1
|
Sikora M, Bretes E, Perła-Kaján J, Utyro O, Borowczyk K, Piechocka J, Głowacki R, Wojtasz I, Kaźmierski R, Jakubowski H. Homocysteine thiolactone and other sulfur-containing amino acid metabolites are associated with fibrin clot properties and the risk of ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11222. [PMID: 38755170 PMCID: PMC11099160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) and Hcy-thiolactone (HTL) affect fibrin clot properties and are linked to cardiovascular disease. Factors that influence fibrin clot properties and stroke are not fully understood. To study sulfur-containing amino acid metabolites, fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to stroke, we analyzed plasma and urine from 191 stroke patients (45.0% women, age 68 ± 12 years) and 291 healthy individuals (59.7% women, age 50 ± 17 years). Plasma and urinary levels of sulfur-containing amino acid metabolites and fibrin clot properties were significantly different in stroke patients compared to healthy individuals. Fibrin CLT correlated with fibrin Absmax in healthy males (R2 = 0.439, P = 0.000), females (R2 = 0.245, P = 0.000), female stroke patients (R2 = 0.187, P = 0.000), but not in male stroke patients (R2 = 0.008, P = ns). Fibrin CLT correlated with age in healthy females but not males while fibrin Absmax correlated with age in both sexes; these correlations were absent in stroke patients. In multiple regression analysis in stroke patients, plasma (p)CysGly, pMet, and MTHFR A1298C polymorphism were associated with fibrin Absmax, while urinary (u)HTL, uCysGly, and pCysGly were significantly associated with fibrin CLT. In healthy individuals, uHTL and uGSH were significantly associated with fibrin Absmax, while pGSH, and CBS T833C 844ins68 polymorphism were associated with fibrin CLT. In logistic regression, uHTL, uHcy, pCysGly, pGSH, MTHFR C677T polymorphism, and Absmax were independently associated with stroke. Our findings suggest that HTL and other sulfur-containing amino acid metabolites influence fibrin clot properties and the risk of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Bretes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olga Utyro
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Piechocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Kaźmierski
- Department of Neurology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046, Zielona Góra, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-355, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Klajmon A, Głowacki R, Piechocka J, Kopiński P, Ząbczyk M, Natorska J. Plasma thiol levels and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene c.665C > T and c.1286A > C variants affect fibrin clot properties in Polish venous thromboembolic patients. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 139:107623. [PMID: 37302269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aminothiols, including cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in relation to fibrin clot phenotype were not investigated in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene variants. We aimed to explore the associations between MTHFR variants and plasma oxidative stress indicators including aminothiols as well as fibrin clot properties with plasma oxidative status and fibrin clot properties in this group of patients. METHODS In 387 VTE patients the MTHFR c.665C > T and c.1286A > C variants were genotyped, together with chromatographic separation of plasma thiols. We also determined nitrotyrosine levels and fibrin clot properties, including clot permeability (Ks), lysis time (CLT), and fibrin fibers thickness. RESULTS There were 193 patients with MTHFR c.665C > T (49.9%) and 214 (55.3%) with c.1286A > C variants. Both allele carriers with total homocysteine (tHcy) levels >15 μM (n = 71, 18.3%), compared to patients with tHcy ≤15 μM had 11.5% and 12.5% higher Cys levels, 20.6% and 34.3% higher GSH levels as well as 28.1% and 57.4% increased nitrotyrosine levels, respectively (all P < 0.05). The MTHFR c.665C > T carriers with tHcy levels >15 μM compared to tHcy ≤15 μM had 39.4% reduced Ks and 9% reduced fibrin fibers thickness (both P < 0.05) with no differences in CLT. In the MTHFR c.1286A > C carriers with tHcy levels >15 μM, Ks was decreased by 44.5%, CLT prolonged by 46.1%, and fibrin fibers thickness was reduced by 14.5% compared to patients with tHcy ≤15 μM (all P < 0.05). Nitrotyrosine levels in MTHFR variants carriers correlated with Ks (r = -0.38, P < 0.05) and fibrin fibers diameter (r = -0.50, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that patients with MTHFR variants and tHcy >15 μM are characterized by elevated Cys and nitrotyrosine levels associated with prothrombotic fibrin clot properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Justyna Piechocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kopiński
- John Paul II Hospital, 80 Prądnicka St., 31-202 Kraków, Poland; Department of Lung Diseases, Cancer and Tuberculosis, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 13/15 Jagiellońska St., 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Michał Ząbczyk
- John Paul II Hospital, 80 Prądnicka St., 31-202 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Natorska
- John Paul II Hospital, 80 Prądnicka St., 31-202 Kraków, Poland; Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Xu R, Ma X, Zhang X, Gong J, Li Z. Mechanism of arterial injury exacerbated by hyperhomocysteinemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2482. [PMID: 36774389 PMCID: PMC9922276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension associated with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) accounts for 75% of hypertension in China. HHcy plays a synergistic role with hypertension in vascular injury and significantly increases the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of HHcy-induced arterial injury in hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were injected intraperitoneally with DL-homocysteine (Hcy) to construct the model of hypertension associated with HHcy (HHcy + SHR). Biological network was employed to identify the material basis of arterial injury in hypertension associated with HHcy. The prediction molecules in oxidative stress and inflammation pathways were experimentally verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB) analysis. The HHcy + SHR group significantly increased oxidative stress pathway molecules: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox); inflammatory pathway molecules: vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a); as well as inflammatory pathway regulatory factors: nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) p65 and protein kinase B (Akt1). Among them, IL-6 was also significantly increased in the HHcy group. Both oxidative stress and inflammation contributed to the arterial injury of hypertension associated with HHcy, and inflammation mechanism might play a leading role in HHcy aggravating arterial injury, at least partially through the Akt1/NF-κB p65/IL-6 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoshan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Women Healthcare, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongliang Li
- Department of Women Healthcare, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Witucki Ł, Borowczyk K, Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Warzych E, Pawlak P, Jakubowski H. Deletion of the Homocysteine Thiolactone Detoxifying Enzyme Bleomycin Hydrolase, in Mice, Causes Memory and Neurological Deficits and Worsens Alzheimer's Disease-Related Behavioral and Biochemical Traits in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:1735-1755. [PMID: 37718819 PMCID: PMC10578231 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH), a homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone detoxifying enzyme, is attenuated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Blmh loss causes astrogliosis in mice while the loss of histone demethylase Phf8, which controls mTOR signaling, causes neuropathy in mice and humans. OBJECTIVE To examine how Blmh gene deletion affects the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and cognitive/neuromotor performance in mice. METHODS We generated a new mouse model of AD, the Blmh-/-5xFAD mouse. Behavioral assessments were conducted by cognitive/neuromotor testing. Blmh and Phf8 genes were silenced in mouse neuroblastoma N2a-APPswe cells by RNA interference. mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins, and AβPP were quantified by western blotting and the corresponding mRNAs by RT-qPCR. Aβ was quantified by western blotting (brains) and by confocal microscopy (cells). RESULTS Behavioral testing showed cognitive/neuromotor deficits in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD mice. Phf8 was transcriptionally downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. H4K20me1, mTOR, phospho-mTOR, and AβPP were upregulated while autophagy markers Becn1, Atg5, and Atg7 were downregulated in Blmh-/- and Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. Aβ was elevated in Blmh-/-5xFAD brains. These biochemical changes were recapitulated in Blmh-silenced N2a-APPswe cells, which also showed increased H4K20me1-mTOR promoter binding and impaired autophagy flux (Lc3-I, Lc3-II, p62). Phf8-silencing or treatments with Hcy-thiolactone or N-Hcy-protein, metabolites elevated in Blmh-/- mice, induced biochemical changes in N2a-APPswe cells like those induced by the Blmh-silencing. However, Phf8-silencing elevated Aβ without affecting AβPP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Blmh interacts with AβPP and the Phf8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, and that disruption of those interactions causes Aβ accumulation and cognitive/neuromotor deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Witucki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Warzych
