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Xu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Jin Y, Li L, Jin M, Li L, Ni H. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment confers resistance to neonatal ischemia and hypoxia: effects on neurobehavioral phenotypes. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2760-2772. [PMID: 38595293 PMCID: PMC11168517 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00031/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is the main cause of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Currently, there are few effective clinical treatments for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and molecular mechanisms of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which can protect against hypoxic injury in adulthood, in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery and every 24 hours thereafter. The results showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment improved body weight, brain structure, adenosine triphosphate levels, oxidative damage, neurobehavioral test outcomes, and seizure threshold in experimental mice. Tandem mass tag proteomics revealed that numerous proteins were altered after nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice. Parallel reaction monitoring and western blotting confirmed changes in the expression levels of proteins including serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3N, fibronectin 1, 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA, microtubule associated protein 2, and complexin 2. Proteomics analyses showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ameliorated hypoxic-ischemic injury through inflammation-related signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B). These findings suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment can improve neurobehavioral phenotypes in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice through inflammation-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang T, Zhang Z, Geng J, Lin K, Lin X, Jiao M, Zhu J, Guo X, Lin Z. A New Approach for Exploring Reperfusion Brain Damage in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1417-1432. [PMID: 37721688 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion is an essential pathological stage in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Although the Rice-Vannucci model is widely used in HIE research, it remains difficult to replicate HIE-related reperfusion brain injury. The purpose of this study is to establish a rat model of hypoxia ischemia reperfusion brain damage (HIRBD) using a common carotid artery (CCA) muscle bridge in order to investigate the mechanisms of cerebral resistance to hypoxic-ischemic and reperfusion brain damage. Random assignment of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to the Sham, HIRBD, and Rice-Vannucci groups. Changes in body weight, mortality rate, spontaneous alternation behavior test (SAB test), and dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) were detected. The damaged cerebral cortices were extracted for morphological comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR. Harvesting the hippocampus for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detection. As a result, CCA muscle bridge could effectively block CBF, which recovered after the muscle bridge detachment. Pathological comparison, the SAB test, and TEM analysis revealed that brain damage in Rice-Vannucci was more severe than HIRBD. Gpx1, S100a6, Cldn5, Esr1, and Gfap were highly expressed in both HIRBD and Rice-Vannucci. In conclusion, the CCA muscle bridge-established HIRBD model could be used as an innovative and dependable model to simulate pathological process of HIRBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiayi Geng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kexin Lin
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinru Lin
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengdie Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Children Genitourinary Diseases of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Basic Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second School of Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Second Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Children Genitourinary Diseases of Wenzhou, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Di Martino E, Rayasam A, Vexler ZS. Brain Maturation as a Fundamental Factor in Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:69-86. [PMID: 36705821 PMCID: PMC10796425 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injuries in the developing brain cause significant long-term neurological deficits. Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of neonatal and childhood stroke share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage, but also have distinct molecular signatures and cellular pathways. The focus of this review is on two different diseases-neonatal and childhood stroke-with emphasis on similarities and distinctions identified thus far in rodent models of these diseases. This includes the susceptibility of distinct cell types to brain injury with particular emphasis on the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating stroke outcome. Furthermore, we discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we comment on the current state of treatments geared toward inducing neuroprotection and promoting brain repair after injury and highlight that future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for stroke should be age-specific and consider gender differences in order to achieve optimal translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Di Martino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0663, USA.
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Mallard C, Ferriero DM, Vexler ZS. Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Experimental Perinatal and Childhood Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2024; 55:506-518. [PMID: 38252757 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of arterial ischemic stroke in the adult, neonates, and children share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage but also have distinct molecular signatures and involved cellular pathways due to the maturational stage of the central nervous system and the immune system at the time of the insult. In this review, we discuss similarities and differences identified thus far in rodent models of 2 different diseases-neonatal (perinatal) and childhood arterial ischemic stroke. In particular, we review acquired knowledge of the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating outcomes in models of perinatal and childhood arterial ischemic stroke and the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk, and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we discuss the current state of treatments geared toward age-appropriate therapies that signal via the immune-neurovascular interaction and consider sex differences to achieve successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (C.M.)
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F.)
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F., Z.S.V.)
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA (D.M.F., Z.S.V.)
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Davies MR, Greenberg Z, van Vuurden DG, Cross CB, Zannettino ACW, Bardy C, Wardill HR. More than a small adult brain: Lessons from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment for modelling paediatric brain disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:229-247. [PMID: 37858741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood is recognised as a period of immense physical and emotional development, and this, in part, is driven by underlying neurophysiological transformations. These neurodevelopmental processes are unique to the paediatric brain and are facilitated by augmented rates of neuroplasticity and expanded neural stem cell populations within neurogenic niches. However, given the immaturity of the developing central nervous system, innate protective mechanisms such as neuroimmune and antioxidant responses are functionally naïve which results in periods of heightened sensitivity to neurotoxic insult. This is highly relevant in the context of paediatric cancer, and in particular, the neurocognitive symptoms associated with treatment, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy. The vulnerability of the developing brain may increase susceptibility to damage and persistent symptomology, aligning with reports of more severe neurocognitive dysfunction in children compared to adults. It is therefore surprising, given this intensified neurocognitive burden, that most of the pre-clinical, mechanistic research focuses exclusively on adult populations and extrapolates findings to paediatric cohorts. Given this dearth of age-specific research, throughout this review we will draw comparisons with neurodevelopmental disorders which share comparable pathways to cancer treatment related side-effects. Furthermore, we will examine the unique nuances of the paediatric brain along with the somatic systems which influence neurological function. In doing so, we will highlight the importance of developing in vitro and in vivo paediatric disease models to produce age-specific discovery and clinically translatable research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Davies
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Zarina Greenberg
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dannis G van Vuurden
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, the weNetherlands
| | - Courtney B Cross
