathogenesis of PAH. The present review focuses on current knowledge on alteration of nucleot(s)ide‐mediated purinergic signaling as a potential disease mechanism underlying the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongye Cai
- Division of Experimental Cardiology Department of Cardiology Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR_S 999Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Le Plessis-Robinson France.,School of Medicine Université Paris-Saclay Kremlin-Bicêtre France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Le Plessis-Robinson France.,School of Medicine Université Paris-Saclay Kremlin-Bicêtre France
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology Department of Cardiology Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands.,Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site MunichMunich Heart Alliance Munich Germany
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Karolinska University HospitalKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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12
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Santhoshkumar R, Yusuf A. In silico structural modeling and analysis of physicochemical properties of curcumin synthase (CURS1, CURS2, and CURS3) proteins of Curcuma longa. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:24. [PMID: 32617758 PMCID: PMC7332660 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Pharmaceutically important curcuminoid synthesis in C. longa is controlled by CURS1, CURS2, and CURS3 genes. The present study detected the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics including the secondary and 3D structure of CURS proteins. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of the CURS proteins were modeled and characterized using multiple bioinformatics tools such as ExPasy ProtParam tools, self-optimized prediction method with alignment (SOPMA), PSIPRED, and SWISS-MODEL. The predicted secondary structure of curcumin synthase provided an α-helix and random coil as the major components. The reliability of the modeled structure was confirmed using PROCHECK and QMEAN programs. Results The molecular weight of CURS1 is 21093.19 Da, theoretical pI as 4.93, and an aliphatic index of 99.19. Molecular weight of CURS2 and CURS3 proteins are 20266.13 Da and 20629.52 Da, theoretical pI as 5.28 and 4.96, and an aliphatic index of 89.30 and 86.37, respectively. In the predicted secondary structure of CURS proteins, alpha helices and random coils of CURS1, CUR2, and CURS3 were 42.72, 41.38, and 44.74% and 24.87, 31.03, and 17.89, respectively. The extended strands were 16.24, 19.40, and 17.89. QMEAN Z-score is − 0.83, − 0.89, and − 1.09 for CURS1, CURS2, and CURS3, respectively. Conclusion Prediction of the 3D model of a protein by in silico analysis is a highly challenging aspect to confirm the NMR or X-ray crystallographic data. This report can contribute to the understanding of the structure, physicochemical properties, structural motifs, and protein-protein interaction of CURS1, CUR2, and CURS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santhoshkumar
- Interuniversity Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - A Yusuf
- Interuniversity Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India.
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13
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Addinsall AB, Wright CR, Kotsiakos TL, Smith ZM, Cook TR, Andrikopoulos S, van der Poel C, Stupka N. Impaired exercise performance is independent of inflammation and cellular stress following genetic reduction or deletion of selenoprotein S. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R981-R996. [PMID: 32186893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (Seps1) can be protective against oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and inflammatory stress. Seps1 global knockout mice are less active, possess compromised fast muscle ex vivo strength, and, depending on context, heightened inflammation. Oxidative, ER, and inflammatory stress modulates contractile function; hence, our aim was to investigate the effects of Seps1 gene dose on exercise performance. Seps1-/- knockout, Seps1-/+ heterozygous, and wild-type mice were randomized to 3 days of incremental, high-intensity treadmill running or a sedentary control group. On day 4, the in situ contractile function of fast tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was determined. Seps1 reduction or deletion compromised exercise capacity, decreasing distance run. TA strength was also reduced. In sedentary Seps1-/- knockout mice, TA fatigability was greater than wild-type mice, and this was ameliorated with exercise. Whereas, in Seps1+/- heterozygous mice, exercise compromised TA endurance. These impairments in exercise capacity and TA contractile function were not associated with increased inflammation or a dysregulated redox state. Seps1 is highly expressed in muscle fibers and blood vessels. Interestingly, Nos1 and Vegfa mRNA transcripts were decreased in TA muscles from Seps1-/- knockout and Seps1-/+ heterozygous mice. Impaired exercise performance with Seps1 reduction or deletion cannot be attributed to heightened cellular stress, but it may potentially be mediated, in part, by the effects of Seps1 on the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bernard Addinsall
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig Robert Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taryan L Kotsiakos
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taylah R Cook
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Chris van der Poel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Stupka
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Pincombe NL, Pearson MJ, Smart NA, King N, Dieberg G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function - An updated systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:1261-1272. [PMID: 31653512 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction contribute to cardiovascular risk and vitamin D has been implemented in endothelial repair. This systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression aims to establish the effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function. METHODS AND RESULTS To conduct the systematic review we searched the Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials, PubMed, ProQuest and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on flow-mediated dilation (FMD%), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and central augmentation index (AIx). Meta-analysis was based on a random effects model and inverse-variance methods to calculate either mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) as effects sizes. This was followed by meta-regression investigating the effect of baseline vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D dosing and study duration. Risk of bias was assessed using the JADAD scale and funnel plots. We identified 1056 studies of which 26 studies met inclusion criteria for quantitative analysis. Forty-two percent of the 2808 participants had either deficient or insufficient levels of vitamin D. FMD% (MD 1.17% (95% CI -0.20, 2.54), p = 0.095), PWV (SMD -0.09 m/s (95% CI -0.24, 0.07), p = 0.275) and AIx (SMD 0.05% (95% CI -0.1, 0.19), p = 0.52) showed no improvement with vitamin D supplementation. Sub-analysis and meta-regression revealed a tendency for AIx and FMD% to increase as weekly vitamin doses increased; no other significant relationships were identified. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation showed no improvement in endothelial function. More evidence is required before recommendations for management of endothelial dysfunction can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick L Pincombe
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Melissa J Pearson
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Nicola King
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake's Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Gudrun Dieberg
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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15
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Veersema TJ, Neef A, Scheppingen J, Ferrier CH, Eijsden P, Gosselaar PH, Rijen PC, Spliet WG, Braun KP, Mühlebner A, Aronica E. Changes in vascular density in resected tissue of 97 patients with mild malformation of cortical development, focal cortical dysplasia or TSC‐related cortical tubers. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Veersema