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Erre GL, Bassu S, Giordo R, Mangoni AA, Carru C, Pintus G, Zinellu A. Association between Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Activity of Serum PON-1 Enzyme and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122317. [PMID: 36552525 PMCID: PMC9774899 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A decrease in serum paraoxonase (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE) activity has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and linked to chronic inflammation and impaired antioxidant defense. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to critically appraise the current evidence on plasma/serum concentrations of PON-1 and ARE activity in RA patients and healthy controls. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to November 2021. We used random-effects meta-analysis. The risk of bias was estimated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed with GRADE. The study complied with the PRISMA statements and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022345380). Results: Seventeen studies reported PON-1 activity (1144 RA patients, 797 controls) and ten reported ARE activity (1367 RA patients, 1037 controls). RA patients had significantly lower PON-1 (SMD = −1.32, 95% CI −1.94 to −0.70; p < 0.001) and ARE activity (SMD = −0.91, 95% CI −1.37 to −0.46; p < 0.001). There was substantial heterogeneity (PON, I2 97%; ARE, 95.7%, p < 0.001 for both). There was no publication bias. The pooled SMD values did not significantly change after sensitivity analysis. The certainty of the evidence was very low due to the observational nature of the studies and the large heterogeneity. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis has shown that both serum PON-1 and ARE activity are significantly lower in RA patients, suggesting a deficit in antioxidant defense mechanisms in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Erre
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079228317; Fax: +39-079216282
| | - Stefania Bassu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sikora M, Skrzydlewski P, Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Homocysteine thiolactone contributes to the prognostic value of fibrin clot structure/function in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275956. [PMID: 36301961 PMCID: PMC9612472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin clot structure/function contributes to cardiovascular disease. We examined sulfur-containing metabolites as determinants of fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Effects of B-vitamin/folate therapy on CLT and Absmax were studied. Plasma samples were collected from 1,952 CAD patients randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to (i) folic acid, vitamins B12, B6; (ii) folic acid, vitamin B12; (iii) vitamin B6; (iv) placebo for 3.8 years in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. Clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) were determined using a validated turbidimetric assay. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality were assessed during a 7-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multiple regression. Survival free of events was studied using Kaplan Mayer plots. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Baseline urinary homocysteine (uHcy)-thiolactone and plasma cysteine (Cys) were significantly associated with CLT while plasma total Hcy was significantly associated with Absmax, independently of fibrinogen, triglycerides, vitamin E, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, age, sex plasma creatinine, CRP, HDL-C, ApoA1, and previous diseases. B-vitamins/folate did not affect CLT and Absmax. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed associations of increased baseline CLT and Absmax with worse outcomes. In Cox regression analysis, baseline CLT and Absmax (>cutoff) predicted AMI (CLT: HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.28; P = 0.013. Absmax: HR 3.22, CI 1.19-8.69; P = 0.021) and mortality (CLT: HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.40-4.63; P = 0.002. Absmax: 2.39, 95% CI 1.17-4.92; P = 0.017). After adjustments for other prognostic biomarkers these associations remained significant. Cys and uHcy-thiolactone, but not tHcy, were significant predictors of AMI in Cox regression models that included CLT. Conclusions uHcy-thiolactone and plasma Cys are novel determinants of CLT, an important predictor of adverse CAD outcomes. CLT and Absmax were not affected by B-vitamin/folate therapy, which could account for the lack of efficacy of such therapy in CAD. Trial registration: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00354081.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Skrzydlewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen SM, Tang XQ. Homocysteinylation and Sulfhydration in Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1726-1735. [PMID: 34951391 PMCID: PMC9881069 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223125448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an important intermediate in methionine metabolism and generation of one-carbon units, and its dysfunction is associated with many pathological states. Although Hcy is a non-protein amino acid, many studies have demonstrated protein-related homocysteine metabolism and possible mechanisms underlying homocysteinylation. Homocysteinylated proteins lose their original biological function and have a negative effect on the various disease phenotypes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as an important gaseous signaling molecule with mounting physiological properties. H2S modifies small molecules and proteins via sulfhydration, which is supposed to be essential in the regulation of biological functions and signal transduction in human health and disorders. This review briefly introduces Hcy and H2S, further discusses pathophysiological consequences of homocysteine modification and sulfhydryl modification, and ultimately makes a prediction that H2S might exert a protective effect on the toxicity of homocysteinylation of target protein via sulfhydration. The highlighted information here yields new insights into the role of protein modification by Hcy and H2S in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Chen
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Department of Emergency, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, P.R. China; ,The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P.R. China; ,Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P.R. China; ,Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, P.R. China,Address correspondence to this author at the The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neurology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, P.R. China; E-mails: ;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohammed CJ, Lamichhane S, Connolly JA, Soehnlen SM, Khalaf FK, Malhotra D, Haller ST, Isailovic D, Kennedy DJ. A PON for All Seasons: Comparing Paraoxonase Enzyme Substrates, Activity and Action including the Role of PON3 in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030590. [PMID: 35326240 PMCID: PMC8945423 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonases (PONs) are a family of hydrolytic enzymes consisting of three members, PON1, PON2, and PON3, located on human chromosome 7. Identifying the physiological substrates of these enzymes is necessary for the elucidation of their biological roles and to establish their applications in the biomedical field. PON substrates are classified as organophosphates, aryl esters, and lactones based on their structure. While the established native physiological activity of PONs is its lactonase activity, the enzymes’ exact physiological substrates continue to be elucidated. All three PONs have antioxidant potential and play an important anti-atherosclerotic role in several diseases including cardiovascular diseases. PON3 is the last member of the family to be discovered and is also the least studied of the three genes. Unlike the other isoforms that have been reviewed extensively, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding PON3. Thus, the current review focuses on PON3 and summarizes the PON substrates, specific activities, kinetic parameters, and their association with cardiovascular as well as other diseases such as HIV and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysan J. Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Sabitri Lamichhane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.L.); (D.I.)
