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Nevarez-Mejia J, Pickering H, Sosa RA, Valenzuela NM, Fishbein GA, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL, Reed EF. Spatial multiomics of arterial regions from cardiac allograft vasculopathy rejected grafts reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis of chronic antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:1146-1160. [PMID: 38219867 PMCID: PMC11239797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) causes late graft failure and mortality after heart transplantation. Donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) lead to chronic endothelial cell injury, inflammation, and arterial intimal thickening. In this study, GeoMx digital spatial profiling was used to analyze arterial areas of interest (AOIs) from CAV+DSA+ rejected cardiac allografts (N = 3; 22 AOIs total). AOIs were categorized based on CAV neointimal thickening and underwent whole transcriptome and protein profiling. By comparing our transcriptomic data with that of healthy control vessels of rapid autopsy myocardial tissue, we pinpointed specific pathways and transcripts indicative of heightened inflammatory profiles in CAV lesions. Moreover, we identified protein and transcriptomic signatures distinguishing CAV lesions exhibiting low and high neointimal lesions. AOIs with low neointima showed increased markers for activated inflammatory infiltrates, endothelial cell activation transcripts, and gene modules involved in metalloproteinase activation and TP53 regulation of caspases. Inflammatory and apoptotic proteins correlated with inflammatory modules in low neointima AOIs. High neointima AOIs exhibited elevated TGFβ-regulated transcripts and modules enriched for platelet activation/aggregation. Proteins associated with growth factors/survival correlated with modules enriched for proliferation/repair in high neointima AOIs. Our findings reveal novel insight into immunological mechanisms mediating CAV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nevarez-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William M Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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2
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Chen D, Li K, Wei LL, Ma N, McVey JH, Dorling A. Neointimal hyperplasia after endoluminal injury in mice is dependent on tissue factor- and angiopoietin-2 dependent interferon gamma production by fibrocytes and macrophages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345199. [PMID: 38911855 PMCID: PMC11190261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The intimal hyperplasia (IH) and vascular remodelling that follows endovascular injury, for instance after post-angioplasty re-stenosis, results in downstream ischaemia and progressive end organ damage. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is known to play a critical role in this process. In mouse models we have previously shown that fibrocytes expressing tissue factor (TF) are recruited early to the site of injury. Through thrombin generation and protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation, fibrocytes secrete angiopoietin-2, stimulate neointimal cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce CXCL-12 production, all of which contribute to the progressive IH that then develops. In this study we investigated the relationship between TF, angiopoietin-2 and IFNγ. Methods and results IH developing in carotid arteries of wild-type mice 4 weeks after endoluminal injury contained a significant proportion of IFNγ+ fibrocytes and macrophages, which we show, using a previously defined adoptive transfer model, were derived from circulating CD34+ cells. IH did not develop after injury in IFNγ-deficient mice, except after transplantation of WT bone marrow or adoptive transfer of WT CD34+ cells. In vitro, CD34+ cells isolated from post-injury mice did not express IFNγ, but this was induced when provided with FVIIa and FX, and enhanced when prothrombin was also provided: In both cases IFNγ secretion was TF-dependent and mediated mainly through protease activated PAR-1. IFNγ was predominantly expressed by fibrocytes. In vivo, all IFNγ+ neointimal cells in WT mice co-expressed angiopoietin-2, as did the small numbers of neointimal cells recruited in IFNγ-/- mice. Adoptively transferred WT CD34+ cells treated with either an anti-TIE-2 antibody, or with siRNA against angiopoetin-2 inhibited the expression of IFNγ and the development of IH. Conclusion TF-dependent angiopoietin-2 production by newly recruited fibrocytes, and to a lesser extent macrophages, switches on IFNγ expression, and this is necessary for the IH to develop. These novel findings enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of IH and expose potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Chen
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wei
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiatong University, Xi’an, China
| | - John H. McVey
- School of Bioscience & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Chen W, Toda E, Takeuchi K, Sawa Y, Wakamatsu K, Kuwahara N, Ishikawa A, Igarashi Y, Terasaki M, Kunugi S, Terasaki Y, Yamada K, Terashima Y, Shimizu A. Disulfiram treatment suppresses antibody-producing reactions by inhibiting macrophage activation and B cell pyrimidine metabolism. Commun Biol 2024; 7:488. [PMID: 38649462 PMCID: PMC11035657 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody responses, involving B cells, CD4 + T cells, and macrophages, are implicated in autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. We have previously shown that inhibiting FROUNT with disulfiram (DSF) suppresses macrophage activation and migration, effectively treating inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of DSF in antibody-producing reactions. Using a heart transplantation mouse model with antibody-mediated rejection, we administered anti-CD8 antibody to exclude cellular rejection. DSF directly inhibited B cell responses in vitro and significantly reduced plasma donor-specific antibodies and graft antibody deposition in vivo, resulting in prolonged survival of the heart graft. DSF also mediated various effects, including decreased macrophage infiltration and increased Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the grafts. Additionally, DSF inhibited pyrimidine metabolism-related gene expression induced by B-cell stimulation. These findings demonstrate that DSF modulates antibody production in the immune response complexity by regulating B-cell and macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Chen
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Toda
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory for Morphological and Biomolecular Imaging, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Organ Replacement and Xenotransplantation Surgery, Center for Advanced Biomedical Science and Swine Research, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yurika Sawa
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Wakamatsu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Kuwahara
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arimi Ishikawa
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Igarashi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuya Terashima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Qin Y, Shao B, Ren SH, Ye K, Qin H, Wang HD, Sun C, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li X, Wang H. Interleukin-37 contributes to endometrial regenerative cell-mediated immunotherapeutic effect on chronic allograft vasculopathy. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:299-310. [PMID: 38159090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a predominant contributor to late allograft failure after organ transplantation. Several factors have already been shown to facilitate the progression of CAV, and there is still an urgent need for effective and specific therapeutic approaches to inhibit CAV. Human mesenchymal-like endometrial regenerative cells (ERCs) are free from the deficiencies of traditional invasive acquisition methods and possess many advantages. Nevertheless, the exact immunomodulation mechanism of ERCs remains to be elucidated. METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) mouse recipients receiving BALB/c mouse donor abdominal aorta transplantation were treated with ERCs, negative control (NC)-ERCs and interleukin (IL)-37-/-ERCs (ERCs with IL-37 ablation), respectively. Pathologic lesions and inflammatory cell infiltration in the grafts, splenic immune cell populations, circulating donor-specific antibody levels and cytokine profiles were analyzed on postoperative day (POD) 40. The proliferative capacities of Th1, Th17 and Treg subpopulations were assessed in vitro. RESULTS Allografts from untreated recipients developed typical pathology features of CAV, namely endothelial thickening, on POD 40. Compared with untreated and IL-37-/-ERC-treated groups, IL-37-secreting ERCs (ERCs and NC-ERCs) significantly reduced vascular stenosis, the intimal hyperplasia and collagen deposition. IL-37-secreting ERCs significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD4+T cells, reduced the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells, but increased the proportion of Tregs in vitro. Furthermore, in vitro results also showed that IL-37-secreting ERCs significantly inhibited Th1 and Th17 cell responses, abolished B-cell activation, diminished donor-specific antibody production and increased Treg proportions. Notably, IL-37-secreting ERCs remarkably downregulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A) and increased IL-10 levels in transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS The knockdown of IL-37 dramatically abrogates the therapeutic ability of ERCs for CAV. Thus, this study highlights that IL-37 is indispensable for ERC-mediated immunomodulation for CAV and improves the long-term allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shao-Hua Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Kui Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hong-da Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Chenglu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Yanglin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
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5
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The cathepsin-S/protease-activated receptor-(PAR)-2 axis drives chronic allograft vasculopathy and is a molecular target for therapeutic intervention. Transpl Immunol 2023; 77:101782. [PMID: 36608832 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin S (CatS) and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 are involved in the remodelling of vascular walls and neointima formation as well as in alloantigen presentation and T-cell priming. Therefore, we hypothesized that CatS/PAR-2 inhibition/deficiency would attenuate chronic allograft vasculopathy. METHODS Heterotopic aortic murine transplantation was performed from C57BL/6J donors to C57BL/6J recipients (syngeneic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J without treatment (allogenic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J with twice daily oral CatS inhibitor (allogenic treatment group) and Balb/c to Par2-/- C57BL/6J (allogenic knockout group). The recipients were sacrificed on day 28 and the grafts were harvested for histological analysis and RT-qPCR. RESULTS After 28 days, mice of the allogenic control group exhibited significant neointima formation and massive CD8 T-cell infiltration into the neointima while the syngeneic control group showed negligible allograft vasculopathy. The mRNA expression level of CatS in allografts was 5-fold of those in syngeneic grafts. Neointima formation and therefore intima/media-ratio were significantly decreased in the treatment and knockout group in comparison to the allogenic control group. Mice in treatment group also displayed significantly fewer CD8 T cells in the neointima compared with allogeneic controls. Additionally, treatment with the CatS inhibitor and PAR2-deficiency decreased mRNA-levels of interleukins and cytokines. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data indicate that inhibiting CatS and PAR-2 deficiency led to a marked reduction of neointima formation and associated inflammation in a murine heterotopic model for allograft vasculopathy.