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory of Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pregnolato S, Sabir H, Luyt K, Rienecker KDA, Isles AR, Chakkarapani E. Regulation of glutamate transport and neuroinflammation in a term newborn rat model of hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury. Brain Neurosci Adv 2022; 6:23982128221097568. [PMID: 35615059 PMCID: PMC9125068 DOI: 10.1177/23982128221097568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the newborn brain, moderate-severe hypoxia–ischaemia induces glutamate excitotoxicity and inflammation, possibly via dysregulation of candidate astrocytic glutamate transporter ( Glt1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. Tnfα, Il1β, Il6). Epigenetic mechanisms may mediate dysregulation. Hypotheses: (1) hypoxia–ischaemia dysregulates mRNA expression of these candidate genes; (2) expression changes in Glt1 are mediated by DNA methylation changes; and (3) methylation values in brain and blood are correlated. Seven-day-old rat pups ( n = 42) were assigned to nine groups based on treatment (for each timepoint: naïve ( n = 3), sham ( n = 3), hypoxia–ischaemia ( n = 8) and timepoint for tissue collection (6, 12 and 24 h post-hypoxia). Moderate hypoxic–ischemic brain injury was induced via ligation of the left common carotid artery followed by 100 min hypoxia (8% O2, 36°C). mRNA was quantified in cortex and hippocampus for the candidate genes, myelin ( Mbp), astrocytic ( Gfap) and neuronal ( Map2) markers (qPCR). DNA methylation was measured for Glt1 in cortex and blood (bisulphite pyrosequencing). Hypoxia–ischaemia induced pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation in both brain regions at 6 h. This was accompanied by gene expression changes potentially indicating onset of astrogliosis and myelin injury. There were no significant changes in expression or promoter DNA methylation of Glt1. This pilot study supports accumulating evidence that hypoxia–ischaemia causes neuroinflammation in the newborn brain and prioritises further expression and DNA methylation analyses focusing on this pathway. Epigenetic blood biomarkers may facilitate identification of high-risk newborns at birth, maximising chances of neuroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pregnolato
- Department of Neonatal Neurology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hemmen Sabir
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics I/Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karen Luyt
- Department of Neonatal Neurology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kira DA Rienecker
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony R Isles
- Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Shi M, Chen J, Liu T, Dai W, Zhou Z, Chen L, Xie Y. Protective Effects of Remimazolam on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inhibiting of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Pyroptosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:413-423. [PMID: 35210755 PMCID: PMC8863189 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s344240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAa) receptor agonist used for sedation and the induction as well as maintenance of general anesthesia. Previous research proved that anesthetic agents acting on GABAa receptor, such as thiopentone, propofol and midazolam, have protective actions for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We here probed into remimazolam for its protective effect and potential mechanism of action against cerebral I/R injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with focal transient cerebral I/R injury was established and was given tail vein injection of gradient remimazolam (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) after 2 h of ischemia. Following 24 h of reperfusion, neurological function, brain infarct volume, morphology of cerebral cortical neurons, and expressions of corticocerebral NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 were evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that remimazolam could effectively improve the neurological dysfunction, reduce the infarct volume and alleviate the damage of cortical neurons after I/R injury. Notably, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway was down-regulated, suggesting that remimazolam exerted protective actions on I/R injury by suppressing pyroptosis with decreased expression and release of inflammatory factors, and the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway might be the core during that process. Overall, our results indicate that NLRP3 inflammation is a promising target. CONCLUSION Based on this mechanism, remimazolam may be one of the ideal anesthetic drugs for patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
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Peripheral immune cells and perinatal brain injury: a double-edged sword? Pediatr Res 2022; 91:392-403. [PMID: 34750522 PMCID: PMC8816729 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is the leading cause of neurological mortality and morbidity in childhood ranging from motor and cognitive impairment to behavioural and neuropsychiatric disorders. Various noxious stimuli, including perinatal inflammation, chronic and acute hypoxia, hyperoxia, stress and drug exposure contribute to the pathogenesis. Among a variety of pathological phenomena, the unique developing immune system plays an important role in the understanding of mechanisms of injury to the immature brain. Neuroinflammation following a perinatal insult largely contributes to evolution of damage to resident brain cells, but may also be beneficial for repair activities. The present review will focus on the role of peripheral immune cells and discuss processes involved in neuroinflammation under two frequent perinatal conditions, systemic infection/inflammation associated with encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) and hypoxia/ischaemia in the context of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and stroke at term. Different immune cell subsets in perinatal brain injury including their infiltration routes will be reviewed and critical aspects such as sex differences and maturational stage will be discussed. Interactions with existing regenerative therapies such as stem cells and also potentials to develop novel immunomodulatory targets are considered. IMPACT: Comprehensive summary of current knowledge on the role of different immune cell subsets in perinatal brain injury including discussion of critical aspects to be considered for development of immunomodulatory therapies.
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Local Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060585. [PMID: 34064017 PMCID: PMC8224016 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hemorrhagic stroke is a lethal disease, accounting for 15% of all stroke cases. However, there are very few models of stroke with a hemorrhagic etiology. Research work is devoted to studying the development of cerebrovascular disorders in rats with an intracerebral hematoma model. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive short-term study, including neurological tests, biochemical blood tests, and histomorphological studies of brain structures. (2) Methods: The model was reproduced surgically by traumatizing the brain in the capsula interna area and then injecting autologous blood. Neurological deficit was assessed according to the McGrow stroke-index scale, motor activity, orientation–exploratory behavior, emotionality, and motor functions. On Day 15, after the operation, hematological and biochemical blood tests as well as histological studies of the brain were performed. (3) Results: The overall lethality of the model was 43.7%. Acute intracerebral hematoma in rats causes marked disorders of motor activity and functional impairment, as well as inflammatory processes in the nervous tissue, which persist for at least 14 days. (4) Conclusions: This model reflects the situation observed in the clinic and reproduces the main diagnostic criteria for acute disorders of cerebral circulation.
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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Preventive Effects of Neuroprotective Agents in a Neonatal Rat of Photothrombotic Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103703. [PMID: 32456353 PMCID: PMC7279317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal ischemic stroke has a higher incidence than childhood stroke. Seizures are the first sign for the need for clinical assessment in neonates, but many questions remain regarding treatments and follow-up modalities. In the absence of a known pathophysiological mechanism, only supportive care is currently provided. Stroke-induced microglia activation and neuroinflammation are believed to play a central role in the pathological progression of neonatal ischemic stroke. We induced a photothrombotic infarction with Rose Bengal in neonatal rats to investigate the effects of pre- and post-treatment with Aspirin (ASA), Clopidogrel (Clop), and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which are known for their neuroprotective effects in adult stroke. Pre-stroke medication ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury and reduces infarct volume by reducing microglia activation, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cytokine release. Post-stroke administration of ASA, Clop, and CoQ10 increased motor function and reduced the volume of infarction, and the statistical evidence was stronger than that seen in the pre-stroke treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that ASA, Clop, and CoQ10 treatment before and after the stroke reduced the scope of stroke lesions and increased behavioral activity. It suggests that ASA, Clop, and CoQ10 medication could significantly have neuroprotective effects in the neonates who have suffered strokes.