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew Neef
- Department of (Neuro) PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jackelien Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro) PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cyrille H. Ferrier
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Eijsden
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Gosselaar
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Peter C. Rijen
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wim G.M. Spliet
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kees P.J. Braun
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro) PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) PathologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)The Netherlands
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16
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Toledo SLDO, Guedes JVM, Alpoim PN, Rios DRA, Pinheiro MDB. Sickle cell disease: Hemostatic and inflammatory changes, and their interrelation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:129-137. [PMID: 30825426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease, the most common genetic blood disorder in the world, has high clinical variability, negatively impacts quality of life and contributes to early mortality. Sickled erythrocytes cause blood flow obstruction, hemolysis, and several hemostatic changes that promote coagulation. These events, in turn, induce chronic inflammation, characterized by elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers, which aggravates the already unfavorable state of the circulatory system. Empirical evidence indicates that the hemostatic and inflammatory systems continuously interact with each other and thereby further propagate the hypercoagulability and inflammatory conditions. In this review article, we discuss the pathophysiological aspects of sickle cell disease and the hemostatic and inflammatory changes that underlie its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia L de O Toledo
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - João V M Guedes
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia N Alpoim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil
| | - Danyelle R A Rios
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Melina de B Pinheiro
- Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Dona Lindu Center-West Campus, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, 400, Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Litman EA, Robinson TD, Munshi UK, Whyte C. Left-sided gastroschisis: A case report and review of the literature. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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18
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Eddy AC, Bidwell GL, George EM. Pro-angiogenic therapeutics for preeclampsia. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:36. [PMID: 30144822 PMCID: PMC6109337 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder resulting from abnormal placentation, which causes factors such as sFlt-1 to be released into the maternal circulation. Though anti-hypertensive drugs and magnesium sulfate can be given in an effort to moderate symptoms, the syndrome is not well controlled. A hallmark characteristic of preeclampsia, especially early-onset preeclampsia, is angiogenic imbalance resulting from an inappropriately upregulated sFlt-1 acting as a decoy receptor binding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), reducing their bioavailability. Administration of sFlt-1 leads to a preeclamptic phenotype, and several models of preeclampsia also have elevated levels of plasma sFlt-1, demonstrating its role in driving the progression of this disease. Treatment with either VEGF or PlGF has been effective in attenuating hypertension and proteinuria in multiple models of preeclampsia. VEGF, however, may have overdose toxicity risks that have not been observed in PlGF treatment, suggesting that PlGF is a potentially safer therapeutic option. This review discusses angiogenic balance as it relates to preeclampsia and the studies which have been performed in order to alleviate the imbalance driving the maternal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Eddy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of cell communication pathways utilized from the embryonic to adult stages of life. These transmembrane receptors bind polypeptide ligands, such as growth factors, inducing signalling cascades that control cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility and inflammation. Many viruses have acquired homologs of growth factors encoded by the hosts that they infect. Production of growth factors during infection allows viruses to exploit RTKs for entry and replication in cells, as well as for host and environmental dissemination. This review describes the genetic diversity amongst virus-derived growth factors and the mechanisms by which RTK exploitation enhances virus survival, then highlights how viral ligands can be used to further understanding of RTK signalling and function during embryogenesis, homeostasis and disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabeen Lateef
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Lyn M Wise
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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20
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Bai L, Liu Y, Du Z, Weng Z, Yao W, Zhang X, Huang X, Yao X, Crawford R, Hang R, Huang D, Tang B, Xiao Y. Differential effect of hydroxyapatite nano-particle versus nano-rod decorated titanium micro-surface on osseointegration. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:344-358. [PMID: 29908975 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coating materials applied for intraosseous implants must be optimized to stimulate osseointegration. Osseointegration is a temporal and spatial physiological process that not only requires interactions between osteogenesis and angiogenesis but also necessitates a favorable immune microenvironment. It is now well-documented that hierarchical nano-micro surface structures promote the long-term stability of implants, the interactions between nano-micro structure and the immune response are largely unknown. Here, we report the effects of microporous titanium (Ti) surfaces coated with nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) produced by micro-arc oxidation and steam-hydrothermal treatment (SHT) on multiple cell behavior and osseointegration. By altering the processing time of SHT it was possible to shift HA structures from nano-particles to nano-rods on the microporous Ti surfaces. Ti surfaces coated with HA nano-particles were found to modulate the inflammatory response resulting in an osteoimmune microenvironment more favorable for osteo-/angio-genesis, most likely via the activation of certain key signaling pathways (TGF-β, OPG/RANKL, and VEGF). By contrast, Ti surfaces coated with nano-rod shaped HA particles had a negative impact on osteo-/angio-genesis and osteoimmunomodulation. In vivo results further demonstrated that Ti implant surfaces decorated with HA nano-particles can stimulate new bone formation and osseointegration with enhanced interaction between osteocytes and implant surfaces. This study demonstrated that Ti implants with micro-surfaces coated with nano-particle shaped HA have a positive impact on osseointegration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Osteo-/angio-genesis are of importance during osteointegration of the implants. Recent advances unravel that immune response of macrophages and its manipulated osteoimmunomodulation also exerts a pivotal role to determine the fate of the implant. Surface nano-micro modification has evidenced to be efficient to influence osteogenesis, however, little is known links nano-microstructured surface to immune response, as well the osteoimmunomodulation. This study demonstrates that the nano-particles decorated micro-surface, compared with the nano-rods decorated micro-surface enables osteogenesis and angiogenesis concurrently that has not been investigated previously. This study also unravels that the immune response of macrophages can be manipulated by the nano-micro surface, especially the nano-dimension matters, leading to a differential effect on osteointegration. The additional knowledge obtained from this study may provide foundation and reference for future design of the coating materials for implantable materials.