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6
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Lion J, Maitre ML, de Truchis C, Taupin JL, Poussin K, Haziot A, Chong E, Glotz D, Mooney N. Restriction of interleukin-6 alters endothelial cell immunogenicity in an allogenic environment. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e14851. [PMID: 36495142 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microvascular endothelium of the renal transplant is the first site of graft interaction with the host immune system and is often injured in chronic Antibody Mediated Rejection (AMR). Microvascular inflammation is an independent determinant of AMR and heightens endothelial expression of HLA molecules thereby increasing the possibility of Donor Specific Antibody (DSA) binding. Endothelial cells produce IL-6 in the steady-state and this is increased by inflammation or by HLA-DR antibody binding in an allogeneic setting. Because IL-6 has been implicated in AMR, IL-6 blockade is currently under investigation as a therapeutic target. To further understand the role of IL-6 in endothelial cell immunogenicity, we have examined whether humanized antibody blockade of IL-6 altered endothelial cell interactions with allogeneic PBMC and after anti-HLA or DSA binding to endothelial cells in an in vitro human experimental model. Soluble factors, endothelial phenotype, Stat-3 activation, CD4+ -T differentiation, and C4d deposition were examined. Blockade of IL-6 reduced endothelial cell secretion of IL-6 and of the monocyte chemoattractant MCP-1. Pre-activation of endothelial cells by anti-HLA or DSA binding increased IL-6 secretion, that was further increased by concurrent binding of both antibodies and this was inhibited by IL-6 blockade. Activation of Stat-3 in CD4+ -T mediated by soluble factors produced in endothelial-PBMC interactions, and endothelial differentiation of CD4+ -T cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Treg), were impaired whereas activation of Complement by anti-HLA antibody binding remained unchanged by IL-6 blockade. Together, these data identify EC-mediated pro-inflammatory responses (T cell expansion, EC auto-activation, chemokine secretion) targeted by IL-6 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lion
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris
| | | | | | | | | | - Alain Haziot
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris.,Université de Paris, Paris
| | | | - Denis Glotz
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris.,Université de Paris, Paris
| | - Nuala Mooney
- INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris.,Université de Paris, Paris
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7
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Qin H, Sun C, Zhu Y, Qin Y, Ren S, Wang Z, Li C, Li X, Zhang B, Hao J, Li G, Wang H, Shao B, Zhang J, Wang H. IL-37 overexpression promotes endometrial regenerative cell-mediated inhibition of cardiac allograft rejection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:302. [PMID: 35841010 PMCID: PMC9284885 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial regenerative cells (ERCs) play an important role in attenuation of acute allograft rejection, while their effects are limited. IL-37, a newly discovered immunoregulatory cytokine of the IL-1 family, can regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. Whether IL-37 overexpression can enhance the therapeutic effects of ERCs in inhibition of acute cardiac allograft rejection remains unknown and will be explored in this study. METHODS C57BL/6 mice recipients receiving BALB/c mouse heterotopic heart allografts were randomly divided into the phosphate-buffered saline (untreated), ERC treated, negative lentiviral control ERC (NC-ERC) treated, and IL-37 overexpressing ERC (IL-37-ERC) treated groups. Graft pathological changes were assessed by H&E staining. The intra-graft cell infiltration and splenic immune cell populations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, respectively. The stimulatory property of recipient DCs was tested by an MLR assay. Furthermore, serum cytokine profiles of recipients were measured by ELISA assay. RESULTS Mice treated with IL-37-ERCs achieved significantly prolonged allograft survival compared with the ERC-treated group. Compared with all the other control groups, IL-37-ERC-treated group showed mitigated inflammatory response, a significant increase in tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol-DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the grafts and spleens, while a reduction of Th1 and Th17 cell population. Additionally, there was a significant upregulation of immunoregulatory IL-10, while a reduction of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-12 was detected in the sera of IL-37-ERC-treated recipients. CONCLUSION IL-37 overexpression can promote the therapeutic effects of ERCs to inhibit acute allograft rejection and further prolong graft survival. This study suggests that gene-modified ERCs overexpressing IL-37 may pave the way for novel therapeutic options in the field of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanglin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaohua Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoren Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingpeng Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.
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8
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Cadé M, Muñoz-Garcia J, Babuty A, Paré L, Cochonneau D, Fekir K, Chatelais M, Heymann MF, Lokajczyk A, Boisson-Vidal C, Heymann D. FVIII regulates the molecular profile of endothelial cells: functional impact on the blood barrier and macrophage behavior. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:145. [PMID: 35190870 PMCID: PMC11072670 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilia A is an inherited X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by deficient activity of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). In addition, hemophilia patients show associated diseases including osteopenia, altered inflammation and vascular fragility which may represent the consequence of recurrent bleeding or may be related to the direct FVIII deficiency. Nowadays, recombinant FVIII is proposed to treat hemophilia patients with no circulating FVIII inhibitor. Initially described as a coenzyme to factor IXa for initiating thrombin generation, there is emerging evidence that FVIII is involved in multiple biological systems, including bone, vascular and immune systems. The present study investigated: (i) the functional activities of recombinant human FVIII (rFVIII) on endothelial cells, and (ii) the impact of rFVIII activities on the functional interactions of human monocytes and endothelial cells. We then investigated whether rFVIII had a direct effect on the adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium under physiological flow conditions. We observed that direct biological activities for rFVIII in endothelial cells were characterized by: (i) a decrease in endothelial cell adhesion to the underlying extracellular matrix; (ii) regulation of the transcriptomic and protein profiles of endothelial cells; (iii) an increase in the vascular tubes formed and vascular permeability in vitro; and (iv) an increase in monocyte adhesion activated endothelium and transendothelial migration. By regulating vascular permeability plus leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, the present work highlights new biological functions for FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cadé
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, "Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine" Laboratory, Blvd Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain cedex, France
| | - Javier Muñoz-Garcia
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, "Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine" Laboratory, Blvd Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain cedex, France
| | - Antoine Babuty
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000, Nantes, France
- Department of Hemostasis, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Louis Paré
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | - Denis Cochonneau
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, "Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine" Laboratory, Blvd Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain cedex, France
| | | | | | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, "Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine" Laboratory, Blvd Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain cedex, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, "Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine" Laboratory, Blvd Jacques Monod, 44805, Saint-Herblain cedex, France.
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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9
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Pober JS, Chih S, Kobashigawa J, Madsen JC, Tellides G. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current review and future research directions. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2624-2638. [PMID: 34343276 PMCID: PMC8783389 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a pathologic immune-mediated remodelling of the vasculature in transplanted hearts and, by impairing perfusion, is the major cause of late graft loss. Although best understood following cardiac transplantation, similar forms of allograft vasculopathy occur in other vascularized organ grafts and some features of CAV may be shared with other immune-mediated vasculopathies. Here, we describe the incidence and diagnosis, the nature of the vascular remodelling, immune and non-immune contributions to pathogenesis, current therapies, and future areas of research in CAV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/immunology
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/immunology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Graft Rejection/epidemiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Survival
- Heart Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Pathology and Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven CT 06520-8089, USA
| | - Sharon Chih
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jon Kobashigawa
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery (Cardiac Surgery), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Lee LYH, Oldham WM, He H, Wang R, Mulhern R, Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Interferon-γ Impairs Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Glucose Metabolism by Tryptophan Catabolism and Activates Fatty Acid Oxidation. Circulation 2021; 144:1612-1628. [PMID: 34636650 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.053960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells depend on glycolysis for much of their energy production. Impaired endothelial glycolysis has been associated with various vascular pathobiologies, including impaired angiogenesis and atherogenesis. IFN-γ (interferon-γ)-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes have been identified as the predominant pathological cell subsets in human atherosclerotic plaques. Although the immunologic consequences of these cells have been extensively evaluated, their IFN-γ-mediated metabolic effects on endothelial cells remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic consequences of the T-lymphocyte cytokine, IFN-γ, on human coronary artery endothelial cells. METHODS The metabolic effects of IFN-γ on primary human coronary artery endothelial cells were assessed by unbiased transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses combined with real-time extracellular flux analyses and molecular mechanistic studies. Cellular phenotypic correlations were made by measuring altered endothelial intracellular cGMP content, wound-healing capacity, and adhesion molecule expression. RESULTS IFN-γ exposure inhibited basal glycolysis of quiescent primary human coronary artery endothelial cells by 20% through the global transcriptional suppression of glycolytic enzymes resulting from decreased basal HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) nuclear availability in normoxia. The decrease in HIF1α activity was a consequence of IFN-γ-induced tryptophan catabolism resulting in ARNT (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator)/HIF1β sequestration by the kynurenine-activated AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor). In addition, IFN-γ resulted in a 23% depletion of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in human coronary artery endothelial cells. This altered glucose metabolism was met with concomitant activation of fatty acid oxidation, which augmented its contribution to intracellular ATP balance by >20%. These metabolic derangements were associated with adverse endothelial phenotypic changes, including decreased basal intracellular cGMP, impaired endothelial migration, and a switch to a proinflammatory state. CONCLUSIONS IFN-γ impairs endothelial glucose metabolism by altered tryptophan catabolism destabilizing HIF1, depletes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and results in a metabolic shift toward increased fatty acid oxidation. This work suggests a novel mechanistic basis for pathological T lymphocyte-endothelial interactions in atherosclerosis mediated by IFN-γ, linking endothelial glucose, tryptophan, and fatty acid metabolism with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide balance and ATP generation and their adverse endothelial functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Yong-Hwa Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (W.M.O.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Huamei He
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ruisheng Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan Mulhern
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Y.-H.L., H.H., R.W., R.M., D.E.H., J.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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11