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Yamaguchi A, Jitsuishi T, Hozumi T, Iwanami J, Kitajo K, Yamaguchi H, Mori Y, Mogi M, Sawai S. Temporal expression profiling of DAMPs-related genes revealed the biphasic post-ischemic inflammation in the experimental stroke model. Mol Brain 2020; 13:57. [PMID: 32264906 PMCID: PMC7137489 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain could occur as sterile inflammation in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, its long-term dynamic transcriptional changes remain poorly understood. It is also unknown whether this neuroinflammation contributes to the recovery or just deteriorates the outcome. The purpose of this study is to characterize the temporal transcriptional changes in the post-stroke brain focusing on DAMPs-related genes by RNA-sequencing during the period of 28 days. We conducted the RNA-sequencing on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 post-stroke in the mouse photothrombosis model. The gross morphological observation showed the ischemic lesion on the ipsilateral cortex turned into a scar with the clearance of cellular debris by day 28. The transcriptome analyses indicated that post-stroke period of 28 days was classified into four categories (I Baseline, II Acute, III Sub-acute-#1, IV Sub-acute-#2 phase). During this period, the well-known genes for DAMPs, receptors, downstream cascades, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and phagocytosis were transcriptionally increased. The gene ontology (GO) analysis of biological process indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are genetically programmed to achieve immune and inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, we found the biphasic induction of various genes, including DAMPs and pro-inflammatory factors, peaking at acute and sub-acute phases. At the sub-acute phase, we also observed the induction of genes for phagocytosis as well as regulatory and growth factors. Further, we found the activation of CREB (cAMP-response element binding protein), one of the key players for neuronal plasticity, in peri-ischemic neurons by immunohistochemistry at this phase. Taken together, these findings raise the possibility the recurrent inflammation occurs at the sub-acute phase in the post-stroke brain, which could be involved in the debris clearance as well as neural reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Jitsuishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takashi Hozumi
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jun Iwanami
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsugawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Keiko Kitajo
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasutake Mori
- International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsugawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Setsu Sawai
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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13
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Niu F, Qian K, Qi H, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Sun M. Antiapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of CPCGI in Rats with Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2975-2987. [PMID: 33324059 PMCID: PMC7733055 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s281530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound porcine cerebroside and ganglioside injection (CPCGI) has been used for the treatment of certain brain disorders. Apoptosis and inflammation were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, this study primarily investigated the effects of CPCGI on mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling in a rat model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS CPCGI (0.6 mL/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the induction of CCI. Mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling were evaluated 24 h after CCI, and apoptotic cell death, neutrophil infiltration, and astrocyte and microglial activation were determined by TUNEL and immunofluorescent staining 3 days after CCI. RESULTS 1) CPCGI markedly enhanced cytosolic and mitochondrial Bcl-xL levels, the mitochondrial Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, and mitochondrial cytochrome (cyt) c levels and reduced cytosolic cyt c levels, caspase-3 activity, and nuclear AIF levels in brain tissues after traumatic injury; however, CPCGI had no significant effects on cytosolic or mitochondrial Bax levels, the cytosolic Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, or mitochondrial AIF levels. Moreover, CPCGI markedly reduced the TUNEL staining score in the contusion region. 2) CPCGI markedly reduced cytosolic and nuclear PARP levels and nuclear NF-κB p65 levels in brain tissues after traumatic injury but had no significant effect on cytosolic NF-κB p65 levels. In addition, CPCGI markedly reduced caspase-1 activity and the levels of caspase-1, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β in brain tissues after traumatic injury and decreased the immunoreactivities of neutrophils, GFAP and Iba-1 in the region of CCI-induced contusion. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CPCGI can reduce brain injury due to trauma by suppressing both mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and PARP/NF-κB inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Niu
- Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Acupuncture, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang City 222000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, People's Republic of China
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14
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Niacin and Selenium Attenuate Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest in Rats by Up-Regulating DJ-1-Akt Signaling. Crit Care Med 2019; 46:e788-e796. [PMID: 29742581 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine neuroprotective effects and mechanism of the combination therapy of niacin and selenium in cardiac arrest rats. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Rat cortex neurons and male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 68). INTERVENTIONS In rat cortex neurons underwent 90 minutes of oxygen-glucose deprivation and 22.5 hours of reoxygenation, effects of the combination therapy of niacin (0.9 mM) and selenium (1.5 μM) were investigated. The role of DJ-1 was determined using DJ-1 knockdown cells. In cardiac arrest rats, posttreatment effects of the combination therapy of niacin (360 mg/kg) and selenium (60 μg/kg) were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In oxygen-glucose deprivation and 22.5 hours of reoxygenation cells, combination therapy synergistically activated the glutathione redox cycle by a niacin-induced increase in glutathione reductase and a selenium-induced increase in glutathione peroxidase activities and reduced hydrogen peroxide level. It increased phosphorylated Akt and intranuclear Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression and attenuated neuronal injury. However, these benefits were negated by DJ-1 knockdown. In cardiac arrest rats, combination therapy increased DJ-1, phosphorylated Akt, and intranuclear nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression, suppressed caspase 3 cleavage, and attenuated histologic injury in the brain tissues. It also improved the 7-day Neurologic Deficit Scales from 71.5 (66.0-74.0) to 77.0 (74.-80.0) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of clinically relevant doses of niacin and selenium attenuated brain injury and improved neurologic outcome in cardiac arrest rats. Its benefits were associated with reactive oxygen species reduction and subsequent DJ-1-Akt signaling up-regulation.
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15
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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16
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Baez-Jurado E, Rincón-Benavides MA, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Guio-Vega G, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A, Echeverria V, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective actions of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in brain cells. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:44-64. [PMID: 30223003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic selective modulators of the estrogen receptors (SERMs) have shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults. Among the most relevant beneficial effects attributed to these compounds are the regulation of inflammation, attenuation of astrogliosis and microglial activation, prevention of excitotoxicity and as a consequence the reduction of neuronal cell death. Under pathological conditions, the mechanism of action of the SERMs involves the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and G protein-coupled receptor for estrogens (GRP30). These receptors trigger neuroprotective responses such as increasing the expression of antioxidants and the activation of kinase-mediated survival signaling pathways. Despite the advances in the knowledge of the pathways activated by the SERMs, their mechanism of action is still not entirely clear, and there are several controversies. In this review, we focused on the molecular pathways activated by SERMs in brain cells, mainly astrocytes, as a response to treatment with raloxifene and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M A Rincón-Benavides
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - O Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - G M Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - V Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Lientur 1457, Concepción 4080871, Chile; Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL 33744, USA
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - G E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurologic disorder that can affect the fetus, the preterm, and the term-born infant. It carries significant long-term disabilities. Herein we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology and classification, different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of different brain imaging modalities in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. In recent years there has been progress in treatments, making early diagnosis and the understanding of likely morbidities imperative. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family in the light of present knowledge.