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21
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Carbon nanotube multilayered nanocomposites as multifunctional substrates for actuating neuronal differentiation and functions of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2018; 175:93-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Armaly Z, Jadaon JE, Jabbour A, Abassi ZA. Preeclampsia: Novel Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Physiol 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 30090069 PMCID: PMC6068263 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy where it affects 5–8% of all pregnancies. It increases the morbidity and mortality of both the fetus and pregnant woman, especially in developing countries. It deleteriously affects several vital organs, including the kidneys, liver, brain, and lung. Although, the pathogenesis of preeclampsia has not yet been fully understood, growing evidence suggests that aberrations in the angiogenic factors levels and coagulopathy are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The common nominator of tissue damage of all these target organs is endothelial injury, which impedes their normal function. At the renal level, glomerular endothelial injury leads to the development of maternal proteinuria. Actually, peripheral vasoconstriction secondary to maternal systemic inflammation and endothelial cell activation is sufficient for the development of preeclampsia-induced hypertension. Similarly, preeclampsia can cause hepatic and neurologic dysfunction due to vascular damage and/or hypertension. Obviously, preeclampsia adversely affects various organs, however it is not yet clear whether pre-eclampsia per se adversely affects various organs or whether it exposes underlying genetic predispositions to cardiovascular disease that manifest in later life. The current review summarizes recent development in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia with special focus on novel diagnostic biomarkers and their relevance to potential therapeutic options for this disease state. Specifically, the review highlights the renal manifestations of the disease with emphasis on the involvement of angiogenic factors in vascular injury and on how restoration of the angiogenic balance affects renal and cardiovascular outcome of Preeclamptic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher Armaly
- Department of Nephrology, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jimmy E Jadaon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Laboratory Medicine, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Adel Jabbour
- Laboratory Medicine, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zaid A Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth and Burce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Park JM, Kim YJ, Song MK, Lee JM, Kim YJ. Genome‑wide DNA methylation profiling in a rat model with vascular dementia. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:123-130. [PMID: 29749552 PMCID: PMC6059660 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most prevalent type of dementia, is caused by reduced blood supply to the brain that results in cognitive impairment. Despite the efforts of numerous studies, the pathological mechanisms behind VaD remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to identify candidate genes that undergo changes in hippocampal DNA methylation owing to VaD. A genome‑wide DNA methylation analysis was performed, using methylated DNA‑binding domain sequencing. VaD model rats with cognitive impairment induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion were confirmed using the radial arm maze test. A total of 1,180 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were identified, and functional annotation analysis revealed the DMGs to be enriched in 10 Gene Ontology biological processes. Network analysis using the STRING database indicated that seven genes were closely connected. Rats in the VaD model group demonstrated relative hypomethylation in the promoter region and increased mRNA expression of the hippocampal genes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and kinase insert domain receptor, but only differences in VEGFA mRNA expression levels were determined to be statistically significant. In conclusion, these preliminary data from the functional annotation of hippocampal DMGs in the promoter region highlighted candidate genes for VaD that may contribute to the elucidation of its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Park
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ju Kim
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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24
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Li F, Kakoki M, Smid M, Boggess K, Wilder J, Hiller S, Bounajim C, Parnell SE, Sulik KK, Smithies O, Maeda-Smithies N. Causative Effects of Genetically Determined High Maternal/Fetal Endothelin-1 on Preeclampsia-Like Conditions in Mice. Hypertension 2018; 71:894-903. [PMID: 29610266 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. An association between an EDN1 gene polymorphism with high ET-1 and preeclampsia was reported in humans, but their cause and effect relationships have not been defined. We examined the pregnancy effects in mice with a modified Edn1 allele that increases mRNA stability and thus ET-1 production. Heterozygous Edn1H/+ females showed no obvious abnormalities before pregnancy, but when mated with wild-type (WT) males developed a full spectrum of preeclampsia-like phenotypes, including increased systolic blood pressure, proteinuria, glomerular endotheliosis, and intrauterine fetal growth restriction. At 7.5 days post-coitus, the embryos from Edn1H/+ dams, regardless of their Edn1 genotype, lagged 12 hours in development compared with embryos from WT dams, had disoriented ectoplacental cones, and retained high E-cadherin expression. In contrast, WT females mated with Edn1H/+ males, which also carried half of the fetuses with Edn1H/+ genotype, showed a mild systolic blood pressure increase only. These WT dams had 2× higher plasma soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 than WT dams mated with WT males. In human first trimester trophoblast cells, pharmacological doses of ET-1 increased the cellular sFlt1 transcripts and protein secretion via both type A and B ET-1 receptors. Our data demonstrate that high maternal ET-1 production causes preeclampsia-like phenotypes during pregnancy, affecting both initial stage of trophoblast differentiation/invasion and maternal peripheral vasculature during late gestation. High fetal ET-1 production, however, could cause increased soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in the maternal circulation and contribute to blood pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.).
| | - Masao Kakoki
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Marcela Smid
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Kim Boggess
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Jennifer Wilder
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Sylvia Hiller
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Carol Bounajim
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Scott E Parnell
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Kathleen K Sulik
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Oliver Smithies
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
| | - Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L., M.K., J.W., S.H., O.S., N.M.-S.), Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.B.), School of Medicine (C.B.), and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (S.E.P., K.K.S.), University of North Carolina; and Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (M.S.)
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Bai L, Du Z, Du J, Yao W, Zhang J, Weng Z, Liu S, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Yao X, Crawford R, Hang R, Huang D, Tang B, Xiao Y. A multifaceted coating on titanium dictates osteoimmunomodulation and osteo/angio-genesis towards ameliorative osseointegration. Biomaterials 2018; 162:154-169. [PMID: 29454274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multifaceted coating for hard tissue implants, with favorable osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunomodulation abilities, would be of great value since it could improve osseointegration and alleviate prosthesis loosening. However, to date there are few coatings that fully satisfy these criteria. Herein we describe a microporous TiO2 coating decorated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles that is generated by micro-arc oxidation of pure titanium (Ti) and followed annealing. By altering the annealing temperature, it is possible to simultaneously tune the coating's physical (morphology and wettability) and chemical (composites and crystallinity) properties. A coating produced with micro-arc oxidization (MAO) with an annealing temperature of 650 °C (MAO-650) exhibits numerous favorable physicochemical properties, such as hybrid micro-nano morphology, superhydrophilicity, and highly crystalline HA nanoparticles. In vitro experiments reveal that the MAO-650 coating not only supports proliferation and differentiation of both osteoblasts and endothelial cells, but also inhibits the inflammatory response of macrophages and enables a favorable osteoimmunomodulation to facilitate osteo/angio-genesis. In vivo evaluation mirrors these results, and shows that the MAO-650 coating results in ameliorative osseointegration when compared with the pristine MAO coating. These data highlight the profound effect of surface physicochemical properties on the regulation of osteo/angio-genesis and osteoimmunomodulation in the enhancement of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Jingjing Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zeming Weng
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Si Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanlian Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.