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Liu X, Guo JW, Lin XC, Tuo YH, Peng WL, He SY, Li ZQ, Ye YC, Yu J, Zhang FR, Ma MM, Shang JY, Lv XF, Zhou AD, Ouyang Y, Wang C, Pang RP, Sun JX, Ou JS, Zhou JG, Liang SJ. Macrophage NFATc3 prevents foam cell formation and atherosclerosis: evidence and mechanisms. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:4847-4861. [PMID: 34570211 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous study demonstrated that Ca2+ influx through the Orai1 store-operated Ca2+ channel in macrophages contributes to foam cell formation and atherosclerosis via the calcineurin-ASK1 pathway, not the classical calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) pathway. Moreover, up-regulation of NFATc3 in macrophages inhibits foam cell formation, suggesting that macrophage NFATc3 is a negative regulator of atherogenesis. Hence, this study investigated the precise role of macrophage NFATc3 in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Macrophage-specific NFATc3 knockout mice were generated to determine the effect of NFATc3 on atherosclerosis in a mouse model of adeno-associated virus-mutant PCSK9-induced atherosclerosis. NFATc3 expression was decreased in macrophages within human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Moreover, NFATc3 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from atherosclerotic patients were negatively associated with plaque instability. Furthermore, macrophage-specific ablation of NFATc3 in mice led to the atherosclerotic plaque formation, whereas macrophage-specific NFATc3 transgenic mice exhibited the opposite phenotype. NFATc3 deficiency in macrophages promoted foam cell formation by potentiating SR-A- and CD36-meditated lipid uptake. NFATc3 directly targeted and transcriptionally up-regulated miR-204 levels. Mature miR-204-5p suppressed SR-A expression via canonical regulation. Unexpectedly, miR-204-3p localized in the nucleus and inhibited CD36 transcription. Restoration of miR-204 abolished the proatherogenic phenotype observed in the macrophage-specific NFATc3 knockout mice, and blockade of miR-204 function reversed the beneficial effects of NFATc3 in macrophages. CONCLUSION Macrophage NFATc3 up-regulates miR-204 to reduce SR-A and CD36 levels, thereby preventing foam cell formation and atherosclerosis, indicating that the NFATc3/miR-204 axis may be a potential therapeutic target against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia-Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Rd, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong-Hua Tuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang East Rd, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Wan-Li Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Su-Yue He
- Department of Physiology, Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhao-Qiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Rd, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yan-Chen Ye
- Division of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Rd, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Fei-Ran Zhang
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jin-Yan Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - An-Dong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the Second Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Rd, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Rd, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui-Ping Pang
- Department of Physiology, Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian-Xin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Rm. 368G, Philadelphia PA 19107, USA
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 ZhongShan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yanjiang West Rd, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 1 Xinzao Rd, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- Program of Kidney and Cardiovascular Diseases, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2 Rd, Guangzhou 510080, China
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12
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Ostriker AC, Xie Y, Chakraborty R, Sizer AJ, Bai Y, Ding M, Song WL, Huttner A, Hwa J, Martin KA. TET2 Protects Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis and Intimal Thickening in Transplant Vasculopathy. Circulation 2021; 144:455-470. [PMID: 34111946 PMCID: PMC8643133 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a devastating sequela of heart transplant in which arterial intimal thickening limits coronary blood flow. There are currently no targeted therapies to prevent or reduce this pathology that leads to transplant failure. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic plasticity is critical in CAV neointima formation. TET2 (TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2) is an important epigenetic regulator of VSMC phenotype, but the role of TET2 in the progression of CAV is unknown. METHODS We assessed TET2 expression and activity in human CAV and renal transplant samples. We also used the sex-mismatched murine aortic graft model of graft arteriopathy (GA) in wild-type and inducible smooth muscle-specific Tet2 knockout mice; and in vitro studies in murine and human VSMCs using knockdown, overexpression, and transcriptomic approaches to assess the role of TET2 in VSMC responses to IFNγ (interferon γ), a cytokine elaborated by T cells that drives CAV progression. RESULTS In the present study, we found that TET2 expression and activity are negatively regulated in human CAV and renal transplant samples and in the murine aortic graft model of GA. IFNγ was sufficient to repress TET2 and induce an activated VSMC phenotype in vitro. TET2 depletion mimicked the effects of IFNγ, and TET2 overexpression rescued IFNγ-induced dedifferentiation. VSMC-specific TET2 depletion in aortic grafts, and in the femoral wire restenosis model, resulted in increased VSMC apoptosis and medial thinning. In GA, this apoptosis was tightly correlated with proliferation. In vitro, TET2-deficient VSMCs undergo apoptosis more readily in response to IFNγ and expressed a signature of increased susceptibility to extrinsic apoptotic signaling. Enhancing TET2 enzymatic activity with high-dose ascorbic acid rescued the effect of GA-induced VSMC apoptosis and intimal thickening in a TET2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS TET2 is repressed in CAV and GA, likely mediated by IFNγ. TET2 serves to protect VSMCs from apoptosis in the context of transplant vasculopathy or IFNγ stimulation. Promoting TET2 activity in vivo with systemic ascorbic acid reduces VSMC apoptosis and intimal thickening. These data suggest that promoting TET2 activity in CAV may be an effective strategy for limiting CAV progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Ostriker
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ashley J. Sizer
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Yalai Bai
- Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Min Ding
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Anita Huttner
- Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - John Hwa
- Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
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13
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Transferring Plasmon Effect on a Biological System: Expression of Biological Polymers in Chronic Rejection and Inflammatory Rat Model. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111827. [PMID: 34072966 PMCID: PMC8199201 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmon-activated water (PAW) that reduces hydrogen bonds is made of deionized reverse osmosis water (ROW). However, compared with ROW, PAW has a significantly higher diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant in electrochemical reactions. PAW has a boiling point of 97 °C and specific heat of0.94; the energy of PAW is also 1121 J/mol higher than ordinary water. The greater the force of hydrogen bonds between H2O, the larger the volume of the H2O cluster, and the easier it is to lose the original characteristics. The hydrogen bonding force of PAW is weak, so the volume of its cluster is small, and it exists in a state very close to a single H2O. PAW has a high permeability and diffusion rate, which can improve the needs of biological applications and meet the dependence of biological organisms on H2O when performing physiological functions. PAW can successfully remove free radicals, and efficiently reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced monocytes to release nitric oxide. PAW can induce expression of the antioxidant gene Nrf2 in human gingival fibroblasts, lower amyloid burden in mice with Alzheimer’s disease, and decrease metastasis in mice grafted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Because the transferring plasmon effect may improve the abnormality of physiological activity in a biological system, we aimed to evaluate the influence of PAW on orthotopic allograft transplantation (OAT)-induced vasculopathy in this study. Here, we demonstrated that daily intake of PAW lowered the progression of vasculopathy in OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats by inhibiting collagen accumulation, proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, and T lymphocyte infiltration in the vessel wall. The results showed reduced T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophage activation in the spleen of the OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats that were administered PAW. In contrast to the control group, the OAT-recipient ACI/NKyo rats that were administered PAW exhibited higher mobilization and levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells associated with vessel repair. We use the transferring plasmon effect to adjust and maintain the biochemical properties of water, and to meet the biochemical demand of organisms. Therefore, this study highlights the therapeutic roles of PAW and provides more biomedical applicability for the transferring plasmon effect.
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14
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He L, Gao K, Liu H, Wang J, Li X, He C. Smooth muscle cell-specific knockout of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor attenuates intimal hyperplasia via STAT1-KLF4 activation. Life Sci 2021:119651. [PMID: 34048810 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal hyperplasia is a main contributor to in-stent restenosis. Previous researches have shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory factor, plays a pathological role in intimal hyperplasia. However, the specific role and molecular mechanism of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)-derived IFN-γ receptor in intimal hyperplasia remains unknown. METHODS We examined the distribution of IFN-γ receptor in human restenosis arteries. Then, the role of IFN-γ receptor in intimal hyperplasia was detected using VSMC-specific IFN-γ receptor-knock out carotid ligation injury models. We performed immunostaining, transwell assay and EdU staining to identify the role of IFN-γ in VSMCs proliferation and migration. The effect of IFN-γ on VSMCs phenotype switching was also investigated. Finally, we evaluated whether the mechanism of IFN-γ on intimal hyperplasia is STAT1-KLF4 dependent. RESULTS The distribution of IFN-γ receptor in human restenosis arteries with VSMC-rich neointima is eventually upregulated. Specific deletion of IFN-γ receptor exhibits thinner intima and lesser proliferating VSMCs. In vitro, treatment with IFN-γ promotes human aortic VSMC (HAVSMCs) proliferation and migration, whereas specifically knock out IFN-γ receptor results in the opposite effect. Deficiency of IFN-γ receptor regulates VSMCs phenotypic switching, such as upregulated contractile markers and downregulated proliferation markers. Mechanistic studies suggest that ablation of IFN-γ receptor prevents VSMCs proliferation, migration and dedifferentiation via STAT1-KLF4 activation. CONCLUSION These results reveal that knockout of VSMC-derived IFN-γ receptor potentiates neointimal hyperplasia by preventing VSMCs proliferation, migration and dedifferentiation. Our finding implies that targeting IFN-γ-STAT1-KLF4 signaling could provide a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate vessel restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Cai J, Deng J, Gu W, Ni Z, Liu Y, Kamra Y, Saxena A, Hu Y, Yuan H, Xiao Q, Lu Y, Xu Q. Impact of Local Alloimmunity and Recipient Cells in Transplant Arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 2020; 127:974-993. [PMID: 32689904 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transplant arteriosclerosis is the major limitation to long-term survival of solid organ transplantation. Although both immune and nonimmune cells have been suggested to contribute to this process, the complex cellular heterogeneity within the grafts, and the underlying mechanisms regulating the disease progression remain largely uncharacterized. OBJECTIVE We aimed to delineate the cellular heterogeneity within the allografts, and to explore possible mechanisms underlying this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we reported the transcriptional profiling of 11 868 cells in a mouse model of transplant arteriosclerosis by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unbiased clustering analyses identified 21 cell clusters at different stages of diseases, and focused analysis revealed several previously unknown subpopulations enriched in the allografts. Interestingly, we found evidence of the local formation of tertiary lymphoid tissues and suggested a possible local modulation of alloimmune responses within the grafts. Intercellular communication analyses uncovered a potential role of several ligands and receptors, including Ccl21a and Cxcr3, in regulating lymphatic endothelial cell-induced early chemotaxis and infiltration of immune cells. In vivo mouse experiments confirmed the therapeutic potential of CCL21 and CXCR3 neutralizing antibodies in transplant arteriosclerosis. Combinational use of genetic lineage tracing and single-cell techniques further indicate the infiltration of host-derived c-Kit+ stem cells as heterogeneous populations in the allografts. Finally, we compared the immune response between mouse allograft and atherosclerosis models in single-cell RNA-seq analysis. By analyzing susceptibility genes of disease traits, we also identified several cell clusters expressing genes associated with disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a transcriptional and cellular landscape of transplant arteriosclerosis, which could be fundamental to understanding the initiation and progression of this disease. CCL21/CXCR3 was also identified as important regulators of immune response and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Zhichao Ni
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (J.D., W.G., Z.N.)