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18
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Smith PLP, Mottahedin A, Svedin P, Mohn CJ, Hagberg H, Ek J, Mallard C. Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:301. [PMID: 30376851 PMCID: PMC6208095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal brain injury is increasingly understood to be linked to inflammatory processes that involve specialised CNS and peripheral immune interactions. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains to be fully investigated. Methods We employed the Lys-EGFP-ki mouse that allows enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive mature myeloid cells of peripheral origin to be easily identified in the CNS. Using both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we investigated the accumulation of total EGFP+ myeloid cells and myeloid cell subtypes: inflammatory monocytes, resident monocytes and granulocytes, in the CNS for several weeks following induction of cerebral HI in postnatal day 9 mice. We used antibody treatment to curb brain infiltration of myeloid cells and subsequently evaluated HI-induced brain injury. Results We demonstrate a temporally biphasic pattern of inflammatory monocyte and granulocyte infiltration, characterised by peak infiltration at 1 day and 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia. This occurs against a backdrop of continuous low-level resident monocyte infiltration. Antibody-mediated depletion of circulating myeloid cells reduced immune cell accumulation in the brain and reduced neuronal loss in male but not female mice. Conclusion This study offers new insight into sex-dependent central-peripheral immune communication following neonatal brain injury and merits renewed interest in the roles of granulocytes and monocytes in lesion development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L P Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Mohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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19
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. A Model of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: 20 Years Already and What Lessons? Front Neurol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 30131764 PMCID: PMC6090994 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and ischemia are a common cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy with subsequent learning disabilities and epilepsy. Recent data suggest a higher incidence of focal ischemia-reperfusion located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in near-term and newborn babies. Pre-clinical studies in the field of cerebral palsy research used, and still today, the classical HI model in the P7 rat originally described by Rice et al. (1). At the end of the 90s, we designed a new model of focal ischemia in the P7 rat to explore the short and long-term pathophysiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, particularly the phenomenon of reperfusion injury and its sequelae (reported in 1998). Cerebral blood-flow and cell death/damage correlates have been fully characterized. Pharmacologic manipulations have been applied to the model to test therapeutic targets. The model has proven useful for the study of seizure occurrence, a clinical hallmark for neonatal ischemia in babies. Main pre-clinical findings obtained within these 20 last years are discussed associated to clinical pattern of neonatal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Baud
- INSERM U1141 PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Li B, Concepcion K, Meng X, Zhang L. Brain-immune interactions in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:50-68. [PMID: 29111451 PMCID: PMC5831511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia remains the primary cause of acute neonatal brain injury, leading to a high mortality rate and long-term neurological deficits, such as behavioral, social, attentional, cognitive and functional motor deficits. An ever-increasing body of evidence shows that the immune response to acute cerebral hypoxia-ischemia is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of neonatal brain injury. Hypoxia-ischemia provokes an intravascular inflammatory cascade that is further augmented by the activation of resident immune cells and the cerebral infiltration of peripheral immune cells response to cellular damages in the brain parenchyma. This prolonged and/or inappropriate neuroinflammation leads to secondary brain tissue injury. Yet, the long-term effects of immune activation, especially the adaptive immune response, on the hypoxic-ischemic brain still remain unclear. The focus of this review is to summarize recent advances in the understanding of post-hypoxic-ischemic neuroinflammation triggered by the innate and adaptive immune responses and to discuss how these mechanisms modulate the brain vulnerability to injury. A greater understanding of the reciprocal interactions between the hypoxic-ischemic brain and the immune system will open new avenues for potential immunomodulatory therapy in the treatment of neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Katherine Concepcion
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Xianmei Meng
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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21
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Lai JCY, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ek CJ, Wang X, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Immune responses in perinatal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:210-223. [PMID: 27865947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period has often been described as immune deficient. However, it has become clear that immune responses in the neonate following exposure to microbes or as a result of tissue injury may be substantial and play a role in perinatal brain injury. In this article we will review the immune cell composition under normal physiological conditions in the perinatal period, both in the human and rodent. We will summarize evidence of the inflammatory responses to stimuli and discuss how neonatal immune activation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, may contribute to perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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22
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Wang L, Liu H, Zhang L, Wang G, Zhang M, Yu Y. Neuroprotection of Dexmedetomidine against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats: Involved in Inhibition of NF-κB and Inflammation Response. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:383-389. [PMID: 27871154 PMCID: PMC5499616 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist that exhibits a protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart, kidney, and other organs. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective action and potential mechanisms of dexmedetomidine against ischemia-reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. After the ischemic insult, animals then received intravenous dexmedetomidine of 1 µg/kg load dose, followed by 0.05 µg/kg/min infusion for 2 h. After 24 h of reperfusion, neurological function, brain edema, and the morphology of the hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated. The levels and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor nevrosis factor-α as well as the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κBp65, inhibitor of κBα and phosphorylated of κBα in hippocampus were assessed. We found that dexmedetomidine reduced focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. Inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB pathway may be a mechanism underlying the neuroprotective action of dexmedetomidine against focal cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ligong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
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23
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van Velthoven CT, Dzietko M, Wendland MF, Derugin N, Faustino J, Heijnen CJ, Ferriero DM, Vexler ZS. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate MRI-identifiable injury, protect white matter, and improve long-term functional outcomes after neonatal focal stroke in rats. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1225-1236. [PMID: 27781299 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy has emerged as a potential treatment for many neurodegenerative diseases including stroke and neonatal ischemic brain injury. Delayed intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after experimental hypoxia-ischemia and after a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in neonatal rats has shown improvement in long-term functional outcomes, but the effects of MSCs on white matter injury (WMI) are insufficiently understood. In this study we used longitudinal T2-weighted (T2W) and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize chronic injury after tMCAO induced in postnatal day 10 (P10) rats and examined the effects of delayed MSC administration on WMI, axonal coverage, and long-term somatosensory function. We show unilateral injury- and region-dependent changes in diffusion fraction anisotropy 1 and 2 weeks after tMCAO that correspond to accumulation of degraded myelin basic protein, astrocytosis, and decreased axonal coverage. With the use of stringent T2W-based injury criteria at 72 hr after tMCAO to randomize neonatal rats to receive intranasal MSCs or vehicle, we show that a single MSC administration attenuates WMI and enhances somatosensory function 28 days after stroke. A positive correlation was found between MSC-enhanced white matter integrity and functional performance in injured neonatal rats. Collectively, these data indicate that the damage induced by tMCAO progresses over time and is halted by administration of MSCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T van Velthoven
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Dzietko
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael F Wendland
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joel Faustino