| | - Jacob A. Connolly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Sophia M. Soehnlen
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Fatimah K. Khalaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Alkafeel, Najaf 61001, Iraq
| | - Deepak Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.L.); (D.I.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (C.J.M.); (J.A.C.); (S.M.S.); (F.K.K.); (D.M.); (S.T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-6822
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Włoczkowska O, Perła-Kaján J, Smith AD, de Jager C, Refsum H, Jakubowski H. Anti- N-homocysteine-protein autoantibodies are associated with impaired cognition. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2021; 7:e12159. [PMID: 33816764 PMCID: PMC8010366 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites accelerate Alzheimer's disease. Hcy-lowering B vitamins slow brain atrophy/cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Modification with Hcy-thiolactone generates auto-immunogenic N-Hcy-protein. We tested a hypothesis that anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies predict cognition in individuals with MCI participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled VITACOG trial of B vitamins. Methods Participants with MCI (n = 196, 76.8 years old, 60% women) were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of folic acid (0.8 mg), vitamin B12 (0.5 mg), and B6 (20 mg) (n = 98) or placebo (n = 98) for 2 years. Cognition was analyzed by neuropsychological tests. Brain atrophy was quantified in a subset of patients (n = 167) by magnetic resonance imaging. Anti N-Hcy-protein auto-antibodies were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations among anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies, cognition, and brain atrophy were examined by multiple regression analysis. Results At baseline, anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies were significantly associated with impaired global cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), episodic memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised), and attention/processing speed (Map Search). At the end of the study, anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies were associated with impaired global cognition (MMSE) and attention/processing speed (Trail Making A). In the placebo group, baseline anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies predicted, independently of Hcy, global cognition (Telephone Inventory for Cognitive Status modified [TICS-m]; MMSE) and attention/processing speed (Trail Making A) but not brain atrophy, at the end of study. B-vitamin treatment abrogated association of anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies with cognition. Discussion These findings suggest that anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies can impair functional (attention/processing speed and global cognition), but not structural (brain atrophy), aspects of cognition. Anti-N-Hcy-protein autoantibodies are a new factor associated with impaired cognition, which could be ameliorated by B vitamins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Włoczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA Department of Pharmacology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Celeste de Jager
- OPTIMA Department of Pharmacology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Poznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland.,Department of Microbiology Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics New Jersey Medical School International Center for Public Health Rutgers University Newark New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jakubowski H. Proteomic exploration of cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:751-765. [PMID: 33320032 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1865160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, the most frequent inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism, is characterized biochemically by severely elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites, such as Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. CBS deficiency reduces life span and causes pathological abnormalities affecting most organ systems in the human body, including the cardiovascular (thrombosis, stroke), skeletal/connective tissue (osteoporosis, thin/non-elastic skin, thin hair), and central nervous systems (mental retardation, seizures), as well as the liver (fatty changes), and the eye (ectopia lentis, myopia). Molecular basis of these abnormalities were largely unknown and available treatments remain ineffective. Areas covered: Proteomic and transcriptomic studies over the past decade or so, have significantly contributed to our understanding of mechanisms by which the CBS enzyme deficiency leads to clinical manifestations associated with it. Expert opinion: Recent findings, discussed in this review, highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in pathologies associated with CBS deficiency, including thromboembolism, stroke, neurologic impairment, connective tissue/collagen abnormalities, hair defects, and hepatic toxicity. To ameliorate these pathologies, pharmacological, enzyme replacement, and gene transfer therapies are being developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Taler-Verčič A, Goličnik M, Bavec A. The Structure and Function of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Comparison to Paraoxonase-2 and -3. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245980. [PMID: 33348669 PMCID: PMC7766523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the group of paraoxonases (PONs). This enzyme possesses three enzymatic activities: lactonase, arylesterase, and paraoxonase activity. PON1 and its isoforms play an important role in drug metabolism as well as in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Although all three members of the PON family have the same origin and very similar amino acid sequences, they have different functions and are found in different locations. PONs exhibit substrate promiscuity, and their true physiological substrates are still not known. However, possible substrates include homocysteine thiolactone, an analogue of natural quorum-sensing molecules, and the recently discovered derivatives of arachidonic acid—bioactive δ-lactones. Directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic studies provide comprehensive insights into the active site and catalytic mechanism of PON1. However, there is still a whole world of mystery waiting to be discovered, which would elucidate the substrate promiscuity of a group of enzymes that are so similar in their evolution and sequence yet so distinct in their function.
Collapse
|
12
|
Parada-Turska J, Wójcicka G, Beltowski J. Paraoxonase 1 Phenotype and Protein N-Homocysteinylation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090899. [PMID: 32967340 PMCID: PMC7555791 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the high density lipoprotein-associated esterase which inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by metabolizing lipid peroxidation products as well as hydrolyzing proatherogenic metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy), Hcy thiolactone, which otherwise reacts with lysine groups of proteins, thus forming N-Hcy-protein in a process referred to as protein N-homocysteinylation. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We examined PON1 status and N-homocysteinylation of serum proteins in patients with RA. Blood was collected from 74 RA patients and 70 control subjects. PON1 activity was measured toward synthetic (paraoxon, phenyl acetate) and natural (Hcy thiolactone) substrates. PON1 protein concentration was measured by ELISA. Total Hcy as well as N-Hcy-protein were measured in serum as well. PON1 activity toward Hcy thiolactone was lower in RA patients than in control subjects which was accompanied by increased concentration of N-Hcy-protein despite normal total Hcy concentration. PON1 protein concentration was unchanged in the RA group, but the specific enzyme activity was reduced. When RA patients were categorized according to the DAS28-ESR score, PON1 concentration and enzymatic activity were lower whereas N-Hcy-protein was higher in those with high disease activity. PON1 activity and Hcy thiolactone were correlated with DAS28-ESR score and myeloperoxidase concentration. In conclusion, RA is associated with deficiency of PON1 activity and increased protein N-homocyseinylation which may contribute to accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Wójcicka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Beltowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-4486500
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Colasanti T, Sabatinelli D, Mancone C, Giorgi A, Pecani A, Spinelli FR, Di Giamberardino A, Navarini L, Speziali M, Vomero M, Barbati C, Perricone C, Ceccarelli F, Finucci A, Celia AI, Currado D, Afeltra A, Schininà ME, Barnaba V, Conti F, Valesini G, Alessandri C. Homocysteinylated alpha 1 antitrypsin as an antigenic target of autoantibodies in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Autoimmun 2020; 113:102470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
14
|
Mei X, Qi D, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Jin L, Hou J, Wang J, Lin Y, Xue Y, Zhu P, Liu Z, Huang L, Nie J, Si W, Ma J, Ye J, Finnell RH, Saiyin H, Wang H, Zhao J, Zhao S, Xu W. Inhibiting MARSs reduces hyperhomocysteinemia-associated neural tube and congenital heart defects. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e9469. [PMID: 32003121 PMCID: PMC7059139 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a common metabolic disorder that imposes major adverse health consequences. Reducing homocysteine levels, however, is not always effective against hyperhomocysteinemia-associated pathologies. Herein, we report the potential roles of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS)-generated homocysteine signals in neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs). Increased copy numbers of MARS and/or MARS2 were detected in NTD and CHD patients. MARSs sense homocysteine and transmit its signal by inducing protein lysine (N)-homocysteinylation. Here, we identified hundreds of novel N-homocysteinylated proteins. N-homocysteinylation of superoxide dismutases (SOD1/2) provided new mechanistic insights for homocysteine-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and Wnt signalling deregulation. Elevated MARS expression in developing and proliferating cells sensitizes them to the effects of homocysteine. Targeting MARSs using the homocysteine analogue acetyl homocysteine thioether (AHT) reversed MARS efficacy. AHT lowered NTD and CHD onsets in retinoic acid-induced and hyperhomocysteinemia-induced animal models without affecting homocysteine levels. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence to show that MARSs are previously overlooked genetic determinants and key pathological factors of hyperhomocysteinemia, and suggest that MARS inhibition represents an important medicinal approach for controlling hyperhomocysteinemia-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sikora M, Lewandowska I, Kupc M, Kubalska J, Graban A, Marczak Ł, Kaźmierski R, Jakubowski H. Serum Proteome Alterations in Human Cystathionine β-Synthase Deficiency and Ischemic Stroke Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123096. [PMID: 31242583 PMCID: PMC6627068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke induces brain injury via thrombotic or embolic mechanisms involving large or small vessels. Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency (CBS), an inborn error of metabolism, is associated with vascular thromboembolism, the major cause of morbidity and mortality in affected patients. Because thromboembolism involves the brain vasculature in these patients, we hypothesize that CBS deficiency and ischemic stroke have similar molecular phenotypes. We used label-free mass spectrometry for quantification of changes in serum proteomes in CBS-deficient patients (n = 10) and gender/age-matched unaffected controls (n = 14), as well as in patients with cardioembolic (n = 17), large-vessel (n = 26), or lacunar (n = 25) ischemic stroke subtype. In CBS-deficient patients, 40 differentially expressed serum proteins were identified, of which 18 were associated with elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and 22 were Hcy-independent. We also identified Hcy-independent differentially expressed serum proteins in ischemic stroke patients, some of which were unique to a specific subtype: 10 of 32 for cardioembolic vs. large-vessel, six of 33 for cardioembolic vs. lacunar, and six of 23 for large-vessel vs. lacunar. There were significant overlaps between proteins affected by CBS deficiency and ischemic stroke, particularly the cardioembolic subtype, similar to protein overlaps between ischemic stroke subtypes. Top molecular pathways affected by CBS deficiency and ischemic stroke subtypes included acute phase response signaling and coagulation system. Similar molecular networks centering on NFκB were affected by CBS deficiency and stroke subtypes. These findings suggest common mechanisms involved in the pathologies of CBS deficiency and ischemic stroke subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Izabela Lewandowska