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26
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Bai L, Yang Y, Mendhi J, Du Z, Hao R, Hang R, Yao X, Huang N, Tang B, Xiao Y. The effects of TiO2 nanotube arrays with different diameters on macrophage/endothelial cell response and ex vivo hemocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6322-6333. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01675e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting is the most widely adopted surgical technique for the treatment of coronary disease.
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Chen H, Chen L, Liang R, Wei J. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance molecular imaging of atherosclerotic neovasculature with perfluorocarbon magnetic nanocapsules targeted against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5986-5996. [PMID: 28849045 PMCID: PMC5865790 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) for bimodal molecular imaging of atherosclerotic neovasculature with liquid perfluorocarbon magnetic nanocapsules (NCs) targeted to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2). By incorporating perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) into polylactic acid, a SPIO-embedded PFOB NC was constructed; subsequently, a VEGFR-2-targeted NC (VTNC) containing dual detectable probes was created by covalently linking a VEGFR-2 antibody onto the surface of the SPIO-embedded PFOB NC. Target specificity was verified in vitro by incubating VTNC with VEGFR-2+ or VEGFR-2− endothelial cells. Rats with vulnerable plaques were assigned to receive either an injection of VTNC (Targeted group; n=8) or an injection of NC (Nontargeted group; n=8); control rats also received an injection of VTNC (Control group; n=8). US and MR imaging of the abdominal aorta were performed to detect VTNC by measuring of the ultrasonic grayscale intensity (GSI) and MR contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) prior to and at successive time points following VTNC and NC injections. The percent positive area (PPA) of CD31+ (PPACD31+) or VEGFR-2+ (PPAVEGFR-2+) expression was quantified by immunohistochemical staining. CD31 was used to verify the existence of endothelial cells as it is widely expressed on the surface of endothelial cells whether activated or not. The results demonstrated that VTNC was able to highly and selectively detect VEGFR-2+ endothelial cells, and GSI, CNR, PPACD31+ and PPAVEGFR-2+ were significantly increased in the targeted group compared with the nontargeted and control groups. In the control group, no atherosclerotic plaques or angiogenesis was identified, thus no expression of PPACD31+ and PPAVEGFR-2 (data not shown). There were strong correlations among GSI, CNR, PPACD31+ and PPAVEGFR-2+. In conclusion, two-probe VTNC is feasible for bimodal US and MR molecular imaging of atherosclerotic neovasculature, which may offer complementary information for the more reliable prediction of plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lianglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Rongxi Liang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Imaging, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Bubb KJ, Birgisdottir AB, Tang O, Hansen T, Figtree GA. Redox modification of caveolar proteins in the cardiovascular system- role in cellular signalling and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:61-74. [PMID: 28188926 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and coordinated release of a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite, in specific microdomains, play a crucial role in cell signalling in the cardiovascular system. These reactions are mediated by reversible and functional modifications of a wide variety of key proteins. Dysregulation of this oxidative signalling occurs in almost all forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including at the very early phases. Despite the heavily publicized failure of "antioxidants" to improve CVD progression, pharmacotherapies such as those targeting the renin-angiotensin system, or statins, exert at least part of their large clinical benefit via modulating cellular redox signalling. Over 250 proteins, including receptors, ion channels and pumps, and signalling proteins are found in the caveolae. An increasing proportion of these are being recognized as redox regulated-proteins, that reside in the immediate vicinity of the two major cellular sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This review focuses on what is known about redox signalling within the caveolae, as well as endogenous protective mechanisms utilized by the cell, and new approaches to targeting dysregulated redox signalling in the caveolae as a therapeutic strategy in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Bubb
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Asa Birna Birgisdottir
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Heart and Lung Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Owen Tang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Saran U, Mani KP, Balaguru UM, Swaminathan A, Nagarajan S, Dharmarajan AM, Chatterjee S. sFRP4 signalling of apoptosis and angiostasis uses nitric oxide-cGMP-permeability axis of endothelium. Nitric Oxide 2017; 66:30-42. [PMID: 28267592 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in endothelial functions such as cellular migration, vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from "pre-existing" ones is a carefully regulated process and essential during reproduction, development and wound healing. Previously our lab group reported that Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 (sFRP4) could inhibit angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. sFRP4 belongs to a family of secreted glycoproteins that function as antagonists of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Although the pro-apoptotic role of sFRP4 is well discussed in literature, little is known in regards to its anti-angiogenic property. The objective of this study was to elucidate sFRP4 implications in NO biology of the endothelium. Results demonstrate that sFRP4 causes endothelial dysfunction by suppressing NO-cGMP signaling and elevating corresponding ROS levels. The imbalance between NO and ROS levels results in apoptosis and subsequent leakiness of endothelium as confirmed in vivo (Texas red/Annxin - CAM assay) and in vitro (Monolayer permeability assay) conditions. Furthermore utilizing peptides synthesized from the CRD domain of sFRP4, our results showed that while these peptides were able to cause endothelial dysfunctions, they did not cause apoptosis of the endothelial cells. Thereby confirming that sFRP4 can mediate its anti-angiogenic effect independent of its pro-apoptotic property. In conclusion, the current study reports that sFRP4-mediated anti-angiogenesis occurs as a result of impaired NO-cGMP signaling which in turn allow for elevation of redox levels and promotion of apoptosis of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Krishna Priya Mani
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | | | - Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Shunmugam Nagarajan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Arun M Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India; Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India.