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Nance E, Porambo M, Zhang F, Mishra MK, Buelow M, Getzenberg R, Johnston M, Kannan RM, Fatemi A, Kannan S. Systemic dendrimer-drug treatment of ischemia-induced neonatal white matter injury. J Control Release 2015; 214:112-20. [PMID: 26184052 PMCID: PMC4732874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme prematurity is a major risk factor for perinatal and neonatal brain injury, and can lead to white matter injury that is a precursor for a number of neurological diseases, including cerebral palsy (CP) and autism. Neuroinflammation, mediated by activated microglia and astrocytes, is implicated in the pathogenesis of neonatal brain injury. Therefore, targeted drug delivery to attenuate neuroinflammation may greatly improve therapeutic outcomes in models of perinatal white matter injury. In this work, we use a mouse model of ischemia-induced neonatal white matter injury to study the biodistribution of generation 4, hydroxyl-functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimers. Following systemic administration of the Cy5-labeled dendrimer (D-Cy5), we demonstrate dendrimer uptake in cells involved in ischemic injury, and in ongoing inflammation, leading to secondary injury. The sub-acute response to injury is driven by astrocytes. Within five days of injury, microglial proliferation and migration occurs, along with limited differentiation of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte death. From one day to five days after injury, a shift in dendrimer co-localization occurred. Initially, dendrimer predominantly co-localized with astrocytes, with a subsequent shift towards microglia. Co-localization with oligodendrocytes reduced over the same time period, demonstrating a region-specific uptake based on the progression of the injury. We further show that systemic administration of a single dose of dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (D-NAC) at either sub-acute or delayed time points after injury results in sustained attenuation of the 'detrimental' pro-inflammatory response up to 9days after injury, while not impacting the 'favorable' anti-inflammatory response. The D-NAC therapy also led to improvement in myelination, suggesting reduced white matter injury. Demonstration of treatment efficacy at later time points in the postnatal period provides a greater understanding of how microglial activation and chronic inflammation can be targeted to treat neonatal brain injury. Importantly, it may also provide a longer therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nance
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States
| | - Michael Porambo
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 21205, United States
| | - Markus Buelow
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rachel Getzenberg
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Michael Johnston
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 21205, United States
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, United States; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Perinatal brain damage: The term infant. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:102-12. [PMID: 26409031 PMCID: PMC4915441 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy resulting from HI (hypoxia-ischaemia) continues to be a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in infants and children, affecting 1-2/1000 live term births and up to 60% of pre-term births. In order to understand the pathophysiology of this insult, as well as design therapeutic interventions, it is important to establish a relevant animal model for pre-clinical studies. One of the most frequently used models of HI-induced brain damage in immature animals is the unilateral carotid ligation/hypoxia model, initially developed in our laboratory more than 30 years ago. The original model employed the postnatal day 7 rat, whose brain is representative of that of a late gestation, pre-term [32-36 weeks GA (gestational age)] human infant. We, and others, have employed this model to characterize the pathophysiological, biochemical/energetic and neuropathological events following HI, as well as the determination of the unique characteristics of the immature brain that define its vulnerability to, and outcome from, HI. In defining the cascade of events following HI, it has become possible to identify potential targets for intervention and neuroprotection. Currently, the only available therapeutic intervention for neonatal encephalopathy in the term asphyxiated infant is therapeutic hypothermia, although this must be initiated within 6 h of birth and is at best partially effective in moderately injured infants. Ongoing pre-clinical studies are necessary to determine the basis for the partial protection afforded by hypothermia as well as the design of adjunct therapies to improve the outcome. The present review highlights the importance of using a well-characterized and relevant animal model to continue to pursue translational research in neuroprotection for the infant brain.
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Clowry GJ, Basuodan R, Chan F. What are the Best Animal Models for Testing Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy? Front Neurol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 25538677 PMCID: PMC4255621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions to treat cerebral palsy should be initiated as soon as possible in order to restore the nervous system to the correct developmental trajectory. One drawback to this approach is that interventions have to undergo exceptionally rigorous assessment for both safety and efficacy prior to use in infants. Part of this process should involve research using animals but how good are our animal models? Part of the problem is that cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers a number of conditions. There are also many causal pathways to cerebral palsy, such as periventricular white matter injury in premature babies, perinatal infarcts of the middle cerebral artery, or generalized anoxia at the time of birth, indeed multiple causes, including intra-uterine infection or a genetic predisposition to infarction, may need to interact to produce a clinically significant injury. In this review, we consider which animal models best reproduce certain aspects of the condition, and the extent to which the multifactorial nature of cerebral palsy has been modeled. The degree to which the corticospinal system of various animal models human corticospinal system function and development is also explored. Where attempts have already been made to test early intervention in animal models, the outcomes are evaluated in light of the suitability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin John Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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Wang J, Ma A, Xi J, Wang Y, Zhao B. Connexin 43 and Its Hemichannels Mediate Hypoxia-Ischemia-Induced Cell Death in Neonatal Rats. Child Neurol Open 2014; 1:2329048X14544955. [PMID: 28503580 PMCID: PMC5417032 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x14544955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wistar rat pups had the left common carotid artery cut, and they were exposed to 8% oxygen with free access to food and water until they were killed at 1, 12, 24, and 48 hours after the hypoxia–ischemia (HI) insult. Connexin 43 (Cx43), hemichannel (HC1), and caspase 3 (Casp3) in cerebral HI tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Astrocytes cell line, astrocytes transduced with a retroviral empty vector (Psup astrocyte), or a Cx43-specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) construct (shRNA astrocytes) was treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) insult. The viability of astrocytes was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The results showed the expression of Cx43, HC1, and Casp3 in rats’ brain, and astrocytes and Psup astrocytes increased significantly after 24 hours of HI/OGD insult. Cell viability decreased after 24 hours of the insult. The results suggest that Cx43 and hemichannel are likely to mediate the astrocytic death after HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aihua Ma
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiashui Xi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bojun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Delayed VEGF treatment enhances angiogenesis and recovery after neonatal focal rodent stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:189-200. [PMID: 23926451 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal stroke occurs in one in 4,000 live births and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Approximately two thirds of the survivors have long-term sequelae including seizures and neurological deficits. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of recovery after neonatal stroke are not clearly understood, and preventive measures and treatments are nonexistent in the clinical setting. In this study, we investigated the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment on histological recovery and angiogenic response to the developing brain after an ischemic insult. Ten-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent right middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) for 1.5 h. Diffusion-weighted MRI during occlusion confirmed focal ischemia that was then followed by reperfusion. On group of animals received 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and sacrificed at postnatal day (P)18 or P25. A second group of animals was treated with VEGF (1.5 µg/kg, icv) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at P18 and perfusion fixed at P25. Based on Nissl and iron staining, a single VEGF injection reduced the injury score, compared to the animals that underwent MCAO and PBS injection. Furthermore, neurodegeneration represented by neuronal nuclei staining was markedly diminished. In addition, animals treated with VEGF revealed a positive trend in endothelial proliferation and a significant increase in total vessel volume in the peri-infarct region of the caudate. The number of Iba1-positive microglial cells was significantly reduced after a single VEGF injection, and myelin basic protein expression was enhanced in the caudate after ischemia without an effect of VEGF treatment. In conclusion, delayed treatment with VEGF ameliorates injury, promotes endothelial cell proliferation, and increases total vascular volume following neonatal stroke. These results suggest that VEGF has a neuroprotective effect, in part by enhancing endogenous angiogenesis. These data contribute to a better understanding of neonatal stroke.