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Research Platform, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom (Y.K., A.S.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.)
| | - Hong Yuan
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology (H.Y.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (J.D., W.G., Y.H., Q.X.).,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
| | - Yao Lu
- From the Center of Pharmacology (J.C., Y.L., H.Y., Y.L.), The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, Q. Xu)
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16
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Luo Z, Liao T, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Sun Q, Han F, Yang Z, Sun Q. Triptolide Attenuates Transplant Vasculopathy Through Multiple Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:612. [PMID: 32373115 PMCID: PMC7186401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplant vasculopathy (TV), a hallmark of chronic allograft rejection, is the primary cause of allograft loss after organ transplantation. Because multiple mechanisms are involved in TV pathogenesis, effective therapy for it remains elusive. Here, we identify the role of triptolide, which has a wide spectrum of immuno-suppressive activities, in inhibiting TV development. Murine aortic transplants models were constructed and divided into triptolide-treated and untreated groups. We found that triptolide significantly alleviated intima thickening of allografts by inhibiting multiple pathways. Triptolide significantly reduced infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages and inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6) and pro-fibrotic factors (TGF-β, α-SMA, and MMP-9) in the graft. Additionally, triptolide significantly decreased the numbers of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes, as well as the expression of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducing factor (CXCL9 and CXCL10) in recipient. Moreover, triptolide decreased the numbers of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as the levels of donor specific antibodies (DSAs) in recipient. Furthermore, triptolide not only inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) viability and promoted VSMC apoptosis but also significantly inhibited VSMC migration in vitro. These results emphasize the efficacy of triptolide in inhibiting TV development and provide a basis for developing new treatments to prevent TV-related complications and improve the long-term survival of transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Luo
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Zheng
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qipeng Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Liu X, Lu Y, Lian Y, Chen Z, Xia J, Meng L, Qi Z. Macrophage Depletion Improves Chronic Rejection in Rats With Allograft Heart Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:992-1000. [PMID: 32122662 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages may be important in chronic rejection after organ transplantation. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of depleting macrophages for a certain amount of time to alleviate chronic rejection in a heart transplant model of Fischer to Lewis rats. METHODS Clodronate liposome was injected abdominally to deplete macrophages for 2 time frames. The expression levels of ectodysplasin 1, arginase 1 (Arg1), chitinase-like lectin (Ym1), interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were detected. RESULTS 1. The expression levels of α-SMA, interferon gamma, TNF-α, and MCP-1 and the transformation of peripheral T cells were lower after macrophage depletion for 2 or 4 weeks. 2. The expression levels of α-SMA, TNF-α, and MCP-1 and the transformation of peripheral T cells were even lower after 4 weeks compared with 2 weeks, except for interferon gamma. 3. A higher level of expression of Arg1 and Ym1 after macrophage depletion for 2 weeks was observed. 4. A higher level of expression of IL-10 after macrophage depletion for 2 weeks, but not 4 weeks, was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage clearance after heart transplantation alleviated chronic rejection probably via M2 polarization of regenerated macrophages, reduced T-lymphocyte proliferation, and changed the expression levels of interferon gamma, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Y Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Y Lian
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Z Chen
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - J Xia
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - L Meng
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Z Qi
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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18
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Qin L, Min W, Xin S. AIP1 Suppresses Transplant Arteriosclerosis Through Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammatory Response to IFNγ. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1587-1593. [PMID: 30471213 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IFNγ-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) inflammatory response plays a key role in transplant arteriosclerosis (TA). However, the mechanisms regulating this process remains poorly defined. Here, we show that ASK1-interacting protein 1 (AIP1) deletion markedly augments the expression of IFNγ-induced chemokines in mouse aortic allografts. Subsequently, donor arterial grafts from AIP1 deficient mice exhibited an accelerated development of TA. Furthermore, AIP1 knockdown significantly increased IFNγ signaling activation in cultured VSMCs and thus enhances chemokines production in response to IFNγ. Together, we conclude that AIP1 functions as an inhibitor of VSMCs inflammation by regulating IFNγ signaling and therefore suppresses TA progression. Our findings suggest that AIP1 might be a potential therapeutic target for chronic transplant rejection. Anat Rec, 302:1587-1593, 2019. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Liaoning Province, China
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19
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Wong KY, Baron R, Seldon TA, Jones ML, Rice AM, Munster DJ. CD83 Antibody Inhibits Human B Cell Responses to Antigen as well as Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD4 T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3383-3396. [PMID: 29643191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD83 Ab capable of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can deplete activated CD83+ human dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting CD4 T cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease. As CD83 is also expressed on the surface of activated B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that anti-CD83 would also inhibit B cell responses to stimulation. We found that anti-CD83 inhibited total IgM and IgG production in vitro by allostimulated human PBMC. Also, Ag-specific Ab responses to immunization of SCID mice xenografted with human PBMC were inhibited by anti-CD83 treatment. This inhibition occurred without depletion of all human B cells because anti-CD83 lysed activated CD83+ B cells by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spared resting (CD83-) B cells. In cultured human PBMC, anti-CD83 inhibited tetanus toxoid-stimulated B cell proliferation and concomitant dendritic cell-mediated CD4 T cell proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A, with minimal losses of B cells (<20%). In contrast, the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab depleted >80% of B cells but had no effect on CD4 T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. By virtue of the ability of anti-CD83 to selectively deplete activated, but not resting, B cells and dendritic cells, with the latter reducing CD4 T cell responses, anti-CD83 may be clinically useful in autoimmunity and transplantation. Advantages might include inhibited expansion of autoantigen- or alloantigen-specific B cells and CD4 T cells, thus preventing further production of pathogenic Abs and inflammatory cytokines while preserving protective memory and regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Wong
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Rebecca Baron
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Therese A Seldon
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alison M Rice
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - David J Munster
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
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20
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Yin E, Uchiyama M, Niimi M. Induction of Regulatory CD4 + Cells and Prolongation of Fully Major Histocompatibility Complex Mismatched Murine Cardiac Allograft by Shigyakusan. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:274-282. [PMID: 29407322 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shigyakusan (also known as Tsumura Japan [TJ]-35) is composed of peony, bitter orange, licorice, and Bupleuri radix is used for cholecystitis and gastritis as an anti-inflammatory agent. We investigated the effect of TJ-35 on alloimmune response in a murine heart transplantation model. CBA mice that underwent transplantation of a C57BL/6 (B6) heart were assigned to four groups: no treatment, TJ-35-exposed, each component-exposed, or each component missing-exposed. The four groups above each received oral administration of TJ-35, each component, or TJ-35 with each component missing from the day of transplantation until 7 days, respectively. Untreated CBA recipients rejected B6 cardiac grafts acutely (median survival time [MST], 7 days). TJ-35-exposed CBA recipients had significantly prolonged B6 allograft survival (MST, 20.5 days). However, MSTs of CBA recipients that had been administered each component and TJ-35 with each component missing did not reach that of TJ-35-exposed recipients. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ splenocytes from TJ-35-exposed primary allograft recipients resulted in significant prolonged allograft survival in naïve secondary recipients (MST, 63 days). Flow cytometry studies showed that the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cell population was increased in TJ-35-exposed CBA recipients. In conclusion, TJ-35-induced prolongation of fully allogeneic cardiac allografts and may generate regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in our model. The effect seemed to require all components of TJ-35.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yin
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - M Uchiyama
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - M Niimi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Zhu P, Atkinson C, Dixit S, Cheng Q, Tran D, Patel K, Jiang YL, Esckilsen S, Miller K, Bazzle G, Allen P, Moore A, Broome AM, Nadig SN. Organ preservation with targeted rapamycin nanoparticles: a pre-treatment strategy preventing chronic rejection in vivo. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25909-25919. [PMID: 30220998 PMCID: PMC6124302 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic preservation is the standard of care for storing organs prior to transplantation. Endothelial and epithelial injury associated with hypothermic storage causes downstream graft injury and, as such, the choice of an ideal donor organ preservation solution remains controversial. Cold storage solutions, by design, minimize cellular necrosis and optimize cellular osmotic potential, but do little to assuage immunological cell activation or immune cell priming post transplantation. Thus, here we explore the efficacy of our previously described novel Targeted Rapamycin Micelles (TRaM) as an additive to standard-of-care University of Wisconsin preservation solution as a means to alter the immunological microenvironment post transplantation using in vivo models of tracheal and aortic allograft transplantation. In all models of transplantation, grafts pre-treated with 100 ng mL-1 of TRaM augmented preservation solution ex vivo showed a significant inhibition of chronic rejection post-transplantation, as compared to UW augmented with free rapamycin at a ten-fold higher dose. Here, for the first time, we present a novel method of organ pretreatment using a nanotherapeutic-based cellular targeted delivery system that enables donor administration of rapamycin, at a ten-fold decreased dose during cold storage. Clinically, these pretreatment strategies may positively impact post-transplant outcomes and can be readily translated to clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Suraj Dixit
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danh Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Kunal Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Yu-Lin Jiang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
| | - Scott Esckilsen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Kayla Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
| | - Grace Bazzle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Patterson Allen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Alfred Moore
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, USA
| | - Satish N Nadig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lee Patterson Allen Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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22
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Experimental preeclampsia in rats affects vascular gene expression patterns. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14807. [PMID: 29093568 PMCID: PMC5665945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy requires adaptations of the maternal vasculature. During preeclampsia these adaptations are not well established, which may be related to maternal hypertension and proteinuria. The effects of preeclampsia on the maternal vasculature are not yet fully understood. We aimed to evaluate gene expression in aortas of pregnant rats with experimental preeclampsia using a genome wide microarray. Aortas were isolated from pregnant Wistar outbred rats with low-dose LPS-induced preeclampsia (ExpPE), healthy pregnant (Pr), non-pregnant and low-dose LPS-infused non-pregnant rats. Gene expression was measured by microarray and validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed to compare the groups. Functional analysis of the aorta was done by isotonic contraction measurements while stimulating aortic rings with potassium chloride. 526 genes were differentially expressed, and positive enrichment of “potassium channels”, “striated muscle contraction”, and “neuronal system” gene sets were found in ExpPE vs. Pr. The potassium chloride-induced contractile response of ExpPE aortic rings was significantly decreased compared to this response in Pr animals. Our data suggest that potassium channels, neuronal system and (striated) muscle contraction in the aorta may play a role in the pathophysiology of experimental preeclampsia. Whether these changes are also present in preeclamptic women needs further investigation.