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Next-Generation Stem Cell Therapy: Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:5-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Dulce RA, Kulandavelu S, Schulman IH, Fritsch J, Hare JM. Nitric Oxide Regulation of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Nitric Oxide 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Heterodimerisation between VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 and not the homodimers of VEGFR-1 inhibit VEGFR-2 activity. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 88:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abdel-Qadir H, Ethier JL, Lee DS, Thavendiranathan P, Amir E. Cardiovascular toxicity of angiogenesis inhibitors in treatment of malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 53:120-127. [PMID: 28104567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular risk of angiogenesis inhibitors is not well-quantified. We hypothesized that, compared to direct vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors (anti-VEGF antibodies or decoy receptors), small molecule agents have higher risk due to their less specific mechanism. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for phase III randomised controlled trials comparing angiogenesis inhibitor-based therapy to other systemic therapy. Outcomes evaluated were hypertension, severe hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, congestive heart failure, cardiac ischemia, arterial thromboembolism, venous thromboembolism, and fatal cardiovascular events. Data were pooled using Mantel-Haenszel random effects method to generate odds ratios (OR). RESULTS We identified 77 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Compared to routine care, angiogenesis inhibitors were associated with a higher risk of hypertension (OR 5.28 [4.53-6.15], number needed to harm [NNH] 6), severe hypertension (OR 5.59 [4.67-6.69], NNH 17), cardiac ischemia (OR 2.83 [1.72-4.65], NNH 85) and cardiac dysfunction (OR 1.35 [1.06-1.70], NNH 139). VEGF inhibitors were associated with an increased risk of arterial thromboembolism (OR 1.52 [1.17-1.98], NNH 141). No significant interaction was observed between the two drug subgroups for any outcomes. We identified no significant increase in the risk of the other outcomes evaluated. CONCLUSION Angiogenesis inhibitors increase the risk of hypertension, arterial thromboembolism, cardiac ischemia and cardiac dysfunction. There was no significant difference in cardiovascular risk between direct VEGF inhibitors and small molecule agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Abdel-Qadir
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Josee-Lyne Ethier
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eitan Amir
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li L, Hou X, Xu R, Liu C, Tu M. Research review on the pharmacological effects of astragaloside IV. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:17-36. [PMID: 27567103 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus Bunge has been used to treat numerous diseases for thousands of years. As the main active substance of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, astragaloside IV (AS-IV) also demonstrates the potent protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, liver fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. Based on studies published during the past several decades, the current state of AS-IV research and the pharmacological effects are detailed, elucidated, and summarized. This review systematically summarizes the pharmacological effects, metabolism mechanism, and the toxicity of AS-IV. AS-IV has multiple pharmacologic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antioxidative stress, anti-asthma, antidiabetes, immunoregulation, and cardioprotective effect via numerous signaling pathways. According to the existing studies and clinical practices, AS-IV possesses potential for broad application in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rongfang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Menbayaer Tu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Traditional Veterinary Medicine, Beijing, China
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35
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Padula AM, Yang W, Schultz K, Tom L, Lin B, Carmichael SL, Lammer EJ, Shaw GM. Gene variants as risk factors for gastroschisis. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2788-2802. [PMID: 27616475 PMCID: PMC5096035 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a population‐based case‐control study in California of 228 infants, we investigated 75 genetic variants in 20 genes and risk of gastroschisis with regard to maternal age, race/ethnicity, vitamin use, and smoking exposure. We hypothesized that genes related to vascular compromise may interact with environmental factors to affect the risk of gastroschisis. Haplotypes were constructed for 75 gene variants using the HaploView program. Risk for gastroschisis associated with each gene variant was calculated for both the homozygotes and the heterozygotes, with the homozygous wildtypes as the referent. Risks were estimated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by logistic regression. We found 11 gene variants with increased risk and four variants with decreased risk of gastroschisis for heterozygous (ORh) or homozygous variants (ORv) genotypes. These included NOS3 (rs1036145) ORh = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.7); NOS3 (rs10277237) ORv = 2.7 (95% CI: 1.3–6.0); ADD1 (rs12503220) ORh = 2.9 (95% CI: 1.6–5.4), GNB3 (rs5443) ORh = 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1–0.5), ORv = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.9); ICAM1 (rs281428) ORv = 6.9 (95% CI: 2.1–22.9), ICAM1 (rs3093030) ORv = 2.6 (95% CI: 1.2–5.6); ICAM4 (rs281438) ORv = 4.9 (95% CI: 1.4–16.6), ICAM5 (rs281417) ORh = 2.1 (95% CI: 1.1–4.1), ORv = 4.8 (95% CI: 1.7–13.6); ICAM5 (rs281440) ORh = 23.7 (95% CI: 5.5–102.5), ORv = 20.6 (95% CI: 3.4–124.3); ICAM5 (rs2075741) ORv = 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1–4.4); NAT1 ORv = 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1–0.9). There were additional associations between several gene variants and gastroschisis among women aged 20–24 and among mothers with and without vitamin use. NOS3, ADD1, ICAM1, ICAM4, and ICAM5 warrant further investigation in additional populations and with the interaction of additional environmental exposures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Padula
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | | | - Lauren Tom
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Bin Lin
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Suzan L Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Edward J Lammer
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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Knapp AE, Goldberg D, Delavar H, Trisko BM, Tang K, Hogan MC, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Skeletal myofiber VEGF regulates contraction-induced perfusion and exercise capacity but not muscle capillarity in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R192-9. [PMID: 27225953 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00533.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exhaustive exercise signals expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the exercising muscle. Previous studies have reported that mice with life-long deletion of skeletal myofiber VEGF have fewer capillaries and a severe reduction in endurance exercise. However, in adult mice, VEGF gene deletion conditionally targeted to skeletal myofibers limits exercise capacity without evidence of capillary regression. To explain this, we hypothesized that adult skeletal myofiber VEGF acutely regulates skeletal muscle perfusion during muscle contraction. A tamoxifen-inducible skeletal myofiber-specific VEGF gene deletion mouse (skmVEGF-/-) was used to reduce skeletal muscle VEGF protein by 90% in adult mice. Three weeks after inducing deletion of the skeletal myofiber VEGF gene, skmVEGF-/- mice exhibited diminished maximum running speed (-10%, P < 0.05) and endurance capacity (-47%; P < 0.05), which did not persist after 8 wk. In skmVEGF-/- mice, gastrocnemius complex time to fatigue measured in situ was 71% lower than control mice. Contraction-induced perfusion measured by optical imaging during a period of electrically stimulated muscle contraction was 85% lower in skmVEGF-/- than control mice. No evidence of capillary rarefication was detected in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) up to 8 wk after tamoxifen-induced VEGF ablation, and contractility and fatigue resistance of the soleus measured ex vivo were also unchanged. The force-frequency of the EDL showed a small right shift, but fatigue resistance did not differ between EDL from control and skmVEGF-/- mice. These data suggest myofiber VEGF is required for regulating perfusion during periods of contraction and may in this manner affect endurance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Knapp
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hamid Delavar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Breanna M Trisko
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kechun Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Peter D Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ellen C Breen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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miR-182 Modulates Myocardial Hypertrophic Response Induced by Angiogenesis in Heart. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21228. [PMID: 26888314 PMCID: PMC4758045 DOI: 10.1038/srep21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is an adaptive response to hemodynamic demands. Although angiogenesis is critical to support the increase in heart mass with matching blood supply, it may also promote a hypertrophic response. Previously, we showed that cardiac angiogenesis induced by placental growth factor (PlGF), promotes myocardial hypertrophy through the paracrine action of endothelium-derived NO, which triggers the degradation of regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) to activate the Akt/mTORC1 pathways in cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigated whether miRNAs contribute to the development of hypertrophic response associated with myocardial angiogenesis. We show that miR-182 is upregulated concurrently with the development of hypertrophy in PlGF mice, but not when hypertrophy was blocked by concomitant expression of PlGF and RGS4, or by PlGF expression in eNOS−/− mice. Anti-miR-182 treatment inhibits the hypertrophic response and prevents the Akt/mTORC1 activation in PlGF mice and NO-treated cardiomyocytes. miR-182 reduces the expression of Bcat2, Foxo3 and Adcy6 to regulate the hypertrophic response in PlGF mice. Particularly, depletion of Bcat2, identified as a new miR-182 target, promotes AktSer473/p70-S6KThr389 phosphorylation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. LV pressure overload did not upregulate miR-182. Thus, miR-182 is a novel target of endothelial-cardiomyocyte crosstalk and plays an important role in the angiogenesis induced-hypertrophic response.