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kupc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kubalska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ałła Graban
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Radosław Kaźmierski
- Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disorders, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, L. Bierkowski Hospital, 60-631 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ 07-103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Borowczyk K, Piechocka J, Głowacki R, Dhar I, Midtun Ø, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Jakubowski H. Urinary excretion of homocysteine thiolactone and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients: the WENBIT trial. J Intern Med 2019; 285:232-244. [PMID: 30193001 PMCID: PMC6378604 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No individual homocysteine (Hcy) metabolite has been studied as a risk marker for coronary artery disease (CAD). Our objective was to examine Hcy-thiolactone, a chemically reactive metabolite generated by methionyl-tRNA synthetase and cleared by the kidney, as a risk predictor of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. DESIGN Single centre, prospective double-blind clinical intervention study, randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients with suspected CAD (n = 2049, 69.8% men; 61.2-year-old) were randomized to groups receiving daily (i) folic acid (0.8 mg)/vitamin B12 (0.4 mg)/vitamin B6 (40 mg); (ii) folic acid/vitamin B12 ; (iii) vitamin B6 or (iv) placebo. Urinary Hcy-thiolactone was quantified at baseline, 12 and 38 months. RESULTS Baseline urinary Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine was significantly associated with plasma tHcy, ApoA1, glomerular filtration rate, potassium and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (positively) and with age, hypertension, smoking, urinary creatinine, plasma bilirubin and kynurenine (negatively). During median 4.7-years, 183 patients (8.9%) suffered an AMI. In Cox regression analysis, Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine was associated with AMI risk (hazard ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-2.26, P = 0.012 for trend; adjusted for age, gender, tHcy). This association was confined to patients with pyridoxic acid below median (adjusted HR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.47-5.03, P = 0.0001; Pinteraction = 0.020). B-vitamin/folate treatments did not affect Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine and its AMI risk association. CONCLUSIONS Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine ratio is a novel AMI risk predictor in patients with suspected CAD, independent of traditional risk factors and tHcy, but modified by vitamin B6 catabolism. These findings lend a support to the hypothesis that Hcy-thiolactone is mechanistically involved in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - J Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - R Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - I Dhar
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - G S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - P M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - O Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rizzo A, Sciorsci RL. Role of homocysteine metabolism in animal reproduction: A review. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:29-35. [PMID: 30448392 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a thiol-containing essential amino acid, important for the growth of cells and tissues. Several hypotheses exist regarding Hcy toxicity in humans; Hcy is involved in protein structural modifications, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity induction and is therefore associated with several pathological conditions in humans. In veterinary science, knowledge regarding Hcy has increased recently due to several studies; however, many aspects remain undiscovered. Many details remain unknown regarding the effect of Hcy levels on pregnancy and the optimal management of pathological conditions associated with Hcy levels during pregnancy in various species. In this review, we aimed to compile various studies on Hcy metabolism to elucidate its current status in the veterinary field, particularly for ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, canine, and feline species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Obstetric Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - R L Sciorsci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Section of Obstetric Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B 12 levels in patients with vitiligo and their potential roles as disease activity biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 80:646-654.e5. [PMID: 30165163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia and folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies have been reported in patients with vitiligo. Investigating the role of these conditions might shed light on the pathogenesis of vitiligo. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels in vitiligo patients. METHODS Online databases were searched on May 15, 2018, to identify studies comparing serum homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels between patients with vitiligo and controls. A random effects model was used. RESULTS Twenty-two studies involving a total of 1448 patients with vitiligo were included. Patients with vitiligo had significantly higher serum homocysteine levels (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.550, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.262-0.838; I2 87.3%) and lower vitamin B12 levels (SMD -0.430, 95% CI -0.738 to -0.121; I2 85.3%) than controls. Serum folate levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups (SMD -0.240, 95% CI -0.592 to 0.111; I2 85.5%). A subgroup analysis revealed that these findings correlated with disease activity. LIMITATIONS The included studies were heterogeneous. Serum homocysteine levels could be influenced by various factors. CONCLUSION Patients with vitiligo have higher serum homocysteine levels and lower vitamin B12 levels than individuals without vitiligo.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dong Y, Wang L, Lei Y, Yang N, Cabrera RM, Finnell RH, Ren A. Gene variants in the folate pathway are associated with increased levels of folate receptor autoantibodies. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:973-981. [PMID: 29732742 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate receptors (FRs) facilitate embryonic uptake of folates and are important for proper early embryonic development. There is accumulating evidence that blocking FR autoantibodies contribute to developmental diseases. However, genetic factors associated with the expression of FR autoantibodies remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of genetic polymorphisms in folate pathway genes on FR autoantibody titers in women. METHODS We recruited 302 pregnant women in China. The FR antigen-down immunoassay was used to measure levels of FR autoantibodies including human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in maternal plasma. Genotypes were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction methods. General linear model was used to analyze the effects of genetic variants on FR autoantibody levels. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between genotypic variations and levels of FR autoantibodies. Plasma levels of FR autoantibodies in women with the TT genotype at MTHFR rs1801133 were significantly higher than those of women with the CC genotype (IgG: β = 0.62, 95% CI 0.21-1.04; IgM: β = 0.42, 95% CI 0.12-0.72). For DNMT3A rs7560488, the level of FR autoantibody IgG significantly increased in the TT genotype compared with CC genotype (β = 0.90, 95% CI 0.20-1.59). For MTHFD2 rs828903, genotype GG was associated with elevated levels of FR autoantibody IgM compared to the AA genotype (β = 0.60, 95% CI 0.10-1.10). No association was detected between genetic variants of the DHFR gene with FR autoantibodies levels. CONCLUSION Genetic variations in MTHFR, DNMT3A, and MTHFD2 genes were associated with elevated plasma levels of FR autoantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Dong
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Lei
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Robert M Cabrera
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen N, Liu J, Qiao Z, Liu Y, Yang Y, Jiang C, Wang X, Wang C. Chemical proteomic profiling of protein N-homocysteinylation with a thioester probe. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2826-2830. [PMID: 29732068 PMCID: PMC5914431 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00221e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) refers to a medical condition of abnormally high level of homocysteine (Hcy) in blood (>15 μmol L-1) and has been clinically implicated with cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Excessive Hcy can be converted to a reactive thioester intermediate, Hcy thiolactone (HTL), which selectively reacts with protein lysine residues ("N-homocysteinylation") and this non-enzymatic modification largely contributes to manifestations of HHcy. However, the proteome-wide detection of protein N-homocysteinylation remains a challenge to date. In this work, we report a chemoselective reaction to label and enrich N-homocysteinylation from complex proteome samples as inspired by native chemical ligation for protein synthesis. Alkynyl thioester probes are synthesized and the reaction is validated with small molecule and purified protein models successfully. We performed quantitative chemical proteomics to identify more than 800 N-homocysteinylated proteins as well as 304 N-homocysteinylated sites directly from HTL-treated HeLa cells. The chemical proteomics strategies will facilitate functional study of protein N-homocysteinylations in the HHcy-implicated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Jinmin Liu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Zeyu Qiao
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Yuan Liu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China .