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23
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Zhao Q, Zhou D, You H, Lou B, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Guo N, Chen X, Liu Y, Wu Y, Yuan Z, Zhou J. IFN-γ aggravates neointimal hyperplasia by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in macrophages by promoting ubiquitin-dependent liver X receptor-α degradation. FASEB J 2017; 31:5321-5331. [PMID: 28798155 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is the main cause of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Both IFN-γ and macrophages play nonredundant roles in the pathogenesis of vascular intimal hyperplasia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and must be further investigated. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, IFN-γ significantly accelerated degradation and up-regulated polyubiquitination of liver X receptor (LXR)-α. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) inhibitor, fludarabine, and PIAS1 knockdown reduced ubiquitination and increased the expression of LXR-α in IFN-γ-treated macrophages. IFN-γ also increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins, including p-PERK, p-eIIF2α, and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), as well as apoptosis of macrophages. Treatment with ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), and LXR agonist, T0901317 (T0), alleviated IFN-γ-induced apoptosis in macrophages. Neointimal hyperplasia was significant after carotid ligation for 4 wk in ApoE-/- mice. IFN-γ mAb, T0, and 4-PBA treatment not only significantly attenuated neointimal hyperplasia but also decreased CD68+TUNEL+ double-positive macrophages in the hyperplastic neointima. Moreover, after 4-PBA or T0 administration, the number of CD68+p-eIIF2α+ and CD68+CHOP+ double-positive cells in neointimal was also apparently decreased. Taken together, these results defined an unexpected role of IFN-γ and LXR-α in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. The PIAS1/STAT1-dependent LXR-α degradation induced by IFN-γ promoted ER stress and apoptosis in macrophages, which leads to aggravated neointimal hyperplasia. LXR agonist efficiently improved neointimal hyperplasia, which may be a promising new strategy to ameliorate restenosis and vascular remodeling after PCI.-Zhao, Q., Zhou, D., You, H., Lou, B., Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Guo, N., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Yuan, Z., Zhou, J. IFN-γ aggravates neointimal hyperplasia by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in macrophages by promoting ubiquitin-dependent liver X receptor-α degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjun You
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bowen Lou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology of Shanxi Province, Xi'an, China
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24
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A20 Haploinsufficiency Aggravates Transplant Arteriosclerosis in Mouse Vascular Allografts: Implications for Clinical Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 100:e106-e116. [PMID: 27495763 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is central to the pathogenesis of transplant arteriosclerosis (TA). We questioned whether physiologic levels of anti-inflammatory A20 influence TA severity. METHODS We performed major histocompatibility complex mismatched aorta to carotid artery interposition grafts, using wild type (WT) or A20 heterozygote (HET) C57BL/6 (H-2) donors and BALB/c (H-2) recipients, and conversely BALB/c donors and WT/HET recipients. We analyzed aortic allografts by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and gene profiling (quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). We validated select in vivo A20 targets in human and mouse smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures. RESULTS We noted significantly greater intimal hyperplasia in HET versus WT allografts, indicating aggravated TA. Inadequate upregulation of A20 in HET allografts after transplantation was associated with excessive NF-кB activation, gauged by higher levels of IkBα, p65, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, CXCL10, CCL2, TNF, and IL-6 (mostly localized to SMC). Correspondingly, cytokine-induced upregulation of TNF and IL-6 in human and mouse SMC cultures inversely correlated with A20 expression. Aggravated TA in HET versus WT allografts correlated with increased intimal SMC proliferation, and a higher number of infiltrating IFNγ and Granzyme B CD4 T cells and natural killer cells, and lower number of FoxP3 regulatory T cells. A20 haploinsufficiency in allograft recipients did not influence TA. CONCLUSIONS A20 haploinsufficiency in vascular allografts aggravates lesions of TA by exacerbating inflammation, SMC proliferation, and infiltration of pathogenic T cells. A20 single nucleotide polymorphisms associating with lower A20 expression or function in donors of vascularized allografts may inform risk and severity of TA, highlighting the clinical implications of our findings.
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26
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Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) has a high prevalence among patients that have undergone heart transplantation. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is a multifactorial process in which the immune system is the driving force. In this review, the data on the immunological and fibrotic processes that are involved in the development of CAV are summarized. Areas where a lack of knowledge exists and possible additional research can be completed are pinpointed. During the pathogenesis of CAV, cells from the innate and the adaptive immune system cooperate to reject the foreign heart. This inflammatory response results in dysfunction of the endothelium and migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Apoptosis and factors secreted by both the endothelium as well as the SMCs lead to fibrosis. The migration of SMCs together with fibrosis provoke concentric intimal thickening of the coronary arteries, which is the main characteristic of CAV.
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27
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Zhang J, Zhou HJ, Ji W, Min W. AIP1-mediated stress signaling in atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:503. [PMID: 25732743 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIP1 (ASK1-interacting protein-1; encoded by the DAB2IP gene), a signaling scaffolding protein, is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells (EC). While it was initially discovered as an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-interacting protein, AIP1 broadly suppresses inflammatory responses triggered by cytokines and stresses such as TNF, LPS, VEGF, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in EC (therefore, AIP1 is an anti-inflammatory protein). Human genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified DAB2IP gene variants conferring susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Consistently, a global or vascular EC-specific deletion of DAB2IP in mice strongly enhances inflammatory responses and exacerbates atherosclerosis and graft arteriosclerosis progression in mouse models. Mechanisms for AIP1 function and regulation associated with human cardiovascular diseases need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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28
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Robinson CM, Hodgkinson SJ. Induction of antigen specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells from naïve natural thymic derived T regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:875-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Zhou J, Qin L, Yi T, Ali R, Li Q, Jiao Y, Li G, Tobiasova Z, Huang Y, Zhang J, Yun JJ, Sadeghi MM, Giordano FJ, Pober JS, Tellides G. Interferon-γ-mediated allograft rejection exacerbates cardiovascular disease of hyperlipidemic murine transplant recipients. Circ Res 2015; 117:943-55. [PMID: 26399469 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transplantation, the most effective therapy for end-stage organ failure, is markedly limited by early-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature death of the host. The mechanistic basis of this increased CVD is not fully explained by known risk factors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of alloimmune responses in promoting CVD of organ transplant recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS We established an animal model of graft-exacerbated host CVD by combining murine models of atherosclerosis (apolipoprotein E-deficient recipients on standard diet) and of intra-abdominal graft rejection (heterotopic cardiac transplantation without immunosuppression). CVD was absent in normolipidemic hosts receiving allogeneic grafts and varied in severity among hyperlipidemic grafted hosts according to recipient-donor genetic disparities, most strikingly across an isolated major histocompatibility complex class II antigen barrier. Host disease manifested as increased atherosclerosis of the aorta that also involved the native coronary arteries and new findings of decreased cardiac contractility, ventricular dilatation, and diminished aortic compliance. Exacerbated CVD was accompanied by greater levels of circulating cytokines, especially interferon-γ and other Th1-type cytokines, and showed both systemic and intralesional activation of leukocytes, particularly T-helper cells. Serological neutralization of interferon-γ after allotransplantation prevented graft-related atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, and aortic stiffening in the host. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that sustained activation of the immune system because of chronic allorecognition exacerbates the atherogenic diathesis of hyperlipidemia and results in de novo cardiovascular dysfunction in organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.).