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Ahmed A, Ramma W. Unravelling the theories of pre-eclampsia: are the protective pathways the new paradigm? Br J Pharmacol 2016; 172:1574-86. [PMID: 25303561 PMCID: PMC4354257 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a vascular disorder of pregnancy where anti-angiogenic factors, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress predominate, but none can claim to cause pre-eclampsia. This review provides an alternative to the ‘two-stage model’ of pre-eclampsia in which abnormal spiral arteries modification leads to placental hypoxia, oxidative stress and aberrant maternal systemic inflammation. Very high maternal soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1 also known as sVEGFR) and very low placenta growth factor (PlGF) are unique to pre-eclampsia; however, abnormal spiral arteries and excessive inflammation are also prevalent in other placental disorders. Metaphorically speaking, pregnancy can be viewed as a car with an accelerator and brakes, where inflammation, oxidative stress and an imbalance in the angiogenic milieu act as the ‘accelerator’. The ‘braking system’ includes the protective pathways of haem oxygenase 1 (also referred as Hmox1 or HO-1) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (also known as CSE or Cth), which generate carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) respectively. The failure in these pathways (brakes) results in the pregnancy going out of control and the system crashing. Put simply, pre-eclampsia is an accelerator–brake defect disorder. CO and H2S hold great promise because of their unique ability to suppress the anti-angiogenic factors sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin as well as to promote PlGF and endothelial NOS activity. The key to finding a cure lies in the identification of cheap, safe and effective drugs that induce the braking system to keep the pregnancy vehicle on track past the finishing line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ahmed
- Vascular Therapeutics Unit, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Ahmed A, Rezai H, Broadway-Stringer S. Evidence-Based Revised View of the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:355-374. [PMID: 27873232 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a life-threatening vascular disorder of pregnancy due to a failing stressed placenta. Millions of women risk death to give birth each year and globally each year, almost 300,000 lose their life in this process and over 500,000 babies die as a consequence of preeclampsia. Despite decades of research, we lack pharmacological agents to treat it. Maternal endothelial oxidative stress is a central phenomenon responsible for the preeclampsia phenotype of high maternal blood pressure and proteinuria. In 1997, it was proposed that preeclampsia arises due to the loss of VEGF activity, possibly due to elevation in anti-angiogenic factor, soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1). Researchers showed that high sFlt-1 and soluble endoglin (sEng) elicit the severe preeclampsia phenotype in pregnant rodents. We demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) pathway prevents placental stress and suppresses sFlt-1 and sEng release. Likewise, hydrogen sulphide (H2S)/cystathionine-γ-lyase (Cth) systems limit sFlt-1 and sEng and protect against the preeclampsia phenotype in mice. Importantly, H2S restores placental vasculature, and in doing so improves lagging fetal growth. These molecules act as the inhibitor systems in pregnancy and when they fail, preeclampsia is triggered. In this review, we discuss what are the hypotheses and models for the pathophysiology of preeclampsia on the basis of Bradford Hill causation criteria for disease causation and how further in vivo experimentation is needed to establish 'proof of principle'. Hypotheses that fail to meet the Bradford Hill causation criteria include abnormal spiral artery remodelling and inflammation and should be considered associated or consequential to the disorder. In contrast, the protection against cellular stress hypothesis that states that the protective pathways mitigate cellular stress by limiting elevation of anti-angiogenic factors or oxidative stress and the subsequent clinical signs of preeclampsia appear to fulfil most of Bradford Hill causation criteria. Identifying the candidates on the roadmap to this pathway is essential in developing diagnostics and therapeutics to target the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ahmed
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Homira Rezai
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Sophie Broadway-Stringer
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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Chacko SJ, Pauwaa S, Barengolts E, Ciubotaru I, Kansal MM. Vitamin D Attenuates Left Atrial Volume Changes in African American Males with Obesity and Prediabetes. Echocardiography 2015; 33:681-5. [PMID: 26711179 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is common among African Americans in the United States and is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. In this study, prediabetic African American males who were found to be vitamin D-deficient were randomized to vitamin D supplementation and assessed for changes in left atrial (LA) volume. Prediabetic African American males who were vitamin D-deficient (25(OH)D: 5.0-29 ng/mL) were randomized to high-dose ergocalciferol or placebo. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at 1 year. Ejection fraction (EF), septal and posterior wall thickness, LA area, LA length, LA volume, E, A, septal and lateral e' and a', deceleration time, and isovolumetric relaxation time were collected. Eighty-one of 158 (51%) subjects received vitamin D2 . Baseline characteristics were similar among both groups. In the placebo group, left atrial volume significantly increased on follow-up (LA volume increased 6.3 mL, P = 0.0025). Compared with placebo group, the treatment group with ergocalciferol had attenuated increases in left atrial volume (LA volume increased 2.6 mL, P = 0.29). Changes in left atrial volume persisted when indexed to body surface area. There was no significant difference in other diastolic parameters and blood pressure between groups. In conclusion, vitamin D-deficient prediabetic African American males who were treated with high-dose vitamin D2 were found to have attenuated increases in left atrial volume compared with controls over 12-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Jacob Chacko
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunil Pauwaa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois
| | - Elena Barengolts
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irina Ciubotaru
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mayank M Kansal
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Ornaghi S, Mueller M, Barnea ER, Paidas MJ. Thrombosis during pregnancy: Risks, prevention, and treatment for mother and fetus-harvesting the power of omic technology, biomarkers and in vitro or in vivo models to facilitate the treatment of thrombosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:209-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ornaghi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Milan-Bicocca; Monza Italy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University Hospital Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Eytan R. Barnea
- Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy; Cherry Hill New Jersey
- BioIncept LLC; Cherry Hill New Jersey
| | - Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences; Yale Women and Children's Center for Blood Disorders and Preeclampsia Advancement, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