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , 100191 , China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , 100191 , China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , 100191 , China
| | - Chu Wang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center , Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China . .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing , 100871 , China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumar A, Palfrey HA, Pathak R, Kadowitz PJ, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. The metabolism and significance of homocysteine in nutrition and health. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:78. [PMID: 29299040 PMCID: PMC5741875 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between arteriosclerosis and homocysteine (Hcy) was first demonstrated in 1969. Hcy is a sulfur containing amino acid derived from the essential amino acid methionine (Met). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was subsequently shown in several age-related pathologies such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Also, Hcy is associated with (but not limited to) cancer, aortic aneurysm, hypothyroidism and end renal stage disease to mention some. The circulating levels of Hcy can be increased by defects in enzymes of the metabolism of Met, deficiencies of vitamins B6, B12 and folate or by feeding Met enriched diets. Additionally, some of the pharmaceuticals currently in clinical practice such as lipid lowering, and anti-Parkinsonian drugs are known to elevate Hcy levels. Studies on supplementation with folate, vitamins B6 and B12 have shown reduction in Hcy levels but concomitant reduction in certain associated pathologies have not been definitive. The enormous importance of Hcy in health and disease is illustrated by its prevalence in the medical literature (e.g. > 22,000 publications). Although there are compelling data in favor of Hcy as a modifiable risk factor, the debate regarding the significance of Hcy mediated health effects is still ongoing. Despite associations between increased levels of Hcy with several pathologies being well documented, whether it is a causative factor, or an effect remains inconclusive. The present review though not exhaustive, is focused on several important aspects of Hcy metabolism and their relevance to health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Henry A. Palfrey
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Rashmi Pathak
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Philip J. Kadowitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Thomas W. Gettys
- Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Subramanyam N. Murthy
- Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim HJ, Lee KS, Jeon YJ, Shin IS, Hong JI. Electrochemiluminescent chemodosimeter based on iridium(III) complex for point-of-care detection of homocysteine levels. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:497-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Editing, Thioester Chemistry, Coenzyme A, and the Origin of Coded Peptide Synthesis †. Life (Basel) 2017; 7:life7010006. [PMID: 28208756 PMCID: PMC5370406 DOI: 10.3390/life7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) have evolved “quality control” mechanisms which prevent tRNA aminoacylation with non-protein amino acids, such as homocysteine, homoserine, and ornithine, and thus their access to the Genetic Code. Of the ten AARSs that possess editing function, five edit homocysteine: Class I MetRS, ValRS, IleRS, LeuRS, and Class II LysRS. Studies of their editing function reveal that catalytic modules of these AARSs have a thiol-binding site that confers the ability to catalyze the aminoacylation of coenzyme A, pantetheine, and other thiols. Other AARSs also catalyze aminoacyl-thioester synthesis. Amino acid selectivity of AARSs in the aminoacyl thioesters formation reaction is relaxed, characteristic of primitive amino acid activation systems that may have originated in the Thioester World. With homocysteine and cysteine as thiol substrates, AARSs support peptide bond synthesis. Evolutionary origin of these activities is revealed by genomic comparisons, which show that AARSs are structurally related to proteins involved in coenzyme A/sulfur metabolism and non-coded peptide bond synthesis. These findings suggest that the extant AARSs descended from ancestral forms that were involved in non-coded Thioester-dependent peptide synthesis, functionally similar to the present-day non-ribosomal peptide synthetases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-632, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mei XY, He XD, Huang L, Qi DS, Nie J, Li Y, Si W, Zhao SM. Dehomocysteinylation is catalysed by the sirtuin-2-like bacterial lysine deacetylase CobB. FEBS J 2016; 283:4149-4162. [PMID: 27696686 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is characterized by elevated blood levels of the non-protein amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is an independent risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and birth defects. The incorporation of homocysteine into proteins, known as protein N-homocysteinylation, has been considered a major mechanism that contributes to hyperhomocysteinemia. However, the process of dehomocysteinylation, the N-homocysteinylation substrates and the regulatory enzyme(s) remain largely unknown. In this study, we observed that the dehomocysteinylation reaction is a spontaneous process that can be inhibited by blocking -SH groups, which have been demonstrated to be critical for non-enzymatic dehomocysteinylation reactions. We also report that CobB, a known Sir2-like bacterial lysine deacetylase, catalyzes lysine dehomocysteinylation reactions both in vitro and in vivo. Our work provides insight into how this non-enzymatic modification might be removed from affected proteins, supplies potential targets for developing identification methods for N-homocysteine proteins, and identifies CobB as the first prokaryotic dehomocysteinylation enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Interdisciplinary Center on Biology and Chemistry and Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xia-Di He
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Shi Qi
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Nie
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Si
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Molecular and Cellular Effect of Homocysteine Metabolism Imbalance on Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101733. [PMID: 27775595 PMCID: PMC5085763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid derived in methionine metabolism. The increased level of Hcy in plasma, hyperhomocysteinemia, is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardio and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is still not clear if Hcy is a marker or a causative agent of diseases. More and more research data suggest that Hcy is an important indicator for overall health status. This review represents the current understanding of molecular mechanism of Hcy metabolism and its link to hyperhomocysteinemia-related pathologies in humans. The aberrant Hcy metabolism could lead to the redox imbalance and oxidative stress resulting in elevated protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate oxidation and lipoperoxidation, products known to be involved in cytotoxicity. Additionally, we examine the role of Hcy in thiolation of proteins, which results in their molecular and functional modifications. We also highlight the relationship between the imbalance in Hcy metabolism and pathogenesis of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurological and psychiatric disorders, chronic kidney disease, bone tissue damages, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, and congenital defects.