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Tai Yi
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Rahmat Ali
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Qingle Li
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Yang Jiao
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Guangxin Li
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Zuzana Tobiasova
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Yan Huang
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - James J Yun
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Mehran M Sadeghi
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Frank J Giordano
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - Jordan S Pober
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.)
| | - George Tellides
- From the Departments of Surgery (J.Z., L.Q., R.A., Q.L., Y.J., G.L., J.J.Y., G.T.) and Immunobiology (T.Y., Z.T., J.S.P.) and Medicine (Y.H., J.Z., M.M.S., F.J.G.) and the Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., J.S.P., G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.Y., M.M.S., F.J.G., G.T.); Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (T.Y.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China (Q.L., Y.J.).
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Enns W, von Rossum A, Choy J. Mouse model of alloimmune-induced vascular rejection and transplant arteriosclerosis. J Vis Exp 2015:e52800. [PMID: 26066300 DOI: 10.3791/52800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular rejection that leads to transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is the leading representation of chronic heart transplant failure. In TA, the immune system of the recipient causes damage of the arterial wall and dysfunction of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This triggers a pathological repair response that is characterized by intimal thickening and luminal occlusion. Understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system causes vasculature rejection and TA may inform the development of novel ways to manage graft failure. Here, we describe a mouse aortic interposition model that can be used to study the pathogenic mechanisms of vascular rejection and TA. The model involves grafting of an aortic segment from a donor animal into an allogeneic recipient. Rejection of the artery segment involves alloimmune reactions and results in arterial changes that resemble vascular rejection. The basic technical approach we describe can be used with different mouse strains and targeted interventions to answer specific questions related to vascular rejection and TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Enns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University
| | - Anna von Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University
| | - Jonathan Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University;
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Zaitsu M, Yamashita K, Shibasaki S, Tsunetoshi Y, Fukai M, Ogura M, Yoshida T, Igarashi R, Kobayashi N, Umezawa K, Todo S. 3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)methyl]-glutarimide attenuates graft arterial disease by suppressing alloimmune responses and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Transplantation 2015; 99:948-56. [PMID: 25675200 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft arterial disease (GAD) is a major cause of late graft loss after organ transplantation. Alloimmune responses and vascular remodeling eventually cause the transplant organ to develop GAD. In this study, we aimed to limit the development of GAD by inhibiting alloimmune responses and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation with a new compound, 3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)methyl]-glutarimide ([DTCM]-glutarimide), in a murine cardiac model of GAD. METHODS The hearts from B6.CH-2 mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 mouse recipients to examine the extent of GAD. The recipients were treated with either vehicle or DTCM-glutarimide intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. RESULTS The administration of DTCM-glutarimide attenuated GAD formation (luminal occlusion: 37.9 ± 5.9% vs 14.8 ± 5.4%, P < 0.05) by inhibiting the number of graft-infiltrating cells and decreasing alloreactive interferon (IFN)-γ production compared with control mice, as measured by the Enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot assay. In vitro, VSMCs proliferated on stimulation with either basic fibroblast growth factor or IFN-γ and splenocytes after transplantation, but the addition of DTCM-glutarimide resulted in the inhibition of VSMC proliferation. Moreover, DTCM-glutarimide suppressed cyclin D1 expression and inhibited cell cycle progression from G1 to S in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS The compound DTCM-glutarimide suppressed GAD development by inhibiting not only alloimmune responses but also VSMC proliferation in the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Zaitsu
- 1 Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. 2 Department of Transplant Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. 3 Department of Molecular Target Medicine Screening, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakude, Japan
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Distinct phenotypes of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: A histopathological study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pober JS, Jane-wit D, Qin L, Tellides G. Interacting mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1609-14. [PMID: 24903097 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.302818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late graft loss in heart transplant recipients. Histological studies of characteristic end-stage lesions reveal arterial changes consisting of a diffuse, confluent, and concentric intimal expansion containing graft-derived cells expressing smooth muscle markers, extracellular matrix, penetrating microvessels, and a host mononuclear cell infiltrate concentrated subjacent to an intact graft-derived luminal endothelial cell lining with little evidence of acute injury. This intimal expansion combined with inadequate compensatory outward remodeling produces severe generalized stenosis extending throughout the epicardial and intramyocardial arterial tree that causes ischemic graft failure. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions affect ≥50% of transplant recipients and are both progressive and refractory to treatment, resulting in ≈5% graft loss per year through the first 10 years after transplant. Lesions typically stop at the suture line, implicating alloimmunity as the primary driver, but pathogenesis may be multifactorial. Here, we will discuss 6 potential contributors to lesion formation (1) conventional risk factors of atherosclerosis; (2) pre- or peritransplant injuries; (3) infection; (4) innate immunity; (5) T-cell-mediated immunity; and (6) B-cell-mediated immunity through production of donor-specific antibody. Finally, we will consider how these various mechanisms may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Pober
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Dan Jane-wit
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- From the Departments of Immunobiology (J.S.P.), Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), and Surgery (L.Q. and G.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Wang H, Zhang Z, Tian W, Liu T, Han H, Garcia B, Li XC, Du C. Memory T Cells Mediate Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy and are Inactivated by Anti-OX40L Monoclonal Antibody. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:115-22. [PMID: 24254032 PMCID: PMC4539019 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major complication limiting the long-term survival of cardiac transplants. The role of memory T cells (Tmem) in the pathogenesis of CAV remains elusive. This study investigated the role of Tmem cells in the development of CAV and the therapeutic potential of targeting the OX40/OX40L pathway for heart transplant survival. METHODS Tmem cells were generated in Rag-1(-/-) C57BL/6 (B6) mice by homeostatic proliferation (HP) of CD40L null CD3(+) T cells from B6 mice. Rag-1(-/-) B6 mice (H-2(b)) harboring Tmem cells received cardiac allografts from BALB/c mice (H-2(d)), and were either untreated or treated with anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) (0.5 mg/mouse/day) for 10 days. RESULTS Six weeks after HP, the majority of transferred CD40L(-/-) T cells in Rag-1(-/-) B6 mice were differentiated to CD44(high) and CD62L(low) Tmem cells. BALB/c heart allografts in Rag-1(-/-) B6 recipient mice in the presence of these Tmem cells developed a typical pathological feature of CAV; intimal thickening, 100 days after transplantation. However, functionally blocking the OX40/OX40L pathway with anti-OX40L mAb significantly prevented CAV development and reduced the Tmem cell population in recipient mice. Anti-OX40L mAb therapy also significantly decreased cellular infiltration and cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α and TGF-β) expression in heart allografts. CONCLUSIONS Tmem cells mediate CAV in heart transplants. Functionally blocking the OX40/OX40L pathway using anti-OX40L mAb therapy prevents Tmem cell-mediated CAV, suggesting therapeutic potential for disrupting OX40-OX40L signaling in order to prevent CAV in heart transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China,
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Jiang X, Tian W, Sung YK, Qian J, Nicolls MR. Macrophages in solid organ transplantation. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24612731 PMCID: PMC3975229 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly plastic hematopoietic cells with diversified functions related to their anatomic location and differentiation states. A number of recent studies have examined the role of macrophages in solid organ transplantation. These studies show that macrophages can induce allograft injury but, conversely, can also promote tissue repair in ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute rejection. Therapeutic strategies that target macrophages to improve outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients are being examined in preclinical and clinical models. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophages in different types of injury and rejection, with a focus on macrophage-mediated tissue injury, specifically vascular injury, repair and remodeling. We also discuss emerging macrophage-centered therapeutic opportunities in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System/Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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Wang C, Qin L, Manes TD, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Tellides G, Pober JS. Rapamycin antagonizes TNF induction of VCAM-1 on endothelial cells by inhibiting mTORC2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:395-404. [PMID: 24516119 PMCID: PMC3949571 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin modulates the ability of the vascular endothelium to mediate inflammation by inhibiting mTORC2 and reducing TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression. Recruitment of circulating leukocytes into inflamed tissues depends on adhesion molecules expressed by endothelial cells (ECs). Here we report that rapamycin pretreatment reduced the ability of TNF-treated ECs to capture T cells under conditions of venular flow. This functional change was caused by inhibition of TNF-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and could be mimicked by knockdown of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or rictor, but not raptor, implicating mTORC2 as the target of rapamycin for this effect. Mechanistically, mTORC2 acts through Akt to repress Raf1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling, and inhibition of mTORC2 consequently results in hyperactivation of ERK1/2. Increased ERK1/2 activity antagonizes VCAM-1 expression by repressing TNF induction of the transcription factor IRF-1. Preventing activation of ERK1/2 reduced the ability of rapamycin to inhibit TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression. In vivo, rapamycin inhibited mTORC2 activity and potentiated activation of ERK1/2. These changes correlated with reduced endothelial expression of TNF-induced VCAM-1, which was restored via pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2. Functionally, rapamycin reduced infiltration of leukocytes into renal glomeruli, an effect which was partially reversed by inhibition of ERK1/2. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism by which rapamycin modulates the ability of vascular endothelium to mediate inflammation and identifies endothelial mTORC2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Immunobiology and 2 Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Abstract