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Pries AR, Secomb TW. Making microvascular networks work: angiogenesis, remodeling, and pruning. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:446-55. [PMID: 25362638 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adequate and efficient functioning of the microcirculation requires not only numerous vessels providing a large surface area for transport but also a structure that provides short diffusion distances from capillaries to tissue and efficient distribution of convective blood flow. Theoretical models show how a combination of angiogenesis, remodeling, and pruning in response to hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli, termed "angioadaptation," generates well organized, functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Pries
- Department of Physiology and CCR, Charité, Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Ahmad S, Hewett PW, Fujisawa T, Sissaoui S, Cai M, Gueron G, Al-Ani B, Cudmore M, Ahmed SF, Wong MKK, Wegiel B, Otterbein LE, Vítek L, Ramma W, Wang K, Ahmed A. Carbon monoxide inhibits sprouting angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:329-37. [PMID: 25354586 DOI: 10.1160/th14-01-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous autacoid known to positively regulate vascular tone; however, its role in angiogenesis is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CO on angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 phosphorylation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured on growth factor-reduced Matrigel and treated with a CO-releasing molecule (CORM-2) or exposed to CO gas (250 ppm). Here, we report the surprising finding that exposure to CO inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell actin reorganisation, cell proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation. Similarly, CO suppressed VEGF-mediated phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at tyrosine residue 1175 and 1214 and basic fibroblast growth factor- (FGF-2) and VEGF-mediated Akt phosphorylation. Consistent with these data, mice exposed to 250 ppm CO (1h/day for 14 days) exhibited a marked decrease in FGF-2-induced Matrigel plug angiogenesis (p<0.05). These data establish a new biological function for CO in angiogenesis and point to a potential therapeutic use for CO as an anti-angiogenic agent in tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad
- Dr. Shakil Ahmad, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK, Tel.: +44 121 204 4038, E-mail:
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Tang Y, Jacobi A, Vater C, Zou X, Stiehler M. Salvianolic acid B protects human endothelial progenitor cells against oxidative stress-mediated dysfunction by modulating Akt/mTOR/4EBP1, p38 MAPK/ATF2, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:34-49. [PMID: 24780446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is specifically sensitive to oxidative stress, and this is one of the mechanisms that causes widespread endothelial dysfunction in most cardiovascular diseases and disorders. Protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage via antioxidant mechanisms is essential for tissue maintenance and shows therapeutic potential for patients suffering from cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Salvianolic acid B (SalB), a natural bioactive component known from Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been reported to exert cellular protection in various types of cells. However, the underlying mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we showed that SalB significantly promoted the migratory and tube formation abilities of human bone marrow derived-endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) in vitro, and substantially abrogated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell damage. SalB down-regulated Nox4 and eNOS, as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase expression upon H2O2 induction that in turn prevents oxidative-induced endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, SalB suppressed the Bax/Bcl-xL ratio and caspase-3 activation after H2O2 induction. Furthermore, our results provide mechanistic evidence that activation of the mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 pathways is required for both SalB-mediated angiogenic and protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell injury in BM-EPCs. Suppression of MKK3/6-p38 MAPK-ATF2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways by SalB significantly protected BM-EPCs against cell injury caused by oxidative stress via reduction of intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis. Taken together, by providing a mechanistic insight into the modulation of redox states in BM-EPCs by SalB, we suggest that SalB has a strong potential of being a new proangiogenic and cytoprotective therapeutic agent with applications in the field of endothelial injury-mediated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Tang
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty and University Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty and University Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Corina Vater
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty and University Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Xuenong Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Maik Stiehler
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty and University Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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45
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Antiproliferative effects of carbon monoxide on pancreatic cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46:369-75. [PMID: 24433995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide, the gaseous product of heme oxygenase, is a signalling molecule with a broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carbon monoxide on proliferation of human pancreatic cancer. METHODS In vitro studies were performed on human pancreatic cancer cells (CAPAN-2, BxPc3, and PaTu-8902) treated with a carbon monoxide-releasing molecule or its inactive counterpart, or exposed to carbon monoxide gas (500 ppm/24h). For in vivo studies, pancreatic cancer cells (CAPAN-2/PaTu-8902) were xenotransplanted subcutaneously into athymic mice, subsequently treated with carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (35 mg/kg b.w. i.p./day), or exposed to safe doses of carbon monoxide (500 ppm 1h/day; n = 6 in each group). RESULTS Both carbon monoxide-releasing molecule and carbon monoxide exposure significantly inhibited proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells (p<0.05). A substantial decrease in Akt phosphorylation was observed in carbon monoxide-releasing molecule compared with inactive carbon monoxide-releasing molecule treated cancer cells (by 30-50%, p<0.05). Simultaneously, carbon monoxide-releasing molecule and carbon monoxide exposure inhibited tumour proliferation and microvascular density of xenotransplanted tumours (p<0.01), and doubled the survival rates (p<0.005). Exposure of mice to carbon monoxide led to an almost 3-fold increase in carbon monoxide content in tumour tissues (p=0.006). CONCLUSION These data suggest a new biological function for carbon monoxide in carcinogenesis, and point to the potential chemotherapeutic/chemoadjuvant use of carbon monoxide in pancreatic cancer.
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Abstract
Rapid postnatal growth and differentiation of fetal arterial smooth muscle is coordinated by a cacophony of growth factors, one of the most important of which is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In fetal arterial smooth muscle, VEGF influences both the expression and intracellular organization of contractile proteins and helps mediate hypoxic vascular remodeling. Numerous factors influence the expression of VEGF and its receptors, including chronic hypoxia, maternal food restriction, glucocorticoids, and miRNA. Continued study of the coupling between VEGF and transcription factors such as myocardin that govern smooth muscle differentiation, offers great promise for better clinical management of neonates at risk for cardiovascular dysregulation.