Collapse
|
27
|
Jamroz-Wiśniewska A, Bełtowski J, Bartosik-Psujek H, Wójcicka G, Rejdak K. Processes of plasma protein N-homocysteinylation in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:709-715. [PMID: 27671515 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1241782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) is a cyclic thioester of homocysteine (Hcy) contributing to the toxicity of this amino acid. HTL spontaneously reacts with protein lysine residues leading to altered properties of target proteins and induction of immune response. HTL is hydrolyzed to Hcy by plasma enzyme, paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Although both Hcy and PON1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), protein modification by HTL in this disease has not been studied so far. Purpose/Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level of Hcy, HTL and autoantibodies against N-homocysteinylated proteins as well as PON1 activity in patients with MS. METHODS The studies were performed in 61 MS patients with relapsing-remitting (RR group, n = 25) and secondary-progressive type of MS (SP group, n = 36), and in healthy people (C - control group, n = 44). RESULTS Homocysteine level was significantly higher in MS patients comparing to control group (C vs. RR p < 0.01; C vs. SP p < 0.05). The level of HTL tended to be higher in RR-MS in comparison to control group, but it did not reach the level of significance. The level of antibodies against N-homocysteinylated proteins did not differ significantly between studied groups. PON1 activity was significantly lower in SP type of MS (SP vs. C p < 0.05; SP vs. RR p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although plasma Hcy concentration is higher in MS patients and PON1 activity is reduced in the SP form, MS is associated with minor or no changes in protein-attached HTL and anti-homocysteinylated protein immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Bełtowski
- b Department of Pathophysiology , Lublin Medical University , Lublin , Poland
| | - H Bartosik-Psujek
- c Department of Neurology , University of Rzeszów , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - G Wójcicka
- b Department of Pathophysiology , Lublin Medical University , Lublin , Poland
| | - K Rejdak
- a Department of Neurology , Lublin Medical University , Lublin , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moafian Z, Khoshaman K, Oryan A, Kurganov BI, Yousefi R. Protective Effects of Acetylation on the Pathological Reactions of the Lens Crystallins with Homocysteine Thiolactone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164139. [PMID: 27706231 PMCID: PMC5051903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various post-translational lens crystallins modifications result in structural and functional insults, contributing to the development of lens opacity and cataract disorders. Lens crystallins are potential targets of homocysteinylation, particularly under hyperhomocysteinemia which has been indicated in various eye diseases. Since both homocysteinylation and acetylation primarily occur on protein free amino groups, we applied different spectroscopic methods and gel mobility shift analysis to examine the possible preventive role of acetylation against homocysteinylation. Lens crystallins were extensively acetylated in the presence of acetic anhydride and then subjected to homocysteinylation in the presence of homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL). Extensive acetylation of the lens crystallins results in partial structural alteration and enhancement of their stability, as well as improvement of α-crystallin chaperone-like activity. In addition, acetylation partially prevents HCTL-induced structural alteration and aggregation of lens crystallins. Also, acetylation protects against HCTL-induced loss of α-crystallin chaperone activity. Additionally, subsequent acetylation and homocysteinylation cause significant proteolytic degradation of crystallins. Therefore, further experimentation is required in order to judge effectively the preventative role of acetylation on the structural and functional insults induced by homocysteinylation of lens crystallins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Moafian
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kazem Khoshaman
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Boris I. Kurganov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comparison of Protein N-Homocysteinylation in Rat Plasma under Elevated Homocysteine Using a Specific Chemical Labeling Method. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091195. [PMID: 27617989 PMCID: PMC5292613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood concentrations of homocysteine have been well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases, yet the etiologic relationship of homocysteine to these disorders remains poorly understood. Protein N-homocysteinylation has been hypothesized as a contributing factor; however, it has not been examined globally owing to the lack of suitable detection methods. We recently developed a selective chemical method to label N-homocysteinylated proteins with a biotin-aldehyde tag followed by Western blotting analysis, which was further optimized in this study. We then investigated the variation of protein N-homocysteinylation in plasma from rats on a vitamin B12 deficient diet. Elevated “total homocysteine” concentrations were determined in rats with a vitamin B12 deficient diet. Correspondingly, overall levels of plasma protein N-homocysteinylation displayed an increased trend, and furthermore, more pronounced and statistically significant changes (e.g., 1.8-fold, p-value: 0.03) were observed for some individual protein bands. Our results suggest that, as expected, a general metabolic correlation exists between “total homocysteine” and N-homocysteinylation, although other factors are involved in homocysteine/homocysteine thiolactone metabolism, such as the transsulfuration of homocysteine by cystathionine β-synthase or the hydrolysis of homocysteine thiolactone by paraoxonase 1 (PON1), may play more significant or direct roles in determining the level of N-homocysteinylation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jakubowski H. Quantification of urinary S- and N-homocysteinylated protein and homocysteine-thiolactone in mice. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Perła-Kajan J, Utyro O, Rusek M, Malinowska A, Sitkiewicz E, Jakubowski H. N-Homocysteinylation impairs collagen cross-linking in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice: a novel mechanism of connective tissue abnormalities. FASEB J 2016; 30:3810-3821. [PMID: 27530978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, a genetic disorder in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism in humans, elevates plasma Hcy-thiolactone and leads to connective tissue abnormalities that affect the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. However, the underlying mechanism of these abnormalities is not understood. Hcy-thiolactone has the ability to form isopeptide bonds with protein lysine residues, which generates N-homocysteinylated protein. Because lysine residues are involved in collagen cross-linking, N-homocysteinylation of these lysines should impair cross-linking. Using a Tg-I278T Cbs-/- mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) which replicates the connective tissue abnormalities observed in CBS-deficient patients, we found that N-Hcy-collagen was elevated in bone, tail, and heart of Cbs-/- mice, whereas pyridinoline cross-links were significantly reduced. Plasma deoxypyridinoline cross-link and cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen were also significantly reduced in the Cbs-/- mice. Lysine oxidase activity and mRNA level were not reduced by the Cbs-/- genotype. We also showed that collagen carries S-linked Hcy bound to the thiol of N-linked Hcy. In vitro experiments showed that Hcy-thiolactone modifies lysine residues in collagen type I α-1 chain. Residue K160, located in the nonhelical N-telopeptide region and involved in pyridinoline cross-link formation, was also N-homocysteinylated in vivo Taken together, our findings showed that N-homocysteinylation of collagen in Cbs-/- mice impairs its cross-linking. These findings explain, at least in part, connective tissue abnormalities observed in HHcy.-Perła-Kajan, J., Utyro, O., Rusek, M., Malinowska, A., Sitkiewicz, E., Jakubowski, H. N-Homocysteinylation impairs collagen cross-linking in cystathionine β-synthase-deficient mice: a novel mechanism of connective tissue abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perła-Kajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Olga Utyro
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Rusek
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Proteomics Laboratory, Biophysics Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Proteomics Laboratory, Biophysics Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland; .,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, International Center for Public Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Furlong CE, Marsillach J, Jarvik GP, Costa LG. Paraoxonases-1, -2 and -3: What are their functions? Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:51-62. [PMID: 27238723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), an esterase/lactonase primarily associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL), was the first member of this family of enzymes to be characterized. Its name was derived from its ability to hydrolyze paraoxon, the toxic metabolite of the insecticide parathion. Related enzymes PON2 and PON3 were named from their evolutionary relationship with PON1. Mice with each PON gene knocked out were generated at UCLA and have been key for elucidating their roles in organophosphorus (OP) metabolism, cardiovascular disease, innate immunity, obesity, and cancer. PON1 status, determined with two-substrate analyses, reveals an individual's functional Q192R genotype and activity levels. The three-dimensional structure for a chimeric PON1 has been useful for understanding the structural properties of PON1 and for engineering PON1 as a catalytic scavenger of OP compounds. All three PONs hydrolyze microbial N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing factors, quenching Pseudomonas aeruginosa's pathogenesis. All three PONs modulate oxidative stress and inflammation. PON2 is localized in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. PON2 has potent antioxidant properties and is found at 3- to 4-fold higher levels in females than males, providing increased protection against oxidative stress, as observed in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes from female mice compared with male mice. The higher levels of PON2 in females may explain the lower frequency of neurological and cardiovascular diseases in females and the ability to identify males but not females with Parkinson's disease using a special PON1 status assay. Less is known about PON3; however, recent experiments with PON3 knockout mice show them to be susceptible to obesity, gallstone formation and atherosclerosis. Like PONs 1 and 2, PON3 also appears to modulate oxidative stress. It is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and on HDL. Both PON2 and PON3 are upregulated in cancer, favoring tumor progression through mitochondrial protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement E Furlong
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Homocystinuria: Therapeutic approach. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 458:55-62. [PMID: 27059523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homocystinuria is a disorder of sulfur metabolism pathway caused by deficiency of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). It is characterized by increased accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) in the cells and plasma. Increased homocysteine results in various vascular and neurological complications. Present strategies to lower cellular and plasma homocysteine levels include vitamin B6 intake, dietary methionine restriction, betaine supplementation, folate and vitamin B12 administration. However, these strategies are inefficient for treatment of homocystinuria. In recent years, advances have been made towards developing new strategies to treat homocystinuria. These mainly include functional restoration to mutant CBS, enhanced clearance of Hcy from the body, prevention of N-homocysteinylation-induced toxicity and inhibition of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress. In this review, we have exclusively discussed the recent advances that have been achieved towards the treatment of homocystinuria. The review is an attempt to help clinicians in developing effective therapeutic strategies and designing novel drugs against homocystinuria.