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Mechanisms of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:921-32. [PMID: 24667913 PMCID: PMC4050239 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of perinatal stroke is high, similar to that in the elderly, and produces a significant morbidity and severe long-term neurologic and cognitive deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neuropsychological impairments, and behavioral disorders. Emerging clinical data and data from experimental models of cerebral ischemia in neonatal rodents have shown that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial. These studies have revealed that, far from just being a smaller version of the adult brain, the neonatal brain is unique with a very particular and age-dependent responsiveness to hypoxia-ischemia and focal arterial stroke. In this review, we discuss fundamental clinical aspects of perinatal stroke as well as some of the most recent and relevant findings regarding the susceptibility of specific brain cell populations to injury, the dynamics and the mechanisms of neuronal cell death in injured neonates, the responses of neonatal blood-brain barrier to stroke in relation to systemic and local inflammation, and the long-term effects of stroke on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Finally, we address translational strategies currently being considered for neonatal stroke as well as treatments that might effectively enhance repair later after injury.
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Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia is more effective in attenuating brain apoptosis in a Swine cardiac arrest model. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e132-42. [PMID: 24145844 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182a668e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia is more effective to attenuate brain apoptosis than 24 hours and to determine whether the antiapoptotic effects of therapeutic hypothermia are associated with the suppressions of the cleavage of protein kinase C-δ, the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and the cleavage of caspase 3 in a swine cardiac arrest model. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Male domestic pigs (n = 24). INTERVENTIONS After 6 minutes of no-flow time that was induced by ventricular fibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was provided, and the return of spontaneous circulation was achieved. The animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham, normothermia, 24 hours of therapeutic hypothermia, or 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia (core temperature, 32-34°C) was maintained for 24 or 48 hours post return of spontaneous circulation, and the animals were rewarmed for 8 hours. At 60 hours post return of spontaneous circulation, the animals were killed, and brain tissues were harvested. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We examined cellular apoptosis and neuronal damage in the brain hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 region. We also measured the cleavage of protein kinase C-δ, the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and the cleavage of caspase 3 in the hippocampus. The 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia attenuated cellular apoptosis and neuronal damage when compared with normothermia. There was also a decrease in the cleavage of protein kinase C-δ, the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and the cleavage of caspase 3. However, 24 hours of therapeutic hypothermia did not significantly attenuate cellular apoptosis or neuronal damage. CONCLUSIONS We found that 48 hours of therapeutic hypothermia was more effective in attenuating brain apoptosis than 24 hours of therapeutic hypothermia. We also found that the antiapoptotic effects of therapeutic hypothermia were associated with the suppressions of the cleavage of protein kinase C-δ, the cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and the cleavage of caspase 3.
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Niacin suppresses the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and attenuates brain injury after cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e223-32. [PMID: 23648567 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether niacin attenuates brain injury and improves neurological outcome after cardiac arrest in rats and if its therapeutic benefits are associated with suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=77). INTERVENTIONS After 6 minutes of no flow time induced by ventricular fibrillation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was provided and return of spontaneous circulation was achieved. Animals were then administered vehicle, single low dose (360 mg/kg; at 1 hr postreturn of spontaneous circulation), single high dose (1080 mg/kg; at 1 hr), or repeated low dose of niacin (360 mg/kg/d for 3 d; at 1, 24, and 48 hr) through an orogastric tube. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neurologic deficit scales were scored at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days postreturn of spontaneous circulation. Single high dose of niacin improved neurologic deficit scales at 48 hours and 7 days, and repeated low dose of niacin improved neurologic deficit scales at 7 days. Then, a separate set of animals were killed at 72 hours postreturn of spontaneous circulation, and brain tissues were harvested. Single high dose and repeated low dose of niacin attenuated cellular apoptosis and neuronal damage in hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and decreased axonal injury and microglial activation in corpus callosum. They increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and reduced glutathione levels, and decreased malondialdehyde level in brain tissues. Furthermore, they suppressed the phosphorylations of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and the cleavage of caspase 3. However, they failed to enhance extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Single high dose and repeated low dose of niacin attenuated brain injury and improved neurological outcome after cardiac arrest in rats. Their therapeutic benefits were associated with suppressions of the phosphorylations of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and the cleavage of caspase 3.
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Liu F, Mccullough LD. Inflammatory responses in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1121-30. [PMID: 23892271 PMCID: PMC3764334 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in mediating brain injury induced by neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses to ischemia may be shared by neonatal and adult brains; however, HIE exhibits a unique inflammation phenotype that results from the immaturity of the neonatal immune system. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning systemic and local inflammatory responses in the acute and subacute stages of HIE. The key components of inflammation, including immune cells, adhesion molecules, cytokines, chemokines and oxidative stress, will be reviewed, and the differences between neonatal and adult inflammatory responses to cerebral ischemic injury will also be discussed.