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TNFSF15 inhibits vasculogenesis by regulating relative levels of membrane-bound and soluble isoforms of VEGF receptor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13863-8. [PMID: 23918400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304529110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse bone marrow-derived Lin(-)-Sca-1(+) endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) has pluripotent abilities such as supporting neovascularization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 (VEGFR1) (Flt1) recognizes various VEGF isoforms and is critically implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological settings, including vasculogenesis. Mouse EPC expresses two isoforms of VEGFR1: mFlt1, which transmits ligand-induced signals; and sFlt1, which acts as a negative regulator by sequestering ligands of VEGF receptors. How the relative levels of mFlt1 and sFlt1 are regulated is not yet clear. We report here that tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) (also known as VEGI or TL1A), an endothelial cell-secreted cytokine, simultaneously promotes mFlt1 degradation and up-regulates sFlt1 expression in EPC, giving rise to disruption of VEGF- or PlGF-induced activation of eNOS and MAPK p38 and effective inhibition of VEGF-driven, EPC-supported vasculogenesis in a murine Matrigel implant model. TNFSF15 treatment of EPC cultures facilitates Akt deactivation-dependent, ubiquitin-assisted degradation of mFlt1 and stimulates sFlt1 expression by activating the PKC, Src, and Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Additionally, TNFSF15 promotes alternative splicing of the Flt1 gene in favor of sFlt1 production by down-regulating nuclear protein Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (Jmjd6), thus alleviating Jmjd6-inhibited sFlt1 expression. These findings indicate that TNFSF15 is a key component of a molecular mechanism that negatively modulates EPC-supported vasculogenesis through regulation of the relative levels of mFlt1 and sFlt1 in EPC.
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Wang K, Ahmad S, Cai M, Rennie J, Fujisawa T, Crispi F, Baily J, Miller MR, Cudmore M, Hadoke PWF, Wang R, Gratacós E, Buhimschi IA, Buhimschi CS, Ahmed A. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase contributes to maternal hypertension and placental abnormalities in preeclampsia. Circulation 2013; 127:2514-22. [PMID: 23704251 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact etiology of preeclampsia is unknown, but there is growing evidence of an imbalance in angiogenic growth factors and abnormal placentation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous messenger produced mainly by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), is a proangiogenic vasodilator. We hypothesized that a reduction in CSE activity may alter the angiogenic balance in pregnancy and induce abnormal placentation and maternal hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma levels of H2S were significantly decreased in women with preeclampsia (P<0.01), which was associated with reduced placental CSE expression as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of CSE activity by DL-propargylglycine reduced placental growth factorproduction from first-trimester (8-12 weeks gestation) human placental explants and inhibited trophoblast invasion in vitro. Knockdown of CSE in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by small-interfering RNA increased the release of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas adenoviral-mediated CSE overexpression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells inhibited their release. Administration of DL-propargylglycine to pregnant mice induced hypertension and liver damage, promoted abnormal labyrinth vascularization in the placenta, and decreased fetal growth. Finally, a slow-releasing H2S-generating compound, GYY4137, inhibited circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin levels and restored fetal growth in mice that was compromised by DL-propargylglycine treatment, demonstrating that the effect of CSE inhibitor was attributable to inhibition of H2S production. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that endogenous H2S is required for healthy placental vasculature and that a decrease in CSE/H2S activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Wang
- Vascular Medicine Unit, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Jaba IM, Zhuang ZW, Li N, Jiang Y, Martin KA, Sinusas AJ, Papademetris X, Simons M, Sessa WC, Young LH, Tirziu D. NO triggers RGS4 degradation to coordinate angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte growth. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1718-31. [PMID: 23454748 DOI: 10.1172/jci65112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is an adaptation to increased hemodynamic demands. An increase in heart tissue must be matched by a corresponding expansion of the coronary vasculature to maintain and adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for the heart. The physiological mechanisms that underlie the coordination of angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte growth are unknown. We report that induction of myocardial angiogenesis promotes cardiomyocyte growth and cardiac hypertrophy through a novel NO-dependent mechanism. We used transgenic, conditional overexpression of placental growth factor (PlGF) in murine cardiac tissues to stimulate myocardial angiogenesis and increase endothelial-derived NO release. NO production, in turn, induced myocardial hypertrophy by promoting proteasomal degradation of regulator of G protein signaling type 4 (RGS4), thus relieving the repression of the Gβγ/PI3Kγ/AKT/mTORC1 pathway that stimulates cardiomyocyte growth. This hypertrophic response was prevented by concomitant transgenic expression of RGS4 in cardiomyocytes. NOS inhibitor L-NAME also significantly attenuated RGS4 degradation, and reduced activation of AKT/mTORC1 signaling and induction of myocardial hypertrophy in PlGF transgenic mice, while conditional cardiac-specific PlGF expression in eNOS knockout mice did not induce myocardial hypertrophy. These findings describe a novel NO/RGS4/Gβγ/PI3Kγ/AKT mechanism that couples cardiac vessel growth with myocyte growth and heart size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Jaba
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Hu LS, George J, Wang JH. Current concepts on the role of nitric oxide in portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1707-1717. [PMID: 23555159 PMCID: PMC3607747 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PHT) is defined as a pathological increase in portal venous pressure and frequently accompanies cirrhosis. Portal pressure can be increased by a rise in portal blood flow, an increase in vascular resistance, or the combination. In cirrhosis, the primary factor leading to PHT is an increase in intra-hepatic resistance to blood flow. Although much of this increase is a mechanical consequence of architectural disturbances, there is a dynamic and reversible component that represents up to a third of the increased vascular resistance in cirrhosis. Many vasoactive substances contribute to the development of PHT. Among these, nitric oxide (NO) is the key mediator that paradoxically regulates the sinusoidal (intra-hepatic) and systemic/splanchnic circulations. NO deficiency in the liver leads to increased intra-hepatic resistance while increased NO in the circulation contributes to the hyperdynamic systemic/splanchnic circulation. NO mediated-angiogenesis also plays a role in splanchnic vasodilation and collateral circulation formation. NO donors reduce PHT in animals models but the key clinical challenge is the development of an NO donor or drug delivery system that selectively targets the liver.
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