Collapse
|
34
|
Denny KJ, Kelly CF, Kumar V, Witham KL, Cabrera RM, Finnell RH, Taylor SM, Jeanes A, Woodruff TM. Autoantibodies against homocysteinylated protein in a mouse model of folate deficiency-induced neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:201-7. [PMID: 26900104 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid results in a significant reduction in the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). Nonetheless, NTDs remain a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the mechanism(s) by which folate exerts its protective effects are unknown. Homocysteine is an amino acid that accumulates under conditions of folate-deficiency, and is suggested as a risk factor for NTDs. One proposed mechanism of homocysteine toxicity is its accumulation into proteins in a process termed homocysteinylation. METHODS & RESULTS Herein, we used a folate-deficient diet in pregnant mice to demonstrate that there is: (i) a significant inverse correlation between maternal serum folate levels and serum homocysteine; (ii) a significant positive correlation between serum homocysteine levels and titers of autoantibodies against homocysteinylated protein; and (iii) a significant increase in congenital malformations and NTDs in mice deficient in serum folate. Furthermore, in mice administered the folate-deplete diet before conception, supplementation with folic acid during the gestational period completely rescued the embryos from congenital defects, and resulted in homocysteinylated protein titers at term that are comparable to that of mice administered a folate-replete diet throughout both the pre- and postconception period. These results demonstrate that a low-folate diet that induces NTDs also increases protein homocysteinylation and the subsequent generation of autoantibodies against homocysteinylated proteins. CONCLUSION These data support the hypotheses that homocysteinylation results in neo-self antigen formation under conditions of maternal folate deficiency, and that this process is reversible with folic acid supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerina J Denny
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christina F Kelly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katey L Witham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert M Cabrera
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephen M Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Angela Jeanes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Homocysteine influences blood clot properties alone and in combination with total fibrinogen but not with fibrinogen γ' in Africans. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016; 26:389-95. [PMID: 25688462 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneously increased fibrinogen and homocysteine (Hcy) in blood are believed to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are unknown. We sought to determine whether Hcy or its genetic determinants influence blood clot properties alone or in combination with fibrinogen. In addition, we investigated, for the first time, the gamma prime (γ') isoform of fibrinogen with Hcy in relation to clot architecture and lysis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, Hcy and hemostatic variables, including clot lysis, determined with a global fibrinolytic assay [giving lag time, slope, maximum absorbance and clot lysis time (CLT)], were measured in 1867 healthy black South Africans and cross-sectionally analyzed. Increasing Hcy did not affect fiber cross-sectional area (maximum absorbance). However, it decreased the time needed to initiate the coagulation cascade and for fibrin fibers to grow (lag time), it increased the tempo of lateral aggregation (slope) and reduced CLT. None of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms measured had effects on clot properties. Combined effects were observed between Hcy and total fibrinogen in predicting CLT. Fibrinogen γ', which affected markers of the fibrinolytic assay, did not have conjoint effects with Hcy. We believe that there is value in recognizing the combined effects of Hcy and fibrinogen, but not its γ' isoform in relation to clot structure and lysis. The enhanced fibrinolysis rate observed in patients with low fibrinogen and high Hcy may have adverse consequences for health if it disturbs hemostasis and results in a bleeding tendency.
Collapse
|
36
|
Protein N-homocysteinylation: From cellular toxicity to neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2239-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
37
|
Szlauer A, Mielimonka A, Głowacki R, Borowczyk K, Stachniuk J, Undas A. Protein N-linked homocysteine is associated with recurrence of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2015; 136:911-6. [PMID: 26371408 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, protein N-linked homocysteine (Hcy) has been measured in healthy subjects and patients with marked hyperhomocysteinemia. Since elevated total Hcy (tHcy) levels are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), we aimed to investigate protein N-linked Hcy levels in patients with VTE. METHODS We studied 200 consecutive patients with VTE (89 men, 111 women, aged from 17 to 83 years), including 57 subjects with a subsequent episode of VTE (recurrent VTE) during 24 months of follow-up. Protein N-linked Hcy was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography with an on-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and fluorescence detection. RESULTS The median protein N-linked Hcy was 1.404 μM (interquartile range [IQR] 0.859-2.066), while the median tHcy (IQR) was 9.1 μM (6.8-11.2). In the whole group protein N-linked Hcy correlated only with C-reactive protein (CRP; r = 0.44, p < 0.0001). In patients with recurrent VTE protein N-linked Hcy correlated with C-reactive protein (r = 0.43, p < 0.0001), tHcy (r = 0.42, p = 0.001) and age (r = 0.32, p = 0.014), but not with thrombophilia, unprovoked VTE or the current anticoagulation. Hyperhomocysteinemia, defined as tHcy ≥ 15 μM (n = 14.7%), was not associated with higher protein N-linked Hcy. Patients with recurrent VTE had higher levels of protein N-linked Hcy compared to those who experienced a single episode of VTE (1.553 μM, 1.157-2.445 vs. 1.27 μM, 0.826-1.884; p = 0.002). Multiple regression adjusted for potential confounders showed that the only independent predictor of protein N-linked Hcy in the upper quartile was CRP > 3mg/L (odds ratio 3.04, 95% confidence interval 2.12-4.36, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Elevated protein N-linked Hcy concentrations, indicating enhanced protein homocysteinylation in vivo, characterize patients with recurrent VTE and this phenomenon is associated with enhanced inflammatory state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastazja Szlauer
- Students' Scientific Association, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mielimonka
- Students' Scientific Association, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Borowczyk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Stachniuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Eksin E, Erdem A. Electrochemical detection of N-homocysteinylated BSA in the fetal bovine serum medium. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA), homocysteine-thiolactone (HTL) andN-homocysteinylated BSA (N-Hcy-BSA) onto the surface of each PGE was performed by passive adsorption and the electrochemical detection of these components was investigated individually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Eksin
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Izmir
- Turkey
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Ege University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Izmir
- Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar T, Sharma GS, Singh LR. Existence of molten globule state in homocysteine-induced protein covalent modifications. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113566. [PMID: 25405350 PMCID: PMC4236184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine thiolactone is a toxic metabolite produced from homocysteine by amino-acyl t-RNA synthetase in error editing reaction. The basic cause of toxicity of homocysteine thiolactone is believed to be due to the adduct formation with lysine residues (known as protein N-homocysteinylation) leading to protein aggregation and loss of enzyme function. There was no data available until now that showed the effect of homocysteine thiolactone on the native state structural changes that led to aggregate formation. In the present study we have investigated the time dependent structural changes due to homocysteine thiolactone induced modifications on three different proteins having different physico-chemical properties (cytochrome-c, lysozyme and alpha lactalbumin). We discovered that N-homocysteinylation leads to the formation of molten globule state—an important protein folding intermediate in the protein folding pathway. We also found that the formation of the molten globule state might be responsible for the appearance of aggregate formation. The study indicates the importance of protein folding intermediate state in eliciting the homocysteine thiolactone toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