Vasculitis of the medium and large arteries, most often presenting as giant cell arteritis (GCA), is an infrequent, but potentially fatal, type of immune-mediated vascular disease. The site of the aberrant immune reaction, the mural layers of the artery, is strictly defined by vascular dendritic cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, which engage in an interaction with T cells and macrophages to, ultimately, cause luminal stenosis or aneurysmal wall damage of the vessel. A multitude of effector cytokines, all known as critical mediators in host-protective immunity, have been identified in vasculitic lesions. Two dominant cytokine clusters--the IL-6-IL-17 axis and the IL-12-IFN-γ axis--have been linked to disease activity. These two clusters seem to serve different roles in the vasculitic process. The IL-6-IL-17 cluster is highly responsive to standard corticosteroid therapy, whereas the IL-12-IFN-γ cluster is resistant to steroid-mediated immunosuppression. The information exchange between vascular and immune cells and stabilization of the vasculitic process involves members of the Notch receptor and ligand family. Focusing on elements in the tissue context of GCA, instead of broadly suppressing host immunity, might enable a more tailored therapeutic approach that avoids unwanted adverse effects of aggressive immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Room 2225, Mail Code 5166, 269 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305-5166, USA
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Jane-Wit D, Manes TD, Yi T, Qin L, Clark P, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Abrahimi P, Devalliere J, Moeckel G, Kulkarni S, Tellides G, Pober JS. Alloantibody and complement promote T cell-mediated cardiac allograft vasculopathy through noncanonical nuclear factor-κB signaling in endothelial cells. Circulation 2013; 128:2504-16. [PMID: 24045046 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the major cause of late allograft loss after heart transplantation. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesions contain alloreactive T cells that secrete interferon-γ, a vasculopathic cytokine, and occur more frequently in patients with donor-specific antibody. Pathological interactions between these immune effectors, representing cellular and humoral immunity, respectively, remain largely unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS We used human panel reactive antibody to form membrane attack complexes on allogeneic endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Rather than inducing cytolysis, membrane attack complexes upregulated inflammatory genes, enhancing the capacity of endothelial cells to recruit and activate allogeneic interferon-γ--producing CD4(+) T cells in a manner dependent on the activation of noncanonical nuclear factor-κB signaling. Noncanonical nuclear factor-κB signaling was detected in situ within endothelial cells both in renal biopsies from transplantation patients with chronic antibody-mediated rejection and in panel-reactive antibody--treated human coronary artery xenografts in immunodeficient mice. On retransplantation into immunodeficient hosts engrafted with human T cells, panel-reactive antibody--treated grafts recruited more interferon-γ--producing T cells and enhanced cardiac allograft vasculopathy lesion formation. CONCLUSIONS Alloantibody and complement deposition on graft endothelial cells activates noncanonical nuclear factor-κB signaling, initiating a proinflammatory gene program that enhances alloreactive T cell activation and development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Noncanonical nuclear factor-κB signaling in endothelial cells, observed in human allograft specimens and implicated in lesion pathogenesis, may represent a target for new pharmacotherapies to halt the progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jane-Wit
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (D.J.-w.), Department of Immunobiology (T.D.M., N.C.K.-S., P.A., J.D., J.S.P.), Department of Surgery (T.Y., L.W., S.K., G.T.), Department of Neurology (P.C.), and Department of Pathology (G.M., J.S.P.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Mitchell RN. Learning from rejection: What transplantation teaches us about (other) vascular pathologies. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Qin L, Huang Q, Zhang H, Liu R, Tellides G, Min W, Yu L. SOCS1 prevents graft arteriosclerosis by preserving endothelial cell function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 63:21-9. [PMID: 23994402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in graft arteriosclerosis (GA). BACKGROUND GA, the major cause of late cardiac allograft failure, is initiated by immune-mediated endothelial activation resulting in vascular inflammation and consequent neointima formation. SOCS1, a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, is highly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) and may prevent endothelial inflammatory responses and phenotypic activation. METHODS Clinical specimens of coronary arteries with GA, with atherosclerosis, or without disease were collected for histological analysis. SOCS1 knockout or vascular endothelial SOCS1 (VESOCS1) transgenic mice were used in an aorta transplant model of GA. Mouse aortic ECs were isolated for in vitro assays. RESULTS Dramatic but specific reduction of endothelial SOCS1 was observed in human GA and atherosclerosis specimens, which suggested the importance of SOCS1 in maintaining normal endothelial function. SOCS1 deletion in mice resulted in basal EC dysfunction. After transplantation, SOCS1-deficient aortic grafts augmented leukocyte recruitment and neointima formation, whereas endothelial overexpression of SOCS1 diminished arterial rejection. Induction of endothelial adhesion molecules in early stages of GA was suppressed by the VESOCS1 transgene, and this effect was confirmed in cultured aortic ECs. Moreover, VESOCS1 maintained better vascular function during GA progression. Mechanistically, endothelial SOCS1, by modulating both basal and cytokine-induced expression of the adhesion molecules platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, restrained leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration during inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS SOCS1 prevents GA progression by preserving endothelial function and attenuating cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Qin
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunhua Huang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renjing Liu
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - George Tellides
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Luyang Yu
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Institute of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Verma ND, Plain KM, Robinson CM, Nomura M, Hodgkinson SJ. Do Natural T Regulatory Cells become Activated to Antigen Specific T Regulatory Cells in Transplantation and in Autoimmunity? Front Immunol 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 23935597 PMCID: PMC3731939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen specific T regulatory cells (Treg) are often CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, with a phenotype similar to natural Treg (nTreg). It is assumed that nTreg cannot develop into an antigen specific Treg as repeated culture with IL-2 and a specific antigen does not increase the capacity or potency of nTreg to promote immune tolerance or suppress in vitro. This has led to an assumption that antigen specific Treg mainly develop from CD4+CD25−FoxP3− T cells, by activation with antigen and TGF-β in the absence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β. Our studies on antigen specific CD4+CD25+ T cells from animals with tolerance to an allograft, identified that the antigen specific and Treg are dividing, and need continuous stimulation with specific antigen T cell derived cytokines. We identified that a variety of cytokines, especially IL-5 and IFN-γ but not IL-2 or IL-4 promoted survival of antigen specific CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg. To examine if nTreg could be activated to antigen specific Treg, we activated nTreg in culture with either IL-2 or IL-4. Within 3 days, antigen specific Treg are activated and there is induction of new cytokine receptors on these cells. Specifically nTreg activated by IL-2 and antigen express the interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) and IL-12p70 (IL-12Rβ2) receptor but not the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα). These cells were responsive to IFN-γ or IL-12p70. nTreg activated by IL-4 and alloantigen express IL-5Rα not IFNGR or IL-12p70Rβ2 and become responsive to IL-5. These early activated antigen specific Treg, were respectively named Ts1 and Ts2 cells, as they depend on Th1 or Th2 responses. Further culture of Ts1 cells with IL-12p70 induced Th1-like Treg, expressing IFN-γ, and T-bet as well as FoxP3. Our studies suggest that activation of nTreg with Th1 or Th2 responses induced separate lineages of antigen specific Treg, that are dependent on late Th1 and Th2 cytokines, not the early cytokines IL-2 and IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Yong K, Nguyen HD, Hii L, Chan DT, Boudville N, Messineo A, Lim EM, Dogra GK, Lim WH. Association of a change in immunosuppressive regimen with hemodynamic and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease after kidney transplantation. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:843-9. [PMID: 23443728 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although rejection rates and short-term graft survival have significantly improved in kidney transplantation with the introduction of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic complications are being increasingly recognized as important causes of morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that non-CNI proliferation signal inhibitor (PSI)-based immunosuppressive regimen is associated with improved arterial stiffness after kidney transplantation compared with CNI-based immunosuppressive regimens. METHODS This is a prospective, single-center study of renal transplant (RT) recipients comparing the metabolic, cardiovascular (pulse wave velocity and aortic augmentation index (AI) adjusted for heart rate (AI × 75)), inflammatory cytokines (interleukins (ILs) 6, 12, and 18) and graft-related outcomes at 3 and 15 months posttransplantation between RT recipients maintained on CNI- (CNI-CNI) or PSI-based (CNI-PSI) regimens including sirolimus and everolimus. RESULTS Fifty and 17 RT recipients maintained on CNI-CNI and CNI-PSI, respectively, were included in this study. Median time to PSI conversion from CNI was 5 months. Compared with CNI-CNI recipients, CNI-PSI recipients had significantly lower fasting blood glucose in nondiabetics (coefficient = -16.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -14.4 to -18.0; P < 0.01), lower IL-18 levels (coefficient = -229.16; 95% CI = -343.94 to -114.38; P < 0.01), and lower AI × 75 (coefficient = -5.14; 95% CI = -9.99 to -0.28; P = 0.04) at 15 months posttransplant in the multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests from the elimination of CNI for PSI may lower AIx75 and IL-18, both surrogate markers of CVD, but adequately powered, randomized, controlled studies are required to establish the causal relationship between immunosuppressive agents and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Chrobak I, Lenna S, Stawski L, Trojanowska M. Interferon-γ promotes vascular remodeling in human microvascular endothelial cells by upregulating endothelin (ET)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF) β2. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1774-83. [PMID: 23359533 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease characterized by vascular alterations, activation of the immune system and tissue fibrosis. Previous studies have implicated activation of the interferon pathways in the pathogenesis of SSc. The goal of this study was to determine whether interferon type I and/or type II could play a pathogenic role in SSc vasculopathy. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs) and fibroblasts were obtained from foreskins of healthy newborns. The RT Profiler PCR Array System was utilized to screen for EndoMT genes. Treatment with IFN-α or IFN-γ downregulated Fli1 and VE-cadherin. In contrast, IFN-α and IFN-γ exerted opposite effects on the expression of α-SMA, CTGF, ET-1, and TGFβ2, with IFN-α downregulating and IFN-γ upregulating this set of genes. Blockade of TGFβ signaling normalized IFN-γ-mediated changes in Fli1, VE-cadherin, CTGF, and ET-1 levels, whereas upregulation of α-SMA and TGFβ2 was not affected. Bosentan treatment was more effective than TGFβ blockade in reversing the actions of IFN-γ, including downregulation of α-SMA and TGFβ2, suggesting that activation of the ET-1 pathway plays a main role in the IFN-γ responses in HDMECs. IFN-γ induced expression of selected genes related to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), including Snail1, FN1, PAI1, TWIST1, STAT3, RGS2, and components of the WNT pathway. The effect of IFN-γ on EndoMT was mediated via TGFβ2 and ET-1 signaling pathways. This study demonstrates distinct effects of IFN-α and IFN-γ on the biology of vascular endothelial cells. IFN-γ may contribute to abnormal vascular remodeling and fibrogenesis in SSc, partially via induction of EndoMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Chrobak