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Tsuji M, Ohshima M, Taguchi A, Kasahara Y, Ikeda T, Matsuyama T. A novel reproducible model of neonatal stroke in mice: Comparison with a hypoxia–ischemia model. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kim KS, Suh GJ, Kwon WY, Lee HJ, Jeong KY, Jung SK, Kwak YH. The effect of glutamine on cerebral ischaemic injury after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2013; 84:1285-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fau S, Po C, Goyenvalle C, Meric P, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Do early MRI signals predict lesion size in a neonatal stroke rat model? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:E73-6. [PMID: 22555584 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In this study, we compared lesion size by using VADC and VT2 at 0, 2, 5, 24, and 48 hours and histologic lesions at 48 hours in a P7 rat stroke model. The best correlation between VHISTO and VADC was at H0, and between VHISTO and VT2, at H2-H5. Early MR imaging signals allowed excluding "no-lesion" and "no-reflow" animals to help standardize this neonatal stroke model and predict lesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fau
- CNRS 7102, Equipe HICD, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris-Paris, France
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37
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Falahati S, Breu M, Waickman AT, Phillips AW, Arauz EJ, Snyder S, Porambo M, Goeral K, Comi AM, Wilson MA, Johnston MV, Fatemi A. Ischemia-induced neuroinflammation is associated with disrupted development of oligodendrocyte progenitors in a model of periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:182-96. [PMID: 23445614 DOI: 10.1159/000346682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation in crossing white matter tracts is a hallmark of noncystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the leading pathology underlying cerebral palsy in prematurely born infants. Recent studies indicate that neuroinflammation within an early time window can produce long-lasting defects in oligodendroglial maturation, myelination deficit, as well as disruption of transcription factors important in oligodendroglial maturation. We recently reported an ischemic mouse model of PVL, induced by unilateral neonatal carotid artery ligation, leading to selective long-lasting bilateral myelination deficits, ipsilateral thinning of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, as well as evidence of axonopathy. Here, we report that permanent unilateral carotid ligation on postnatal day 5 in CD-1 mice induces an inflammatory response, as defined by microglial activation and recruitment, as well as significant changes in cytokine expression (increased IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNF-α) following ischemia. Transient reduction in counts of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) at 24 and 48 h after ischemia, a shift in OPC cell size and morphology towards the more immature form, as well as likely migration of OPCs were found. These OPC changes were topographically associated with areas showing microglial activation, and OPC counts negatively correlated with increased microglial staining. The presented data show a striking neuroinflammatory response in an ischemia-induced model of PVL, associated with oligodendroglial injury. Future studies modulating the neuroinflammatory response in this model may contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between microglia and OPCs in PVL and open opportunities for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Falahati
- The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Gonzalez FF, Larpthaveesarp A, McQuillen P, Derugin N, Wendland M, Spadafora R, Ferriero DM. Erythropoietin increases neurogenesis and oligodendrogliosis of subventricular zone precursor cells after neonatal stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:753-8. [PMID: 23391775 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a common cause of neonatal brain injury. The subventricular zone is a lifelong source of newly generated cells in rodents, and erythropoietin (EPO) treatment has shown benefit in different animal models of brain injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the specific role of exogenous EPO on subventricular zone progenitor cell populations in response to neonatal stroke. METHODS Intraventricular injections of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing lentivirus to label subventricular zone precursor cells were made in postnatal day 1 (P1) Long-Evans rats, which then underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion on P7. Middle cerebral artery occlusion and sham rats were treated with either vehicle or EPO (1000 U/kg) at reperfusion, 24 hours, and 7 days later. The density of double-labeled DCx+/GFP+, NeuN+/GFP+, O4+/GFP+, GFAP+/GFP+, as well as single-labeled GFP+ and Ki67+ cells, was calculated to determine cell fate outcome in the striatum at 72 hours and 2 weeks after stroke. RESULTS There was a significant increase in DCx+/GFP+ and NeuN+/GFP+ neurons and O4+/GFP+ oligodendrocyte precursors, with decreased GFAP+/GFP+ astrocytes at both time points in EPO-middle cerebral artery occlusion animals. There was also a significant increase in GFP+ cells and Ki67+ proliferating cells in EPO compared with vehicle-middle cerebral artery occlusion animals. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that subventricular zone neural progenitor cells proliferate and migrate to the site of injury after neonatal stroke and multiple doses of EPO, with a shift in cell fate toward neurogenesis and oligodendrogliosis at both early and late time points. The contribution of local cell proliferation and neurogenesis remains to be determined.
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Titomanlio L, Zanin A, Sachs P, Khaled J, Elmaleh M, Blanc R, Piotin M. Pediatric ischemic stroke: acute management and areas of research. J Pediatr 2013; 162:227-35.e1. [PMID: 23153863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Titomanlio
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
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Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased after acute adult stroke but not neonatal stroke in the rat. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9588-600. [PMID: 22787045 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5977-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immaturity of the CNS at birth greatly affects injury after stroke but the contribution of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the differential response to stroke in adults and neonates is poorly understood. We asked whether the structure and function of the BBB is disrupted differently in neonatal and adult rats by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In adult rats, albumin leakage into injured regions was markedly increased during 2-24 h reperfusion but leakage remained low in the neonates. Functional assays employing intravascular tracers in the neonates showed that BBB permeability to both large (70 kDa dextran) and small (3 kDa dextran), gadolinium (III)-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid tracers remained largely undisturbed 24 h after reperfusion. The profoundly different functional integrity of the BBB was associated with the largely nonoverlapping patterns of regulated genes in endothelial cells purified from injured and uninjured adult and neonatal brain at 24 h (endothelial transcriptome, 31,042 total probe sets). Within significantly regulated 1266 probe sets in injured adults and 361 probe sets in neonates, changes in the gene expression of the basal lamina components, adhesion molecules, the tight junction protein occludin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were among the key differences. The protein expression of collagen-IV, laminin, claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens protein 1 was also better preserved in neonatal rats. Neutrophil infiltration remained low in acutely injured neonates but neutralization of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 in the systemic circulation enhanced neutrophil infiltration, BBB permeability, and injury. The markedly more integrant BBB in neonatal brain than in adult brain after acute stroke may have major implications for the treatment of neonatal stroke.
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Eyo U, Dailey ME. Effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation on microglial mobility and viability in developing mouse hippocampal tissues. Glia 2012; 60:1747-60. [PMID: 22847985 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As brain-resident immune cells, microglia (MG) survey the brain parenchyma to maintain homeostasis during development and following injury. Research in perinatal stroke, a leading cause of lifelong disability, has implicated MG as targets for therapeutic intervention during stroke. Although MG responses are complex, work in developing rodents suggests that MG limit brain damage after stroke. However, little is known about how energy-limiting conditions affect MG survival and mobility (motility and migration) in developing brain tissues. Here, we used confocal time-lapse imaging to monitor MG viability and mobility during hypoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal tissue slices derived from neonatal GFP-reporter mice (CX3CR1(GFP/+) ). We found that MG remain viable for at least 6 h of hypoxia but begin to die after 2 h of OGD, while both hypoxia and OGD reduce MG motility. Unexpectedly, some MG retain or recover motility during OGD and can engulf dead cells. Additionally, MG from younger neonates (P2-P3) are more resistant to OGD than those from older ones (P6-P7), indicating increasing vulnerability with developmental age. Finally, transient (2 h) OGD also increases MG death, and although motility is rapidly restored after transient OGD, it remains below control levels for many hours. Together, these results show that MG in neonatal mouse brain tissues are vulnerable to both transient and sustained OGD, and many MG die within hours after onset of OGD. Preventing MG death may, therefore, provide a strategy for promoting tissue restoration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong Eyo