The application of a chemical determination of N-homocysteinylation levels in developing mouse embryos: implication for folate responsive birth defects. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:312-8. [PMID: 25620692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine levels have long been associated with various disease states, including cardiovascular disease and birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). One hypothesis regarding the strong correlation between these various disorders and high levels of homocysteine is that a reactive form of this small molecule can attach to mammalian proteins in a phenomenon known as homocysteinylation. These posttranslational modifications may become antigenic or may even directly disrupt certain protein function. It remains to be determined whether dietary influences that can cause globally increased levels of circulating homocysteine confer negative effects maternally, or may otherwise negatively and materially impact the metabolic balance in developing embryos. Herein we present the application of a chemical method of determination of N-homocysteinylation to a set of neural tube closure stage mouse embryos and their mothers. We explore the uses of this newly described technique to investigate levels of maternal and embryonic N-homocysteinylation using dietary manipulations of one-carbon metabolism with two known folate-responsive NTD mouse models. The data presented reveal that although diet appeared to have significant effects on the maternal metabolic status, those effects did not directly correlate to the embryonic folate or N-homocysteinylation status. Our studies indicate that maternal diet and embryonic genotype most significantly affected the embryonic developmental outcome.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bhat S, Mary S, Banarjee R, Giri AP, Kulkarni MJ. Immune response to chemically modified proteome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:19-34. [PMID: 24375944 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic PTMs of proteins involve chemical modifications. Some of these modifications are prerequisite for the normal functioning of cell, while other chemical modifications render the proteins as "neo-self" antigens, which are recognized as "non-self" leading to aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses. However, these modifications could be a secondary effect of autoimmune diseases, as in the case of type I diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to protein glycation. The enigma of chemical modifications and immune response is akin to the "chick-and-egg" paradox. Nevertheless, chemical modifications regulate immune response. In some of the well-known autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, chemically modified proteins act as autoantigens forming immune complexes. In some instances, chemical modifications are also involved in regulating immune response during pathogen infection. Further, the usefulness of proteomic analysis of immune complexes is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhat
- Proteomics Facility, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Uprety R, Luo J, Liu J, Naro Y, Samanta S, Deiters A. Genetic Encoding of Caged Cysteine and Caged Homocysteine in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1793-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
43
|
Homocysteine in renovascular complications: hydrogen sulfide is a modulator and plausible anaerobic ATP generator. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:27-37. [PMID: 24963795 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein amino acid derived from dietary methionine. High levels of Hcy, known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known to cause vascular complications. In the mammalian tissue, Hcy is metabolized by transsulfuration enzymes to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S, a pungent smelling gas was previously known for its toxic effects in the central nervous system, recent studies however has revealed protective effects in a variety of diseases including hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal disease progression and failure. Interestingly, under stress conditions including hypoxia, H2S can reduce metabolic demand and also act as a substrate for ATP production. This review highlights some of the recent advances in H2S research as a potential therapeutic agent targeting renovascular diseases associated with HHcy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Głowacki R, Borowczyk K, Bald E. Determination of Nɛ-homocysteinyl-lysine and γ-glutamylcysteine in plasma by liquid chromatography with UV-detection. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814060082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
45
|
Denny KJ, Jeanes A, Fathe K, Finnell RH, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM. Neural tube defects, folate, and immune modulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 97:602-609. [PMID: 24078477 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid has led to a significant worldwide reduction in the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). However, despite increasing awareness of the benefits of folic acid supplementation and the implementation of food fortification programs in many countries, NTDs continue to be a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, there exists a significant subgroup of women who appear to be resistant to the protective effects of folic acid supplementation. The following review addresses emerging clinical and experimental evidence for a role of the immune system in the etiopathogenesis of NTDs, with the aim of developing novel preventative strategies to further reduce the incidence of NTD-affected pregnancies. In particular, recent studies demonstrating novel roles and interactions between innate immune factors such as the complement cascade, neurulation, and folate metabolism are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerina J Denny
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Angela Jeanes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristin Fathe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephen M Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Genoud V, Castañon M, Lauricella AM, Quintana I. Characterization of N-homocysteinylated Albumin Adducts. Protein J 2014; 33:85-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
47
|
Identification of N-homocysteinylation sites in plasma proteins. Amino Acids 2013; 46:235-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
48
|
Effects of DL-homocysteine thiolactone on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in the isolated rat heart: the role of different gasotransmitters. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:318471. [PMID: 24350259 PMCID: PMC3857920 DOI: 10.1155/2013/318471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering the adverse effects of DL-homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride (DL-Hcy TLHC) on vascular function and the possible role of oxidative stress in these mechanisms, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of DL-Hcy TLHC alone and in combination with specific inhibitors of important gasotransmitters, such as L-NAME, DL-PAG, and PPR IX, on cardiac contractility, coronary flow, and oxidative stress markers in an isolated rat heart. The hearts were retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a 70 cm H2O and administered 10 μM DL-Hcy TLHC alone or in combination with 30 μM L-NAME, 10 μM DL-PAG, or 10 μM PPR IX. The following parameters were measured: dp/dt max, dp/dt min, SLVP, DLVP, MBP, HR, and CF. Oxidative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically in coronary effluent through TBARS, NO2, O2−, and H2O2 concentrations. The administration of DL-Hcy TLHC alone decreased dp/dt max, SLVP, and CF but did not change any oxidative stress parameters. DL-Hcy TLHC with L-NAME decreased CF, O2−, H2O2, and TBARS. The administration of DL-Hcy TLHC with DL-PAG significantly increased dp/dt max but decreased DLVP, CF, and TBARS. Administration of DL-Hcy TLHC with PPR IX caused a decrease in dp/dt max, SLVP, HR, CF, and TBARS.
Collapse
|
49
|
Tu WJ, Zhao SJ, Liu TG, Yang DG, Chen H. Combination of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and homocysteine predicts the short-term outcomes of Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2013; 35:912-921. [PMID: 23816540 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Early and accurate prediction of outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is important and influences risk-optimized therapeutic strategies. We investigated the changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) and homocysteine (HCY) levels, two of the risk factors, during the acute period of AIS and evaluated the relationship between these levels and short-term prognosis. METHODS We prospectively studied 189 patients with AIS who were admitted within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Serum Hs-CRP, HCY levels, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were measured at the time of admission. Short-term functional outcome was measured by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), 90 days after admission. RESULTS The median serum Hs-CRP and HCY levels were significantly higher in AIS patients as compared to normal controls (P < 0.0001, respectively). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and HCY were independent prognostic markers of functional outcome and death (adjusted for age and the NIHSS) in patients with AIS. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the prognostic accuracy of the combined model (HCY and Hs-CRP) was higher compared to all measured biomarkers individually and the NIHSS score. CONCLUSION High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and HCY are independent predictors of short-term outcome and mortality after AIS. The combined model may provide additional general prognostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tu
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nowakowska-Plaza A, Potaczek DP, Gluszko P, Undas A. Antibodies to N-homocysteinylated albumin and haemoglobin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a potential new marker of disease severity. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 43:17-21. [PMID: 24015711 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.811537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether anti-Nε-homocysteinylated albumin (anti-N-Hcy-Alb) and haemoglobin (anti-N-Hcy-Hb) antibodies occur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether they are associated with RA activity and/or severity. METHOD Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and serum anti-N-Hcy-Alb and -Hb antibodies levels were determined in 76 RA patients (12 men and 64 women, median age 56 years) and 80 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS RA patients compared to healthy controls demonstrated elevated tHcy [median (IQR), 13.20 (3.80) vs. 9.45 (3.25) μmol/L; p < 0.000001] and anti-N-Hcy-Alb and -Hb antibodies [absorbance at 490 nm, median (IQR), 0.546 (0.085) vs. 0.452 (0.056) and 0.649 (0.106) vs. 0.532 (0.057), respectively; all p < 0.000001]. In RA patients, RA radiological class was a strong independent predictor of tHcy [β (SE), 0.59 (0.11); p = 0.000001] and anti-N-Hcy-Alb [0.36 (0.12); p = 0.003] and -Hb [0.49 (0.11); p = 0.00007] antibodies. The number of swollen joints, but not C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), positive rheumatoid factor (RF), or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, showed independent effects on anti-N-Hcy-Alb [β (SE), 0.36 (0.11); p = 0.001] and -Hb [0.25 (0.11); p = 0.02] antibodies. Anti-N-Hcy-Hb antibodies, but not those against N-Hcy-Alb, were positively correlated with RA functional class and RA duration. No effect of any medications on tHcy or anti-N-Hcy-protein antibodies was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that RA is characterized by enhanced autoimmune response to Nε-homocysteinylated proteins detectable in circulating blood, which is related to some clinical measures of RA severity.
Collapse
|