- Boston University School of Medicine, Arthritis Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Abstract
Graft arteriosclerois (GA), also called allograft vasculopathy, is a pathologic lesion that develops over months to years in transplanted organs characterized by diffuse, circumferential stenosis of the entire graft vascular tree. The most critical component of GA pathogenesis is the proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells within the intima. When a human coronary artery segment is interposed into the infra-renal aortae of immunodeficient mice, the intimas could be expand in response to adoptively transferred human T cells allogeneic to the artery donor or exogenous human IFN-γ in the absence of human T cells. Interposition of a mouse aorta from one strain into another mouse strain recipient is limited as a model for chronic rejection in humans because the acute cell-mediated rejection response in this mouse model completely eliminates all donor-derived vascular cells from the graft within two-three weeks. We have recently developed two new mouse models to circumvent these problems. The first model involves interposition of a vessel segment from a male mouse into a female recipient of the same inbred strain (C57BL/6J). Graft rejection in this case is directed only against minor histocompatibility antigens encoded by the Y chromosome (present in the male but not the female) and the rejection response that ensues is sufficiently indolent to preserve donor-derived smooth muscle cells for several weeks. The second model involves interposing an artery segment from a wild type C57BL/6J mouse donor into a host mouse of the same strain and gender that lacks the receptor for IFN-γ followed by administration of mouse IFN-γ (delivered via infection of the mouse liver with an adenoviral vector. There is no rejection in this case as both donor and recipient mice are of the same strain and gender but donor smooth muscle cells proliferate in response to the cytokine while host-derived cells, lacking receptor for this cytokine, are unresponsive. By backcrossing additional genetic changes into the vessel donor, both models can be used to assess the effect of specific genes on GA progression. Here, we describe detailed protocols for our mouse GA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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Liu Q, Turnquist HR. Implications for Interleukin-33 in solid organ transplantation. Cytokine 2013; 62:183-94. [PMID: 23541899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family that has been attributed T helper (Th) type 2 immunity-promoting capacity. However, new studies indicate that IL-33 is a multifunctional protein that acts as transcriptional/signaling repressor, functions as an alarmin alerting the immune system to necrosis, as well as serves as a cytokine that targets cells expressing ST2, the IL-33 receptor. Interestingly, IL-33 is also emerging as a pleiotropic cytokine. Depending on the innate or adaptive immune cells targeted by IL-33, it can not only promote type 2, but also IFN-γ dominated type 1 immunity. In addition, IL-33 expands regulatory T cells. In this review, we assimilate the current knowledge of IL-33 immunobiology and discuss how IL-33 may mediate such diverse roles in the immune response to pathogens and development of immune-mediated pathologies. The function of IL-33 in shaping alloimmune responses to transplanted organs is poorly explored, but a particularly beneficial role of IL-33 in experimental heart transplant models is summarized. Finally, given the implication of IL-33 in pathologies of the lung and intestine, we discuss how IL-33 may contribute to the comparatively poor outcomes following transplantation of these two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Wang C, Yi T, Qin L, Maldonado RA, von Andrian UH, Kulkarni S, Tellides G, Pober JS. Rapamycin-treated human endothelial cells preferentially activate allogeneic regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1677-93. [PMID: 23478407 DOI: 10.1172/jci66204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human graft endothelial cells (ECs) can act as antigen-presenting cells to initiate allograft rejection by host memory T cells. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor used clinically to suppress T cell responses, also acts on DCs, rendering them tolerogenic. Here, we report the effects of rapamycin on EC alloimmunogenicity. Compared with mock-treated cells, rapamycin-pretreated human ECs (rapa-ECs) stimulated less proliferation and cytokine secretion from allogeneic CD4+ memory cells, an effect mimicked by shRNA knockdown of mTOR or raptor in ECs. The effects of rapamycin persisted for several days and were linked to upregulation of the inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 on rapa-ECs. Additionally, rapa-ECs produced lower levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. CD4+ memory cells activated by allogeneic rapa-ECs became hyporesponsive to restimulation in an alloantigen-specific manner and contained higher percentages of suppressive CD4+CD25(hi)CD127(lo)FoxP3+ cells that did not produce effector cytokines. In a human-mouse chimeric model of allograft rejection, rapamycin pretreatment of human arterial allografts increased graft EC expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 and reduced subsequent infiltration of allogeneic effector T cells into the artery intima and intimal expansion. Preoperative conditioning of allograft ECs with rapamycin could potentially reduce immune-mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University; Shanghai; China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University; Shanghai; China
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Abstract
Graft arteriosclerosis (GA), the major cause of late cardiac allograft failure, is characterized by a diffuse, concentric arterial intimal hyperplasia composed of infiltrating host T cells, macrophages, and predominantly graft-derived smooth muscle-like cells that proliferate and elaborate extracellular matrix, resulting in luminal obstruction and allograft ischemia. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a proinflammatory cytokine produced by effector T cells, is a critical mediator for smooth muscle-like cell proliferation. We have exploited the power of mouse genetics to examine the function of AIP1, a signaling adaptor molecule involved in vascular inflammation, in two newly established IFN-γ-mediated models of GA. Our data suggest that AIP1 inhibits intimal formation in GA by downregulating IFN-γ-activated migratory and proliferative signaling pathways in smooth muscle-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics and the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Hiroyasu S, Chinnasamy P, Hou R, Hotchkiss K, Casimiro I, Dai XM, Stanley ER, Sibinga NES. Donor and recipient cell surface colony stimulating factor-1 promote neointimal formation in transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:87-95. [PMID: 23117661 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transplant-associated arteriosclerosis manifests as progressive vascular neointimal expansion throughout the arterial system of allografted solid organs, and eventually compromises graft perfusion and function. Allografts placed in colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1-deficient osteopetrotic (Csf1(op)/Csf1(op)) mice develop very little neointima, a finding attributed to impaired recipient macrophage function. We examined how CSF-1 affects neointima-derived vascular smooth muscle cells, tested the significance of CSF-1 expressed in donor tissue, and evaluated the contribution of secreted versus cell surface CSF-1 isoforms in transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS CSF-1 activated specific signaling pathways to promote migration, survival, and proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α addition increased CSF-1 and CSF-1 receptor expression, and tumor necrosis factor-α-driven proliferation was blocked by anti-CSF-1 antibody. In a mouse vascular allograft model, lack of recipient or donor CSF-1 impaired neointima formation; the latter suggests local CSF-1 function within the allograft. Moreover, reconstitution of donor or recipient cell surface CSF-1, without secreted CSF-1, restored neointimal formation. CONCLUSIONS Vascular smooth muscle cells activation, including that mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α, can be driven in an autocrine/juxtacrine manner by CSF-1. These studies provide evidence for local function of CSF-1 in neointimal expansion, and identify CSF-1 signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells, particularly cell surface CSF-1 signaling, as a target for therapeutic strategies in transplant-associated arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shungo Hiroyasu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer G46, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Javanmard SH, Dana N. The effect of interferon γ on endothelial cell nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Adv Biomed Res 2012; 1:69. [PMID: 23326799 PMCID: PMC3544124 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in maintaining endothelial survival and normal function. It is a unique mediator, which may promote or suppress both inflammation and apoptosis. Endothelial cell (EC) injury, dysfunction, and death in response to cytokines, especially interferon gamma (IFN-γ), represent the critical event for the initiation of several inflammatory diseases. Objective(s): EC injury or death result in endothelial dysfunction that precedes the development of atherosclerosis and its subsequent vascular events. We examine the effect of different concentrations of IFN-γ on human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) NO production and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: HUVECs were cultured at 37°C for 24 h in the absence (control) or presence of 10, 100, and 1000 μg IFN-γ, respectively. The apoptotic cells were determined as annexin V-positive propidium iodide (PI)-negative cells by flow cytometry. Total nitrite concentration was measured in cell cultures supernatant by Griess method. Results: A comparison of the effect of IFN-γ on EC NO production with untreated cells showed that pretreatment of HUVEC with IFN-γ failed to have a significant effect on NO production by these cells at 10 and 100 U/mL, whereas it led to a significant decreased NO production at 1000 U/mL (P < 0.05). The cells stimulated with IFN-γ showed significantly higher apoptotic cells (PI negative and annexin V-positive cells) after 24 h, compared with cells with no stimulations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IFN-γ has detrimental effects on ECs in high doses. This might be due to inducible NO synthase activation.
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