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Hagberg H, Gressens P, Mallard C. Inflammation during fetal and neonatal life: implications for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disease in children and adults. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:444-57. [PMID: 22334391 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is increasingly recognized as being of both physiological and pathological importance in the immature brain. The rationale of this review is to present an update on this topic with focus on long-term consequences of inflammation during childhood and in adults. The immature brain can be exposed to inflammation in connection with viral or bacterial infection during pregnancy or as a result of sterile central nervous system (CNS) insults. Through efficient anti-inflammatory and reparative processes, inflammation may resolve without any harmful effects on the brain. Alternatively, inflammation contributes to injury or enhances CNS vulnerability. Acute inflammation can also be shifted to a chronic inflammatory state and/or adversely affect brain development. Hypothetically, microglia are the main immunocompetent cells in the immature CNS, and depending on the stimulus, molecular context, and timing, these cells will acquire various phenotypes, which will be critical regarding the CNS consequences of inflammation. Inflammation has long-term consequences and could speculatively modify the risk of a variety of neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, cognitive impairment, and Parkinson disease. So far, the picture is incomplete, and data mostly experimental. Further studies are required to strengthen the associations in humans and to determine whether novel therapeutic interventions during the perinatal period can influence the occurrence of neurological disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
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Tao JD, Barnette AR, Griffith JL, Neil JJ, Inder TE. Histopathologic correlation with diffusion tensor imaging after chronic hypoxia in the immature ferret. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:192-8. [PMID: 22258131 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hypoxia in rodents induces white matter (WM) injury similar to that in human preterm infants. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and immunohistochemistry to study the impact of hypoxia in the immature ferret at two developmental time points relevant to the preterm and term brain. RESULTS On ex vivo imaging, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was decreased throughout the WM after 10 days of hypoxia (hypoxia from postnatal day 10 (P10) to P20 and killed at P20 (early hypoxia P20)), corresponding to increased astrocytosis and decreased myelination. Diffusion values normalized after 10 days of normoxia (hypoxia from P10 to P20 and killed at P30 (early hypoxia P30)), but immunohistochemistry revealed significant astrocytosis and hypomyelination. In contrast, ADC and anisotropy were increased after 10 days of hypoxia at a later developmental time point (hypoxia from P20 to P30 and killed at P30 (late hypoxia P30)), with less astrocytosis and more prominent myelination. DISCUSSION The patterns of alteration in imaging and histology varied in relation to the developmental time at which hypoxia occurred. Normalization of diffusion measures did not correspond to the normalization of underlying histopathology. METHODS Ferrets were subjected to 10% hypoxia and divided into three groups: early hypoxia P20, early hypoxia P30, and late hypoxia P30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Reduced infarct size and accumulation of microglia in rats treated with WIN 55,212-2 after neonatal stroke. Neuroscience 2012; 207:307-15. [PMID: 22285309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have emerged as brain protective agents under neurodegenerative conditions. Many neuroprotective actions of cannabinoids depend on the activation of specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the CB2R and CB1R agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) protects neonatal brain against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and whether anti-inflammatory mechanisms play a role in protection. Seven-day-old rats were subjected to 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and injured rats were identified by diffusion-weighted MRI during the occlusion. After reperfusion, rats were subcutaneously administered 1 mg/kg of WIN or vehicle twice daily until sacrifice. MCAO led to increased mRNA expression of CB2R (but not CB1R), chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CX3CR1), and cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα), as well as increased protein expression of chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α and microglial activation 24 h after MCAO. WIN administration significantly reduced microglial activation at this point and attenuated infarct volume and microglial accumulation and proliferation in the injured cortex 72 h after MCAO. Cumulatively, our results show that the cannabinoid agonist WIN protects against neonatal focal stroke in part due to inhibitory effects on microglia.
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Ohshima M, Tsuji M, Taguchi A, Kasahara Y, Ikeda T. Cerebral blood flow during reperfusion predicts later brain damage in a mouse and a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:481-9. [PMID: 22143064 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Children with severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) die or develop life-long neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Decreased regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) is believed to be the predominant factor that determines the level of tissue injury in the immature brain. However, the spatio-temporal profiles of CBF after neonatal HIE are not well understood. CB17 mouse and Wistar rat pups were exposed to a unilateral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult at eight or seven days of age. Laser speckle imaging sequentially measured the cortical surface CBF before the hypoxic exposure and until 24h after the hypoxic exposure. Seven days after the HI insult, brain damage was morphologically assessed by measuring the hemispheric volumes and by semi-quantitative scoring for neuropathologic injury. The mean CBF on the ipsilateral hemisphere in mice decreased after carotid artery ligation. After the end of hypoxic insult (i.e., the reperfusion phase), the mean CBF level gradually rose and nearly attained its pre-surgery level by 9h of reperfusion. It then decreased. The degree of reduced CBF during reperfusion was well correlated with the degree of later morphological brain damage. The correlation was the strongest when the CBF was measured in the ischemic core region at 24h of reperfusion in mice (R²=0.89). A similar trend in results was found in rats. These results suggest that the CBF level during reperfusion may be a useful predictive factor for later brain damage in immature mice. This may enable optimizing brain damage for detail analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ohshima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
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Dzietko M, Wendland M, Derugin N, Ferriero DM, Vexler ZS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a translational tool for the study of neonatal stroke. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:1145-53. [PMID: 21670390 PMCID: PMC3695703 DOI: 10.1177/0883073811408308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than half of neonatal stroke survivors have long-term sequelae, including seizures and neurological deficits. Although the immature brain has tremendous potential for recovery, mechanisms governing repair are essentially unexplored. We investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) early or late after transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion in postnatal day (P) 10 rats can serve as an intermediate endpoint for long-term studies. Injured animals selected by diffusion-weighted MRI during middle cerebral arterial occlusion were scanned using T2-weighted MRI at P18 and P25 (injury volumes on MRI and histology were compared) or were subjected to contrast-enhanced MRI at P13 to characterize cerebral microcirculatory disturbances and blood-brain barrier leakage. Injury volume during middle cerebral artery occlusion did not predict histological outcome at 2 weeks. Major reductions in injury volume occurred by P18, with no further changes by P25 and correlated with histological injury. Cerebral perfusion was significantly reduced in the injured caudate but blood-brain barrier leakage was small. Therefore, conventional T2-weighted MRI performed during a subchronic injury phase predicts a long-term histological outcome after experimental neonatal focal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dzietko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Bonnin P, Leger PL, Deroide N, Fau S, Baud O, Pocard M, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Renolleau S. Impact of intracranial blood-flow redistribution on stroke size during ischemia–reperfusion in 7-day-old rats. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 198:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guyton MK, Das A, Samantaray S, Wallace GC, Butler JT, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpeptin attenuated inflammation, cell death, and axonal damage in animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2398-408. [PMID: 20623621 PMCID: PMC3164817 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). Calpain has been implicated in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability in EAE and MS. Thus, treating EAE animals with calpain inhibitors may block these events and ameliorate disability. To test this hypothesis, acute EAE Lewis rats were treated dose dependently with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50-250 microg/kg). Calpain activity, gliosis, loss of myelin, and axonal damage were attenuated by calpeptin therapy, leading to improved clinical scores. Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death were also decreased, with down-regulation of proapoptotic proteins, suggesting that decreases in cell death were due to decreases in the expression or activity of proapoptotic proteins. These results indicate that calpain inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kelly Guyton
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gerald C. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jonathan T. Butler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Diffusion tensor imaging of early changes in corpus callosum after acute cerebral hemisphere lesions in newborns. Neuroradiology 2010; 52:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-010-0745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Hilger T, Hoehn M. Physiological and Metabolic Interpretation of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Changes During Cerebral Ischemia. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1560/0bcg-d9vn-kgm9-hkfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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